AU2004288177A1 - Gene expression and polymorphisms associated with lung cancer - Google Patents

Description

WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 GENE EXPRESSION AND POLYMORPHISMS ASSOCIATED WITH LUNG CANCER GOVERNMENT RIGHTS 5 [001] This invention was supported, at least in part, by NIH grants R01 CA58554, R01 CA78797, and RO1 GM62694. The Federal Government has certain rights in this invention. PRIORITY CLAIM [002] This application claims priority to US Provisional Patent Application 60/514,673, filed October 27, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety. 10 BACKGROUND [003] Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality from cancer in both men and women in developed countries. There is evidence that although incidence is almost always associated with environmental factors such as smoking or occupational exposure to carcinogens, susceptibility has a genetic component, with early onset lung cancer following Mendelian 15 inheritance. Moreover, susceptibility is largely intrinsic to the lung itself, as shown by classical experiments involving lung explants from sensitive and resistant mice. [004] Accordingly, it is desirable to have methods to provide additional information about the genetic profile of an individual. This information is useful in the context of cancer, including lung cancer, to identify individuals who are at risk for developing the disease so as to provide 20 preventive care or prophylaxis. It is also useful for determining methods of treatment that are optimized for an individual's particular cancer profile. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [005] This invention relates to diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In particular, it relates to cancers that involve the expression of the Lung Adenoma Susceptibility-1 Gene (Lasl) gene 25 and/or its product, the Lasl protein. Lasl is believed to be an inhibitor of cellular proliferation by influencing cell cycle. The Lasl is reported herein by Applicants as a gene 1 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 that is associated with the pulmonary adenoma susceptibility 1 (Pasl) chromosomal locus that has been described in species such as mice and humans. [006] Human groups exist that have an above average probability of being diagnosed with and/or of developing particular cancers (i.e., high-risk groups) and are appropriate candidates 5 for evaluation of Lasl1 expression, and/or therapeutic or prophylactic use of Lasl1. Such human groups may be at high risk because of exposure to particular environmental materials or circumstances (e.g., smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke, occupational exposure to carcinogens such as urethane and other agents), because of familial susceptibility to certain cancers (e.g., genetic inheritance of genes causing increased susceptibility), as a result of the 10 presence of mutant forms of Lasl1 or decreased levels of expression of Kirsten rat sarcoma oncogene 2 ("Kras2"), for other reasons, or for combinations of causes and reasons. [007] In some embodiments, the invention provides methods for characterizing the etiology of a cancer in an individual by testing at least one cancer cell from the individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of expression of Lasl as compared to normal cells, and one or 15 more mutations in the at least one cancer cell's genomic Lasl1 gene. The levels of Lasl expression in normal cells may be determined from non-cancer cells in the individual, or based on standard levels of Las 1 expression in normal cells of other individuals. [008] According to one embodiment, the at least one cancer cell is tested for the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the Lasl gene which encodes a mutant Lasl protein. 20 [009] According to other embodiments, the at least one cancer cell is tested for the level of Lasl gene expression. The level of Las 1 expression may be tested by measuring mRNA transcribed from the Lasl gene. The level of Las 1 expression may be tested by measuring the amount of Lasl protein in the cell. The level of Lasl1 expression may be tested using an antibody to Lasl protein. 2 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 [010] According to one embodiment, the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the Lasl gene is tested by analyzing the coding sequence of the LasI gene. [011] According to one embodiment, the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the Lasl gene is tested by using an antibody that detects the mutant Lasl protein. 5 [012] According to some embodiments, the methods also comprise testing the at least one cancer cell from the individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of expression, or one or more mutations of one or more of the genes in the Pas-1 locus, which include Kras2, Lrmp, Bcatl, AK016641 and AK015530. In one embodiment, the methods comprise testing the at least one cancer cell from the individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of 10 expression of Kras2 as compared to non-cancer cells from the individual, and one or more mutations in the at least one cancer cell's genomic Kras2 gene. The level of Pasl gene expression may be tested by measuring mRNA transcribed from one or more of the Pasl genes. The level of Pasl expression may be tested by measuring the amount of one or more of the Pas 1 gene products in the cell. The level of expression of one or more of the Pas 1 gene 15 products may be tested using an antibody to one or more of such gene products. The levels of expression one or more of the Pasl genes in normal cells may be determined from non-cancer cells in the individual, or based on standard levels of expression of one or more of the Pas I genes in normal cells of other individuals. [013] In some embodiments, the invention provides methods for identifying an individual 20 who is at risk of developing cancer by testing at least one cell from the individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of expression of Lasl as compared to normal cells, and one or more mutations in the at least one cell's genomic Lasl gene. [014] According to one .embodiment, the at least one cell is tested for the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the Las 1 gene which encodes a mutant Las 1 protein. 3 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 [015] According to other embodiments, the at least one cell is tested for the level of Lasl gene expression. The level of Las 1 expression may be tested by measuring mRNA transcribed from the Las 1 gene. The level of Las 1 expression may be tested by measuring the amount of Lasl protein in the cell. The level of Lasl expression may be tested using an 5 antibody to Las 1 protein. [0161 According to one embodiment, the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the Lasl gene is tested by analyzing the coding sequence of the Lasl gene. [0171 According to one embodiment, the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the Lasl1 gene is tested by using an antibody that detects the mutant Lasl protein. 10 [018] According to some embodiments, the methods also comprise testing the at least one cell from the individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of expression, or one or more mutations of one or more of the genes in the Pas-1 locus, which include Kras2, Lrmp, Bcatl, AK016641 and AK015530. In one embodiment, the methods comprise testing the at least one cell from the individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of expression of 15 Kras2 as compared to normal cells, and one or more mutations in the at least one cell's genomic Kras2 gene. The level of PasI gene expression may be tested by measuring mRNA transcribed from one or more of the Pasl1 genes. The level of Pasl1 expression may be tested by measuring the amount of one or more of the Pasl gene products in the cell. The level of expression of one or more of the Pas 1 gene products may be tested using an antibody to one 20 or more of such gene products. The levels of expression one or more of the Pasl genes in normal cells may be determined from other cells in the individual, or based on standard levels of expression of one or more of the Pasl genes in normal cells of other individuals. [019] In some embodiments the invention also provides methods for treating an individual identified as having a mutant Lasl1 gene or reduced expression of Lasl1 protein by 25 administering to the individual an agent that restores Lasl protein function. The individual 4 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 may have an adenocarcinoma, such as an adenocarcinoma of the lung. According to some embodiments, the agent is a Las1 protein. The LasI protein may be administered in a fashion such that it is specifically targeted to cancer tissue in the individual. According to other embodiments, the agent is a polynucleotide encoding a Las1 protein, wherein the 5 polynucleotide is in operable connection with a promoter that directs its expression. In some embodiments, the treatment is prophylactic. [020] The genes at the Pas-1 locus, include the Las1, Lrmp, Beatl, AK016641 and AK015530, and Kras2 genes or ORFs (Figs. 10-19). Sequences for mRNAs encoding Lrmp, Ak015530, and Ak016641 can be found with the National Center for Biotechnology 10 Information GenBank (GI: 6678713, 12853911 and 12855487, respectively). The sequence for Bcatl can be found in Benvenisty, N. et. al. (1992) Genes Dev., 6, 2513-2523. The sequence for the Kras2 ORF is found in application for US patent, 20030133910. The sequences for Las1 reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. AY423542 for mouse and AY423543 for human. The sequences for these 15 molecules are herby incorporated by reference, in their entirety. [0211 In some embodiments this invention relates to methods for the treatment of lung cancer, therapeutically to prevent or decrease the proliferation of cancer cells, or prophylactically to prevent formation of lung cancer. Such methods comprise increasing levels of non-mutant Las 1 protein, or a functional fragment thereof, in such cells. 20 [022] In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of a cancer in an individual by administering to the individual one or more agents comprising Las 1 protein, or a functional fragment thereof, that inhibits proliferation of cancer cells. A Las1 protein, or a functional fragment thereof, may be administered in a fashion such that it is specifically targeted to cancer tissue. According to this embodiment, 5 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 introduction or transfer of a Lasl protein, or a functional fragment thereof, is achieved by any of a variety of methods known in the art to introduce proteins to or into cells. [023] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of a cancer in an individual by administering to the individual one or 5 more agents comprising a polynucleotide encoding a Lasl protein, or a functional fragment thereof, wherein the polynucleotide is in operable connection with a promoter that directs its expression. [024] In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is administered in a fashion such that it is specifically targeted to cancer tissue, and is in an amount sufficient to achieve expression of 10 Lasl1 protein, or a functional fragment thereof, that inhibits proliferation of cancer cells. According to this embodiment, introduction or transfer of a polynucleotide, such as a DNA molecule or molecules, specifically a DNA molecule encoding one or more Lasl protein, or a functional fragment thereof, into a cell is achieved by any of a variety of methods known in the art to introduce polynucleotides into cells. 15 [025] In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating an individual identified as having a disease associated with reduced expression or mutation of Las 1 gene by administering to the individual at least one compound that restores the individual's Lasl proteins ability to influence cell cycle and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. [026] The compositions that are used according to the methods of this invention may be 20 administered prior to, concurrent with, or after administration of other cancer therapeutic or prophylactic treatments. In some embodiments, the agent or agents are administered to an individual identified as having a cancer associated with mutant Lasl1 genes or reduced expression of Lasl. In other embodiments, the agent or agents are administered to an individual having an adenocarcinoma, in particular, an adenocarcinoma of the lung. 6 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 [027] Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The features and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in 5 the appended claims. [028] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. [029] The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this 10 specification, and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [030] Fig. 1 shows the amino acid sequence for Las1 protein from human. [031] Fig. 2 shows the nucleotide sequence which encodes the human Las 1 protein. 15 [032] Fig. 3. shows the amino acid sequence for the mouse Las 1 protein. [033] Fig. 4 shows the nucleotide sequence which encodes the mouse Lasl protein. [034] Fig. 5. Characterizations of the Pasl locus. (A). Substitution mapping of Pasl QTL for mouse lung tumor susceptibility with the use of a set of congenic strains. The open boxes represent a chromosome fragment from the donor strain (A/J), and the solid boxes represent a 20 chromosome fragment from the recipient strains (C57BL/6J). Eight microsatellite markers were used to alleleotype the 26.1 cM region containing the Pasl1 locus. AB is a congenic strain in which the entire chromosomal region between markers D6MIT54 and D6MIT373 has been substituted into the recipient C57BL6J strain from the donor A/J strain. Congenic substrains 1 through 8 carry various donor (A/J) fragments as indicated. BB is the control 25 congenic strain in which no substitution was found in the entire region. j(RExpression of 7 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 Pasi candidate genes in mouse lungs. Total RNAs were isolated from A/J and C57BL/6J normal lung tissues. Expression levels of five candidate genes were tested using RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. For each autoradiograph, Upper panel, individual candidate genes; lower panel, b-actin control. For each candidate gene, the left panel, expression level 5 in C57BL6J lungs; the right panel, expression level in A/J lungs. Note: Bcatl, Lrmp, AK015530, AK016641 are RT-PCR. Kras2 is Northern blot analysis. LQ Functional polymorphisms of Pasl candidate genes. 1. Sequence analysis of the Lasl gene revealed a functional polymorphism at codon 60 between lung tumor susceptible/intermediate (A/J, SWR/J, BALB/cJ, 129/J, CBA/J, and SM/J) (top) and resistant strains (C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, 10 SJL/J, C3H/HeJ, AKR/J, and Mus. Spretus) (bottom). An amino acid alignment of the codon 52-72 of Lasl is shown, with the asparagine to serine alteration at codon 60 (boxed). 2. Sequence variations of Ak016641 between A/J and C57BL/6J. AK016641 contains 2 functional polymorphisms at codon 218 (Arg to His), codon 258 (Gly to Glu) and an alternative splicing transcript without exon 5 only found in A/J strain. 3. AK015530 had a 15 polymorphism at codon 28 resulting a change of Asp to Gly. 4. Lrmp contains 5 functional polymorphisms including codon 31 (Asp to Gly), codon 56 (Gly to Asp), codon 58 (Phe to Leu), codon 438 (Arg to Gly), and codon 537 (Pro to Leu). [035] Fig. 6. Cluster alignment of mouse rat human and Ciona intestinalis Lasl protein sequences. The sequences of mouse, rat, human, and Ciona intestinalis Lasl are presented. 20 Identical residues are shaded in black. Residues identical in at least two species are shaded in black. In mouse protein, the codon 60 ("x") encodes an Asparagine (AAT) in A/J mice and a Serine (AGT) in C57BL/6J mice. The human protein sequence (67% identities and 81% positives) is based on predicted human Lasl cDNA sequence. Searching NCBI protein database using mouse protein sequence revealed a rat homologous protein, encoded by NCBI 25 predicted gene LOC297720 (84% identities and 92% positives). The mouse Lasl protein is 8 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 also homologous to a Ciona intestinalis protein axonemal p83.9 (GI: 20086393, 33% identities and 52% positives). [036] Fig. 7. Characterization of the Lasl gene as a candidate Pasl1 gene. [AI Colony formation assay. Inhibition of colony formation by transfected Lasl in LM1 cell line (a) and 5 MC14 cell line (b). LM1 and MC14 cells of the same passage were transfected under identical conditions with 4_g of purified plasmid DNA of Lasl-A/J-pcDNA3.1, Las1 C57BL/6J-pcDNA3.1, or pcDNA3.1 vector alone. 1.5 x 106 cells were seeded into each of the four (10-cm) dishes, and incubated in proper medium plus G418 (50 _g/ml) for 14 days. The cells were then fixed and stained and colonies with more than 1 mm diameter were 10 counted and the proportions against empty vector (+ SE) were plotted. Asterisks indicate P<0.05 compared to vector-transfected cells. (B) Athymic mouse tumorigenicity assays of Lasl transfected tumor cells. (a) RT-PCR of unique sequences carried by the transfected Lasl clones. A/J: LM1 cells transfected with Lasl-A/J-pcDNA3.1 clone. C57BL/6J: LM1 cells transfected with Lasl-C57BL/6J-pcDNA3.1 clone. (b) Measurement of the tumor size. 15 (c), (d), Inhibition of nude mouse tumor development (left side, Lasl1-A/J-pcDNA3.1 transfected cells; right side, Las 1 -C57BL/6J-pcDNA3.1 transfected cells). (C Expression of Lasl in mouse tissues and mouse cell lines. (a) Northern blot analysis was used to determine the expression of Lasl in A/J and C57BL/6J lungs. (b), (c), Total RNA was prepared from different mouse tissues and cell lines. RT-PCR analysis was used to determine the 20 expression of Lasl in mouse multiple organ (b) and cell lines (c). --actin was used as an internal control. (D) Subcellular localization of Lasl. Myc-tagged Lasl plasmids were transfected into NIR-/3T3 and COS7 cells and visualized by immunofluorescent staining using rhodamine (red). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). A/J, Lasl-A/J-pcDNA3.1 transfected cells; C57BL/6J, Las l-C57BL/6J-pcDNA3.1 transfected cells, vector, pcDNA3.1 25 vector transfected cell, control, untransfected negative control cells. 9 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 [037] Fig. 8. Kras2 allelic effects on chemically induced lung tumorigenesis. (A) Allelic effects on tumor multiplicity. In A/J (open bars) or C57BL/6J (solid bars) hybrid mouse groups, the remaining A/J or C57BL/6J Kras2 allele in Kras2+/- mice has no significant differential effect on lung tumor multiplicity 3.82- (A/J Kras2+/- mice/A/J Kras2+/+ mice) vs 5 4.88- (C57BL/6J Kras2+/- mice/C57BL/6J Kras2+/+ mice) fold (urethane treated group); 4.76- vs 5.10-fold (MNU treated group) between the two Kras2 alleles. (B) Allelic effects on tumor volume. In A/J or C57BL/6J hybrid groups, the remaining A/J or C57BL/6J Kras2 allele in Kras2+/- mice have a significant differential effect on lung tumor progression 31.73 (A/J Kras2+/- mice/A/J Kras2+/+ mice) vs 8.04- (C57BL/6J Kras2+/- mice/C57BL/6J 10 Kras2+/+ mice) fold (urethane treated group); 56.85- vs 14.47- fold (* p<0.001) between the two Kras2 alleles. (C) Activated Kras2 protein in mouse lung tumors from (A/FIK-ras+/-) Fl, and (C57BL/6JYK-ras+/-) F1 mice. K-Ras2 activity in large and small tumors from Kras2+/+ and Kras2+/- mice was presented that corresponds to A/J and C57BL/6J alleles. b, and s, correspond to large (> 4 mm in diameter) and small tumors (1< 4 mm in diameter), 15 respectively. Note: half the amount of lysate was used in the pull-downs from A/J tumors (lanes 1-4) compared to C57BL/6J tumors (lanes 5-8). [038] Fig. 9 shows all genes found in the narrowed Pasl QTL region encompassed by markers D60SU6 and D60SU12. [039] Fig. 10 shows the nucleotide sequence for human LRMP. 20 [040] Fig. 11 shows the nucleotide sequence for mouse LRMP. [041] Fig. 12 shows the human BCAT1 cDNA sequence. [042] Fig. 13 shows the mouse BCAT1 eDNA sequence. [043] Fig. 14 shows the human Kras2 isoform a cDNA sequence. [044] Fig. 15 shows the human Kras2 isoform b eDNA sequence. 25 [045] Fig. 16 shows the mouse Kras2 isoform a eDNA sequence. 10 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 [046] Fig. 17 shows the mouse Kras2 isoform b eDNA sequence. [047] Fig. 18 shows the mouse Ak016641 cDNA sequence. [048] Fig. 19 shows the mouse Ak015530 eDNA sequence. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 5 [049] The present invention will now be described with occasional reference to the specific embodiments of the invention. This invention may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. 10 [050] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to that this invention belongs. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and 15 "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. [051] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth as used in the 20 specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless otherwise indicated, the numerical properties set forth in the following specification and claims are approximations that may vary depending on the desired properties sought to be obtained in embodiments of the present invention. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the 25 invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are 11 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical values, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from error found in their respective measurements. [052] The disclosure of all patents, patent applications (and any patents that issue thereon, as well as any corresponding published foreign patent applications), GenBank and other 5 accession numbers and associated data, and publications mentioned throughout this description are hereby incorporated by reference herein, including US Patent Application No: 20030133910 of You, et. al., filed August 23, 2002, entitled Wild-type ras as a cancer therapeutic agent. It is expressly not admitted, however, that any of the documents incorporated by reference herein teach or disclose the present invention. 10 [053] The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention and the Examples included herein. However, before the present methods and compositions are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to specific methods, specific nucleic acids, specific polypeptides, specific cell types, specific host cells or specific conditions, etc., as 15 such may, of course, vary, and the numerous modifications and variations therein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. [054] "cDNA" means a DNA prepared using messenger RNA (mRNA) as template. In 20 contrast to genomic DNA and DNA polymerized from a genomic, non- or partially-processed RNA template, eDNA contains coding sequences of the corresponding protein in the absence of introns and other non-translated nucleic acids. [055] "Gene" refers broadly to any region or segment of DNA associated with a biological molecule or function. Thus, genes include coding sequence, and may further include 25 regulatory regions or segments required for their expression. Genes may also include non 12 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 expressed DNA segments that, for example, from recognition sequences for other proteins. Genes can be obtained from a variety of sources, including cloning from a source of interest, or synthesizing from known or predicted sequence information, and may include sequences encoding desired parameters. 5 [024] "Isolated," when used herein in the context of a nucleic acid or protein, denotes that the nucleic acid or protein is essentially free of other cellular components with which it is associated in the natural state. It is preferably in a homogeneous state although it can be in either dry form or an aqueous solution. Purity and homogeneity are typically determined using analytical chemistry techniques such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or high 10 performance liquid chromatography. A protein that is the predominant molecular species present in a preparation is substantially purified. An isolated gene is separated from open reading frames that flank the gene and encode a protein other than the gene of interest. [0561 "Malignant" or "cancerous" or "cancer" refers to the properties of cells or tissue that distinguish them from benign or normal cells. Malignant, cancerous, and cancer cells invade, 15 grow and destroy adjacent tissue, metastasize, and usually grow more rapidly than benign cells. [025] "Naturally-occurring" and "wild-type," are used herein to describe something that can be found in nature as distinct from being artificially produced by man. For example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that is present in an organism (including viruses) that 20 can be isolated from a source in nature and that has not been intentionally modified by man in the laboratory is naturally-occurring. In particular, "wild-type" is used herein to refer to the naturally-occurring or native forms of proteins and their encoding nucleic acid sequences that lack mutations or polymorphisms that alter their function. Therefore, in the context of this application, 'wild-type' includes naturally occurring variant forms of Lasl and Kras2 genes, 13 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 either representing splice variants or genetic variants between individuals, which may require different probes for selective detection. [057] "Normal cell" means a non-cancerous or non-malignant cell. [026] "Nucleic acid" and "polynucleotide" refer to deoxyribonucleotides or 5 ribonucleotides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, polynucleotide polymers and fragments thereof in either single- or double-stranded form. A nucleic acid may be of natural or synthetic origin, double-stranded or single-stranded, and separate from or combined with carbohydrate, lipids, protein, other nucleic acids, or other materials, and may perform a particular activity such as transformation or form a useful composition such as a peptide 10 nucleic acid (PNA). Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and may be metabolized in a manner similar to naturally-occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g. degenerate codon substitutions) 15 and complementary sequences and as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al. (1991) Nucleic Acid Res. 19: 5081; Ohtsuka et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2605-2608; Cassol et al. (1992); Rossolini et al. (1994) Mol. Cell. Probes 20 8: 91-98). The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene. [058] "Proliferation" means growth and reproduction, i.e., division of cells. An important aspect of this invention is that the Lasl1 and Kras2 genes that are expressed in cells are believed to inhibit or suppress cell proliferation associated with cancer or malignancy. 25 "Inhibition" and "suppression," as used with reference to cell proliferation are terms well 14 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 known to those skilled in the art, and refer to slowing or stopping of cell division such that cells do not increase in number. The magnitude of such slowing of cell growth can be variable. Herein, any alteration of the growth of cells that comprise cancerous or precancerous cells or tissue falls within the scope of this application. 5 [027] "Sample" refers to an isolated sample of material, such as material obtained from an organism, containing nucleic acid molecules. A sample may comprise a bodily fluid; a cell; an extract from a cell, chromosome, organelle, or membrane isolated from a cell; genomic DNA, RNA, or cDNA in solution or bound to a substrate; or a biological tissue or biopsy thereof. A sample may be obtained from any bodily fluid (blood, urine, saliva, phlegm, 10 gastric juices, etc.), cultured cells, biopsies, or other tissue preparations. [028] "Stringent hybridization conditions" and "stringent hybridization wash conditions" in the context of nucleic acid hybridization experiments such as Southern and northern hybridizations are sequence dependent, and are different under different environmental parameters. Nucleic acids having longer sequences hybridize specifically at higher 15 temperatures. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes part I chapter 2 "Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays," Elsevier, N.Y. Generally, highly stringent hybridization and wash conditions are selected to be 5 'C. lower than the thermal melting 20 point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. Typically, under "stringent conditions" a probe will hybridize to its target subsequence, but to no other sequences. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. Very stringent conditions are selected to be equal to the Tm for a particular probe. An example of stringent hybridization 25 conditions for hybridization of complementary nucleic acids that have more than 100 15 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 complementary residues on a filter in a Southern or northern blot is 50% formamide with 1 mg of heparin at 42 C, with the hybridization being carried out overnight. An example of highly stringent wash conditions is 0.15 M NaC1 at 72 'C for 15 minutes. An example of stringent wash conditions is a 0.2x SSC wash at 65 'C for 15 minutes (see, Sambrook, infra., 5 for a description of SSC buffer). Often, a high stringency wash is preceded by a low stringency wash to remove background probe signal. An example medium stringency wash for a duplex of, e.g., more than 100 nucleotides, is lx SSC at 45 C for 15 minutes. An example low stringency wash for a duplex of, e.g., more than 100 nucleotides, is 4-6x SSC at 40 'C for 15 minutes. For short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides), stringent conditions 10 typically involve salt concentrations of less than 1.0 M Na ion, typically 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3, and the temperature is typically at least 30 'C. Stringent conditions can also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. In general, a signal to noise ratio of 2x (or higher) than that observed for an unrelated probe in the particular hybridization assay indicates detection of a specific 15 hybridization. Nucleic acids that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially similar if the polypeptides that they encode are substantially similar. This occurs, e.g., when a copy of a nucleic acid is created using the maximum codon degeneracy permitted by the genetic code. [0291 "Target polynucleotide," as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid to which a 20 polynucleotide probe can hybridize by base pairing and that comprises all or a fragment of a gene that encodes Lasl, Kras2 or another other Pasl gene product. In some instances, the sequences of target and probes may be 100% complementary (no mismatches) when aligned. In other instances, there may be up to a 10% mismatch. Target polynucleotides represent a subset of all of the polynucleotides in a sample that encode the expression products of all 25 transcribed and expressed genes in the cell or tissue from which the polynucleotide sample is 16 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 prepared. The gene products of target polynucleotides are Lasl or Kras2, or other Pasl gene products, or fragments thereof. [030] "Target Region"' means a stretch of consecutive nucleotides comprising all or a portion of a target sequence such as a gene or an oligonucleotide encoding Lasl, Kras2 or 5 another Pasl gene product. Target regions may be 15, 16, 17, 18 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 5,6, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 200 or more polynucleotides in length. In some embodiments, target regions are 70 10 nucleotides in length, and lack secondary structure. Target regions may be identified using computer software programs such as OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences, Plymouth MN), LASERGENE software (DNASTAR, Madison Wis.), MACDNASIS (Hitachi Software Engineering Co., San Francisco, Calif.) and the like. [031] Methods For Characterizing The Etiology Of A Cancer and For Identifying An 15 Individual Who Is At Risk Of Developing Cancer [059] Based on the observations of Applicants, it is believed that certain cancer cells in individuals with cancer, such as adenocarcinoma of the lung, have Lasl1 proteins with one or more mutations, such as a single nucleotide polymorphism at codon 60. It is likewise believed that some individuals with cancer, such as adenocarcinoma of the lung, may also 20 have reduced levels of Kras2 expression as compared to normal tissue. It is believed that individuals may be at risk for developing certain cancers, such as adenocarcinoma of the lung, if the genomic Lasl1 gene in such individuals' cells encode Lasl proteins with one or more mutations, such as a single nucleotide polymorphism at codon 60. [060] Polynucleotides encoding the human and mouse Lasl protein are shown in Fig. 2 and 25 Fig. 4; Figs. 10-19 show various of the mouse and human sequences for other genes or 17 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 cDNAs at the Pas 1 locus. Polynucleotides comprising all or a portion of these sequences, or having sequences which are the complement thereof, are useful tools for designing hybridization probes for screening tissue samples for Lasl and other Pasl gene mutations, particularly tissues from patients at risk for, known to have, or suspected of having lung 5 cancer, and for preparing primers useful for isolating and identifying cDNA clones and genomic clones encoding the Lasl1 and other Pasl1 genes and allelic forms thereof. Such hybridization techniques are known to those of skill in the art. [061] In some embodiments of the invention, tissue samples are obtained from cancerous tissue or tissue that is believed to be or may become cancerous. In some embodiments, 10 normal tissue is also obtained. According to such embodiments, a comparison may be made between the genetic profiles of the actual or suspected cancer cells and normal cells. [062] Polynucleotide primers [063] Primers can be used to obtain Lasl and other Pasl polynucleotides from cDNA libraries, for screening tissue samples, or for diagnostic purposes. The primers may be used 15 according to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies to amplify transcripts of the genes which encode the Lasl1 and other Pasl1 gene products, or portions of such transcripts. Primers may comprise 15, 16, 17, 18 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 5,6, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,80, 81, 82, 83, 20 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 or more nucleotides, and have a G+C content of 40% or greater. Such oligonucleotides can be at least 98%, 99% or more complementary with a portion of the DNA strand, i.e., the sense strand, which encodes the respective Lasl or other Pasl gene or a portion of its corresponding antisense strand. Primers that have 100% complementarity with the antisense strand of a double-stranded DNA 18 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 molecule which encodes a Lasl or other Pasl1 gene product have a sequence which is identical to a sequence contained within the sense strand. [064] Isolated allele specific primers can be used for diagnosis of an individual having or at risk of developing cancer, particularly lung cancer, more particularly adenocarcinoma of the 5 lung. Allele specific primers for Lasl or other Pasl genes are produced based upon identification of regions within the Lasl1 or other Pasl1 gene encoding one or more polymorphisms, or SNPS, such as the polymorphism identified at Lasl codon 60. In some embodiments, the primers of the invention are designed to hybridize to the upstream and downstream (e.g., flanking) sequences of target regions of the Lasl or other Pasl gene so as 10 to bracket the locus of such one or more SNPs. [065] The primers of the invention embrace oligonucleotides of sufficient length and appropriate sequence so as to provide specific initiation of polymerization on a significant number of nucleic acids flanking the polymorphic locus. Conditions conducive to synthesis include the presence of nucleoside triphosphates and an agent for polymerization, such as 15 DNA polymerase, and a suitable temperature and pH. In some embodiments, primers are single stranded for maximum efficiency in amplification. Primer length is determined based on many factors, including temperature, buffer, and nucleotide composition. [066] Primers are typically sufficiently complementary to hybridize with their respective strands under conditions which allow the agent for polymerization to perfom. In other 20 words, the primers should have sufficient complementarity with the 5' and 3' sequences flanking the target sequence, for example, the Lasl1 coding sequence, to hybridize therewith and permit amplification of one or more polymorphic locus, such as the SNP at codon 60. [067] The oligonucleotide primers of the invention may be prepared using any suitable method, such as conventional phosphotriester and phosphodiester methods or automated 25 embodiments thereof. In one such automated embodiment, diethylphosphoramidites are used 19 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 as starting materials and may be synthesized as described by Beaucage, et al. (Tetrahedron Letters, 22:1859-1862, 1981). One method for synthesizing oligonucleotides on a modified solid support is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066. [068] Lasl1-designed primers may be used in RT-PCR to quantify the amount of Lasl 5 mRNA in the test tissues and cells. Examples of such primers include, but are not limited to: [069] 5'- GACCAAAGCCGAGCGACTGCGGC; [070] 3'-TCGAAGAAGTAGTTCTGTGGC [071] Alternatively, Lasl-designed primers may be used to analyze tissue sections from individuals by an RT in situ-PCR hybridization protocol as described Nuovo et al (1994) in 10 Am J. Pathol., 144, 659-666, which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. [072] Polynucleotide Probes [073] Polynucleotide probes are useful for detecting transcripts of the genes which encode the Lasl and Kras2 proteins and other Pasl gene products. Such polynucleotide probes may comprise 15, 16, 17, 18 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 15 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 5,6, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, Or 200 or more nucleotides. Polynucleotide probes have a sequence which is 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more complementary with a contiguous sequence contained within the 20 sense strand or antisense strand of a double stranded DNA molecule which encodes the Lasl or Kras2 protein (i.e., the target region of the Lasl or Kras2 gene). Polynucleotide probes bind to the sense strand or antisense under stringent conditions, and in some instances under highly stringent conditions. The polynucleotide probes may be used in Northern assays to detect transcripts of Lasl1 homologous genes and in Southern assays to detect Lasl 25 homologous genes. At least some of said polynucleotide probes comprise a polynucleotide 20 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 sequence that is complementary to a target region of a Lasl or Kras2 gene or one or more other Pasl genes. [0741 The polynucleotide probes may be genomic DNA or cDNA or mRNA, or any RNA like or DNA-like material, such as peptide nucleic acids, branched DNAs and the like. The 5 polynucleotide probes may be sense or antisense polynucleotide probes. Where target polynucleotides are double stranded, the probes may be either sense or antisense strands. Where the target polynucleotides are single stranded, the nucleotide probes may be complementary single strands. [075] The polynucleotide probes may be prepared by a variety of synthetic or enzymatic 10 schemes that are well known in the art. The polynucleotide probes can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art Caruthers et al. (1980) Nucleic Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 215-233). Alternatively, the probes can be generated, in whole or in part, enzymatically. [076] Nucleotide analogues can be incorporated into the polynucleotide probes by methods 15 well known in the art. The incorporated nucleotide analogues should serve to base pair with target polynucleotides. For example, certain guanine nucleotides can be substituted with hypoxanthine, which base pairs with cytosine residues. However, these base pairs are less stable than those between guanine and cytosine. Alternatively, adenine nucleotides can be substituted with 2,6-diaminopurine that can form stronger base pairs than those between 20 adenine and thymidine. Additionally, the polynucleotide probes can include nucleotides that have been derivatized chemically or enzymatically. Typical chemical modifications include derivatization with acyl, alkyl, aryl or amino groups. [077] The polynucleotide probes may be labeled with one or more labeling moieties to allow for detection of hybridized probe/target polynucleotide complexes. The labeling 25 moieties can include compositions that can be detected by spectroscopic, photochemical, 21 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 biochemical, bioelectronic, immunochemical, electrical, optical or chemical means. The labeling moieties include radioisotopes, such as P 32 , P 3 3 or S 35 , chemiluminescent compounds, labeled binding proteins, heavy metal atoms, spectroscopic markers, such as fluorescent markers and dyes, magnetic labels, linked enzymes, mass spectrometry tags, spin labels, 5 electron transfer donors and acceptors, and the like. [078] The polynucleotide probes can be immobilized on a substrate. Preferred substrates are any suitable rigid or semi-rigid support, including membranes, filters, chips, slides, wafers, fibers, magnetic or nonmagnetic beads, gels, tubing, plates, polymers, microparticles and capillaries. The substrate can have a variety of surface forms, such as wells, trenches, pins, 10 channels and pores, to which the polynucleotide probes are bound. Preferably, the substrates are optically transparent. [079] Target Polynucleotides [080] In order to conduct sample analysis, a sample containing polynucleotides that will be assessed for the presence of target polynucleotides, that is, Las1 or Kras2 genes, or Las1 15 genes containing one or more SNPS, are obtained. The samples can be any sample containing target polynucleotides and obtained from any bodily fluid (blood, urine, saliva, phlegm, gastric juices, etc.), cultured cells, biopsies, or other tissue preparations. In some embodiments, samples comprise cancer cells, other cells, or cell extracts from an individual or is at risk of developing, has or may have cancer, such as adenocarcinomas of the lung. 20 [081] Any nucleic acid specimen, in purified or nonpurified form, can be utilized as the starting nucleic acid or acids, provided it contains, or is suspected of containing, the specific nucleic acid sequence containing the polymorphic locus. Thus, the process may employ, for example, DNA or RNA, including messenger RNA, wherein DNA or RNA may be single stranded or double stranded. In the event that RNA is to be used as a template, enzymes, 25 and/or conditions optimal for reverse transcribing the template to DNA would be utilized. In 22 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 addition, a DNA-RNA hybrid which contains one strand of each may be utilized. A mixture of nucleic acids may also be employed, or the nucleic acids produced in a previous amplification reaction herein, using the same or different primers may be so utilized. The specific nucleic acid sequence to be amplified, i.e., the polymorphic locus, may be a fraction 5 of a larger molecule or can be present initially as a discrete molecule, so that the specific sequence constitutes the entire nucleic acid. It is not necessary that the sequence to be amplified be present initially in a pure form; it may be a minor fraction of a complex mixture, such as contained in whole human DNA. [082] DNA utilized herein may be extracted using one of a variety of techniques such as 10 that described by Maniatis, et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., pp 280, 281, 1982). If the extracted sample is impure, it may be treated before amplification with an amount of a reagent effective to open the cells, or animal cell membranes of the sample, and to expose and/or separate the strand(s) of the nucleic acid(s). This lysing and nucleic acid denaturing step to expose and separate the strands will allow 15 amplification to occur much more readily. Additional methods of purification of nucleic acids are described in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Hybridization With Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I. Theory and Nucleic Acid Preparation, Elsevier, New York N.Y. In one case, total RNA is isolated using the TRIZOL reagent (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg Md.), and mnRNA is isolated using oligo d(T) 20 column chromatography or glass beads. Alternatively, when polynucleotide samples are derived from an mRNA, the polynucleotides can be a cDNA reverse transcribed from an mRNA, an RNA transcribed from that eDNA, a DNA amplified from that eDNA, an RNA transcribed from the amplified DNA, and the like. When the polynucleotide is derived from DNA, the polynucleotide can be DNA amplified from DNA or RNA reverse transcribed from 25 DNA. 23 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 [083] Suitable methods for measuring the relative amounts of the target polynucleotide transcripts in samples of polynucleotides are Northern blots, RT-PCR, or real-time PCR, or RNase protection assays. Fore ease in measuring the transcripts for target polynucleotides, it is preferred that arrays as described above be used. 5 [084] The target polynucleotides may be labeled with one or more labeling moieties to allow for detection of hybridized probe/target polynucleotide complexes. The labeling moieties can include compositions that can be detected by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, bioelectronic, immunochemical, electrical, optical or chemical means. The labeling moieties include radioisotopes, such as P 32 , p 3 3 or S 35 , chemiluminescent compounds, 10 labeled binding proteins, heavy metal atoms, spectroscopic markers, such as fluorescent markers and dyes, magnetic labels, linked enzymes, mass spectrometry tags, spin labels, electron transfer donors and acceptors, and the like. [085] Genetic Analysis [086] In one type of analysis, DNA isolated from the target tissue sample is analyzed by 15 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Regions of the Lasl1 ORF, or surrounding areas, are chosen and PCR primers are made that hybridize with the genomic DNA in the region. Such primers can be made to any known sequence within the Lasl gene or to regions surrounding the Lasl gene where the genomic sequence is known. One such set of regions surrounding the Lasl gene that can be used are polymorphic microsatellite markers, whose sequences and 20 locations throughout the human, and some animal genomes, are known in the art. The primers are used in a PCR reaction to amplify the region of the genome that contains the Las 1 gene. A single PCR reaction may be used to amplify the entire genomic region containing the Lasl gene. Alternatively, multiple PCR reactions, each amplifying a different region of the Lasl1 gene may be used. Preferably, PCR reactions are used such that the entire coding 24 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 region of the Lasl gene is amplified. In addition, genomic regions within introns and surrounding the LasI gene may also be amplified. [087] The amplified product may be detected by analyzing via a Southern blotting technique or similarly, using dot blot analysis. Suitable solid supports useful in Southern blotting 5 techniques are membranes, beads, microtiter plates, etc. The use of non-radioactive probes or labels is facilitated by the high level of the amplified signal. Alternatively, probes used to detect the amplified products can be directly or indirectly detectably labeled. A detectable label is one that can be detected by physiochemical means, such as with a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, a bioluminescent compound, a chemiluminescent compound, by color 10 absorbance, a metal chelator or an enzyme. Those of ordinary skill in the art will know of other suitable labels for binding to the probe, or will be able to ascertain such, using routine experimentation. [088] Analysis of the size of a particular PCR product from the tumor or cancer cell genome as compared to the size of the same PCR product using DNA from a control cell (i.e., one 15 known to have Lasl genes), can detect insertions or deletions of DNA in that area of the genome. It is well known in the art, that if there is an insertion of DNA in the area of a genome between the regions where two PCR primers are used to amplify the genome, the resulting PCR product is larger in size compared to the size of the same PCR product obtained using DNA from a genome where no insertion has occurred. Likewise, a deletion of 20 DNA in the genome between two PCR primers results in a PCR product that is smaller in size compared to a control PCR product obtained using DNA from a genome not containing a deletion. Such analyses detect relatively large changes (e.g., minimum of 10% change) in size of a PCR product as compared to the product from a Lasl1 genome. Normally, size determination of PCR products is performed by comparing the relative sizes of two or more 25 PCR products. For example, the size of a PCR product from a genome where a Lasl 25 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 mutation is suspected is compared to the size of the same PCR product from a genome where Lasl mutations are known not to be present. Relative sizes are easily compared using migration of PCR products in an electric field, as occurs in gel electrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis is often used for this purpose. 5 [089] Another method for analyzing PCR products is through determination of the nucleotide sequence of all or part of the PCR product. This method of analysis detects changes in relative size of PCR products that are less than 10%. This method also detects changes in the DNA sequence that do not result in relative size changes. For example, determination of the sequence and comparison of the sequence of the same PCR product 10 obtained from amplification of DNA from two different cells can detect single or multiple nucleotide base changes, substitutions of regions of DNA, and the like. Methods for DNA sequence determination and for DNA sequence determination of PCR products are well known in the art of molecular biology. The chain termination method of sequencing is often used. DNA sequencing is often performed by automated sequencing machines. 15 [090] In another type of analysis, RNA, preferably mRNA isolated from the tumor or cancer cells is used as a template to make DNA in a reverse transcription reaction. The reverse transcribed DNA is then used as a template in PCR reactions using PCR primers with sequences known to be within the mRNA of the Lasl gene. Various mRNA primers can be chosen, as described above in order to amplify the entire length of the nmRNA sequence of the 20 Lasl gene. This can be done using a single PCR reaction, or multiple PCR reactions as described above. Analysis of the PCR products is then performed much as already described. In one type of analysis, the presence of absence of a PCR product, or a change in its size as compared to controls is indicative of large changes, such as large insertions or deletions within the Lasl genome regions. Again, such analysis is commonly performed using gel 26 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 electrophoresis of the PCR products. In another type of analysis, the DNA sequence of the PCR products is determined, using methods well known in the art. [091] According to one embodiment, a Las1 mutating polymorphism maybe detected using the reverse dot blot hybridization technique (RDB) (see for example, Bray, et al., Blood, 5 84(12):4361, 1994, incorporated herein by reference). Briefly, allele-specific oligonucleotides are fixed to a solid support (e.g., a filter). Typically, an amino group is added to the terminus of the allele-specific oligonucleotides for covalent attachment to the support. Labeled (e.g., biotinylated) oligonucleotides flanking the polymorphic sequence in genomic are used to amplify genomic DNA by PCR, for example, and these PCR products 10 are denatured into single stranded DNA and hybridized to the filters containing the allele specific oligonucleotides s. [092] Other methods, well known in the art, can also be used to assay for presence of Las1 genes, transcripts, or changes in either as compared to wild type Lasl1. Some of these methods include Southern blotting, Northern blotting, RNase protection assays, Sl nuclease 15 assays and the like. [093] Methods of Cancer Detection by measuring protein levels [094] In another embodiment, the invention provides for the diagnosis of an individual having or at risk of developing cancer, such as adenocarcinoma of the lung, using an antibody or other agent which detects a mutating polymorphism, such as a mutation in the Lasl1 S20 protein. In some embodiments, mutations in other Pasl genes may be detected using antibodies. Antibodies may be used either to detect levels of gene products of Lasl or one or more of the other Pas 1 genes, or to detect mutant forms of the gene products. [095] Monoclonal antibodies useful for immunophenotyping are suited for use, for example, in immunoassays in which they can be utilized in liquid phase or bound to a solid phase 25 carrier. In addition, the monoclonal antibodies in these immunoassays can be detectably 27 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 labeled in various ways. Examples of types of imnmunoassays which can utilize monoclonal antibodies of the invention are competitive and non-competitive immunoassays in either a direct or indirect format. Examples of such immunoassays are the radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the sandwich (immunometric) assay. Detection of the platelet antigens using monoclonal 5 antibodies can be done utilizing immunoassays which are run in either the forward, reverse, or simultaneous modes, including immunohistochemical assays on physiological samples (e.g., blood). Those of skill in the art will know, or can readily discern, other immunoassay formats without undue experimentation. [096] The term "immunometric assay" or "sandwich immunoassay", includes simultaneous 10 sandwich, forward sandwich and reverse sandwich immunoassays. These terms are well understood by those skilled in the art. Those of skill will also appreciate that antibodies as described herein will be useful in other variations and forms of assays which are presently known or which may be developed in the future. These are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention. 15 [097] Monoclonal antibodies can be bound to many different carriers and used to detect the presence and phenotype of Lasl or other Pasl gene products. Examples of well-known carriers include glass, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides, agaroses and magnetite. The nature of the carrier can be either soluble or insoluble for purposes of the invention. Those skilled in the 20 art will know of other suitable carriers for binding monoclonal antibodies, or will be able to ascertain such using routine experimentation. [098] In performing the assays it may be desirable to include certain "blockers" in the incubation medium (usually added with the labeled soluble antibody). The "blockers" are added to assure that non-specific proteins, proteases, or anti-heterophilic immunoglobulins to 25 anti-P1 immunoglobulins present in the experimental sample do not cross-link or destroy the 28 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 antibodies on the solid phase support, or the radiolabeled indicator antibody, to yield false positive or false negative results. The selection of "blockers" therefore may add substantially to the specificity of the assays described in the present invention. [099] It has been found that a number of nonrelevant (i.e., nonspecific) antibodies of the 5 same class or subclass (isotype) as those used in the assays (e.g., IgGI, IgG2a, IgM, etc.) can be used as "blockers". The concentration of the "blockers" (normally 1-100 .mu.g/Il) may be important, in order to maintain the proper sensitivity yet inhibit any unwanted interference by mutually occurring cross reactive proteins in the specimen. [0100] Methods for Treating Individuals who have or at Risk of Developing Cancer 10 [0101] Various embodiments of the invention provides methods for preventing the formation of cancer or treating cancer in individuals in need of such treatment. As described herein, individuals may be identified as having cancer, such as adenocarcinoma of the lung, wherein at least one causative factor in their disease is the presence of a mutation in the LasI gene, or in the Lasl1 gene and one or more of the other Pasl genes. Other individuals may be 15 identified as being at risk for developing a cancer, such as adenocarcinoma of the lung, wherein at least one indicator of such risk is the presence of a mutation in the Las 1 gene, or in the Lasl gene and one or more of the other Pasl genes. Such individuals are in need of treatment to prevent or stop proliferation of cancer cells. The methods of treatment described herein involve, in some embodiments, elevating the levels of Lasl protein in the individual. 20 [0102] In some embodiments the level Lasl protein is elevated by administering to an individual in need of treatment a Lasl protein, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a Las 1 protein. In other embodiments the level Las 1 protein is elevated by administering to an individual in need of treatment a polynucleotide encoding a Lasl protein, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a polynucleotide encoding a Las 1 protein. 25 [0103] Lasl Protein 29 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 [0104] The present invention identifies a novel tumor suppressor protein, Lung Adenoma Susceptibility-1, referred to herein as Lasl or Las 1 protein, the human sequence for which is shown in Fig. 1, and the mouse sequence for which is shown in Fig. 3. Polynucleotide sequences for the mouse and human Lasl open reading frames are shown in Figs. 2 and 4. 5 Alignment of amino acid sequences for Lasl in human, mouse, rat, and sea squirt are shown in Fig. 6. [0105] The Lasl protein, and functional fragments thereof (collectively, "Lasl1 protein(s)"), may be produced by conventional peptide synthesizers. The Lasl proteins may also be produced using cell-free translation systems and RNA molecules derived from DNA 10 constructs that encode the Lasl proteins. Lasl proteins may also be made by transfecting host cells with expression vectors that comprise a DNA sequence that encodes the respective LasI protein or and then inducing expression of the protein in the host cells. For recombinant production, recombinant constructs comprising a sequence which encodes the Lasl protein are introduced into host cells by conventional methods such as calcium phosphate 15 transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, transvection, microinjection, cationic lipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, scrape lading, ballistic introduction or infection. [0106] The Lasl protein may be expressed in suitable host cells, such as for example, mammalian cells, yeast, bacteria, or other cells under the control of appropriate promoters 20 using conventional techniques. Following transformation of the suitable host strain and growth of the host strain to an appropriate cell density, the cells are harvested by centrifugation, disrupted by physical or chemical means, and the resulting crude extract retained for further purification of the Las1 protein. [0107] Conventional procedures for isolating recombinant proteins from transformed host 25 cells, such as isolation by initial extraction from cell pellets or from cell culture medium, 30 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 followed by salting-out, and one or more chromatography steps, including aqueous ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography steps, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and affinity chromatography may be used to isolate recombinant Lasl protein. 5 [0108] Inhibiting Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation with Lasl Protein [01091 The present invention provides methods for inhibiting or suppressing growth of cells by introduce Lasl proteins into cells of an individual who has developed or is at risk of developing cancer. Such individuals include those who have or may develop adenocarcinomas of the lung. There are a variety of methods known in the art for introducing 10 proteins into cells. According to one method, proteins are coupled or fused to short peptides that direct entry of the Lasl protein into cells. One such group of peptides are called protein transduction domains. Another method for introduction proteins into cells uses lipid carriers. For example, proteins that are associated with liposomes are able to enter cells when the liposomes enter or fuse with the cell membranes. 15 [0110] Such methods include, but are not limited to, "protein transduction" or "protein therapy" as described in publications by Nagahara et al. (Nagahara, et al., 1998, Nat Med, 4:1449-52.) and in publications from the laboratory of Dowdy (Nagahara, et al., 1998, Nat Med, 4:1449-52.; Schwarze, et al., 1999, Science, 285:1569-72.; Vocero-Akbani, et al., 2000, Methods Enzymol, 322:508-21; Ho, et al., 2001, Cancer Res, 61:474-7.; Vocero-Akbani, et 20 al., 2001, Methods Enzymol, 332:36-49; Snyder and Dowdy, 2001, Curr Opin Mol Ther, 3:147-52.; Becker-Hapak, et al., 2001, Methods, 24:247-56.), publications which are incorporated herein by reference. [0111] In one embodiment, an eleven amino acid sequence, the "protein transduction domain" (PTD), from the human immunodeficiency virus TAT protein (Green and 25 Loewenstein, 1988, Cell, 55:1179-88.; Frankel and Pabo, 1988, Cell, 55:1189-93.) is fused to 31 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 the Lasl protein. The purified protein is then put in contact with the surface of cells and the cells take up the Lasl protein which functions to inhibit or suppress growth of that cell. In the case where it is desired to introduce the Lasl protein containing the fused PTD into cells comprising a tumor in a human or animal, the protein is administered to the human by a 5 variety of methods. The Lasl protein may be administered by injection (e.g., intravenously) or by inhalation in an aerosol. [0112] Lasl proteins that contain the fused PTD are preferably made by fusing the DNA sequence encoding the Lasl gene with the DNA sequence encoding the PTD. The resulting Lasl -PTD fusion gene may be incorporated into a vector, for example a plasmid or viral 10 vector, that facilitates introduction of the fusion gene into a organism and expression of the gene at high levels in the organism such that large amounts of the fusion protein are made therein. One such organism in which the vector containing the fusion gene can be expressed is a bacterium, preferably Escherichia coli. Other organisms are also commonly used by those skilled in the art. After the fusion protein is expressed at a high level in any of these 15 organisms, the fusion protein is purified from the organism using protein purification techniques well known to those skilled in the art. [0113] Lasl Polvnucleotides [0114] The present invention provides isolated polynucleotides which encode a Las 1 protein. The Lasl1-encoding polynucleotides may be single-stranded or double stranded. Such 20 polynucleotides may be DNA or RNA molecules In one embodiment the isolated polynucleotide comprises all or a portion of the Las 1 sequence shown in Fig. 2 or Fig. 4. The Lasl polynucleotides are useful in one embodiment for preparing Lasl proteins. [0115] The present invention also encompasses isolated polynucleotides whose sequence is the complement of the Las 1 gene sequence, shown in Figs. 2 and 3, and polynucleotides that 32 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 hybridize under stringent conditions, in some embodiments under highly stringent conditions, to the open reading frame sequence of the Lasl gene sequence, or the complement thereof. [0116] Polynucleotides comprising sequences encoding a Las1 protein may be synthesized in whole or in part using chemical methods. Polynucleotides which encode a Lasl protein, 5 particularly alleles of the genes which encode a Lasl protein, may be obtained by screening a genomic library or cDNA library with a probe comprising sequences identical or complementary to the sequences shown in Figs. 2 or 3, or with antibodies immunospecific for a Lasl protein, to identify clones containing such polynucleotide. Alternatively, polynucleotides encoding Lasl proteins may be made using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 10 technology and primers that bind specifically to sequences which are known to encode a Lasl protein. [0117] Inhibiting Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation with Lasl polynucleotides [0118] In one aspect, the present method comprises introduction of Lasl encoding polynucleotides, preferably contained within a vector, into cancer cells so that the cells 15 achieve increased levels of Lasl expression. Herein, such introduction or transfer of a DNA molecule or molecules, specifically a DNA molecule encoding one or more Lasl encoding polynucleotide, into a cell refers to any of a variety of methods known in the art to achieve transfer of DNA molecules into cells. Whatever methodology is used to administer the Lasl genes to humans or animal, such methodologies comprise variations that result in the Lasl 20 genes being introduced exclusively into normal and not being introduced into tumor cells. For example, techniques are known in the art that result in recombinant viruses specifically infecting certain cell types within a human or animal. For viruses, such "targeting" can be accomplished through manipulation of cellular receptors for the recombinant viruses and/or manipulation of viral ligands that recognize and bind to cellular receptors for the viruses. 25 Such methodologies, as used to introduce Las 1 genes into cancer cells in animals or humans, 33 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 are within the purview of the present application. Targets on cancer cells include, but are not limited to, proteins such as carcino embryonic antigen, and other markers that are differentially expressed on cancer cells but not in corresponding normal cells. Specific ligands for such targets include, but are not limited to, known ligands, antibodies. 5 [0119] In one embodiment, polynucleotides encoding the Lasl protein or a functional equivalent thereof are introduced into such cells to permit expression or overexpression of the Lasl protein. Viral or plasmid vectors may be used to deliver the polynucleotide to the cells. Levels of Lasl may be increased in cancer cells by introducing a DNA fragment comprising an Lasl polynucleotide and a promoter into the cell and expressing the Lasl protein. 10 Preferably, the promoter, which is operably linked to the Lasl polynucleotide is a tissue specific promoter. The DNA fragment may be incorporated into a viral vector or into a liposome which, preferably, further comprises a molecule which targets the liposome to the cancer cell. [0120] In one embodiment, polynucleotides encoding the Lasl protein or a functional 15 equivalent or fragment thereof is introduced into cancer cells to permit expression or overexpression of the Lasl protein. In one embodiment, Lasl delivery is specifically selective for cancer cells and is achieved using a targeting carrier that is selective for cancer cells and does not direct delivery to normal cells. [0121] In order to introduce the polynucleotide sequences encoding Lasl activity into cells, 20 the protein coding region of the polynucleotide sequences is normally attached to sequences that facilitate its transcription into mRNA as well as translation of the mRNA into Lasl1. A strategy common in the art for doing this is to clone the polynucleotide sequence encoding the Lasl protein into a vector which contains sequences facilitating expression of a protein coding sequence cloned therein. 34 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 [0122] Expression vectors normally contain sequences that facilitate gene expression. An expression vehicle can comprise a transcriptional unit comprising an assembly of a protein encoding sequence and elements that regulate transcription and translation. Transcriptional regulatory elements generally include those elements that initiate transcription. Types of 5 such elements include promoters and enhancers. Promoters may be constitutive, inducible or tissue specific. Transcriptional regulatory elements also include those that terminate transcription or provide the signal for processing of the 3' end of an RNA (signals for polyadenylation). Translational regulatory sequences are normally part of the protein encoding sequences and include translational start codons and translational termination 10 codons. There may be additional sequences that are part of the protein encoding region, such as those sequences that direct a protein to the cellular membrane, a signal sequence for example. [0123] The Lasl1-encoding polynucleotides that are introduced into cells are, in some embodiments, expressed at a high level (i.e., the introduced polynucleotide sequence 15 produces a high quantity of Lasl1 protein within the cells) after introduction into the cells. Techniques for causing a high-level of expression of polynucleotide sequences introduced into cells are well known in the art. Such techniques frequently involve, but are not limited to, increasing the transcription of the polynucleotide sequence, once it has been introduced into cells. Such techniques frequently involve the use of transcriptional promoters that cause 20 transcription of the introduced polynucleotide sequences to be initiated at a high rate. A variety of such promoters exist and are well known in the art. Frequently, such promoters are derived from viruses. Such promoters can result in efficient transcription of polynucleotide sequences in a variety of cell types. Such promoters can be constitutive (e.g., CMV enhancer/promoter from human cytomegalovirus) or inducible (e.g., MMTV 25 enhancer/promoter from mouse mammary tumor virus). A variety of constitutive and 35 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 inducible promoters and enhancers are known in the art. Other promoters that result in transcription of polynucleotide sequences in specific cell types, so-called "tissue-specific promoters," can also be used. A variety of promoters that are expressed in specific tissues exist and are known in the art. For example, promoters whose expression is specific to 5 neural, liver, epithelial and other cells exist and are well known in the art. Methods for making such DNA molecules (i.e., recombinant DNA methods) are well known to those skilled in the art. [0124] Vectors for introducing Las 1 polynucleotides into target cells [0125] In the art, vectors refer to nucleic acid molecules capable of mediating introduction of 10 another nucleic acid or polynucleotide sequence to which it has been linked into a cell. One type of preferred vector is an episome, i.e., a nucleic acid capable of extrachromosomal replication. Other types of vectors become part of the genome of the cell into which they are introduced. Vectors capable of directing the expression of inserted DNA sequences are referred to as "expression vectors" and may include plasmids, viruses, or other types of 15 molecules known in the art. [0126] Typically, vectors contain one or more restriction endonuclease recognition sites which permit insertion of the Lasl polynucleotide sequence. The vector may further comprise a marker gene, such as for example, a dominant antibiotic resistance gene, which encode compounds that serve to identify and separate transformed cells from non 20 transformed cells. [0127] One type of vector used in the present invention is selected from viral vectors. Viral vectors are recombinant viruses which are generally based on various viral families comprising poxviruses, herpesviruses, adenoviruses, parvoviruses and retroviruses. Such recombinant viruses generally comprise an exogenous polynucleotide sequence (herein, a 36 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 Lasl gene) under control of a promoter which is able to cause expression of the exogenous polynucleotide sequence in vector-infected host cells. [0128] One type of viral vector is a defective adenovirus which has the exogenous polynucleotide sequence inserted into its genome. The term "defective adenovirus" refers to 5 an adenovirus incapable of autonomously replicating in the target cell. Generally, the genome of the defective adenovirus lacks the sequences necessary for the replication of the virus in the infected cell. Such sequences are partially or, preferably, completely removed from the genome. To be able to infect target cells, the defective virus contains sufficient sequences from the original genome to permit encapsulation of the viral particles during in 10 vitro preparation of the construct. Other sequences that the virus contains are any such sequences that are said to be genetically required "in cis." [0129] It is desirable that the adenovirus is of a serotype which is not pathogenic for man. Such serotypes include type 2 and 5 adenoviruses (Ad 2 or Ad 5). In the case of the Ad 5 adenoviruses, the sequences necessary for the replication are the E1A and E1B regions. 15 Methods for preparing adenovirus vectors are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,932,210, which issued in August, 1999 to Gregory et al., U.S Patent No. 5,985,846 which issued in November, 1999 to Kochanek et al, and U.S. Patent No. 6,033,908 which issued in March, 2000, to Bout et al. [01301 It is also desirable that the virus vector is an immunologically inert adenovirus. As 20 used herein the term "immnunologically inert" means the viral vector does not encode viral proteins that activate cellular and humoral host immune responses. Methods for preparing immunologically inert adenoviruses are described in Parks et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93(24) 13565-70; Leiber, A. et al., J. Virol. 1996; 70(12) 8944-60; Hardy s., et al, J. Virol. 1997, 71(3): 1842-9; and Morsy et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998. 95: 7866-71, 25 all of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Such methods involve Cre 37 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 loxP recombination. In vitro, Cre-loxP recombination is particularly adaptable to preparation of recombinant adenovirus and offers a method for removing unwanted viral nucleotide sequences. Replication deficient recombinant adenovirus lacks the El coding sequences necessary for viral replication. This function is provided by 293 cells, a human embryonic 5 kidney cell line transformed by adenovirus type. First generation adenoviruses are generated by co-transfecting 293 cells with a helper virus and a shuttle plasmid containing the foreign gene of interest. This results in the packaging of virus that replicates both the foreign gene and numerous viral proteins. More recently, 293 cells expressing Cre recombinase, and helper virus containing essential viral sequences and with a packaging signal flanked by loxP 10 sites, have been developed (See Parks et al.) In this system, the helper virus supplies all of the necessary signals for replication and packaging in trans, but is not packaged due to excision of essential sequences flanked by loxP. When 293-Cre cells are co-transfected with this helper virus, and a shuttle plasmid (pRP1001) containing the packaging signal, nonsense "filler DNA", and the foreign gene, only an adenovirus containing filler DNA and the foreign 15 gene is packaged (LoxAv). This results in a viral recombinant that retains the ability to infect target cells and synthesize the foreign gene, but does not produce viral proteins. [01311 Another type of viral vector is a defective retrovirus which has the exogenous polynucleotide sequence inserted into its genome. Such recombinant retroviruses are well known in the art. Recombinant retroviruses for use in the present invention are preferably 20 free of contaminating helper virus. Helper viruses are viruses that are not replication defective and sometimes arise during the packaging of the recombinant retrovirus. [0132] Non-defective or replication competent viral vectors can also be used. Such vectors retain sequences necessary for replication of the virus. Other types of vectors are plasmid vectors. 38 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 [0133] After Lasl-encoding polynucleotides are introduced into cells, techniques may be used to determine the cells into which the polynucleotide sequences have been introduced and/or the specific cells that are expressing the introduced polynucleotide sequences. A variety of techniques to examine the presence of polynucleotide sequences and/or expression 5 of polynucleotide sequences exist and are well known in the art. Some such techniques include Southern blotting, Northern blotting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting, RNase protection, radioiodide uptake assays, and others. [01341 Also encompassed by the present invention, are single stranded polynucleotides, hereinafter referred to as antisense polynucleotides, having sequences which are 10 complementary to the DNA and RNA sequences which encode the Lasl protein. The term complementary as used herein refers to the natural binding of the polynucleotides under permissive salt and temperature conditions by base pairing. [0135] Administration of proteins and polynucleotides [0136] Doses may be selected, depending on their dosage form, patient's age, sex and 15 severity of disease, and other conditions, as appropriate, but the amount of the active ingredient may be generally about 0.0001 to 100 mg/kg a day. A unit dosage form may contain about 0.001 to 1000 mg of the active ingredient. The compositions may be administered using any mode that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of the active protein without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects. 20 Such modes of administration include parenteral routes (e.g., intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, mucosal or infusion), but may also include oral, rectal, topical, nasal or intradermal routes. Another route of introduction, of special use for treatment of patients with pulmonary fibrosis, is the respiratory route by inhalation into the lungs. Other delivery systems can include time-release, delayed release or sustained release delivery 25 systems. Such systems can avoid repeated administrations, increasing convenience to the 39 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 patient and the physician. Many types of release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also be administered by the respiratory route. The formulations administered by the respiratory route are generally oral aerosol formulations. Such formulations can be 5 administered via the respiratory route in a variety of ways. [0137] In the event that a response in an individual is insufficient at the initial doses applied, higher doses (or effectively higher doses by a different, more localized delivery route) may be employed to the extent that patient tolerance permits. Multiple doses per day are contemplated to achieve appropriate systemic levels of peptides. The duration of therapy with 10 the pharmaceutical compositions used in the methods of the present invention will vary, depending on the unique characteristics of the pharmaceutical composition and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, the severity of the disease being treated and the condition and potential idiosyncratic response of each patient. Ultimately the attending physician will decide on the appropriate duration of therapy with the pharmaceutical composition used in 15 the method of the present invention. [0138] Pharmaceutical compositions [0139] Therapeutic proteins and polynucleotides may be administered to an individual in need of the same in a pharmaceutical composition. Suitable formulations for delivery are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed. (Mack Publishing Co., Philadelphia, 20 Pa., 1985). These pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems (Langer, Science 249:1527-1533, 1990). [0140] Lasl and Kras2 proteins and polynucleotides in pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for single administration or in a series of inoculations. The pharmaceutical compositions are intended for parenteral, topical or oral administration. Parenteral 25 administration may be by intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal, intraperitoneal or 40 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 intramuscular administration. Parenteral administration may be preferentially directed to the patient's liver such as by catheterization to hepatic arteries or into a bile duct. For parenteral administration, the compositions can include Lasl proteins and a suitable sterile carrier such as water, aqueous buffer, 0.4% saline solution, 0.3% glycine, hyaluronic acid or emulsions of 5 nontoxic nonionic surfactants as is well known in the art. The compositions may further include substances to approximate physiological conditions such a buffering agents and wetting agents such as NaC1, KC1, CaCl 2 sodium acetate and sodium lactate. [0141] Solid compositions in conventional nontoxic solid carriers such as, for example, glucose, sucrose mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, cellulose or cellulose 10 derivatives, sodium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. For oral administration of solid compositions, the HCV-like particles preferably comprise 10% to 95%, and more preferably 25% to 75% of the composition. [0142] Therapeutic compositions may be administered as a single dose, but more likely as a series of dosages over a period of days, weeks or even months. Herein, an effective 15 therapeutic dose is a dose that inhibits growth of a tumor, or causes tumor regression. EXAMPLES [0143] Mouse model for Lung Cancer: Inbred mice models offer an effective means of identifying candidate lung cancer susceptibility loci. Inbred strains of mice have different susceptibilities to spontaneous and carcinogen-induced lung tumor formation. The A/J strain 20 -is the most susceptible to lung tumorigenesis whereas the C3H and C57BL/6 are among the most resistant strains. Linkage study using (A/J Y C3H/HeJ) F2 and (A/J Y C57BL/6J) F2 mice has demonstrated that Pasl is the major lung tumor susceptibility locus in mice that has been mapped to the distal region of chromosome 6, and accounts for approximately 50% of the phenotypic variance. Here, Applicants provide the most definitive evidence yet to 25 support the candidacy of both Lasl and Kras2 as the Pasl genes on mouse chromosome 6. 41 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 This work represents the identification of candidates for the first major lung cancer QTL in either mouse models or humans since the initial mapping of Pasl QTL in 1993. [0144] Materials and Methods for Construction of Congenic Strains Inbred A/J and C57BL/6J mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME). The basic 5 breeding scheme in the study was to put an approximately 26.1 cM fragment of chromosome 6, encompassed by D6MIT54 and D6MIT373 markers from lung tumor susceptible A/J strain onto the genetic background of lung tumor resistant C57BL/6J mice. A/J mice were initially crossed to C57BL/6J mice. F1 progeny were backcrossed to C57BL/6J mice to produce the first backcross generation (N2). The N2 generation heterozygous for the chromosome region 10 of interest was then backcrossed again to C57BL/6J mice to produce the N3 generation. This process was repeated for a total of seven backcrosses. At N5 generation, additional microsatellite markers on chromosomes 9, 10, 17, and 19, including D9MIT75, D9MIT355, D9MIT35, D10MIT106, D10MIT2, D10MIT126, D17MIT246, D17MIT23, D17MIT50, D19MIT36, D19MIT10, and D19MIT89, were screened to obtain the optimal breeders which 15 harbor the least amount of the non-Pasl donor genome. At N8, 132 male substrains containing different chromosomal regions of interest were generated. These individual substrains were then each crossed to 3 C57BL/6J females to produce the N9 generation. After selection, an average of 5-12 N9 congenic mice were generated from each subcongenic strain. 20 [0145] Genotyping Using Polymorphic Markers For selecting mice on the basis of their geneotypes throughout the Pasl region on chromosome 6, the following markers were used: D6MIT54, D6MIT52, D6MIT59, D6MIT57, D6MCO10, D6MCO11, D6MIT15, and D6MIT373. All of the mouse microsatellite primers were purchased from Research Genetics, Inc. (Huntsville, AL). The forward primer was end-labeled with 32P-ATP, and 30 cycles of 25 PCR were performed at 94 0 C for denaturation, 55 0 C for annealing and 72 0 C for extension. 42 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 Eight percent denaturing polyacrylamide gels were used for resolution of the radiolabeled PCR products followed by autoradiography. [0146] Lung Tumorigenesis in Congenic Mice Five-week-old N9 mice were given a single i.p. injection of urethane (1 mg/g body weight) in 0.2 ml PBS. All animals were euthanized 5 by CO2 asphyxiation 7.5 months after urethane initiation. A portion of lung tumors and normal tissue were removed and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. The remaining was fixed in Tellyesniczky's solution and examined with the aid of a dissecting microscope to count and size the tumors. Tumor volumes were determined by measuring the three-dimensional size of each tumor and by using the average of the three measurements as the diameter. The radius 10 (diameter/2) was determined, and the total tumor volume was calculated by: Volume = (4/3)pr3 (r-radius). Two-way ANOVA was used to determine the difference in both the number and the size of lung tumors between control and congenic groups. [0147] Northern Blot Analysis and Semiquantative RT-PCR. Total RNAs were prepared from mouse lung tissues using TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies). Poly(A)+ RNAs were 15 purified from the total RNAs with MicroPoly(A)Pure (Ambion). A 2-microgram aliquot of each Poly(A)+ RNA was separated on a 1% agarose gel containing 2% formaldehyde and transferred to nylon membrane. The blots were hybridized with a random-primed 32P labelled cDNA probe in ExpressHybTM Hybridization Solution (Clontech) at 68 oC, washed with 0.1XSSC-0.1%SDS at 50-65 oC, and exposed for autoradiography at -80 oC. For 20 semiquantative RT-PCR, first strand cDNAs were synthesized using SuperScript 2 (Life Technologies) with random primer and 1 mg of Poly(A)+ RNAs or 3_g of total RNAs described above. Primer sequences were 5'- GACCAAAGCCGAGCGACTGCGGC, 3' TCGAAGAAGTAGTTCTGTGGC for Las- 1, 5'-TGACATCCGTAAAGACCTCTATGCC, 3, -AAG CAC TTG CGG TGCACG ATG GAG for b-actin. All reactions involved initial 25 denaturation at 94 0C for 3 min followed by 30-35 cycles at 94 oC for 30 sec, 55 oC for 30see, 43 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 72 oC for 30 sec (for Lasl), and 21 cycles at 94 oC for 30 sec, 68 oC for 30see, 72 'C for 30 sec (for -actin) on PTC- 100 Programmable Thermal Controller (MJ Research). [0148] Colony Formation Assay and Athvmic Mouse Tumorigenicity Assay. To obtain the entire sequence of cDNAs, Applicants performed Rapid Amplification of eDNA Ends 5 (RACE) using MarathonTM eDNA Amplification Kit (Clontech). The entire Lasl cDNAs for both A/J and C57BL/6L were cloned into the pcDNA3.1(+) vector (Invitrogen) with the restriction sites of HindIII and EcoRI. Various mouse lung tumor cells were used in this experiment. LM1 is a metastatic cell line derived from A/J. MC4 and MC14 cells were from chemical-induced lung tumors in B6C3F1. These lines and NIH3T3 (mouse fibroblast cell 10 line) were obtained from either American Type Cell Culture or University of Colorado. For colony formation assay, LM1 cells were seeded at 1.5 x 106 per 10 cm dish and transiently transfected with 4 pg of the constructed and empty vectors with Lipofectamine (Invitrogen). The transfected cells were cultured in the presence of 1mg/ml G418 for 2 weeks. The cells, which survived, were fixed with 10% formalin and stained with 0.125% crystal violet. The 15 colonies (! lmm) were counted. Applicants repeated at least 3 independent experiments. For athymic mouse tumorigenicity, female athymic BALB/c nude mice aged 4-6 weeks were purchased from Charles Rivers Laboratories. Applicants injected 10 million cells subcutaneously into each flank of nude mice. Four animals were used per sample. Applicants monitored the health of animals 3 times a week and measured the size of tumors 20 weekly for 6 weeks. Tumor volume was calculated as length _ height _ width _ 0.5. Applicants also confirmed the expression of Lasl for several tumors resected from nude mice by RT-PCR. [0149] Immunocytochemistry. pcDNA3.1(+)/N-myc-tagged Lasl1 expression vectors were constructed from A/J allele and C57BL/6J allele individually to identify the localization of 25 Las 1 in cells. Transiently transfected NIH/3T3 cells with pcDNA3.1(+)/N-myc-Las- 1 were 44 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 re-plated on multiwell chamber slides (Beckton Dickinson). Then the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS and made permeable with 0.1%Triton X-100 in PBS for 3 minutes. Cells were covered with 3% BSA-containing blocking solution for 1 hr at room temperature. Then the cells were incubated with mouse anti-myc antibody (Oncogene, 5 diluted 1:50 in blocking solution) for 1 hr at room temperature. Anti-myc antibody was stained with goat anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated to rhodamine (1:250) for 1 hr and viewed with ECLIPSE E600 microscope (Nikon). [0150] Sequence and Expression Analyses of Candidate Pasl Genes. There are 12 putative genes detected by Exon Prediction software within -0.5 Mb Pasl region (Table 1, shown in 10 Fig. 9). Among them, six genes, including Lrmp, Bcatl, Lasl (145.25Mb), AK015530, Kras2, and AK016641, were confirmed to be expressed in lung tissues by RT-PCR and Northern blot analyses (data not shown). Consistent with Applicants' previous study, Northern blot analysis showed that Kras2 4B and AK015530 expression in A/J mouse lung was 36% and 58% higher than that from C57BL/6J strain, respectively (Fig. 5B). 15 AK016641 contained an elevated frequency of an alternative-splicing transcript in A/J (Fig. 5B). No differential expression was found for Boatl, Lrmp, and Lasl between lung tissues of A/J and C57BL/6J strains (Fig. 5B & Fig. 7C). Next, sequence analyses were performed to detect functional polymorphisms between susceptible and resistant strains. For Lrmp, Beatl, Kras2, AK016641, and AK015530, the entire open reading frames (ORFs) were sequenced. 20 For Las 1, additional 5' and 3' Rapid amplification eDNA ends (RACE) methods were used to obtain the entire ORF. The mouse Lasl sequence and its comparison with those of rat and human are shown in Fig. 6. As shown in Fig. 5C, four transcripts including AK016641, AK015530, Lrmp, and Lasl showed functional polymorphisms between A/J and C67BL/6J strains. AK016641 had 2 functional polymorphisms at codon 218 (Arg to His), codon 258 25 (Gly to Glu) and an alternative splicing transcript without exon 5 only found in A/J strain. 45 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 AK015530 had a polymorphism at codon 28 resulting in a change of Asp to Gly. Lrmp had 5 functional polymorphisms including codon 31 (Asp to Gly), codon 56 (Gly to Asp), codon 58 (Phe to Leu), codon 438 (Arg to Gly), and codon 537 (Pro to Leu). Lasl1 showed one functional polymorphism at codon 60 (Asn to Ser). Therefore, five genes including 5 AK016641, AK015530, Lrmp, Lasl, and Kras2 contained either functional polymorphisms or differential expression between A/J and C57BL/6J and were further characterized as candidates for Pas1 gene(s). [0151] Distribution Pattern and Cellular Localization of Lasl. Lasl has a 2193 bp ORF and consists of 730 amino acids; estimated molecular weight is 84.8 Kd homologous to axomonal 10 p83.9 (Ciona intestinalis) (Fig. 6). Northern blot showed that Lasl mRNA had a size of approximately 4 Kb and the same expression level between A/J and C57BL/6J (Fig. 7C-a). RT-PCR data also revealed that no differential expression was detected in a total of 12 different strains examined including 6 resistant (C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, SJL/J, C3HHIeJ, AKRJJ, M. spretus), 4 intermediate (BALB/c, 129/J, CBA/J, SM/J) and 2 susceptible (AJJ, 15 SWR/J) strains (data not shown). In multiple organ expression panels, Lasl expressed at higher levels in lung, kidney, and testis in both A/J and C57BL/6J strains (Fig. 7C-b). Moreover, in 16 mouse cell lines, LM2, Spon5, CL-13H, CL20 showed relatively high levels of Lasl1 expression while some lines such as LM1, CMT64, PCC4 showed extremely low expression (Fig. 7C-c). There appears a close correlation between functional polymorphism 20 of Lasl and lung tumor susceptibility in various mouse strains. Applicants sequenced the entire open reading frame of Lasl gene in 12 mouse strains including 6 resistant, 4 intermediate, and 2 susceptible strains. The 12 strains of mice fall into two genotypes according to their sequence alteration in 60th codon of Lasl gene. The susceptible/intermediate groups including 6 strains (A/J, SWR/J, BALB/c, 129/J, CBA/J, 25 SM/J) have an AAT at codon 60 encoding an asparagine, while the six resistant strains 46 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 including C57BL/6L, DBA/2J, SJL/J, C3H/HeJ, AKR/J, and M. spretus have an AGT at codon 60 encoding a serine (data not shown). To assess the possible function of the Lasl gene, the cellular localization of the Lasl product in NIH3T3, COS7, and LM1 cells were investigated by transient transfection N-terminus myc-tagged Las 1 vectors derived from A/J 5 and C57BL/6J alleles into NIH/3T3 cells. Fig. 7D shows the cytoplasmic distribution of the Lasl gene product in NII/3T3 cells. Similar results were obtained when Applicants transfected those plasmids into COS7 and LM1 cells (data not shown). Looking into homology between mouse Lasl and other species, Lasl products revealed a high degree of conservation from Ciona intestinalis to human (Fig. 6). Lasl protein is 67% identical and 10 81% positive to the derived human Lasl protein (similar to human hypothetical protein FLJ10921, 30.41Mb). Searching NCBI protein database using mouse protein sequence revealed a rat homologous protein, encoded by NCBI predicted gene LOC297720 (84% identities and 92% positives). The mouse Lasl protein is also homologous to a Ciona intestinalis protein axonemal p83.9 (GI: 20086393, 33% identities and 52% positives) (Fig. 15 6). Amoxonemes are highly organized microtubule based structure present in diverse types of cells that perform motile, sensory, and developmental functions in organisms from protists to humans. These functions are consistent with observed cellular distribution. [0152] Effect of Lasl1 on the Growth of Mouse Lung Tumor Cells. To further evaluate the effects of Pasl1 candidates on cell proliferation, Applicants carried out a series of transfection 20 experiments to determine whether these candidates could promote or inhibit growth of the mouse lung tumor cell lines including LM1, MC7 and MC14 cells. Among the five genes (AK016641, AK015530, Lrmp, Lasl, and Kras2) tested, only Lasl showed differential effect on cell growth between the A/J allele and the C57BL/6J allele (data not shown for genes with negative results). As shown in Fig. 7A-a, transfection of Lasl1-A/J-pcDNA3.1 into LM1 25 cells produced -90% colonies vs pcDNA3.1 control vector, while transfection of Las1 47 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 C57BL/6J-pcDNA3.1 produced -30% colonies vs pcDNA3.1 control vector, indicating that Las 1-C57BL/6J-pcDNA3.1 significantly inhibited anchorage-dependent cell growth (p<0.0001; Fig. 7A-a). Similar inhibitory effects were also observed in MC7 and MC14 cells (MC14, Fig. 7A-b; MC7, data not shown). Clearly, Lasi derived from C57BL/6J allele 5 can suppress tumor cell growth in vitro. Applicants also tested the ability of the C57BL/6J derived Las 1 to inhibit tumor development of LM1 cells in nude mice. As shown in Fig. 7B, after 5 weeks of inoculation, large tumors developed in all four mice injected with Lasl-A/J pcDNA3.1 transfected cells, but only small tumors developed in the four mice injected with transformed LM1 cells carrying Las1-C57BL/6/J-pcDNA3.1 (P<0.05) (Fig. 7B-b, c, d). 10 Expression of Lasl was also confirmed in the resected tumors by RTPCR (Fig. 7B-a). These results indicate that the C57BL/6J derived Lasl can inhibit the tumorigenic potential of the LM1 cells in vivo. [0153] Lung Tumorigenesis on F1 Kras2 Heterozygous Deficient Mice. Six-week-old male 129/Sv-K-ras+/- (Kras2 "knockout"), A/J female, and C57BL/6J female mice were paired to 15 develop breeding colonies for production of (A/JY129/Sv-K-ras+/-) F1 and (C57BL/6JN129/Sv-K-ras+/-) F1 mice. Each F1 mouse was genotyped for the presence of the Kras2 targeted mutation and was randomized into groups according to the Kras2 genotypes and carcinogen treatments. For groups treated with urethane, animals were given a single i.p. injection of urethane (1 mg/g body weight) in 0.2 ml phosphatebuffered saline. 20 For MNU treatment groups, all animals were given a single i.p. injection of MNU (50 mg/kg body weight) in 0.2 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Eighteen to twenty weeks after treatment with carcinogens, animals from all eight groups were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation. For each mouse, portions of the tumors plus some normal lung were frozen in liquid nitrogen. The remaining tissue and tumors were fixed in Tellyesniczky's solution 25 overnight, followed by 70% ethanol treatment. The tumor number and size were measured. 48 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 [0154] Kras2 Activity Assays. Mouse lung tumors from Kras2+/- of A/J or C57BL/6J mice were obtained from the lung tumor bioassays. These tumors were homogenized in lysis buffer- PBS (5 mM MgC12, 1 mM DTT, 0.2 mM PMSF, 2gg/mL leupeptin, 5 pg/mL aprotinin, 1 mM benzamidine) and cleared by centrifugation. NP-40 was then added to 1% 5 after centrifugation. Protein concentrations were determined by Bradford assay (BioRad) and equalized prior to incubation with 40 mg GST-RafRBD (Ras binding domain), precoupled to glutathione agarose. Half as much lysate was used in the pulldown from C57BL/6J tumors. After 2 h of mixing, beads were washed and bound proteins were eluted with SDS sample treatment buffer. Bound Kras2 protein was detected by western blot with a-KRas2 F234 10 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). [0155] Statistical Analysis. To compare the tumor multiplicity and load genotype/genotype (Kras2+/-/Kras2+/+) ratios between (A/J1l29/Sv-K-ras+/-) Fl and (C57BL/6JY129/Sv Kras+/-) Fl strains, tumor numbers and loads were log-transformed and t-tests applied using the genotype-genotype differences of the log-transformed values. To facilitate 15 logtransformation, zero multiplicity values were assigned a value of 0.5 and zero load values were assigned a value of 0.001. This would produce conservative p-values. [0156] Kras2 Alleles Contribute to Differential Lung Tumor Progression. Although no functional polymorphisms were detected in the coding sequence of the Kras2 gene between A/J mice and C57BL/6J mice, Applicants further characterized its candidacy for Pasl 20 because of previously observed allele-specific expression and mutation of Kras2 in mouse lung tumors from hybrid mice such as A/J _ C67BL/6J F1 or A/J _ C3H/HeJ Fl in which as much as 20-fold higher expression of Kras2 mRNA from the A/J allele was observed (20). A mouse lung tumor bioassay was conducted using heterozygous Kras2 deficient mice (K ras+/-). The animals were paired to develop breeding colonies for production of (A/JEK 25 ras+/-) Fl, and (C57BL/6JYK-ras+/-) Fl mice. Either wild type or heterozygous Kras2 49 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 knockout and wild type mice were subjected to lung tumorigenesis assays using two lung carcinogens: urethane and methylnitrosourea (MNU). Treatment of both (A/JK-ras+/-) F1 and (C57BL/6JYK-ras+/-) F1 heterozygous deficient mice with urethane or MNU produced 4-5 times more tumors/mouse than did treatment of wild type mice, indicating no allelic 5 difference was found in promoting lung tumor multiplicity as result of Kras2 heterozygous deficiency (Fig. 8A). In contrast, the allelic effects on tumor load (or tumor size) showed significant differences: a nearly 50-fold increase in tumor volume was observed in (A/JYK ras+/-) F1 heterozygous deficient mice when compared to wild type controls while only -8 fold increase in tumor size was observed in (C57BL/6JYK-ras+/-) F1 heterozygous deficient 10 mice when compared to wild type control mice (Fig. 8B). These results indicate that the remaining A/J or C57BL/6J Kras2 allele in K-ras+/- mice has a significant differential effect on lung tumor progression (Fig. 8B; p<0.001). Thus, the Kras2 allele derived from A/J mouse strains confers a significantly higher susceptibility to lung tumor progression than does the C57BL/6J Kras2 allele. 15 [0157] The Activation State of Kras2 in Lung Tumors from Kras2 Deficient Mice. The mechanism for the Kras2 alleles in lung tumor progression appears to be related to the observed differential mRNA expression of the activated Kras2 alleles in lung tumors from the A/J strain of mice. Interestingly, there was considerably higher active Kras2 protein expressed in lung tumors from mice containing only A/J Kras2 allele compared to mice with 20 only C57BL/6J Kras2 allele as determined by an assay which utilized the Ras binding domain (RBD) of c-Raf to specifically recognize GTP-bound Kras2 (26; Fig. 8C). In fact, Applicants were unable to detect any active Kras2 protein in lung tumors from (C57BL/6JYK-ras+/-) Fl mice (Fig. 8C). This result was seen despite the use of half the amount of lysate in lung tumors from (A/JYK-ras+/-) F1 mice. Thus, mice containing only 50 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 the C57BL/6J Kras2 allele expressed less activated Kras2 protein in a fashion that associates closely with its resistance to chemically induced lung tumorigenesis. 51

Claims (27)

1. A method of characterizing the etiology of a cancer in an individual by testing at least one cancer cell from the individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of expression of Lasl as compared to normal cells, and one or more mutations in the at least one cancer cell's 5 Las1 gene.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one cancer cell is tested for the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the Las1 gene which encodes a mutant Lasl protein.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one cancer cell is tested for the level ofLasl gene expression. 10

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the level of Las 1 expression is tested by measuring mRNA transcribed from the Lasl gene.

5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the level of Las 1 expression is tested by measuring the amount of LasI protein in the cell.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the level of Lasl expression is tested using an 15 antibody to LasI protein.

7. The method according to claim 2, wherein the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the Lasl gene is tested by analyzing the coding sequence of the Lasl gene.

8. The method according to claim 2, wherein the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the Lasl gene is tested by using an antibody that detects the mutant Lasl protein. 20

9. A method according to claim 1, comprising testing the at least one cancer cell from the individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of expression, or one or more mutations of one or more of the genes in the Pas-1 locus, which include Kras2, Lrmp, Bcatl, AK016641 and AK015530.

10. A method according to claim 9, comprising testing the at least one cancer cell from the 25 individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of expression of Kras2 as compared to 52 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690 non-cancer cells from the individual, and one or more mutations in the at least one cancer cell's genomic Kras2 gene.

11. A method of identifying an individual who is at risk of developing cancer by testing at least one cell from the individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of expression of 5 Lasl as compared to normal cells, and one or more mutations in the at least one cell's Lasl gene.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the at least one cell is tested for the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the Las 1 gene which encodes a mutant Las 1 protein.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the at least one cell is tested for the level of 10 Lasl1 gene expression.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the level of Las 1 expression is tested by measuring mRNA transcribed from the Lasl gene.

15. The method according to claim 13, wherein the level of Las 1 expression is tested by measuring the amount of Las 1 protein in the cell. 15

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the level of Lasl expression is tested using an antibody to Lasl protein.

17. The method according to claim 12, wherein the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the LasI gene is tested by analyzing the coding sequence of the Lasl gene.

18. The method according to claim 12, wherein the presence of a mutation at codon 60 of the 20 Lasl gene is tested by using an antibody that detects the mutant Lasl protein.

19. A method according to claim 1, comprising testing the at least one cell from the individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of expression, or one or more mutations of one or more of the genes in the Pas-1 locus, which include Kras2, Lrmp, Beatl, AK016641 and AK015530. 53 WO 2005/045062 PCT/US2004/035690

20. A method according to claim 19, comprising testing the at least cancer cell from the individual for at least one of a reduction in the level of expression of Kras2 as compared to normal cells, and one or more mutations in the at least one cell's genomic Kras2 gene.

21. A method for treating an individual identified as having a mutant Lasi gene or reduced 5 expression of Lasl protein by administering to the individual an agent that restores Lasl protein function.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the individual has an adenocarcinoma.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the individual has adenocarcinoma of the lung. 10

24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the Lasl protein is administered in a fashion such that it is specifically targeted to cancer tissue in the individual.

25. The method according to claim 21, wherein the agent is a Lasl protein.

26. The method according to claim 21, wherein the agent is a polynucleotide encoding a Lasl1 protein, wherein the polynucleotide is in operable connection with a promoter that 15 directs its expression.

27. The method according to claim 21, wherein the treatment is prophylactic. 54