AU2004204987A1

AU2004204987A1 - Loudspeaker system with extended output and field cancellation

Info

Publication number: AU2004204987A1
Application number: AU2004204987A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Walter Melville Dower; Graeme John Huon; Zeljko Velican
Original assignee: Whise Automotive Pty Ltd
Current assignee: Scirocco Energy PLC
Priority date: 2003-01-15
Filing date: 2004-01-13
Publication date: 2004-07-29
Anticipated expiration: 2024-01-13
Also published as: AU2004204987B2

Description

WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 1 LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEM WITH EXTENDED OUTPUT AND FIELD CANCELLATION FIELD OF THE INVENTION 5 The present invention relates to loudspeaker systems and in particular relates to loudspeaker systems suitable for use in confined spaces such as vehicles. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION There has been a trend in recent years to increase sound pressure levels of 10 audio systems used in vehicles and the like as well as to extend frequency range of the systems to provide significant output at relatively low frequencies. The trend has been driven in part by a desire by manufacturers to provide distinguishing product features and by customers who spend a large amount of time in their vehicles and want a better and more realistic sound. A disadvantage of this trend is that it leads to an increase in 15 the level of annoyance to neighbours and the public in general, particularly since low frequencies are difficult to contain and can cause annoyance for a considerable distance outside of a vehicle. The trends also place demands on loudspeaker designs to provide better performance, lower distortion and higher output levels in physically smaller designs. 20 Prior art approaches to low frequency loudspeaker systems for use in vehicles have placed much emphasis on creating high performance electro-acoustic transducers. The transducers are used in various arrangements including free air mounting and mounting in speaker enclosures in sealed, vented, bandpass or other configurations in an effort to control and augment performance. In these arrangements 25 the electro-acoustic transducer often directly interfaces the listening environment. A problem with systems in which the electro-acoustic transducer directly interfaces the listening environment is that distortion produced by the electro-acoustic transducer determines a limiting value of distortion that may be achieved by the loudspeaker system overall. 30 It would be desirable to increase sound output without increasing cone displacement or increasing the cone area of the electro-acoustic transducer or increasing the number of electro-acoustic transducers. It would also be desirable to provide a loudspeaker system that can allow enjoyment of loud music inside a confined space such as a vehicle but be relatively quiet outside of that space.

WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 2 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention may provide a loudspeaker system suitable for a vehicle. 5 Prior art loudspeaker designs including designs for vehicles have been traditionally based on achieving an acoustically flat frequency response. This has been a significant constraint in loudspeaker design. The present invention is based on a recognition that program material places higher demands on loudspeakers at some frequencies than at others. Typically the 10 frequencies with the highest demand for music are near the higher frequency end of the sub bass band. With a given amplifier power and enclosure size, sound pressure level of a loudspeaker system may be optimised at selected frequencies by aiming to provide an acoustic response that is not flat. Instead the acoustic response may include a band of rising acoustic response with frequency according to a need for 15 realistic sound reproduction. The acoustic response may contain an accentuated peak at a selected frequency. The acoustic response of an audio system over a desired frequency spectrum may be subsequently adjusted toward a flatter response (ie. neither accentuated nor attenuated) by employing a separate filter in an electrical path driving the loudspeaker system. The filter may include an attenuated dip at the 20 selected frequency such that it at least partly equalizes or attenuates the accentuated peak at the selected frequency. By utilizing this approach, the loudspeaker may be given additional output or dynamic headroom capability at frequencies where it is most needed and the additional headroom may be achieved within linear excursion limits of the electro-acoustic 25 transducer so that distortion may be controlled. However a side effect of the rising response, that may require care in transducer design, is that distortion may increase at the lower frequency end of the sub bass band. According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a loudspeaker system suitable for a confined space including: 30 an electro-acoustic transducer having a relatively low value of Qt, wherein Qt denotes total quality factor of resonant behaviour of said electro-acoustic transducer, including electrical and mechanical quality factors; an enclosure having a second order topology for said electro-acoustic transducer which is naturally inclined to produce a rising acoustic response for said 35 system at a second order rate, said enclosure having means adapted to interface said confined space to modify the rate of rise of said response relative to said second order rate such that said response is attenuated relative to said second order rate but is WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 3 accentuated relative to a substantially flat response, within a substantial part of a passband of said system at least at a selected frequency or frequencies; and means included in an electrical path driving said electro-acoustic transducer for equalizing said rising response to provide extended dynamic headroom at least at said 5 selected frequency or frequencies. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of extending output of a loudspeaker system suitable for a confined space, said method including: providing an electro-acoustic transducer having a relatively low value of Qt, 10 wherein Qt denotes total quality factor of resonant behaviour of said electro-acoustic transducer including electrical and mechanical quality factors; providing an enclosure having a second order topology for said electro-acoustic transducer which is naturally inclined to produce a rising acoustic response for said system at a second order rate; 15 interfacing said enclosure to said confined space to modify said rising response relative to said second order rate such that said response is attenuated relative to said second order rate but is accentuated relative to a substantially flat response, within a substantial part of a passband of said system at least at a selected frequency or frequencies; and 20 electrically equalizing said rising response to provide extended dynamic headroom at least at said selected frequency or frequencies. The second order rate may be substantially 12dB/octave. The attenuated response may be not more than substantially 9dB/octave and preferably may be substantially 6 dB/octave. 25 For the purposes of this document a "second order topology" is one in which the transfer function from the electro-acoustic transducer to the listening position or area in the confined space has a mathematical function with two singularities (poles) in the low frequency response. In practice a second order topology may be achieved either by having a sealed loudspeaker in an open listening environment or by removing 30 the backwave, for example by piping it away or by blocking it with a baffle. In the present invention it may be assumed that the backwave has negligible influence on the response in the listening area so that the response rises at a second order rate except as deliberately modified by a filter interface to the listening area. A "second order rate" is a rate at which the low frequency response of the second order topology is naturally 35 inclined to rise. It is nominally 12dB/octave. The resulting audio system may exhibit a substantially correct or equalized response overall. The audio system may be capable of achieving relatively higher WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 4 sound pressure levels with relatively less distortion. The system may also exhibit improved acoustic headroom at least at the selected frequency or frequencies. Moreover at least partial cancellation of a sound field outside of the confined space may be achieved by adopting appropriate barrier means between the confined 5 space and the environment outside the space and/or additional means such as an acoustic filter to modify phase and/or amplitude of a backwave generated by the electro-acoustic transducer. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 10 A preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: Fig. 1 shows a prior art equalizer circuit suitable for use with a subwoofer; Fig. 2 shows in cross section one form of enclosure wherein a backwave is 15 constrained by a solid barrier; Fig. 3 shows in cross section an alternative enclosure wherein the backwave is constrained by a leaky barrier; Fig. 4 shows a potential frequency response for a system incorporating principles according to the present invention and utilizing the topology of the enclosure 20 shown in Fig. 2; Fig. 5 shows a potential frequency response for a system incorporating principles according to the present invention and utilizing the topology of the enclosure shown in Fig. 3; and Fig 6 shows in cross section a low profile variant of the enclosure shown in Fig. 25 3. DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The preferred embodiment is described herein with reference to subwoofer applications in vehicles although it is to be understood that it is not thereby limited to 30 such applications. A subwoofer according to the present invention may include a second order topology enclosure wherein one wall includes an electro-acoustic transducer having a relatively low value of Qt mounted in it. A Qt of less than about 0.3, say 0.2 is desirable for an electro-acoustic transducer with a typical resonant frequency of about 35Hz. 35 However, as Qt rises with resonant frequency a higher value of Qt may be acceptable for an electro-acoustic transducer having a higher resonant frequency. The enclosure may include a chamber on one side of the electro-acoustic transducer with a port to the WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 5 vehicle passenger compartment. The chamber and port may be used to create an acoustic filter such as a Helmholtz resonator. The acoustic filter may perform several functions. The acoustic filter may control a rate at which acoustic response of the subwoofer rises in the pass band. The acoustic filter may also filter out-of-band 5 harmonics out of the acoustic response to reduce distortion. One advantage of the port access to the vehicle passenger compartment is that a large volume displacement of the cone of a large electro-acoustic transducer can be transferred to the passenger compartment without a need to cut a large hole in the panelwork of the vehicle. A backwave barrier means may be provided to exclude from the passenger 10 compartment sound generated from the opposing side of the transducer. The barrier means may be provided in any suitable manner and by any suitable means consistent with the intended application. To provide effective cancellation of an external sound field the barrier means may include a large and acoustically leaky element. In the case of an installation in a sedan vehicle the barrier means may include a wall or walls of a 15 trunk. In other applications the barrier means may be specially built into a vehicle in the form of a sealed or leaky cavity. Alternatively the barrier means may be formed as a sealed cavity as part of the construction of the subwoofer. This may provide the subwoofer with flexibility to be installed in other vehicles including vans and wagons. 20 The subwoofer may include means for controlling levels of distortion depending upon the intended application. At one extreme there may be little or no audible distortion. At another extreme calculated levels of distortion may be introduced and may be traded against low frequency extension and/or an improved rate of rise of acoustic response relative to frequency. The means for controlling levels of distortion 25 may include a high frequency filter such as a Helmholtz resonator. The amount of headroom and/or low frequency extension sacrificed also may be controlled. Acoustic response relative to frequency may be characterised by a continuously rising response at a specific rate over a passband that reaches a designed maximum response near a higher frequency end of the passband. The maximum response may 30 be below, at or above the higher frequency end of the passband. The acoustic response may be further characterised by a transition frequency near a lower frequency end of the passband where the acoustic response may gradually change slope to 12dB/octave. The exact location of the transition frequency may be dependent upon the intended application. The location of the transition frequency may generally 35 be based on a trade off between mid band headroom and low frequency extension. The transition frequency may be set by a combination of driver parameters including WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 6 power rating and size and properties of the back wave barrier means. It may be above, at or below the lower frequency end of the pass band. The rising acoustic output of the subwoofer may be adapted to provide valuable acoustic headroom in a part of the band where it is deemed to be required. A rate of 5 rise of acoustic response relative to frequency may be chosen such that it is consistent with acceptable distortion according to Fielder Masking Curves for a particular noise floor of the intended application. Acoustic response may be corrected by electrical equalization to give an overall flat or substantially flat near-field frequency response over the passband. 10 It is known in the art that there exists in general a gain at relatively low frequencies around 20 - 30 Hz in vehicle cabins. This cabin gain is a consequence of acoustic behaviour of the cabin as a resonant structure. This resonant structure is excited by ambient and incidental noise as well as by sounds emanating from the subwoofer. The noise floor at frequencies corresponding to resonance is thus 15 proportionally higher and tracks to mask the benefit of the gain. Accordingly, no attempt is made or recommended to equalise for the cabin gain in a typical vehicle as measured at the listener. Parameters of the electro-acoustic transducer and in particular its resonant frequency and damping may be chosen such that when the transducer is mounted in 20 the enclosure, acoustic output can be equalized within acceptable amplitude variations across the design frequency band with one or more simple electrical circuits such as a two pole Butterworth filter as is known in the art. A rising acoustic response of 12dB/octave associated in the prior art with sealed enclosures is generally seen as a problem to overcome and as far back as 25 1969, electrical equalisation was used to convert to a flat response, for example refer Russell (US3,715,501). However, in contrast to the present invention, no account was paid to controlling distortion. Most electrically equalised systems were and still are direct radiating, and some are operating well below speaker resonance and are having to equalise all or a large portion of the response at 12dB/octave, for example refer 30 Long (US4,481,662). In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the equalizing filter may be variable to provide correct alignment in different installations. In a further embodiment the equalizing filter may be combined with an inverter-amplifier that is built into the subwoofer. 35 If the subwoofer is mounted in a rear parcel shelf of a vehicle and relies on walls of the trunk to provide a backwave barrier, a second acoustic filter may be added on the trunk side of the electro-acoustic transducer to isolate the response from WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 7 changing conditions such as an open or closed trunk, or a full or empty trunk. This particular configuration may be regarded as an infinite baffle configuration. In the case of an infinite baffle configuration, a second acoustic filter may also provide a barrier to protect the electro-acoustic transducer from physical damage by 5 goods placed in the trunk. In the case of the infinite baffle configuration a degree of external sound field cancellation will occur, thus reducing noise pollution in the environment. The second acoustic filter may be used to assist in optimising the effect of external sound field cancellation by modifying phase and amplitude of the backwave. The backwave means barrier should be arranged to provide a substantial 10 barrier to sound wave penetration with no substantial leaks between the trunk and the passenger compartment at least for frequencies in the band of interest. In prior art there are a number of examples of subwoofers mounted under the rear parcel shelf and one that accesses the passenger compartment via a Helmholtz resonator, eg. Hathaway (US 5,394,478). However Hathaway is based on flat acoustic 15 response from the loudspeaker and fails to seek any improvement in headroom, which is a characterising feature of the present invention. The system may be wired into the same circuit as other electro-acoustic transducers operating in a different frequency range and electrical filtering may be used to provide a crossover function. In a further embodiment, the amplifier and electrical 20 filtering may be external to the subwoofer construction. In a further embodiment the loudspeaker may be designed to fit a baffle formed by another part of the vehicle such as the dash. Referring to the drawings: Fig. 1 represents a prior art equaliser circuit suitable for use with a subwoofer. 25 A first filter 10 typically sets a corner frequency at say 20Hz, and a second filter 11 sets a corner frequency at say 140 Hz. Fig. 2 represents an example of an enclosure topology in which the backwave is constrained by a solid barrier 20. An amplifier panel 25 may form part of the construction. It is based on a conventional sealed-vented bandpass topology. The 30 uniqueness relates to how it is set up. As an example the enclosed chamber 21 may be say 15 Lt of volume. The front chamber 22 may be say 6 Lt of volume. The port 23 may be say 60 mm diameter by 80mm long. The electro-acoustic transducer 24 may be say 200mm diameter and may have a Qt value of approximately 0.2. The topology of Fig. 2 provides a loudspeaker with substantial headroom at the higher frequency end 35 of the sub bass pass band as shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 3 shows an alternative topology in which the backwave is constrained by a leaky barrier. Panel 30 at the top may represent for example a parcel shelf of the WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 8 vehicle and dotted line 31 may represent surrounding trunk walls. An amplifier panel 32 may form part of the construction as shown. It may be regarded as a leaky box or an infinite baffle. As an example electro-acoustic transducer 33 may be say 200mm diameter. The chamber 34 enclosed at the front (towards the listener) may be say 7 Lt. 5 The rear chamber (typically the trunk of a vehicle) 35 may be say 500 Lt. The port 36 may be say 50mm diameter by say 80mm long. The Qt value of electro-acoustic transducer 33 may again be relatively low, say 0.2. The topology of Fig. 3 provides a loudspeaker with substantial headroom at the higher frequency end of the sub bass pass band as illustrated in Fig. 5 and also provides a degree of sound field cancellation 10 outside the confined space of the listening area. Fig. 4 shows the frequency response for an enclosure as shown in Fig. 2. Line 40 at the top represents a typical acoustic response for an unequalised enclosure according to the present invention. At the low frequency end (a) of response 40 the slope is 12dB/octave and this may extend some way into the pass band (c). In a 15 substantial part of the pass band the slope (b) is substantially modified by the Helmholtz resonator formed by port 23 and chamber 22 in Fig. 2. Line 41 represents an equalised response (near field). Line 42 represents the response at listener position. Fig. 5 shows the frequency response for an enclosure as shown in Fig. 3. Line 50 at the top represents a typical acoustic response for an unequalised enclosure 20 according to the present invention. At the lower frequency end (a) the slope of response 50 is 12dB/octave and in this example is outside the pass band (c). In a substantial part of the pass band the slope (b) is substantially modified by the Helmholtz resonator formed by port 36 and chamber 35 in Fig. 3. Line 51 represents an equalised response (near field). Line 52 represents the response at listener position. 25 Fig. 6 shows a variation of the form of construction represented in Fig. 3 including barrier 61, amplifier panel 62, electro-acoustic transducer 63, port 64, walls 65 and chamber 66. The topology of Fig. 6 provides a loudspeaker with substantial headroom at the higher frequency end of the sub bass pass band and also provides a degree of sound field cancellation outside the confined space. 30 Finally, it is to be understood that various alterations, modifications and/or additions may be introduced into the constructions and arrangements of parts previously described without departing from the spirit or ambit of the invention.

Claims

1. A loudspeaker system suitable for a confined space including: an electro-acoustic transducer having a relatively low value of Qt, wherein Qt 5 denotes total quality factor of resonant behaviour of said electro-acoustic transducer, including electrical and mechanical quality factors; an enclosure having a second order topology for said electro-acoustic transducer which is naturally inclined to produce a rising acoustic response for said system at a second order rate, said enclosure having means adapted to interface said 10 confined space to modify the rate of rise of said response relative to said second order rate such that said response is attenuated relative to said second order rate but is accentuated relative to a substantially flat response, within a substantial part of a passband of said system at least at a selected frequency or frequencies; and means included in an electrical path driving said electro-acoustic transducer for 15 equalizing said rising response to provide extended dynamic headroom at least at said selected frequency or frequencies.

2. A loudspeaker system according to claim 1 wherein said second order rate is substantially 12dB/octave and said attenuated response is not more than substantially 20 9dB/octave.

3. A loudspeaker system according to claim 1 or 2 wherein said attenuated response is substantially 6dB/octave. 25

4. A loudspeaker system according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein said interface means includes a first acoustic filter.

5. A loudspeaker system according to claim 4 wherein said first acoustic filter includes a helmholtz resonator. 30

6. A loudspeaker system according to claim 4 or 5 wherein said first acoustic filter is adapted to filter harmonics out of said acoustic response to reduce distortion.

7. A loudspeaker system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein 35 said selected frequency or frequencies is/are near a higher frequency end of said passband. WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 10

8. A loudspeaker system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said enclosure includes backwave barrier means adapted to exclude from said confined space sound generated from a side of said transducer opposing said space. 5

9. A loudspeaker system according to claim 8 wherein said backwave barrier means includes an acoustically leaky element.

10. A loudspeaker system according to claim 8 wherein said backwave barrier means includes a sealed or acoustically leaky cavity built into a motor vehicle. 10

11. A loudspeaker system according to claim 10 wherein said backwave barrier means includes a wall of a trunk of said vehicle.

12. A loudspeaker system according to claim 10 or 11 wherein said backwave 15 barrier means includes a rear parcel shelf of said vehicle.

13. A loudspeaker system according to any one of claims 9 to 12 wherein said leaky element causes at least partial sound field cancellation outside of said confined space. 20

14. A loudspeaker system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said equalizing means is adapted to attenuate said rising response at least at said selected frequency or frequencies. 25

15. A loudspeaker system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said equalizing means includes a two pole filter.

16. A loudspeaker system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein such equalizing means is included with an inverter amplifier combination used for 30 driving said electro-acoustic transducer.

17. A loudspeaker system according to any one of claims 4 to 16 wherein said first acoustic filter interacts with a first side of said electro-acoustic transducer and including a second acoustic filter adapted to interact with a second side of said electro-acoustic 35 transducer opposing said first side. WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 11

18. A loudspeaker system according to claim 17 wherein said second acoustic filter is adapted to modify phase and/or amplitude of a backwave generated by said electro acoustic transducer. 5

19. A loudspeaker system according to claim 17 or 18 wherein said second acoustic-filter is adapted to enhance cancellation of a sound field attributable to said system that is external to said space.

20. A method of extending output of a loudspeaker system suitable for a confined 10 space, said method including: providing an electro-acoustic transducer having a relatively low value of Qt, wherein Qt denotes total quality factor of resonant behaviour of said electro-acoustic transducer including electrical and mechanical quality factors; providing an enclosure having a second order topology for said electro-acoustic 15 transducer which is naturally inclined to produce a rising acoustic response for said system at a second order rate; interfacing said enclosure to said confined space to modify said rising response relative to said second order rate such that said response is attenuated relative to said second order rate but is accentuated relative to a substantially flat response, within a 20 substantial part of a passband of said system at least at a selected frequency or frequencies; and electrically equalizing said rising response to provide extended dynamic headroom at least at said selected frequency or frequencies. 25

21. A method according to claim 20 wherein said second order rate is substantially 12dB/octave and said attenuated response is not more than substantially 9dB/octave.

22. A method according to claim 20 or 21 wherein said attenuated response is substantially 6dB/octave. 30

23. A method according to claim 18, 19 or 20 wherein said interfacing is performed via a first acoustic filter.

24. A method according to claim 23 wherein said first acoustic filter includes a 35 helmholtz resonator. WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 12

25. A method according to claim 23 or 24 wherein said first acoustic filter is adapted to filter harmonics out of said acoustic response to reduce distortion.

26. A method according to any one of claims 20 to 25 wherein said selected 5 frequency or frequencies is/are near a higher frequency end of said passband.

27. A method according to any one of claims 20 to 26 wherein said enclosure includes backwave barrier means adapted to exclude from said confined space sound generated from a side of said transducer opposing said space. 10

28. A method according to claim 27 wherein said backwave barrier means includes an acoustically leaky element.

29. A method according to claim 27 wherein said backwave barrier means includes 15 a sealed or acoustically leaky cavity built into a motor vehicle.

30. A method according to claim 29 wherein said backwave barrier means includes a wall of a trunk of said vehicle. 20

31. A method according to claim 29 or 30 wherein said backwave barrier means includes a rear parcel shelf of said vehicle.

32. A method according to any one of claims 28 to 31 including utilizing said leaky element to at least partially cancel a sound field attributable to said system that is 25 external to said confined space.

33. A method according to any one of claims 20 to 32 wherein said equalizing is adapted to attenuate said rising response at least at said selected frequency or frequencies. 30

34. A method according to any one of claims 20 to 33 wherein said equalizing is performed via a two pole filter.

35. A method according to any one of claims 20 to 34 wherein such equalizing is 35 performed by means included with an inverter amplifier combination used for driving said electro-acoustic transducer. WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 13

36. A method according to any one of claims 23 to 35 wherein said first acoustic filter interacts with a first side of said electro-acoustic transducer and including providing a second acoustic filter adapted to interact with a second side of said electro acoustic transducer opposing said first side. 5

37. A method according to claim 36 wherein said second acoustic filter is adapted to modify phase and/or amplitude of a backwave generated by said electro-acoustic transducer. 10

38. A method according to claim 36 or 37 wherein said second acoustic-filter is adapted to enhance cancellation of a sound field attributable to said system that is external to said space.

39. A loudspeaker system substantially as herein described with reference to Figs. 15 2 to 6 of the accompanying drawings.

40. A method of extending output of a loudspeaker system substantially as herein described with reference to Figs. 2 to 6 of the accompanying drawings. WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 14 AMENDED CLAIMS [received by the International Bureau on 6 May 2004 (06.05.04); original claims 1 to 40 replaced by new claims 1 to 38 (5 pages)] 1. A loudspeaker system.suitable for a confined space including: an electro-acoustic transducer having a relatively low value of Qt, wherein Qt 5 denotes total quality factor of resonant behaviour of said electro-acoustic transducer, including electrical and mechanical qualityfactors; an enclosure for said electro-acoustic transducer, said enclosure having a second order topology which is naturally inclined to produce a rising acoustic response for said system at a second order rate, said enclosure further having means adapted to .10 interface said confined space for modifying a rate of rise of said response relative to said second order rate such that said response is attenuated relative to said second order rate but is accentuated relative to a substantially flat response within a substantial part of a passband of said system, said accentuation being most significant at a selected frequency or frequencies near a high end of said passband, said interface 15 means being further arranged to filter harmonics out of said acoustic response to reduce distortion; and means included in an electrical path driving said electro-acoustic transducer for equalizing said rising response to be substantially fiat overall and to provide extended dynamic headroom at least at said selected frequency or frequencies. 20 2. A loudspeaker system according to claim 1 wherein said second order rate is substantially 12dB/octave and said attenuated response is not more than substantially 9dBloctave. 25 3, A loudspeaker system according to claim 1 or 2 wherein said attenuated response is substantially 6dBloctave. 4. A loudspeaker system according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein said interface means includes a first acoustic filter. 30 5. A loudspeaker system according to claim 4 wherein said first acoustic filter includes a helmholtz resonator. 6. A loudspeaker system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein 35 said selected frequency or frequencies is/are near a higher frequency end of said passband. WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 15; 7. A loudspeaker system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said enclosure includes backwave barrier means adapted to exclude from said confined space sound generated from a side of said transducer opposing said space. 5 8. A loudspeaker system according to claim 7'wherein said backwave barrier means includes an acoustically leaky element. 9. A loudspeaker system according to claim 7 wherein said backwave barrier means includes a sealed or acoustically leaky cavity built into a motor vehicle. 10 10. A loudspeaker system according to claim 9 wherein said backwave barrier means includes a wall of a trunk of said vehicle. 11. A loudspeaker system according to claim 9 or 10 wherein said backwave barrier 15 means includes a rear parcel shelf of said vehicle. 12. A loudspeaker system according to any one of claims 8 to 11 wherein said leaky element causes at least partial sound field cancellation outside of said confined space. 20 13. A loudspeaker system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said equalizing means is adapted to attenuate said rising response at least at said selected frequency or frequencies. 25 14. A loudspeaker system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said equalizing means includes a two pole filter. 15. A loudspeaker system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein such equalizing means is included with an inverter amplifier combination used for 30 driving said electro-acoustic transducer. 16. A loudspeaker system according to any one of claims 4 to 15 wherein said first acoustic filter interacts with a first side of said electro-acoustic transducer and including a second acoustic filter adapted to interact with a second side of said electro-acoustic 35 transducer opposing said first side. WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 16 17. A loudspeaker system according to claim 16 wherein said second acoustic filter is adapted to modify phase and/or amplitude of a backwave generated by said electro acoustic transducer. 5 18. A loudspeaker system according to claim 16 or 17 wherein said second acoustic-filter is adapted to enhance cancellation of a sound field attributable to said system that is external to said space. 19. A method of extending output of a loudspeaker system suitable for a confined 10 space, said method including: providing an electro-acoustic transducer having a relatively low value of Qt, wherein Qt denotes total quality factor of resonant behaviour of said electro-acoustic transducer including electrical and mechanical quality factors; providing an enclosure for said electro-acoustic transducer, said enclosure 15 having a second order topology which is naturally inclined to produce a rising acoustic response for said system at a second order rate; interfacing said enclosure to said confined space to modify said rising response relative to said second order rate such that said response is attenuated relative to said second order rate but is accentuated relative to a substantially flat response within a 20 substantial part of a passband of said system, said accentuation being most significant at a selected frequency or frequencies near a high end of said passband, said interfacing being further arranged to filter harmonics out of said acoustic response to reduce distortion; and electrically equalizing said rising response to be substantially flat overall and to 25 provide extended dynamic headroom at least at said selected frequency or frequencies. 20. A method according to claim 19 wherein said second order rate is substantially 12dB/octave and said attenuated response is not more than substantially 9dB/octave. 30 21. A method according to claim 19 or 20 wherein said attenuated response is substantially 6dB/octave. 22. A method according to claim 19, 20 or 21 wherein said interfacing is performed 35 via a first acoustic filter. WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 17 23. A method according to claim 22 wherein said first acoustic filter includes a helmholtz resonator. 24. A method according to any one of claims 19 to 23wherein said selected 5 frequency or frequencies is/are near a higher frequency end of said passband. 25. A method according to any one of claims 19 to 24 wherein said enclosure includes backwave barrier means adapted to exclude from said confined space sound generated from a side of said transducer opposing said space. 10 26. A method according to claim 25 wherein said backwave barrier means includes an acoustically leaky element. 27. A method according to claim 25 wherein said backwave barrier means includes 15 a sealed or acoustically leaky cavity built into a motor vehicle. 28. A method according to claim 27 wherein said backwave barrier means includes a wall of a trunk of said vehicle. 20 29. A method according to claim 27 or 28 wherein said backwave barrier means includes a rear parcel shelf of said vehicle. 30. A method according to any one of claims 26 to 29 including utilizing said leaky element to at least partially cancel a sound field attributable to said system that is 25 external to said confined space. 31. A method according to any one of claims 19 to 30 wherein said equalizing is adapted to attenuate said rising response at least at said selected frequency or frequencies. 30 32. A method according to any one of claims 19 to 31 wherein said equalizing is performed via a two pole filter. 33. A method according to any one of claims 19 to 32 wherein such equalizing is 35 performed by means included with an inverter amplifier combination used for driving said electro-acoustic transducer. WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 18 34. A method according to any one of claims 22 to 33 wherein said first acoustic filter interacts with a first side of said electro-acoustic transducer and including providing a second acoustic filter adapted to interact with a second side of said electro acoustic transducer opposing said first side. 5 35. A method according to claim 34 wherein said second acoustic filter is adapted to modify phase and/or amplitude of a backwave generated by said electro-acoustic transducer. 10 36. A method according to claim 34 or 35 wherein said second acoustic-filter is adapted to enhance cancellation of a sound field attributable to said system that is external to said space. 37. A loudspeaker system substantially as herein described with reference to Figs. 15 2 to 6 of the accompanying drawings. 38.. A method of extending output of a loudspeaker system substantially as herein described with reference to Figs. 2 to 6 of the accompanying drawings. 20 WO 2004/064447 PCT/AU2004/000040 STATEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 19 (1) 1. Delete the claims presently on file and insert new claims 1-38 filed herewith in duplicate.