AU2004203838B2 - Transgenic plant resistant to mycotoxins and methods - Google Patents

Description

AUSTRALIA

PATENTS ACT 1990 DIVISIONAL APPLICATION NAME OF APPLICANT(S): Syngenta Participations AG ADDRESS FOR SERVICE: DAVIES COLLISON CAVE Patent Attorneys 1 Nicholson Street Melbourne, 3000.

INVENTION TITLE: "Transgenic plant resistant to mycotoxins and methods" The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us: Q:\OPER\TDO\12485810 Syngenta Div 224.doc 11/8/04 TRANSGENIC PLANT RESISTANT TO MYCOTOXINS AND METHODS The present invention relates to transgenic hosts particularly transgenic plants, plant tissues, seeds and cells that are trichothecene resistant and methods of making and using the same. The present invention further relates to methods of preventing and/or reducing fungal growth on a plant, plant tissue, seed or plant cell. The present invention further relates to preventing and/or reducing mycotoxin contamination of a plant, plant tissue or seed. The present invention further relates to using trichothecenes as selective agents in transformation protocols.

Numerous fungi are serious pests of economically important agricultural crops.

Further, crop contamination by fungal toxins is a major problem for agriculture throughout the world. Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites, often found in agricultural products that are characterized by their ability to cause health problems for vertebrates. Trichothecenes are sesquiterpene epoxide mycotoxins produced by species of Fusarium, Trichothecium, and Myrothecium that act as potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Fusarium species that produce such trichothecenes include F. acuminatum, F. crookwellense, F.

culmorum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae), F. lateritium, F. poae, F.

sambucinum pulicaris), and F. sporotrichioides (Marasas, Nelson, and Toussoun, T.A. 1984).

As previously described E.Desjardins and T. M Hohn, Mycotoxins in plant pathogenesis.Mol.Plant-Microbe Interact. 10 (2):147-152, 1997), both acute and chronic mycotoxicoses in farm animals and in humans have been associated with consumption of wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice and maize contaminated with Fusarium species that produce trichothecene mycotoxins. Experiments with chemically pure trichothecenes at low dosage levels have reproduced many of the features observed in moldy-grain toxicoses in animals, including anemia and immunosuppression, hemorrage, emesis and feed refusal. Historical and epidemiological data from human populations indicate an association between certain disease epidemics and consumption of grain infected with Fusarium species that produce trichothecenes. In particular, outbreaks of a fatal disease known as alimentary toxic aleukia, which has occurred in Russia since the nineteenth century, have been associated with consumption of over-wintered grains contaminated with Fusarium species that produce the trichothecene T-2 toxin. In Japan, outbreaks of a similar disease called akakabi-byo or red mold disease have been associated with grain infected with Fusarium species that produce the trichothecene, deoxynivalenol (hereinafter Trichothecenes were detected in the toxic grain samples responsible for recent human disease outbreaks in India and Japan. There exists, therefore, a need for agricultural methods for preventing and, crops having reduced levels of, mycotoxin contamination.

Further, trichothecene-producing Fusarium species are destructive pathogens and attack a wide range of plant species. The acute phytotoxicity of trichothecenes and their occurrence in plant tissues also suggest that these mycotoxins play a role in the pathogenesis of Fusarium on plants. This implies that mycotoxins play a role in disease and, therefore, reducing their toxicity to the plant may also prevent or reduce disease in the plant. Further, reduction in disease levels may have the additional benefit of reducing mycotoxin contamination on the plant and particularly in grain where the plant is a cereal plant.

Various methods of controlling diseases in plants, such as corn ear rot, stock rot or wheat head blight, have been used with varying degrees of success. One method of controlling plant disease has been to apply an antimicrobial chemical to crops. This method has numerous, art-recognized problems. Alternatively, a more recent method involves the use of biological control organisms ("biocontrol") which are natural competitors or inhibitors of the pest organism. However, it is difficult to apply biocontrol to large areas, and even more difficult to cause those living organisms to remain in the treated area for an extended period of time. More recently, techniques in recombinant DNA have provided the opportunity to insert into plant cells cloned genes, which express antimicrobial compounds. However, this technology has given rise to concerns about eventual microbial resistance to well- known, naturally occurring antimicrobials. Thus, a continuing need exists to identify naturally occurring antimicrobial agents, such as proteins, which can be formed by plant cells directly by translation of a single gene.

A trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase that catalyzes the acetylation of a number of different Fusarium trichothecenes including DON at the C3 hydroxyl group has been identified in Fusarium sporotrichioides. P. McCormick, N. J. Alexander, S. C. Trapp, and T. M.

Hohn. Disruption of TRIl01, the gene encoding trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase, from Fusarium sporotrichioides. Applied. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (12):5252-5256, 1999).

Acetylation of trichothecenes at the C3-OH significantly reduces their toxicity in vertebrates and plants and results in the reaction product 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (hereinafter "3ADON") See, Kimura et al. below.

The sequence of structural genes encoding trichothecene 3-O-acetyl transferases from -2- Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium sporotrichioides as well as sequences of other orthologs has been published. See, e.g. Kimura et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 62(5)1033-1036 (1998), and Kimura et al., FEBS Letters, 435, 163-168 (1998). Further, it has been speculated that the gene from Fusarium sporotrichioides encoding a trichothecene 3-O-acetyl transferase may be useful in developing plant varieties with increased resistance to Fusarium. See, e.g.

John, T.M. et al. Molecular Genetics of Host-Specific Toxins in Plant Disease, 17-24 (1998) and Kimura et al. J. Biological Chemistry, 273(3) 1654-1661 (1998).

Prior to the present invention, however, many uncertainties rendered it far from obvious whether expressing trichothecene 3-O-acetyl transferases in a plant would actually lead to trichothecene resistant plants. For example, the reaction catalyzed by the Fusarium sporotrichioides trichothecene 3-O-acetyl transferase is reversible and might, therefore have failed to protect plant cells from trichothecenes such as DON. It was also uncertain whether there might be esterases in plant cells that would compete with the 3-O-acetyl transferase activities to generate toxic DON from 3ADON. It was also uncertain how the metabolism of the reaction product 3ADON might affect the plant, e.g. whether introduction of the trichothecene 3-O-acetyl transferase would alter plant growth and development in ways that would negate any positive contribution of the acetyltransferase by way of example, interfering with the plant's natural disease resistance mechanisms. It was also uncertain whether 3ADON could be metabolized by the plant to form a novel secondary metabolite with toxic effects. It was also uncertain, even if DON produced by an invading fungus was efficiently converted to 3ADON, whether this conversion would impart enhanced pathogen resistance upon the plant.

The above are but a few of the uncertainties in the art before the time of the present invention.

In one embodiment the present invention provides a plant cell or cells comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a gene product that is expressed in the plant cell wherein the gene product comprises trichothecene resistance activity.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant comprising the above described plant cell wherein the plant is resistant to a trichothecene.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention that is resistant to a trichothecene where the trichothecene comprises a C-3 hydroxyl group.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention that is resistant to a fungus that produces a trichothecene, preferably a trichothecene comprising a C-3 hydroxyl group.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention that is resistant to Fusarium, Trichothecium or Myrothecium.

-3- In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention that is resistant to Fusarium, in particular but not limited to Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium poae, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium lateritium, and Fusarium pseudograminearum.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention, wherein the plant is resistant to Fusarium graminearum.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a gene product that is expressed in the plant cell wherein the gene product comprises trichothecene resistance activity, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide is a microbial polynucleotide, preferably a yeast or fungal polynucleotide.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention, wherein the fungal polynucleotide is a Fusarium polynucleotide, preferably is a Fusarium graminearum or Fusarium sporotrichioides polynucleotide.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises a sequence substantially similar to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs:1, 5 or 7.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, 5 or 7 or homologs thereof.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention comprising a pair of heterologous polynucleotide, which comprises a consecutive at least base pair portion identical in sequence to a consecutive 80 base pair portion set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 5 or 7, preferably a consecutive at least 50 base pair portion identical in sequence to a consecutive 50 base pairportion set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 5 or 7, and more preferably a consecutive at least 21 base pair portion identical in sequence to a consecutive base pair portion set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 5 or 7, and most preferably a consecutive 18 base pair portion identical in sequence to a consecutive 18 base pair portion set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or 7.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention resistant to a trichothecene selected from the group consisting T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, isotrichodermol, 4,15-diacetoxyscripenol (hereinafter 3-deacetylcalonectrin, 3,15dideacetylcalonectrin, scirpentriol, neosolaniol; type B: 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 4acetylnivalenol (fusarenone-X), 4,15-diacetylnivalenol, 4,7,15-acetylnivalenol, and DON.

-4- In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention resistant to DAS or DON.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant wherein the gene product is encoded by a polynucleotide according to the invention.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention wherein the gene product is a 3-O-acetyltransferase.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant of the invention wherein the gene product is a polypeptide comprising a sequence substantially similar to SEQ ID NO:2, 6or8.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a seed of any of the plants of the invention.

In another embodiment the present invention provides any one of the above-described plants wherein the plant is a wheat, maize, barley or rice plant.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a method for producing a trichothecene resistant plant comprising the steps of: transforming a plant cell with a heterologous gene encoding a gene product, wherein the gene product increases resistance to a trichothecene; and expressing the gene product at a biologically significant level; regenerating the plant cell into a plant; and selecting a plant having increased resistance to a trichothecene.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a method as described above further comprising the step of selecting a plant on which there is reduced growth of a fungus where the fungus produces a trichothecene.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a method as described above wherein the fungus is of the genus Fusarium.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a trichothecene resistant plant obtained according to the above-described methods.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a seed produced by selfing or outcrossing a plant of the invention as described above, wherein a plant grown from the seed has an increased resistance to trichothecene.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a method of preventing mycotoxin contamination of a plant, including of a plant's seed, comprising growing a plant of the invention as described above, preferably in an area with moderate to severe fungal infestation, wherein the plant is preferably a crop plant.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a method of preventing fungal growth on a plant, preferably growth of a fungus of the genus Fusarium comprising growing a plant of the invention that produces a trichothecene, preferably a trichothecene comprising a C- 3 hydroxyl group as described above, preferably in an area with moderate to severe fungal infestation, wherein the plant is preferably a crop plant.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a method of producing a fungal resistant plant comprising transforming a plant cell with a heterologous gene encoding a gene product, wherein the gene product increases resistance to a trichothecene; expressing the gene product at a biologically significant level; regenerating the plant cell into a plant; and selecting a plant with increased resistance to a trichothecene; and optionally, selfing or outcrossing the plant obtained in step In another embodiment the present invention provides the method, wherein the fungus is of the genus Fusarium.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a method of producing seed wherein the plant grown from the seed is fungal resistant, comprising selfing or outcrossing the plant of the invention.

In another embodiment the present invention provides the above method, wherein the seed is resistant to fungi of the genus Fusarium.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a method of selecting transformed host cells, the method comprising: transforming a host cell with a nucleic acid construct encoding a trichothecene acetyl transferase, and growing the transformed host cell in the presence of a trichothecene selective agent.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a method of selecting transformed host cells wherein the host cells are plant cells, or microbial cells, particularly where the microbial cells are fungal cells.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a method of selecting transformed host cells as described above where the host cell is further transformed with a second polynucleotide of interest.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a method of selecting transformed host cells wherein the trichothecene is selected from the group consisting ofT-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, isotrichodermol, DAS, 3-deacetylcalonectrin, 3,15-dideacetylcalonectrin, scirpentriol, -6-

I

neosolaniol; type B: 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 4-acetylnivalenol (fusarenone-X), 4,15-diacetylnivalenol, 4,7,15-acetylnivalenol, and DON.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a trichothecene resistant plant obtainable by the method of the invention.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a fungal resistant plant obtainable by the method of the invention.

In another embodiment the present invention provides a plant seed obtainable by the method of the invention.

For clarity, certain terms used in the specification are defined and presented as follows: "Expression" refers to the transcription and/or translation of an endogenous gene or a transgene in plants. In the case ofantisense constructs, for example, expression ma refer to the transcription of the antisense DNA only.

"Operably linked/associated" when referring to a regulatory DNA sequence being "operably linked to" or "associated with" a DNA sequence that codes for an RNA or a protein refers to the two sequences being situated such that the regulatory DNA sequence affects expression of the coding DNA sequence.

The term "heterologous polynucleotide" or "heterologous DNA" as used herein each refers to a nucleic acid molecule not naturally associated with a host cell into which it is introduced, including genetic constructs, non-naturally occurring multiple copies of a naturally occurring nucleic acid molecule; and an otherwise homologous nucleic acid molecule operatively linked to a non-native nucleic acid molecule. Thus, a heterologous gene in a host cell includes a gene that is endogenous to the particular host cell but has been modified through, for example, the use of DNA shuffling. Thus, the terms encompasses a DNA segment that is foreign or heterologous to the cell, or homologous to the cell but in a position within the host cell nucleic acid in which the element is not ordinarily found.

The terms "nucleic acid" or "polynucleotide" refers to deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides and polymers thereof in either single- or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides which have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof degenerate codon substitutions) and complementary sequences and as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19: 5081 (1991); Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2605-2608 (1985); Rossolini et aL., MoL Cell. Probes 8: 91-98 (1994)). The terms "nucleic acid" or "nucleic acid sequence" or "polynucleotide" may also be used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.

In its broadest sense, the term "substantially similar", when used herein with respect to a nucleic acid molecule, means a nucleic acid molecule corresponding to a reference nucleotide sequence, wherein the correspondingnucleic acid molecule encodes a polypeptide having substantially the same structure and function as the polypeptide encoded by the reference nucleotide sequence, e.g. where only changes in amino acids not affecting the polypeptide function occur. Desirably the substantially similar nucleic acid molecule encodes the polypeptide encoded by the reference nucleotide sequence. The term "substantially similar" is specifically intended to include nucleic acid molecules wherein the sequence has been modified to optimize expression in particular cells, e.g. in plant cells.

The percentage of identity between the substantially similar nucleic acid molecule and the reference nucleotide sequence desirably is at least 45%, more desirably at least 65%, more desirably at least 75%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, still more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably at least 99%. Preferably, the percentage of identity exists over a region of the sequences that is at least about 50 residues in length, more preferably over a region of at least about 100 residues, and most preferably the sequences are substantially similar over at least about 150 residues. In a most preferred -8embodiment, the sequences are substantially similar over the entire length of the coding regions. Sequence comparisons may be carried out using a Smith-Waterman sequence alignment algorithm and as described in more detail below (see e.g. Waterman, M.S.

Introduction to Computational Biology: Maps, sequences and genomes. Chapman Hall.

London: 1995. ISBN 0-412-99391-0, or at http://wwwhto.usc.edu/software/seqaln/index.html). The local S program, version 1.16, is used with following parameters: match: 1, mismatch penalty: 0.33, open-gap penalty: 2, extended-gap penalty: 2.

Another indication that a nucleic acid sequences is a substantially similar nucleic acid of the invention is that it hybridizes to a nucleic acid molecule of the invention under stringent conditions. The phrase "hybridizing specifically to" refers to the binding, duplexing, or hybridizing of a molecule only to a particular nucleotide sequence under stringent conditions when that sequence is present in a complex mixture total cellular) DNA or RNA.

"Bind(s) substantially" refers to complementary hybridization between a probe nucleic acid and a target nucleic acid and embraces minor mismatches that can be accommodated by reducing the stringency of the hybridization media to achieve the desired detection of the target nucleic acid sequence.

"Stringent hybridization conditions" and "stringent hybridization wash conditions" in the context of nucleic acid hybridization experiments such as Southern and Northern hybridizations are sequence dependent, and are different under different environmental parameters. Longer sequences hybridize specifically at higher temperatures. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes part I chapter 2 "Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays" Elsevier, New York. Generally, highly stringent hybridization and wash conditions are selected to be about 5 2 C lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. Typically, under "stringent conditions" a probe will hybridize to its target subsequence, but to no other sequences.

The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. Very stringent conditions are selected to be equal to the Tm, for a particular probe. An example of stringent hybridization conditions for hybridization of complementary nucleic acids which have more than 100 complementary residues on a filter in a Southern or northern blot is 50% formamide with 1 mg of heparin at 422C, with the hybridization being carried out overnight. An example of highly stringent wash conditions is 0.1 5M NaCI at 72-C for about 15 minutes. An example of stringent wash conditions is a 0.2x SSC wash at 65°C for 15 minutes (see, Sambrook, infra, for a description of SSC buffer). Often, a high stringency wash is preceded by a low stringency wash to remove background probe signal. An example medium stringency wash for a duplex of, more than 100 nucleotides, is 1x SSC at 45°C for 15 minutes. An example low stringency wash for a duplex of, more than 100 nucleotides, is 4-6x SSC at 40°C for 15 minutes. For short probes about 10 to 50 nucleotides), stringent conditions typically involve salt concentrations of less than about 1.OM Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3, and the temperature is typically at least about 30°C. Stringent conditions can also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. In general, a signal to noise ratio of 2x (or higher) than that observed for an unrelated probe in the particular hybridization assay indicates detection of a specific hybridization. Nucleic acids that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially similar if the proteins that they encode are substantially similar. This occurs, when a copy of a nucleic acid is created using the maximum codon degeneracy permitted by the genetic code.

The following are examples of sets of hybridization/wash conditions that may be used to identify homologous nucleotide sequences that are substantially similar to reference nucleotide sequences of the present invention: a test sequence that hybridizes to the reference nucleotide sequence in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 1 mM EDTA at 500C with washing in 2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50°C, more desirably in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 1 mM EDTA at 500C with washing in 1X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50°C, more desirably still in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 1 mM EDTA at 500C with washing in 0.5X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50°C, preferably in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 1 mM EDTA at 500C with washing in 0.1X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50°C, more preferably in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 1 mM EDTA at 500C with washing in 0.1X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65°C. The polynucleotide of the invention that hybridizes under the above conditions preferably comprises at least 80 base pairs, more preferably at least 50 base pairs and particularly at least 21, and more particularly 18 base pairs. Preferred homologs of use in the invention include nucleic acid molecules that encode an amino acid sequence that is at least 45% identical to SEQ ID NO:2, 6 or 8 as measured, using the parameters described below, wherein the amino acid sequence encoded by the homolog has trichothecene resistance activity, e.g. 3-O-acetly transferase activity.

The term "substantially similar", when used herein with respect to a protein, means a protein corresponding to a reference protein, wherein the protein has substantially the same structure and function as the reference protein, e.g. where only changes in amino acids sequence not affecting the polypeptide function occur. When used for a protein or an amino acid sequence the percentage of identity between the substantially similar and the reference protein or amino acid sequence desirably is at least 45% identity, more desirably at least more desirably at least 75%, preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, still more preferably at least 95%, yet still more preferably at least 99%, using default BLAST analysis parameters and as described in more detail below.

Preferred homologs of the polypeptide of use in the invention comprise those having amino acid sequences that are at least 45% identical to SEQ ID NO:2, 6 or 8, wherein the amino acid sequence encoded by the homolog has trichothecene resistance activity, e.g. 3- O-acetyl transferase activity.

Optimal alignment of nucleic acid or protein sequences for comparison can be conducted as described above and, by the local homology algorithm of Smith Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman Wunsch, J. MoL Biol. 48: 443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson Lipman, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, WI), or by visual inspection (see generally, Ausubel et aL., infra).

One example of an algorithm that is suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm, which is described in Altschul et al., J. Mol.

Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).

This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et aL., 1990).

These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always 0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always 0).

For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score.

Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value, the cumulative score goes to -11 zero or below due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments, or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength of 11, an expectation of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength of 3, an expectation of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915 (1989)).

In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, Karlin Altschul, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5873-5787 (1993)). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a test nucleic acid sequence is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid sequence to the reference nucleic acid sequence is less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.

A further indication that two nucleic acid sequences or proteins are substantially similar is that the protein encoded by the first nucleic acid is immunologically cross reactive with, or specifically binds to, the protein encoded by the second nucleic acid. Thus, a protein is typically substantially similar to a second protein, for example, where the two proteins differ only by conservative substitutions.

The phrase "specifically (or selectively) binds to an antibody," or "specifically (or selectively) immunoreactive with," when referring to a protein or peptide, refers to a binding reaction which is determinative of the presence of the protein in the presence of a heterogeneous population of proteins and other biologics. Thus, under designated immunoassay conditions, the specified antibodies bind to a particular protein and do not bind in a significant amount to other proteins present in the sample. Specific binding to an antibody under such conditions may require an antibody that is selected for its specificity for a particular protein. For example, antibodies raised to the protein with the amino acid sequence encoded by any of the nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be selected to obtain antibodies specifically immunoreactive with that protein and not with other proteins except for polymorphic variants. A variety of immunoassay formats may be used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a particular protein. For example, solid-phase ELISA immunoassays, Western blots, or immunohistochemistry are routinely used to select -12monoclonal antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a protein. See Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York "Harlow and Lane"), for a description of immunoassay formats and conditions that can be used to determine specific immunoreactivity. Typically a specific or selective reaction will be at least twice background signal or noise and more typically more than 10 to 100 times background.

"Conservatively modified variations" of a particular nucleic acid sequence refers to those nucleic acid sequences that encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences, or where the nucleic acid sequence does not encode an amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a large number of functionally identical nucleic acids encode any given polypeptide. For instance the codons CGT, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG all encode the amino acid arginine. Thus, at every position where an arginine is specified by a codon, the codon can be altered to any of the corresponding codons described without altering the encoded protein. Such nucleic acid variations are "silent variations" which are one species of "conservatively modified variations." Every nucleic acid sequence described herein which encodes a protein also describes every possible silent variation, except where otherwise noted. One of skill will recognize that each codon in a nucleic acid (except ATG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine) can be modified to yield a functionally identical molecule by standard techniques. Accordingly, each "silent variation" of a nucleic acid which encodes a protein is implicit in each described sequence.

Furthermore, one of skill will recognize that individual substitutions deletions or additions that alter, add or delete a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids (typically less than more typically less than in an encoded sequence are "conservatively modified variations," where the alterations result in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. The following five groups each contain amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another: Aliphatic: Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Aromatic: Phenylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan Sulfur-containing: Methionine Cysteine Basic: Arginine Lysine Histidine Acidic: Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Asparagine Glutamine See also, Creighton (1984) Proteins, W.H. Freeman and Company. In addition, individual substitutions, deletions or additions which alter, add or delete a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids in an encoded sequence are also "conservatively modified variations." -13- A "subsequence" refers to a sequence of nucleic acids or amino acids that comprise a part of a longer sequence of nucleic acids or amino acids protein) respectively.

Nucleic acids are "elongated" when additional nucleotides (or other analogous molecules) are incorporated into the nucleic acid. Most commonly, this is performed with a polymerase a DNA polymerase), a polymerase which adds sequences at the 3' terminus of the nucleic acid.

Two nucleic acids are "recombined" when sequences from each of the two nucleic acids are combined in a progeny nucleic acid. Two sequences are "directly" recombined when both of the nucleic acids are substrates for recombination. Two sequences are "indirectly recombined" when the sequences are recombined using an intermediate such as a cross-over oligonucleotide. For indirect recombination, no more than one of the sequences is an actual substrate for recombination, and in some cases, neither sequence is a substrate for recombination.

A "specific binding affinity" between two molecules, for example, a ligand and a receptor, means a preferential binding of one molecule for another in a mixture of molecules.

The binding of the molecules can be considered specific if the binding affinity is about 1 x 4

M

1 to about 1 x 106 M 1 or greater.

Substrate: a substrate is the molecule that an enzyme naturally recognizes and converts to a product in the biochemical pathway in which the enzyme naturally carries out its function, or is a modified version of the molecule, which is also recognized by the enzyme and is converted by the enzyme to a product in an enzymatic reaction similar to the naturallyoccurring reaction.

Transformation: a process for introducing heterologous DNA into a cell, tissue, or insect. Transformed cells, tissues, or insects are understood to encompass not only the end product of a transformation process, but also transgenic progeny thereof.

"Transformed," "transgenic," and "recombinant" refer to a host organism such as a bacterium or a plant into which a heterologous nucleic acid molecule has been introduced.

The nucleic acid molecule can be stably integrated into the genome of the host or the nucleic acid molecule can also be present as an extrachromosomal molecule. Such an extrachromosomal molecule can be auto-replicating. Transformed cells, tissues, or plants are understood to encompass not only the end product of a transformation process, but also transgenic progeny thereof. A "non-transformed," "non-transgenic," or "non-recombinant" host refers to a wild-type organism, a bacterium or plant, which does not contain the heterologous nucleic acid molecule.

-14- The present invention relates to transgenic hosts particularly, transgenic plants, plant tissues, plant seeds, and plant cells comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a gene product where the gene product comprises trichothecene resistance activity and methods of making and using the same. Trichothecene resistance activity as used herein refers to an activity that reduces or inhibits the phytotoxicity of a trichothecene, particularly to a fungus and/or plant, in a particular embodiment of the invention trichothecene resistance activity refers to an activity that transfers an acetate to the C-3 position of a trichothecene.

The present invention further relates to transgenic hosts, particularly, transgenic plants, plant tissues, plant seeds, and plant cells expressing a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a gene product, the gene product having trichothecene resistance activity, particularly an acetyl transferase gene product, more particularly a 3-O-acetyl transferase gene product, more particularly trichothecene 3-0- acetyl transferase gene product and methods of making and using the same. Expression of the heterologous polynucleotide of the invention comprises the synthesis of RNA and may be detected by northern blot analysis. Particularly, expression of the heterologous polynucleotide of the invention may be detected where a labeled probe derived from a heterologous nucleotide of the invention, in particular embodiments, from SEQ ID NOs. 1, 5 or 7, hybridizes with RNA isolated from a transgenic plant of the invention in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M Sodium phosphate pH 7.0, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mg/ml BSA at 65°C with washing in BSA (fraction 5% SDS, 40 mM Sodium phosphate pH 7.0, 1 mM EDTA, .25 M sodium chloride at 65 0 C, preferably in 1% SDS, 40 mM Sodium phosphate pH 7.0, 1 mM EDTA, .125 M sodium chloride at 65 C, and preferably in 1% SDS, 40 mM Sodium phosphate pH 7.0, 1 mM EDTA at 65 0 C.

The present invention further relates to transgenic plants plant tissues, plant seeds, and plant cells, expressing a heterologous polynucleotide of the invention where the plant, plant cell, plant tissue or plant seed is trichothecene resistant. Trichothecene resistant plants, plant cells, plant tissues and plant seeds as used herein are those which are capable of metabolism in the presence of a trichothecene which may be determined as described in Example 7 below. In a particular embodiment, trichothecene resistant plants, plant tissues, plant cells and plant seeds which have a specific enzyme activity of at least 10 nmol triacetoxyscirpenol (hereinafter "TAS ")/microgram protein/15 min incubation at saturating substrate levels, more particularly at least 5 nmol TAS/microgram protein/15 min, more particularly at least 1 nmol TAS/microgram protein/15 min, more particularly at least 0.8 nmol TAS/microgram protein/15 min more particularly at least 0.5 nmol TAS/microgram min, more particularly a specific activity of 0.25 nmol TAS/microgram protein/ 15 minute, more particularly a specific activity of 0.1 nmol TAS/microgram protein/15 min., more particularly a specific activity of 0.05 nmol TAS/microgram protein/15 min and even more particularly a specific activity of 0.01 nmol TAS/microgram protein/15 min above background levels of activity that occur naturally in a wild type control, particularly as determined in an assay as described in Example 6 below.

Trichothecene resistant plants of the invention comprise those of which a greater percentage of the seed germinate and form roots in the presence of a trichothecene than the seed from a wild type control where the trichothecene is present at a concentration of at least 5 microgram/ml, more preferably at least 10 microgram/ml, more preferably at least microgram/ml, more preferably at least 20 microgram/ml and more preferably at least microgram/ml. In a particularly preferred embodiment, trichothecene resistant plants of the invention comprise those of which at least 10% more seed, more preferably at least more seed, more preferably at least 30% more seed, more preferably at least 40% more seed, more preferably at least 50% more seed, more preferably at least 60% more seed, more preferably at least 70% more seed, more preferably at least 80% more seed and more preferably at least 90% more seed germinate and form roots in the presence of a trichothecene than the seed of a wild type control.

Trichothecenes are frequently divided into several different structural groups. A particular embodiment of the present invention is drawn to resistance to group A and B trichothecenes. Groups A and B comprise the Fusarium trichothecenes and are differentiated primarily by the absence (group A) or presence (group B) of a carbonyl functional group at position C-8. The group B trichothecene DON, accordingly, comprises a carbonyl group at the C-8 position.

The present invention is more particularly drawn to resistance to trichothecenes, which contain a C-3 hydroxyl. Such trichothecenes include T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, isotrichodermol, DAS, 3-deacetylcalonectrin, 3,15-dideacetylcalonectrin, scirpentriol, neosolaniol; 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 4-acetylnivalenol (fusarenone-X), 4,15diacetylnivalenol, 4,7,15-acetylnivalenol, and DON and their various acetylated derivatives.

In a particular embodiment, the trichothecene resistant plant, cell, tissue or seed thereof is resistant to a trichothecene producing fungus, particularly a fungus of the genus Fusarium. Fungus resistance as used herein refers to no initiation of infection after fungal inoculation or reduced spread of the infection after fungal inoculation compared to a wild type control.

In a preferred embodiment, a fungal resistant transgenic plant of the present invention is a cereal plant and under fungal challenge comprises less infected kernels or -16seeds compared to a wild type control, preferably at least a 10% decrease of infected kernels or seeds compared to the same number of kernels or seeds evaluated in a wild type control, more preferably at least a 20% decrease, more preferably at least a 40% decrease and more preferably at least a 50% decrease of infected kernels compared to the same number of kernels or seeds in a wild type control. The fungal resistant transgenic cereal plants of the invention comprise but are not limited to maize, wheat, barley, rice, and oats.

In wheat, fungal spread in the head may be evaluated as described in Example 9 below, by counting the number of symptomatic and asymptomatic spikelets on each inoculated head and calculating the percentage of spikelets on each head that are symptomatic. In a preferred embodiment, fungal resistant wheat of the present invention comprises, under fungal challenge, less infected spikelets than the wild type control, preferably at least a 10% decrease of infected spikelets compared to the same number of spikelets evaluated in a wild type control, more preferably at least a 20% decrease, more preferably at least a 40% decrease and more preferably at least a 50% decrease of infected spikelets compared to the same number of spikelets in a wild type control.

In maize, fungal spread in the ear may be evaluated by visual estimation of the percentage of infected kernels as described further in Example 9 below. In a preferred embodiment, fungal resistant maize of the invention, under fungal challenge, comprise less infected kernels than the wild type control, preferably at least a 10% decrease in infected kernels compared to the number of infected kernels in the same number of ears visibly estimated in a wild type control, more preferably at least a 20% decrease, more preferably at least 30% decrease, more preferably at least a 40 decrease and more preferably at least a 50% decrease in infected kernels compared to the same number of ears visibly estimated in a wild type control. In maize, internal fungal spread in the stalk may be visually evaluated by splitting open the stalk and assessing the amount of discoloration. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the transgenic maize of the invention comprises less internal and/or external discoloration of the stalk compared to a wild type control.

In another, preferred embodiment fungal resistant plants of the invention comprise those of which a greater percentage of seed germinate in the presence of fungal challenge than germinate in the wild type control. In a particularly preferred embodiment, fungal resistant plants of the invention comprise those of which at least 10% more seed, more preferably at least 20% more seed, more preferably at least 30% more seed, more preferably at least 40% more seed, more preferably at least 50% more seed, more preferably at least 60% more seed, more preferably at least 70% more seed, more preferably at least 80% more seed and more preferably at least 90% more seed, more -17preferably at least 100% more seed, more preferably at least 150% more seed germinates in the presence of Fusarium than does seed from the wild type control.

In another preferred embodiment, fungal resistant transgenic plants producing seed or kernels having less mycotoxin, e.g. trichothecene contamination, than the seed of a wild type control are provided. In a particularly preferred embodiment crop plants and more particularly cereal plants producing seed having at least 10% less trichothecene, more preferable at least 20% less trichothecene, more preferably at least 30% less trichothecene, more preferably at least 40% less trichothecene, more preferably at least 50% less trichothecene, more preferably at least 60% less trichothecene, more preferably at least less trichothecene and more preferably at least 80% less trichothecene contamination than a wild type control are provided. Trichothecene contamination may be determined as described in ExamplelO below.

The polynucleotides of use in the invention include heterologous polynucleotides encoding acetyl transferases, particularly those encoding acetyl transferases capable of conferring trichothecene resistance, more particularly those encoding trichothecene acetyltransferases. In a particular embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide of the invention may be derived from but is not limited to fungal origin, more particularly from Fusarium, Trichothecium, and Myrothecium origin, more particularly from a Fusarium species such as F. acuminatum, F. crookwellense, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. graminearum (Gibberella zeae), F. lateritium, F. poae, F. sambucinum pulicaris), and F.

sporotrichioides. Heterologous polynucleotides of use in the invention include SEQ ID NO:1, and/or 7 and sequences substantially similar to SEQ ID NO:1, 5 and/or 7.

A polynucleotide of use in the invention can be incorporated into host cells, such as plant, fungal or bacterial cells, using conventional recombinant DNA technology.

Generally, this involves inserting the polynucleotide into an expression system to which the polynucleotide is heterologous using standard cloning procedures known in the art. The vector contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the polynucleotide of use in the invention in a host cell containing the vector. A large number of vector systems known in the art can be used, such as plasmids, bacteriophage viruses and other modified viruses. The components of the expression system may also be modified to increase expression. For example, truncated sequences, nucleotide substitutions, nucleotide optimization or other modifications may be employed. Expression systems known in the art can be used to transform virtually any crop plant cell under suitable conditions. A heterologous polynucleotide of the inventions is preferably stabley transformed and integrated into the genome of the host cells. In another preferred embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide -18of the inventions is located on a self-replicating vector. Examples of self-replicating vectors are viruses, in particular Gemini viruses. Transformed cells can be regenerated into whole plants such that the chosen form of the polynucleotide of the invention confers trichothecene resistance in the transgenic plants.

A polynucleotide of the invention intended for expression in transgenic plants is first assembled in an expression cassette behind a suitable promoter expressible in plants. The expression cassettes may also comprise any further sequences required or selected for the expression of the heterologous polynucleotide of the invention. Such sequences include, but are not restricted to, transcription terminators, extraneous sequences to enhance expression such as introns, vital sequences, and sequences intended for the targeting of the gene product to specific organelles and cell compartments. These expression cassettes can then be easily transferred to the plant transformation vectors described infra. The following is a description of various components of typical expression cassettes.

The selection of the promoter used in expression cassettes will determine the spatial and temporal expression pattern of the heterologous polynucleotide of the invention in the transformed plant. Selected promoters will express heterologous polynucleotides of the invention in specific cell types (such as leaf epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, root cortex cells) or in specific tissues or organs (roots, leaves or flowers, for example) and the selection will reflect the desired location of accumulation of the gene product. Alternatively, the selected promoter may drive expression of the gene under various inducing conditions.

Promoters vary in their strength, ability to promote transcription. Depending upon the host cell system utilized, any one of a number of suitable promoters known in the art can be used. For example, for constitutive expression, the CaMV 35S promoter, the rice actin promoter, or the ubiquitin promoter may be used. For regulatable expression, the chemically inducible PR-1 promoter from tobacco or Arabidopsis may be used (see, U.S. Patent No. 5,689,044).

A variety of transcriptional terminators are available for use in expression cassettes.

These are responsible for the termination of transcription beyond the heterologous polynucleotide of the invention and its correct polyadenylation. Appropriate transcriptional terminators are those that are known to function in plants and include the CaMV terminator, the tml terminator, the nopaline synthase terminator and the pea rbcS E9 terminator. These can be used in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.

-19- Numerous sequences have been found to enhance gene expression from within the transcriptional unit and these sequences can be used in conjunction with the polynucleotides of this invention to increase their expression in transgenic plants. For example, various intron sequences such as introns of the maize Adhl gene have been shown to enhance expression, particularly in monocotyledonous cells. In addition, a number of non-translated leader sequences derived from viruses are also known to enhance expression, and these are particularly effective in dicotyledonous cells.

The coding sequence of the selected gene optionally is genetically engineered by altering the coding sequence for optimal expression in the crop species of interest. Methods for modifying coding sequences to achieve optimal expression in a particular crop species are well known (see, e.g. Perlak et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3324 (1991); and Koziel et al., Bio/technol. 11: 194 (1993); Fennoy and Bailey-Serres. Nucl. Acids Res. 21: 5294-5300 (1993). Methods for modifying coding sequences by taking into account codon usage in plant genes and in higher plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria are well known (see table 4 in: Murray et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 17: 477-498 (1989); Campbell and Gowri Plant Physiol. 92: 1-11(1990).

Various mechanisms for targeting gene products are known to exist in plants and the sequences controlling the functioning of these mechanisms have been characterized in some detail. For example, the targeting of gene products to the chloroplast is controlled by a signal sequence found at the amino terminal end of various proteins which is cleaved during chloroplast import to yield the mature protein Comai et al. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 15104- 15109 (1988)). Other gene products are localized to other organelles such as the mitochondrion and the peroxisome Unger et al. Plant Molec. Biol. 13: 411-418 (1989)).

The cDNAs encoding these products can also be manipulated to effect the targeting of heterologous products encoded by DNA sequences to these organelles. In addition, sequences have been characterized which cause the targeting of products encoded by DNA sequences to other cell compartments. Amino terminal sequences are responsible for targeting to the ER, the apoplast, and extracellular secretion from aleurone cells (Koehler Ho, Plant Cell 2: 769-783 (1990)). Additionally, amino terminal sequences in conjunction with carboxy terminal sequences are responsible for vacuolar targeting of gene products (Shinshi et al. Plant Molec. Biol. 14: 357-368 (1990)). By the fusion of the appropriate targeting sequences described above to a heterologous polynucleotide of the invention, it is possible to direct a resulting product to any organelle or cell compartment.

Numerous transformation vectors available for plant transformation are known to those of ordinary skill in the plant transformation arts, and the polynucleotides pertinent to this invention can be used in conjunction with any such vectors. The selection of vector will depend upon the preferred transformation technique and the target species for transformation. For certain target species, different selection markers may be preferred.

Selection markers used routinely in transformation include the nptll gene, which confers resistance to kanamycin and related antibiotics (Messing Vierra. Gene 19: 259-268 (1982); Bevan et al., Nature 304:184-187 (1983)), the bar gene, which confers resistance to the herbicide phosphinothricin (White et al., Nucl. Acids Res 18: 1062 (1990), Spencer et al.

Theor. Appl. Genet 79: 625-631 (1990)), the hph gene, which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin (Blochinger Diggelmann, Mol Cell Biol 4: 2929-2931), and the dhfr gene, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Bourouis et al., EMBO J. 1099-1104 (1983)), and the EPSPS gene, which confers resistance to glyphosate Patent Nos.

4,940,935 and 5,188,642), phosphomannose isomerase gene, manA, which confers a selective metabolic advantage in the presence of mannose Pat. Ser. No. 5,767,378 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and Miles& Guest, GENE, 32:41-48 (1984)). PAT selectable marker that confers resistance to BASTA (Sung H. Park et al., In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant, 34: 117-121 (1998)).

Many vectors are available for transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

These typically carry at least one T-DNA border sequence and include vectors such as pBIN19 (Bevan, Nucl. Acids Res. (1984)). Typical vectors suitable for Agrobacterium transformation include the binary vectors pCIB200 and pCIB2001, as well as the binary vector pCIB10 and hygromycin selection derivatives thereof. (See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,639,949).

Transformation without the use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens circumvents the requirement for T-DNA sequences in the chosen transformation vector and consequently vectors lacking these sequences can be utilized in addition to vectors such as the ones described above which contain T-DNA sequences. Transformation techniques that do not rely on Agrobacterium include transformation via particle bombardment, protoplast uptake PEG and electroporation) and microinjection. The choice of vector depends largely on -21 the preferred selection for the species being transformed. Typical vectors suitable for non- Agrobacterium transformation include pCIB3064, pSOG19, and pSOG35. (See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,639,949).

Once the polynucleotide of interest has been cloned into an expression system, it is transformed into a plant cell. Methods for transformation and regeneration of plants are well known in the art. For example, Ti plasmid vectors have been utilized for the delivery of foreign DNA, as well as direct DNA uptake, liposomes, electroporation, micro-injection, and microprojectiles. In addition, bacteria from the genus Agrobacterium can be utilized to transform plant cells.

Transformation techniques for dicotyledons are well known in the art and include Agrobacterium-based techniques and techniques that do not require Agrobacterium. Non- Agrobacterium techniques involve the uptake of exogenous genetic material directly by protoplasts or cells. This can be accomplished by PEG or electroporation mediated uptake, particle bombardment-mediated delivery, or microinjection. In each case the transformed cells are regenerated to whole plants using standard techniques known in the art.

Transformation of most monocotyledon species has now also become routine.

Preferred techniques include direct gene transfer into protoplasts using PEG or electroporation techniques, particle bombardment into callus tissue, as well as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Target tissue may be derived from such sources as wheat cultivar UC703 or maize genotype CG000526. For example, Agrobacterium mediated transformation of maize may be carried out as described in U.S. patent application 09/089,111 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety which correspondingly published as WO 98/54961, and of barley may be carried out as described by: M. Cho, J.

Wong, C. Marx, W. Jiang, P. Lemaux and B. Buchanan (1999). Overexpression of thioredoxin h leads to enhanced activity of starch debranching enzyme (pullulanase) in barley grain. PNAS 96: 14641-14646; S. Zhang, M. Cho, T. Koprek, R. Yun, P. Bregitzer and P. Lemaux (1999). Genetic transformation of commercial cultivars of oat (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare using in vitro shoot meristematic cultures derived from germinated seedlings. Plant Cell Rep. 18: 959-966; P. Bregitzer, S. Harlbert and P. Lemaux (1998). Somaclonal variation in the progeny of transgenic barley. TAG 96: 421-425; M. Cho, W. Jiang and p. Lemaux (1998). Transformation of recalcitrant barley cultivars through improvement of regenerability and decreased albinism. Plant sci. 138: 229-244; P. Lemaux, m. Cho, S. Zhang, and p. Bregitzer (1998). Transgenic cereals: Hordeum vulgare L. current status and future prospects. In: Vasil I, Phillips R (eds) Molecular Improvement of -22- Cereal Crops, Kluwer Academic Publ, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 255-316; S. Zhang, R. Williams-Carrier, D. Jackson, and P. Lemaux (1998). Expression of CDC2Zm and KNOTTED1 during in vitro aaxillary shoot meristem proliferation and adventitious shoot meristem formation in maize (Zea mays and barley (Hordeum vulgare Planta 204: 542-549; D. McElroy, J. Louwerse, S. McElroy and P. Lemaux (1997). Development of a simple transient assay for Ac/Ds activity in cells of intact barley tissue. Plant J. 11: 157-165; S. Tingay, D. McElroy, R. Kalla, S. Fieg, M. Wang, S. Thornton and R. Brettell (1997).

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated bareley transformation. The Plant J. 11: 1369-1376; J.Qureshi, Z. Basri, R. Singh, R. Burton, M. Dalton, J. Kollmorgen and G. Fincher. 1988.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of two varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare Proc.

4 2 nd. Conference of Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, September 28-October 1, 1998, Adelaide, Australia; J. Qureshi, R. Singh, Z. Basri, R. Stewart, R.

Burton, J. kollmorgen and G. Fincher (1997). Strategies for genetic transformation of elite Australian barley varieties. Proc. 8th. Aust.Barley Technical symp. Gold Coast, Queensland, 7-12 September 1997. 2:8.9-11; P. Lemaux, M. Cho, J. Louwerse, R. Williams and Y. Wan (1996). Bombardment-mediated transformation methods for barley. Bio-Rad US/EG Bull 2007: 1-6; T. Koprek, R. Hansch, A. Nerlich, R. Mendel and J. Schulze (1996). Fertile transgenic barley of different cultivars obtained by adjustment of bombardment conditions to tissue response. Plant Sci. 119: 79-91; T. Hagio, T. hirabayashi, H. Machii and H.

Tomutsune (1995). Production of fertile transgenic barley (Hordeum vulgare plants using the hygromycin-resistance marker. Plant Cell Rep. 14: 329-334; H. Funatsuki, H. Kuroda, M.

Kihara, P. Lazzeri, E. Muller, H. Lorz and I. Kishinami (1995). Fertile transgenic barley regenerated by direct DNA transfer to protoplasts. TAG 91: 707-712; A. Jahne, D. Becker, R. Brettschneider and H. Lorz (1994). Regeneration of transgenic, microscpore-derived, fertile barey. TAG 89: 525-533; Y. Wan and P. Lemaux (1994). Generation of large numbers of independently transformed fertile barley plants. Plant Physiol. 104: 37-48; The polynucleotides of the invention can be utilized to confer trichothecene resistance to a wide variety of plant cells, including those of gymnosperms, monocots, and dicots. Although the heterologous polynucletide of the invention can be inserted, e.g.

transformed into any plant cell falling within these broad classes, it is particularly useful in crop plant cells, such as rice, wheat, barley, rye, corn, oats, potato, sweet potato, turnip, squash, pumpkin, zucchini, melon, soybean, and sorghum. The polynucleotides of use in the invention rendering a plant trichothecene resistant may be used in combination with other characteristics important for production and quality. The polynucleotides of the -23invention can be incorporated into plant lines through breeding approaches and techniques known in the art.

Where a trichothecene resistant gene allele is obtained by transformation into a crop plant or plant cell culture from which a crop plant can be regenerated, it is moved into commercial varieties using traditional breeding techniques to develop a trichothecene resistant crop without the need for genetically engineering the allele and transforming it into the plant.

The various breeding steps are characterized by well-defined human intervention such as selecting the lines to be crossed, directing pollination of the parental lines, or selecting appropriate descendant plants. Depending on the desired properties different breeding measures are taken. The relevant techniques are well known in the art and include but are not limited to hybridization, inbreeding, backcross breeding, multiline breeding, variety blend, interspecific hybridization, aneuploid techniques, etc. Hybridization techniques also include the sterilization of plants to yield male or female sterile plants by mechanical, chemical or biochemical means. Cross pollination of a male sterile plant with pollen of a different line assures that the genome of the male sterile but female fertile plant will uniformly obtain properties of both parental lines. Thus, the transgenic seeds and plants according to the invention can be used for the breeding of improved plant lines exhibiting no or reduced fungal growth on the plant, plant tissue, or seed thereby preventing and/or reducing mycotoxin contamination of said plant, plant tissue or seed.

The trichothecene resistance engineered into the transgenic seeds and plants mentioned above are passed on by sexual reproduction or vegetative growth and can thus be maintained and propagated in descendant plants. Generally said maintenance and propagation make use of known agricultural methods developed to fit specific purposes such as tilling, sowing or harvesting. As the growing crop is vulnerable to attack and damages caused by insects or infections, measures are undertaken to control plant diseases, insects, nematodes, and other adverse conditions to improve yield. These include mechanical measures such a tillage of the soil or removal of infected plants, as well as the application of agrochemicals such as fungicides, gametocides, nematicides, growth regulants, ripening agents and insecticides.

In seeds production germination quality and uniformity of seeds are essential product characteristics, whereas germination quality and uniformity of seeds harvested and sold by the farmer is not important. As it is difficult to keep a crop free from other crop and weed seeds, to control seedborne diseases, and to produce seed with good germination, fairly 24 extensive and well-defined seed production practices have been developed by seed producers, who are experienced in the art of growing, conditioning and marketing of pure seed. Thus, it is common practice for the farmer to buy certified seed meeting specific quality standards instead of using seed harvested from his own crop. Propagation material to be used as seeds is customarily treated with a protectant coating comprising herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, nematicides, molluscicides or mixtures thereof.

Customarily used protectant coatings comprise compounds such as captan, carboxin, thiram (TMTD®), methalaxyl (Apron®), and pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic®). If desired these compounds are formulated together with further carriers, surfactants or applicationpromoting adjuvants customarily employed in the art of formulation to provide protection against damage caused by bacterial, fungal or animal pests. The protectant coatings may be applied by impregnating propagation material with a liquid formulation or by coating with a combined wet or dry formulation. Other methods of application are also possible such as treatment directed at the buds or the fruit.

It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide new agricultural methods such as the methods examplified above which are characterized by the use of transgenic plants, transgenic plant material, or transgenic seed according to the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a transgenic plant cell, tissue, organ, seed or plant parts obtained from the transgenic plant. Also included within the invention are transgenic descendants of the plant as well as transgenic plant cells, tissues, organs, seeds and plant parts obtained from the descendants.

In another embodiment, the heterologous polynucleotide of use in the invention, can also be used as a selectable marker in transformation procedures. In this aspect the host cell is transformed with a second heterologous polynucleotide of interest as well as a heterologous polynucleotide of the invention which encodes a gene product comprising trichothecene resistance activity, using expressions cassettes and transformation techniques exemplified above and known in the art. After transformation, the transformed cells are selected for their ability to survive when exposed to a trichothecene, particularly DAS or DON or T-2 toxin. The host cell may be a eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cell using transformation and expression systems known in the art. The host cell may be a plant cell, a fungal cell, a bacterial cell, a yeast cell, an animal cell, or an insect cell.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, a polynucleotide which encodes a gene product comprising trichothecene resistance activity is used as a selectable marker in plant cell transformation methods. For example, plants, plant tissue, plant seeds, or plant cells expressing at least a second heterologous DNA sequence of interest can also be transformed to express a sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising a sequence substantially similar to that of SEQ ID NO:2, 6 or 8. The transformed cells are transferred to medium containing a phytotoxic trichothecene, particularly DAS and/or DON and/or T-2 toxin, in an amount sufficient to inhibit the growth or survivability of plant cells not expressing the polypeptide substantially similar to that having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 6 or 8, wherein only the transformed cells will grow or will be unstunted. Concentrations of trichothecenes useful for selection of plants expressing the polypeptide substantially similar to that having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 6 or 8 range from 1 pg/ml to ig/ml The method is applicable to any plant cell capable of expressing a polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence substantially similar to that of SEQ ID NO: 1, 5 or 7, and can be used with any heterologous DNA sequence of interest. Expression of the second heterologous DNA sequence and the heterologus polynucleotide of the of the invention can be driven by the same promoter functional in plant cells, or by separate promoters.

Description of the Sequences: SEQ ID NO:1 SEQ ID NO:2 SEQ ID NO: 3 SEQ ID NO 4: SEQ ID NO: 5 SEQ ID NO: 6 SEQ ID NO. 7 SEQ ID NO. 8 SEQ ID NO. 9 SEQ ID NO. 10 is a cDNA sequence from Fusarium sporotrichioides encoding a polypeptide of the invention having trichothecene resistance activity.

is the polypeptide having trichothecene resistance activity encoded by SEQ ID NO:1.

is a DNA primer.

is a DNA primer.

is a DNA sequence from Fusarium graminearum encoding a polypeptide of the invention having trichothecene resistance activity.

is the polypeptide having trichothecene resistance activity encoded by SEQ ID is a DNA sequence from Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding a polypeptide of the invention having trichothecene resistance activity.

is the polypeptide having trichothecene resistance activity encoded by SEQ ID NO:7.

is the DNA sequence of pCIB9818.

is the DNA sequence of pAgroTRIr.

-26- SEQ ID NO. 11 is the DNA sequence of pNOV1704.

Examples The following examples further describe the materials and methods used in carrying out the invention and the subsequent results. They are offered by way of illustration, and their recitation should not be considered as a limitation of the claimed invention.

Example 1: Composition of pNOV1700, pCIB9818, pAgroTRIr and pNov 1704 1. pNOV1700: pNOV1700 was deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on March 19, 1999, with the Agricultural Research Service, Patent Culture Collection (NRRL), Northern Regional Research Center, 1815 Northern University Street, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA and assigned accession number NRRL B-30117.

Accordingly, pNOV1700 comprises SEQ ID NO. 1 operably linked to the Zmays ubiquitin promoter, including a portion of the exon and intron, and to the nopaline synthase polyadenylation signal.

2. pCIB9818 Plasmid pCIB9818 is a 6111 base pair circular plasmid having a DNA sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 9. The Z mays ubiquitin promoter, base 12 to 1993 of SEQ ID NO.9, including a portion of the exon, base 896 to 1011, and the intron, base 1047 to 1993, is operably linked to the phosphate mannose isomorase selectable marker, base pair 2090 to 3193, the inverted PEPC intron #9 from base 3248 to 3355 and the termination sequence of the CaMV 35S gene, base 3357 to 3434.

3. pAgroTRIr Plasmid pAgroTRIr is a 13,737 base pair circular binary vector having a DNA sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 10. Accordingly, pAgroTRIr comprises a selectable marker operable linked to a promoter and termination sequence and the polynucleotide -27region of SEQ ID NO: 1 behind and in frame with the Arabidopsis thaliana UBI 3 promoter Norris, S. Meyer, and J. Callus, Plant Molecular Biology 22:895-906, (1993)) and in front of and in frame with the nos polyadenylation signal.

4. pNov1704 Plasmid pNOV1704 is a 12949 base pair circular binary vector having a DNA sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 11. The Z. mays ubiquitin promoter, base 11 to 1992 of SEQ ID NO.11( including exon 1: 895 to 1010 and intron 1: 1046 to 1992), is operably linked to the phosphate mannose isomorase selectable marker sequence, base 2089 to 3192, and the nopaline synthase termination sequence, base 3557 to 3688. pNOV1704, further comprises the Z. mays ubiquitin promoter, base 9218 to 11218 (including exon 1: 10110 to 10224 and intron 1: 10225 to 11218) operably linked to the trichothecene 3-O-acetyl transferase sequence of SEQ ID NO.1, at base 11234 to 12662 and the nos termination sequence 12667 to 12935.

Example 2: Wheat transformation selection and regeneration Transformation Immature zygotic embryos (0.75-1.25mm) are dissected from surface sterilized wheat caryopses (10% Chlorox X 10 minutes) then plated scutellum up onto an MS based medium (Murashige and Skoog, (1962) Physiol. Plant 15:473-439) supplemented with 3% sucrose, 3mg/liter 2,4-D (dichlororpheoxyacetic acid), 150mg/I glutamine, asparagine and solidified with 0.7% phytagar (3MS3S medium). The embryos are incubated in the dark at 280C for 5-10 days prior to bombardment. The optimal time for bombardment is 6-7 days post-plating. Four hours prior to bombardment, the embryos are placed on a plasmolysis medium (same medium described above but with 15% maltose added in place of the sucrose) and arranged in a 2.5cm diameter circle with scutellum facing up.

pNOV1700, described in Example 1 above, is digested with Pvull and Xmnl and a 4117bp fragment comprising a polynucleotide region having a sequence according to SEQ ID NO:1 as well as the ubiquitin promoter and NOS polyadenylation signal is isolated.

pCIB9818, also described in Example 1 above, is digested with Ascl and the 4246 bp fragment comprising the UBI maize promoter, selectable marker and CaMV 35S termination sequence is isolated.

The isolated DNA fragments are precipitated onto 0.3 micro meter gold particles using the standard Sanford method. While continuously vortexing 5 microgram of the -28isolated fragment DNA per construct 50ul of 2.5 M CaCI2 and 20ul of 0.1 M spermidine are added to an eppendorf tube that contains 50ul of 50% glycerol and 3mg gold. The DNA/gold mixture is given two ethanol washes. After discarding the supernatant from the last wash, ethanol is added to make a final volume of 70ul. This provides six shots per tube of gold/DNA. The target plates are shot twice so that gives a delivery of approximately 3microgram DNA (if 5microgram each of 2 constructs is used which is usually the case) and mg gold per target plate. The rupture pressure used is 1100 psi. After bombardment, the target plates are returned to the dark overnight. After approximately 24 hours of plasmolysis, the embryos are removed to 3MS3S and returned to the dark for 3 weeks of callus initiation. No subculturing is done during this time.

Selection/Regeneration The embryogenic tissue that develops during the 3-week initiation period is dissected away from non-embryogenic tissue and placed on a regeneration/selection medium. The basic regeneration medium is 3MS3S without the 2,4-D but with 1 mg/l GA3 (Gibberellin A 3 NAA (1-Naphtheleneacetic Acid and NAA added instead (called NG medium). mannose and 5g/l sucrose is added (NG1M.5S). The tissue is subjected to this initial phase of regeneration and selection for 2 weeks. For most of the 2 week period the tissue is in the light room. Shoot and root development begins during this phase and after 2 weeks all tissue is taken to the next stage.

For the second phase of regeneration and selection with mannose selection, mannose is decreased to 5g/l and the sucrose increased to 20g/l (MS2S.5M). The tissue normally stays on these media for approximately 4 weeks time during which further shoot and root development occurs.

Vigorously growing plantlets with good color, and root and shoot development are removed from plates and placed in larger containers called GA7's. This is the final stage of selection and regeneration The medium contains only 1/2MS salts and 15g/l mannose. The best indicator that a plant may be transformed is the observance of active root growth into the medium. Leaf tissue from actively growing plantlets is collected and PCR is done for either the gene of interest or selectable marker before transferring to the green house.

-29- EXAMPLE 3: Arabidopsis transformation The binary vector pAgroTRIr constructs described in Example 1 above is transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 (Bechtold, N. et al., CR Acad.

Sci. Paris, Sciences de la vie, 316:1194-1199 (1993)) by electroporation (Dower, Mol.

Biol. Rep 1:5 (1987) A 25 ml culture from single colonies of GV3101 agrobacterium containing pAgroTRIr plasmids in YEB Rifampsin 100 and Kanomycin 100 is incubated at degrees overnight. Large cultures are started by inoculating 500 ml of the same media with 5 mls of the small culture and are incubated overnight at 30 degrees. The OD at 600 nm of cultures is determined and the cultures are then spun down at 5 K in the GSA rotor for minutes. Cells are resuspended in "IM Modified infiltration media" to achieve a final O. D.

at 600 nm of .08. 200 microliters of Silwet per liter of suspended cells is added. Three pots of bolting Arabadopsis var Columbia about 4 plants per pot, are inverted in about 500 ml of cell suspension. The flowers are shaken in the cell suspension to dislodge the air bubbles and the plants are incubated in the cell suspension for 15 minutes. A dome is placed on the tray to keep the plants humid overnight.

Plants are allowed to grow about 3-4 weeks after which the plants are not watered for up to 1 week. Seed pods are collected and dried in drying room for about a week and a half.

The seeds are planted and allowed to grow for about 2 weeks. The plants are sprayed with the selection agent and then sprayed again 2 days later and 4 days later. After about three days surviving plants can be transplanted to new pots.

EXAMPLE 4: Maize biolistic transformation.

Type I embryogenic callus cultures (Green et al 1983, Somatic cell genetic systems in corn. A. Fazelahmad, K. Downey, J. Schultz, RW Voellmy, eds. Advances in Gene Technology: Molecular Genetics of Plants and Animals. Miami Winter Symposium Series, Vol. 20. Academic Press, NY.) are initiated from immature maize embryos, that are 1.5 mm in length, from greenhouse grown material. Embryos are aseptically excised from surface-sterilized ears approximately 14 days after pollination. The embryos are placed on D callus initiation media (Duncan et al,(1985) Planta 165:pp322-332) with 2% sucrose and chloramben. Embryos and embryogenic cultures are subsequently cultured in the dark. Embryogenic responses are excised from the explants after about 14 days.

Responses are placed onto D callus maintenance media with 2% sucrose and 0.5mg/L 2,4- D. After about 6 weeks of weekly selective subculture to fresh maintenance media, high quality compact embryogenic cultures are established. Actively growing embryogenic callus pieces are selected as target tissue for gene delivery. The callus pieces are plated onto target plates containing maintenance medium with 12% sucrose approximately 4 hours prior to gene delivery.

The callus pieces are arranged in circles, with radii of 8 and 10mm from the center of the target plate.

pNOV1700, described in Example 1 above, is digested with Pvull and Xmnl and a 4117bp fragment comprising a polynucleotide region having a sequence according to SEQ ID NO:1 isolated as well as promoter and polyadenylatin signal. pCIB9818, also described in Example 1 above, is digested with Ascl and the 4246 bp fragment comprising the marker gene, promoter and termination signal is isolated. The isolated DNA fragments are precipitated onto gold microcarriers as described in the DuPont Biolistics manual. Two to three pg for each plasmid construct is used in each 6 shot microcarrier preparation.

Polynucleotides of the invention are delivered to the target tissue cells using the PDS- 1000He Biolistics device. The settings on the Biolistics device are as follows: 8 mm between the rupture disk and the macrocarrier, 10 mm between the macrocarrier and the stopping screen and 7 cm between the stopping screen and the target. Each target plate is shot twice using 650psi rupture disks. A 200 X 200 stainless steel mesh (McMaster-Carr, New Brunswick, NJ) is placed between the stopping screen and the target tissue. Seven days after gene delivery, target tissue pieces are transferred from the high osmotic medium to selection medium.

The target tissue is placed onto maintenance medium containing no sucrose and 1% mannose. After 3 to 5 weeks, growing callus pieces are subcultured to the maintenance medium containing no sucrose and 1.5% mannose. Embryogenic callus growing on selection media is subcultured every 2 weeks for 6 to 10 weeks until enough callus is produced to generate 10-20 plants. Tissue surviving selection from an original target tissue piece is subcultured as a single colony and designated as an independent transformation event. Colonies are transferred to a modified MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962(1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures.

Physiol. Plant 15: 473-497.) containing 2% sucrose and 1% mannose (MS2S+1M) with 0.25mg/L ancymidol and 0.5mg/L kinetin. After 2 weeks, regenerating colonies are then transferred to MS2S+1 M without hormones. Regenerating shoots with or without roots from all colonies are transferred to Magenta boxes containing MS3S medium and small plants with roots are recovered and transferred to soil in the greenhouse.

-31 EXAMPLE 5: Analyses of transqenic plant expression Tissue from transformed plants is analyzed for the presence of a polynucleotide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. DNA is extracted from transformed plant and PCR analyses are performed according to standard protocols. The primers used for amplification of the gene constructs are (5'-acgaatcattcaccgaggag-3') (SEQ ID No. 3) and (5'-ctcacactctcaggcttacc-3') (SEQ ID NO. A 650 nt fragment within the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 in wheat obtained according to Example 2 above is detected.

b. Northern analysis Transformed plants are analyzed for the presence of RNA by northern blot hybridization. For northern blot analysis, RNA extracted from plant tissue is size separated and blotted onto a nylon membrane. This membrane is subsequently hybridized with a radioactive probe, derived from the 429 nt Styl fragment of the polynucleotide according to SEQ ID NO:1 is used as the probe. RNA is detected in wheat and arabadopsis plants transformed according to examples 2 and 3 above.

EXAMPLE 6: Enzymatic assay for trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase activity.

Extraction of plant tissue for enzyme assays: Three 1 x 1/8 in pieces of leaf (about mg) from transgenic plants of the invention including those transformed and regenerated according to Examples 2-4 above are selected.

Glass Bead Mill: Tissue is placed in 2 ml round bottomed tube and the cap closed. The tube is immersed in liquid nitrogen and is incubated overnight at -80 OC. Tube is shaken on saws-all 24 seconds and 0.4 ml sodium phosphate buffer is added. The tube is vortexed about 10 seconds and is placed on ice. The tube is vortexed another 5 minutes and then is spun at 14,000 rpm in Eppendorf centrifuge 5 min. The supernatant is removed and is placed in a clean tube.

The following components are mixed trichothecene substrate, 2 microliters of DAS (20% acetone in 50 mM Sodium phosphate buffer pH DON may also be used.

Acetyl CoA substrate, 2 micro liters of 1 4 C]-acetyl CoA NEN cat. NEC313 mCi/millimole and 0.02 mCi/ml) -32- Buffer, to a final volume of 50 pl with sodium phospahate buffer pH The assay is initiated by adding the following enzyme preparation and is incubated at 30 °C for 15 minutes.

Enzyme preparation, 10 microliter plant extract in sodium phosphate buffer pH After 15 minutes, 100 microliters ethyl acetate is added and the tube is vortexed twice for several seconds. The tube is spun for 2 minutes at 14,000 rpm in an Eppendorf centrifuge.

microliters of the ethyl acetate phase is removed and is added to a vial containing scintillation cocktail. The tube is counted for 2 min. using a scintillation counter.

Twenty separate wheat plants obtained according to Example 2 above and having specific activities of 0.60 to 13.4 nmol acetylated product/pg protein/15 min are identified. The specific activities of the transformed wheat plants are significantly greater than the negative control. The negative control is a non-transformed wheat cultivar, which has a specific activity of 0.1 to 0.2 nmol acetylated product/pg protein/15 min.

Five separate Arabidopsis plants obtained according to Example 3 above and having specific activities ranging from 3.8 to 28 nmol acetylated product/pg protein/15 min are identified. The specific activities of the transformed plants are significantly greater than that of the negative control. The negative control is an Arabidopsis thaliana var columbia transformed with a nucleic acid construct for expressing the selectable marker which has a specific activity of less than 0.1 nmol acetylated product/g protein/15 min.

Maize plants from at least two different transformants obtained according to Example 4 above and having specific activities ranging from 11.1 to 17.9 nmol acetylated product/g min are identified. The specific activities of the transformed plants are significantly greater than that of the negative control. The negative control is a nontransformed maize genotype that has a specific activity of less than 0.2 nmol acetylated product/g protein/15 min.

-33- Maize plants from at least 16 different transformants obtained using Agrobacterium mediated transformation of pNOV 1704, having specific activities ranging from 17 to 183 min are identified.

EXAMPLE 7: Bioassay for trichothecene resistance in transqenic plants.

250 ml of CPR media having the following components is prepared and the pH adjusted to with KOH.

/2 MS salts 0.54 g V2 MS vitamins 1.25 ml Sucrose 1 (optional) 2.50 g Agarose is added to the above media to a concentration of 1% (2.50 g) and the media is autoclaved. 25 ml of 50 mg/ml chlorophenol red is added to the autoclaved media.

While media is maintained at 55 OC, DAS or DON is added in acetone at various concentrations. e. DON at 4, 8, or 16 microliters 10 mg/ml or DAS at 2, 4, or 6 microliters mg/ml DAS per 1.7 ml). About 0 .5 ml of media is aliquoted to each well in a 48 well microtiter plate.

1/3 x 1/8 inch pieces of transformed plant tissue are added to microtiter plate wells as well as control tissue from untransformed wild type controls. The leaf pieces are allowed to fall into a petri dish and are pushed into the microtiter plate well media with tweezers. The microtiter plates are incubated 2 to 4 days at 20 °C under lights. Leaf piece metabolism results in color change (drop in pH) from red to yellow. Trichothecene resistance activity or reduced sensitivity to trichothecenes by transformants, results in yellow colored wells in the presence of DAS or DON.

A color change from red to yellow compared to the control that remains red is observed in wheat and maize plants of the invention. Furthermore, the individual leaf pieces have significantly less chlorosis than the corresponding control.

EXAMPLE 8: Germination Assay A. Trichothecene Resistance Germination Assay -34- Seed from transgenic plants of the invention is grown under selective pressure from the selection agent and the resulting plants are selfed. The resulting seed is plated on MS3S medium (MS salts 4.3 g/L, MS vitamins 100X, Sucrose g/L, and phytagar 8 g/L) and supplemented with either DAS or DON (at 20 mg/ml) at a density of 1000 to 1200 seeds/petri dish (100 mm diameter). After incubation in the light for four days the plates are examined for seedling growth.

Arabidopsis seed from plants obtained according to Example 3 above and grown in media comprising DAS, has numerous plants with both root and shoot development. While control seed (parental Arabadopsis line, var.Columbia) germinates poorly and no roots form when grown in DAS supplemented media. No differences are observed between transformed and control seeds grown in the same media without DAS.

B. Fungal Resistance Germination Assay for Detecting Resistance to Seedling Blight 1. Wheat Fungal Resistance Germination Assay: Fungal resistance germination assays in wheat are carried out substantially as described by R. H. Proctor, T. M. Hohn, and S. P. McCormick. Reduced virulence of Gibberella zeae caused by disruption of a trichothecene toxin biosynthetic gene. Mol.Plant- Microbe Interact. 8 (4):593-601, 1995.) which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Inoculum consists of macroconidia of F. gramiearum diluted in water to 1 x 106 conidia per ml. Inoculum is prepared by washing the macroconidia from V-8 juice agar cultures grown under white and near UV fluorescent lights for 7-10 days. In seedling assays, seeds of two different transgenic wheat events from Example 2 above and the wild type control are surface sterilized by washing in a 10% bleach and .05% Tween solution for approximately 15 min. and rinsed five times with sterile distilled water. The seeds are soaked in a suspension of macroconidia for approximately 10 min and then sown in vermiculite contained in 10 cm plastic pots (20 seeds per pot). Prior to sowing, the pots are filled approximately 3/4 full with vermiculite and set in 2-4 cm of water until the top of the vermiculite was wet. After sowing, seeds are covered with an additional 1-2 cm of vermiculite and pots are placed individually into plastic bags and incubated in a growth chamber at 22 OC with 16 h light and 8 h dark for week. After approximately one week the pots are removed from the bags, and after two weeks, disease is evaluated by counting the number of seedlings that emerge in each pot. Controls are treated as described above except that the seeds are soaked in sterile water and 40 seeds are used.

and 43% of the seed from the two different transgenic plant events germinate as compared to the same transgenic seed treated with water, whereas, 17% of the wild type control germinate compared to the same seed treated with water.

2. Maize Fungal Resistance Germination Assay: Inoculum is produced from F. graminearum cultures grown on mung bean agar (made with liquor from boiled mung beans) under 12h alternating light and dark cycles at 0 C. Spores are harvested by first flooding the plate with sterile water and then scraping the plate using a glass rod. The solution is collected and the spore concentration adjusted to 1 x 106 spores/ml with double distilled, sterile water on the day of inoculation.

Soil consisting of a sterilized mix of soil, peat, and vermiculite is inoculated with 1 ml of spore solution/liter of soil in 5 liter flats and the inoculated soil is mixed in a cement mixer for 2 minutes per load. Control treatments consist of non-infested soil.. Flats are planted with 30 kernels each of the transgenic seed of the invention or wild type contol and incubated in growth chambers kept at 55 0 F under semi-saturated soil conditions for up to 4 weeks. Light levels are under 24-hour darkness for 14 days post planting, and 12-hour light 15-24 days post planting. Labeled stakes are added to flats, flats are moved to the growth chamber and randomized.

Plant counts are initiated as soon as emergence begins, and are performed daily or every other day until there is no longer a change in plant emergence.

Symptoms of visual discoloration and damping-off of seedling emergence are determined and used to characterize the degree of plant resistance as compared to wild type controls. Plants having less visual discoloration and/or damping off of seedling emergence than the wild type control are selected.

EXAMPLE 9: Fungal Resistance Assay A. Testing of transgenic wheat plants Wheat head blight or head scab is caused by Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae). F. graminearum cultures are grown on V-8 agar medium (made with V-8 juice) or on mung bean agar (made with liquor from boiled mung beans) under 12h alternating light and dark cycles at 250C. Spores are harvested by first flooding the plate with sterile water and then scraping the plate using a glass rod. The solution is collected and the spore concentration adjusted to 5 x 104 spores/ml with double distilled, sterile water on the day of inoculation.

-36- Transgenic plants are obtained as described in Example 2 above, and control plants may be grown in the greenhouse until anthesis or heading. Heads are inoculated by injecting approximately 20 ul (about 1000 spores) of inoculum between the lemma and palea of one floret near the middle of each head. Some heads are left uninoculated or are inoculated with sterile water as controls. Plants are then moved to a growth chamber and incubated under high humidity for up to 21 days or plants are first incubated in a mist chamber for 72 h at to 70° F and then incubated in the greenhouse for an additional 18 days.

Transgenic plants of the invention and control plant may also be grown in the field, where heads are inoculated by spraying.

Disease is evaluated by counting the number of symptomatic and asymptomatic spikelets on each inoculated head on a representative number of transgenic heads and wild type control heads and from this calculating the percentage of spikelets on each head that are symptomatic. Symptoms consist of premature whitening as compared to the control plants and in some cases necrosis of spikelets. Plants having fewer symptomatic spikelets than the wild type control are selected.

Six different transgenic plants having different copy numbers of SEQ ID NO.1 and different numbers of insertion sites according to southern data have average percent of symptomatic spikelets per head ranging from 10.40% to 31.20% compared to 44.75% for the wild type control, where the transgenic plants and controls are incubated in the green house as described above. These same transgenic plants have enzymatic activities, measured as described in example 6 above, ranging from 0.874 to 29.1 min.

B. Testing of transgenic corn plants Corn ear rot assay.

Corn ear rot is caused by Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae). F.

graminearum cultures are grown on V-8 agar medium (made with V-8 juice) under 12h alternating light and dark cycles at 250C. Spores are harvested by first flooding the plate with sterile water and then scraping the plate using a glass rod. The solution is collected and the spore concentration adjusted to 5 x 10 5 spores/ml with double distilled, sterile water) on the day of inoculation. Transgenic plants and control plants are grown in the greenhouse or field. Where grown in the greenhous,e the transgenic and control plants are maintained in the green house until four to seven days post silk emergence when a 2 ml spore suspension is introduced into the silk channel (inside the husk cavity and above the cob). This is accomplished using an 18-gauge stainless steel hypodermic needle attached to a large -37syringe. In addition to silk channel inoculations, a kernel inoculation method is also used to assay disease resistance. Kernel inoculation involves the introduction of the spore suspension (approx. 0.4 ml) into a group of four kernels through multiple injections with an 18-gauge needle attached to a syringe. Disease is evaluated by visual inspection of ears harvested 5 to 7 weeks post-inoculation for visibly infected kernels. The disease rating scale for husked ears is based on a visual estimation of the percentage of visibly infected kernels on an ear as follows: 1 is 2 is 1 to 3 is 4 to 10%; 4 is 11 to 25%; 5 is 26 to 50%; 6 is 51 to 75%; 7 is 76 to 100%. Maize plants are selected that have a lower percentage of visibly infected kernelss compared to the wild type control.

EXAMPLE 10: Mycotoxin Contamination Assay Samples are prepared for mycotoxin concentration analysis as follows. Seed is collected from transgenic plants of the invention weighed and bulked together. Where wheat seed is being assayed, wheat seed is collected from the heads of the same transgenic plants of the invention and weighed and bulked together. Where transgenic maize is being assayed, corn ears are dried to low moisture levels, ears are hand-shelled and kernels from ears of the same transgenic plant are weighed and bulked together. Each seed or kernel sample is mixed thoroughly to promote a random distribution of seed. A 50 g seed or kernel sample is ground to a fine powder in a mill Retsch ultra centrifugal mill type ZM1, Brinkmanlnstruments, Inc., Rexdale, Ontario, Romer Series II Mill, Union, Missouri, USA The concentration of the mycotoxin of interest such as, DON is then determined using the commercially available tests such as DONtest TAGTM mycotoxin testing system (VICAM, LP, 313 Pleasant Street, Watertown, MA 02472) or analyzed by a commercial analysis company e.g. Romer Labs, Inc, Union, Missouri, USA or Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, Inc., Beaufort, Missouri, USA). The manufacturer's instructions are followed for all aspects of the analysis.

For DONtest TAGTM mycotoxin testing system,a final fluorometric measurement for DON is conducted. Plants producing seed or kernals having less mycotoxin, such as DON, than the wild type control are selected.

Example 11: Use of polynucleotide according to SEQ ID NO:1 as a selectable marker.

A. Selectable Marker in Fungal Cells.

Ashbya gossypi is transformed using standard fungal transformation techniques with a DNA construct comprising a polynucleotide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 operably linked to the galactosidase promoter. Transformed cells grow in media comprising DAS at a -38concentration ranging from 1.56ng/ml to 196 pg/ml whereas as to the untransformed wild type fungal cells do not.

B. Selectable Marker in Plant Cells.

Seed from Arabidopsis plants transformed according to Example 3 above but not yet subjected to selection is plated out in agarose medium containing 0, 5, or 10 Ig/ml DAS. After incubation in a growth room at 22 0 C with 16 hours of light and 7 hours of darkness for 2 weeks, the larger unstunted plants are transplanted from a DAS plate, and a corresponding number are transplanted from the control plate.

Leaves of Arabidopsis plants transplanted from the 5 microgram/ml plate, are assayed for enzymatic activity after a 2 week growth period, and showed 11 out of 11 unstunted plants were enzymatically active as measured by Example 6 while 9 out of plants not selected by DAS were negative in the same assay. The one non-selected plant that was enzymatically active was much less active than any of the DAS selected plants assayed.

The above-disclosed embodiments are illustrative. This disclosure of the invention will place one skilled in the art in possession of many variations of the invention. All such obvious and foreseeable variations are intended to be encompassed by the appended claims.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that that prior art forms part of the common general knowledge in Australia.

-39-

Claims (10)

1. A wheat plant, which is resistant to a fungus that produces a trichothecene that 00 comprises a C-3 hydroxyl group, said wheat plant comprising a plant cell wherein 00 5 said plant cell comprises a heterologous polynucleotide encoding the amino acid O sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. S2. The plant according to claim 1, wherein the plant is resistant to Fusarium, preferably to Fusarium graminearum.

3. The plant according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID

4. A seed of the plant according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said seed comprises a heterologous polynucleotide encoding the amino acid of SEQ ID NO:6. A method of producing a wheat plant that is resistant to a fungus that produces a trichothecene that comprises a C-3 hydroxyl group comprising the steps of: a) transforming a plant cell with a heterologous gene encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6; b) expressing the gene product at a biologically significant level; c) regenerating the plant cell into a plant; and d) selecting a plant with increased resistance to a trichothecene comprising a C-3 hydroxyl group; and, optionally, e) selfing or outcrossing the plant obtained in step d).

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the fungus is of the genus Fusarium.

7. The method of claim 5 or claim 6, wherein the heterologous polynucleotide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID I P:\OPER\TDO200420338 claims.doc-] 20405 D -41-

8. A method of preventing mycotoxin contamination of a wheat plant and/or a wheat _t plant's seed, comprising growing a plant of any one of claims 1 to 3 or a plant produced by a method according to any one of claims 5 to 7, preferably in an area 00 with moderate to severe fungal infestation. 00 O 9. A method for reducing and/or preventing the growth of a fungus of the genus Fusarium on a what plant, wherein said fungus produces a trichothecene comprising a C-3 hydroxyl group, comprising growing a plant of any one of claims 1 to 3 or a plant produced by a method according to any one of claims 5 to 7, preferably in an area with moderate to severe fungal infestation. A method of producing the wheat seed wherein the plant grown from the seed is fungal resistant comprising selfing or outcrossing the plant of any one of claims 1 to 3 or a plant produced by a method according to any one of claims 5 to 7 and collecting the seed.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the seed is resistant to fungi of the genus Fusarium.

12. A plant according to any one of claims 1 to 3 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the examples.

13. A seed according to claim 4, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the examples.

14. A method according to any one of claims 5 to 11 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the examples. SEQUENCE LISTING <110> Novartis AG <120> Transgenic Plant and methods <130> S-30884A/RTP 2107 <140> <141> <150> US 09/282,995 <151> 1999-03-31 <150> US 09/502,852 <151> 2000-02-11 <160> 11 <170> Patentln Ver. <210> <211> <212> <213> 1 1403 DNA Fusariui sporotrichioides <400> 1 atcaaaatgg atcggccagc tctgatccct tctcaaacct acaggaactt cgtgatgatt atgtttgacg cccaacgacc ctcaccgtca cttctctcca ctcgatcgca caccagatcg tgggcgttct actcttgacg caatcaacct cgcgctgtcg aacatgacct gcatcacgcc gcgacgtaca ccgtcaagca gggtttggac ttgatgtact gatgaggata ggq taga tag ccgcaacaag aaccgcctct cccagtatcc tcccatgggt ccaagatcat cc tcagcgcc agaacgtcgt cgaagcc tgt acggacaaca aggcgtgccg agacggtagt ccaaacctgc tttcattcac cgtcgtccaa cgcgcgtacg acatgcgggg accatgactc tgcgctcgga tgcatggcct gcatcatgct tgggtaagcc ttatgcccaa tggagagact tttactagac cagcacaagc tctttcaatc caccatcgtc cgcgggccag tccatatgag aacgatcgag cgctccgagg gttgctattg tggtgctatg caacgaatca ccctctcctt gcctgctggc tcccaaggcc gtttgtgtca tctcgcaaga cccaatgggc gaccgtcgcc actcaacagt gcctgacaag gagttcctgg tgagagtgtg gaagcctgat aaaggcgga t tac agccagtctt tacacccaga agcacccttg gtcaagaccg gagacacccc gggttgagaa aagacattag cagctcaact gacatgacag t tcaccgagg gaaaactaca gacgc tccac ctctcggagc actgatgatg ttggatgctt gtatcaagca gaaa tcgcca gatcgtttgc tcgagcgtct gccaaggtqg agaagacctc ggggagttta gaggagtgga ttgacataga tcagtctcgt aggaaggcc t agggcatcag gtcttgtggt aggcgggttt ctatcggacc tcattaaggg gacaagatgc aggaaatctc aagttggtcc ccgcaccggc tgaaagacgc ctctttcggc ccacacctac ca tacccagg acgaaccact gcagacgaac ccctgaccgc gatgctggga gctttgaacc cggcgtccat caaagtacgc gctcgacatc ttaccccgtc aaaacgcctc cgaaggaaac gaaagacctc ccccttagag tggcaatggc cggactcatt aattattcgt ggcca tgaac tgagctagac caaggcaagc agccacaaag gtttatctgg tgaattctgc ccttcttcaa tggcgcaaca acaagctttg cgatgcgaat gtatgacttt ttttgagagt ttctctgagg aaagtatatt 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1020 1080 1140 1200 1260 1320 1380 1403 <210> 2 <211> 459 <212> PRT <213> Fusariurn sporotrichioides <400> 2 Met Ala Ala Thr Ser Ser Thr Ser Ser Gin Ser Phe Asp Ile Gin Len 1 5 10 1- Asp I-le Ile Gly Gin Gin Pro Pro Leu Leu Ser Ile Tyr Thr Gin Ile 25 Ser Leu Val Tyr Pro Val Ser Asp Pro Ser Gin Tyr Pro Thr Ile Val 40 Ser Thr Leu Glu Glu Gly Leu Lys Arg Leu Ser Gin Thr Phe Pro Trp 55 Val Ala Gly Gin Val Lys Thr Glu Gly Ile Ser Glu Gly Asn Thr Gly 70 75 Thr Ser Lys Ile Ile Pro Tyr Glu Glu Thr Pro Arg Leu Val Val Lys 90 Asp Leu Arg Asp Asp Ser Ser Ala Pro Thr Ile Glu Gly Leu Arg Lys 100 105 110 Ala Gly Phe Pro Leu Glu Met Phe Asp Glu Asn Val Val Ala Pro Arg 115 120 125 Lys Thr Leu Ala Ile Gly Pro Gly Asn Gly Pro Asn Asp Pro Lys Pro 130 135 140 Val Leu Leu Leu Gin Leu Asn Phe Ile Lys Gly Gly Leu Ile Leu Thr 145 150 155 160 Val Asn Gly Gin His Gly Ala Met Asp Met Thr Gly Gin Asp Ala Ile 165 170 175 Ile Arg Leu Leu Ser Lys Ala Cys Arg Asn Glu Ser Phe Thr Glu Glu 180 185 190 Glu Ile Ser Ala Met Asn Leu Asp Arg Lys Thr Val Val Pro Leu Leu 195 200 205 Glu Asn Tyr Lys Val Gly Pro Glu Leu Asp His Gin Ile Ala Lys Pro 210 215 220 Ala Pro Ala Gly Asp Ala Pro Pro Ala Pro Ala Lys Ala Ser Trp Ala 225 230 235 240 Phe Phe Ser Phe Thr Pro Lys Ala Leu Ser Glu Leu Lys Asp Ala Ala 245 250 255 Thr Lys Thr Leu Asp Ala Ser Ser Lys Phe Val Ser Thr Asp Asp Ala 260 265 270 Leu Ser Ala Phe Ile Trp Gin Ser Thr Ser Arg Val Arg Leu Ala Arg 275 280 285 Leu Asp Ala Ser Thr Pro Thr Glu Phe Cys Arg Ala Val Asp Met Arg 290 295 300 Gly Pro Met Gly Val Ser Ser Thr Tyr Pro Gly Leu Leu Gin Asn Met 305 310 315 320 Thr Tyr His Asp Ser Thr Val Ala Glu Ile Ala Asn Glu Pro Leu Gly 325 330 335 Ala Thr Ala Ser Arg Leu Arg Ser Glu Leu Asn Ser Asp Arg Leu Arg 345 Arg Arg Thr 355 Gin Ala Leu Ala Thr 360 Tyr Met His Gly Pro Asp Lys Ser Ser 370 Val Ser Leu Thr Asp Ala Asn Pro Ser Ser Ser Ile 380 Tyr Asp Phe Gly Met Phe 400 Ser Ser Trp Ala Lys 390 Val Gly Cys Trp Glu 395 Gly Leu Gly Lys Pro 405 Glu Ser Val Arg Arg 410 Pro Arg Phe Glu Pro Phe 415 Glu Ser Leu Ala Ser Ilie 435 Met 420 Tyr Phe Met Pro Lys 425 Lys Pro Asp Gly Glu Phe Thr 430 Lys Ala Asp Ser Leu Arg Asp Glu 440 Asp Met Glu Arg Leu 445 Glu Glu Trp Thr Lys Tyr 450 <210> 3 <211> <212> DNA Ala 455 Lys Tyr Ile Gly <213> Artificial Sequence <220> <223> Description of Artificial Sequence: DNA Primer <400> 3 acgaatcatt caccgaggag <210> 4 <211> <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220> <223> Description of Artificial Sequence: DNA Primer <400> 4 ctcacactct caggcttacc <210> <211> 1356 <212> DNA <213> Fusarium graminearum <400> atggctttca acccaaatca accttcgagc aaagccgagg gttcctcgtg atgagaaagg acgttaccta ctcaacttca a tggtaggcc agatacagct gtctcctcta aaggtcttaa gcattagcga ttgtagtgaa cgggataccc ttggacctgg tcaagggcgg aagatgcggt cgacaccctc ccccgtctct gcgcttctcc gggaaacaca agacc tccgc ta tggcga tg tactggtcc actcatcctc gatccgtcta ggccagctac gattcctctc gaagccgtcc ggaacttcct gatgatcctt tttgacgaga gacgacccaa actgtcaacg c tc tccaagg caggcctcct aatatcccac catgggtcgc ttatcgtccc cagcgcccac acatcatcgc agcctgtaat gacagcacgg cgtgccgtaa ttcgatctac tattgtcagc aggccaggtc ttttgaggac gatcgaggg~t gccaaggaag tctattgcag tgctatggat cgacccattc 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 accgaagagg aactatacga gacgctgttc a tg tcagagc ac tgacga tg atcgatggct gtc tcgaaca gaaatcgcca gcgagcatgc tccaacgtat gccaaggtgg agacggccaa ggcgagttct aaggagtgga aaatgacggc ttggccccga tcacgccggt tcaaggatgc ctctttcggc ctgcacctac actacccagg acgagtcact gccagcgaac ccctgacggc gactctggga tctttgagcc gtgcggcgc t ccaagtatgc catgaacctc ggtagatcat cagtgcaagc tgctaccaag gttcatctgg cgagttctgc ccttcttcaa cggcgcaaca aagaggtctc tga tgcggac ttacgacttt tgt tgagagc ttctctgagg gcagtacgtt gatcgcaaga cagattgtca tgggcgttct actcttgacg aaatcggcct cgtgctgttg aacatgacc t gcatcacgcc gcgacgtacc cca tctacca gggc tcggac ttgatgtact gatgaggata ggttag cgatagttcc aagctgatgt tcacattcag catcaacaaa ctcgcgtgcg atgctcgacc accacaactc ttcgttcaga tgcacaacaa gcgtcatgct tgggtaagcc ttatgcccaa tggaccgatt ttaccttgaa agctggtggt ccccaaggcc gttcgtgtcg tctcgaaaga ggcaatgggt gaccatcggc actcgacccc ccccgacaag gagttcttgg cgagactgtg gaagcc tga t gaaggcggat 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1020 1080 1140 1200 1260 1320 1356 <210> 6 <211> 451 <212> PRT <213> Fusariun graminearum <400> 6 Met Ala Phe Lys Ile 1 5 Gin Leu Asp Thr Leu 10 Gly Gin Leu Pro Gly Leu Leu Ser Ile Ser Gin Tyr TPyr Thr Gin Ile Ser Leu 25 Leu Tyr Pro Val Ser Asp Ser Leu Lys Arg Pro Thr Ile Val Thr Phe Glu Gin Phe Ser Glu Aia Val Pro Trp 55 Val Ala Gly Gin Val1Lys Ala Giu Gly Ser Glu Gly Asn Thr Gly Thr Ser Phe Val Pro Phe Glu Val Pro Arg Vai Val Lys Asp Leu Arg Asp Asp Pro Ser Ala Pro Thr Ile Giu Giu Asn Ile 115 Gly 100 Met Arg Lys Ala Gly 105 Tyr Pro Met Ala Met Phe Asp 110 Pro Gly Thr Ile Ala Pro Arg Thr Leu Pro Ile Gly 125 Gly Pro 130 Asp Asp Pro Lys Val Ile Leu Leu Gin 140 Leu Asn Phe Ile Lys 145 Gly Gly Leu Ile Leu 150 Thr Val Asn Gly His Gly Ala Met Asp 160 Met Val Gly Gin Asp 165 Ala Val Ile Arg Leu 170 Leu Ser Lys Aia Cys Arg 175 Asn Asp Pro Lys Thr Ile 195 Phe 180 Thr Glu Glu Glu Met 185 Thr Aia Met Asn Leu Asp Arg 190 Pro Glu Val Val Pro Tyr Leu Giu 200 Asn Tyr Thr Ile Gly 205 Asp His Gin Ile Val Lys Ala Asp Val Ala Gly Gly Asp Ala Val Leu 210 215 220 Thr Pro Val Ser Ala Ser Trp Ala Phe Phe Thr Phe Ser Pro Lys Ala 225 230 235 240 Met Ser Glu Leu Lys Asp Ala Ala Thr Lys Thr Leu Asp Ala Ser Thr 245 250 255 Lys Phe Val Ser Thr Asp Asp Ala Leu Ser Ala Phe Ile Trp Lys Ser 260 265 270 Ala Ser Arg Val Arg Leu Glu Arg Ile Asp Gly Ser Ala Pro Thr Glu 275 280 285 Phe Cys Arg Ala Val Asp Ala Arg Pro Ala Met Gly Val Ser Asn Asn 290 295 300 Tyr Pro Gly Leu Leu Gln Asn Met Thr Tyr His Asn Ser Thr Ile Gly 305 310 315 320 Glu Ile Ala Asn Glu Ser Leu Gly Ala Thr Ala Ser Arg Leu Arg Ser 325 330 335 Glu Leu Asp Pro Ala Ser Met Arg Gln Arg Thr Arg Gly Leu Ala Thr 340 345 350 Tyr Leu His Asn Asn Pro Asp Lys Ser Asn Val Ser Leu Thr Ala Asp 355 360 365 Ala Asp Pro Ser Thr Ser Val Met Leu Ser Ser Trp Ala Lys Val Gly 370 375 380 Leu Trp Asp Tyr Asp Phe Gly Leu Gly Leu Gly Lys Pro Glu Thr Val 385 390 395 400 Arg Arg Pro Ile Phe Glu Pro Val Glu Ser Leu Met Tyr Phe Met Pro 405 410 415 Lys Lys Pro-Asp Gly Glu Phe Cys Ala Ala Leu Ser Leu Arg Asp Glu 420 425 430 Asp Met Asp Arg Leu Lys Ala Asp Lys Glu Trp Thr Lys Tyr Ala Gln 435 440 445 Tyr Val Gly 450 <210> 7 <211> 1425 <212> DNA <213> Saccharomyces cerevisiae <400> 7 atgtttagag tcaagatcat ctctcagaaa cgtacaaaaa gt'gtacagat gctagaaaac gatcaacttg atattttggg acaacaacct tcgctataca aactatacac tcaaatatgc 120 tctatctacc gtgtaccaga tccttctgct catgaccata tcgtaaatac cttaacaaga 180 ggacttgaaa cattggctaa aaatttccag tggctagcag gaaatgtcgt aaatgaaggt 240 gctgacgaag gtaacactgg tacctacaga attgtcccgt cagacaaaat tccacttatc 300 gtccaagatc ttcgagaaga tctgtctgcc ccaacaatgg attcgcttga aaaagctgac 360 tttcctatct acatgttaga cgaaaagact tttgcgcctt gcatgactat caatccacct 420 ggaaacacta atctccggcg caggaaagta gaactgctca gaacccgaca gaaaaggaac tcattgcaga tccactgatg cgacttaaac ggactccccg aaaagc ttgg cctaaagtct ccggacaaga agttcgtggg aagagtgtac tcc tccagag aatgcggata taggtatggc gcctcgtctt tcatcaactt ttggaaatat ccacgctagt agtcttgttc atctgaggat atatcgtcac cagaaacgaa aaacgtatcc atcataaaag tcgatttggc ctaaggtttc caaaagtcag gacggccgcg gtgaaatggt aagaatggac cgccaaqagt aactattgtc gctcaataaa aga taaaagc tcatgaaata ttcgaactct tttggcaatg tgctttcatc atcaaattta agggttatta tttgggcgtt ctataataca tatacctcaa cctgtatgac cttcatttcc ggttgctctt aaattatgct gggcctgtat gggcagcaca tcttgccacc aaatctattc gtggaaacct acttgggctt cagacatgta tggaaatcag gggcgtgctg gtcaacatga cttgcatcac tgcgcacttg ccaattgata gttgatttca ct tgagagcc tgcc ttagag acacatatag ttgcagttca atattatgga aaaaaccttt ctttgtttga ctagaaatac atgttgaatt cttctggcac tttctcgagc tggatgttag cctttaatac agattcgcag ctacgctcct ctttatctgg atctagggct taatatattt ataaagattg gatga agcaaac tt t tataacagga ctctgatgaa tgaaacttgg aagtggagag ttctgctatc aaaatttgtc ccgtttatct aaaacggcta aggttccctg gaagc tagac tagccgatgc aattatggtc tgggaagccc tatgcctaga ggagtgcctg 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1020 1080 1140 1200 1260 1320 1380 1425 <210> 8 <211> 474 <212> PRT <213> Saccharornyces <400> 8 Met Phe Arg Val Lys 1 5 cerevisiae Ile Ile Ser Gin Lys 10 Arg Thr Lys Ser Val Gin Met Leu Glu Tyr Lys Leu Asn Asp Gin Leu Asp Ile 25 Leu Gly Gin Gin Pro Ser Leu Pro Asp Pro Tyr Thr Gin Ile Ser Ile Tyr Arg Val1 Ser Ala His Asp His Ile Vali Asn Thr Leu Thr Gly Leu Glu Thr Ala Lys Asn Phe Gin Trp Leu Ala Giy Asn Val Val Asn Giu Ala Asp Giu Gly Asn Thr Giy Thr Tyr Arg 90 Ile Val Pro Ser Asp Lys Ile Pro Leu Met Asp Ser 115 Ile 100 Vai Gin Asp Leu Giu Asp Leu Ser Ala Pro Thr 110 Leu Asp Giu Leu Glu Lys Ala Asp 120 Phe Pro Ile Tyr Lys Thr 130 Phe Ala Pro Cys Met 135 Thr Ile Asn Pro Pro Gly Asn Thr 140 Val Gin Ala Asn Ile Phe 160 Gly 145 Met Ala Ala Lys Ser 150 Gly Pro Val Phe Ala 155 Ile Ser Gly Gly Leu 165 Val Leu Thr Ile Val1 170 Gly Gin His Asn Ile Met 175 Asp Ile Thr Gly 180 Gin Giu Ser Ile Ile 185 Asn Leu Leu Asn Lys Ser Cys 190 His Gin Lys Pro Phe Ser Asp Glu Giu Leu Leu Ile Gly Asn Ile Asp 200 205 Lys Ser Lys Ser Ilie Pro Leu Phe Asp Glu Thr Thr 225 Glu Phe Cys Phe Giu 305 Gly Thr Ser Asn Lys 385 Ser Leu Se r Al a Glu 465 210 Leu Lys Ser Thr Ile 290 Thr Leu Gly Gin Thr 370 Val1 Ser Giy Leu Leu 450 Trp Vali Giu. Aia Ser 275 Trp Lys Pro Ser Ile 355 Cys Ser Trp Lys Ile 435 Cys Thr Glu Ser 245 Ser Thr Ser Asn Thr 325 Lys Arg Leu Pro Lys 405 Lys Phe Arg Tyr Ile 230 Cys Leu. Lys Vali Leu 310 Tyr Ser Lys Aia Gin 390 Val1 Ser Met Asp Ala 470 215 Val1 Ser Gin Phe Ser 295 Gly Pro Leu Leu Thr 375 Pro Ser Val1 Pro Lys 455 Thr Thr Asn Leu. 265 Ser Ala Ala Leu His 345 Pro Leu Asp Tyr Arg 425 Ser Trp Ile Ser Ser 250 Arg Thr Arg Val1 Leu 330 Lys Lys Ser Thr Asp 410 Pro Ser Glu Giy Arg 235 Thr Ile Asp Leu Asp 315 Val1 Ser Val1 Arg Leu 395 Val1 Arg Arg Cys Trp 220 Asn Trp Leu Asp Ser 300 Val1 Asn Leu Phe Cys 380 Ser Asp Phe Gly Leu 460 Giu Thr Ala Ala Ile 285 Arg Arg Met Gly Asp 365 Pro Gly Phe Ile Giu 445 Asn Pro Ser Tyr Met 270 Val1 Leu Lys Thr Val1 350 Leu. Asp Ile Asn Ser 430 Met Ala Asp Gly Val1 255 Gin Thr Lys Arg Phe 335 Leu Ala Lys Met Leu 415 Leu. Val1 Asp Thr Giu. 240 Glu Thr Ala Pro Leu 320 Asn Ala Tyr Thr Val1 400 Gly Giu. Val1 Lys <210> 9 <211> 6111 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220> <223> Description of Artificial Sequence: Plasmid pCIB9818, a 6111 base -7- pair circular plasmid comprising the phosphate mannose isomorase selectable marker (base pair 2090 to 3193) <400> 9 aagcttgcat attgcatgtc gcagtttatc gtactacaat aaggacaatt gttctccttt ca tcca tt ta ttattictatt ataatttaga agaaattaaa aaacgccgtc aagcgaagca ctccaccgtt gtgagccggc tcctttccca tccacaccct cccccaaatc cccctctcta ttctgttcat cacgga tgcg ggggaatcct gtttcgttgc gtttgtcggg gggcggtcgt tttggatctg aaatatcgat atgctttttg tagatcggag tgtgtgtgtc ataggtatac ctattcatat ttattttgat tagccctgcc ctgttgtttg gcaaaactat gtccagccag gcagaa tgcc tc tgc tcgga a tgcgcagca ttttigccaaa tcctaaccac tcgtgaattt tgctcacttt gaatatgcag ccagcagggt cggtctgttc cctgttcgct ctccgataac tgccaatgtg agg tgcagaa tagtgataaa cgatgcaacg tat tgccgcc caacaagc tg atctgttctg attcatacag agtatgtatt gcctgcagtg taagttataa tatctttata aatatcagtg gagtattttg ttttttgcaa gggtttaggg ttagcctcta tataaaatag aaaac taagg gacgagtcta gacggcacgg ggacttgctc acggcaggcg ccgctccttc ct ttccccaa cacccgtcgg ccttctctag gtttgtgtta acctgtacgt gggatggctc atagggtttg tcatcttttc tctagatcgg tatgtgtgtg ctaggatagg ttcgcttggt tagaatactg atacatcttc atgttgatgt gctctaacct cttgatatac ttcatacgct gtgttacttc gcc tggggca ccgatggccg gccggaga ta gaggccgttg cagccactct gaaaatgccg aagccggagc tccgagattg ttacaacagc ggtgaagaaa gaaccgtggc tccccgctat gaaacaccgc gtgctgcgtg aaa ttcgaag ctggacttcc gaaaccacca ttgtggaaag aacgaatcac taagagctta cacaaagtgg tgaagtgaag tgtatttgta cagcgtgacc aaaattacca catatattta ttttagagaa acaacaggac atagcttcac ttaatggttt aattaagaaa aatiaaaataa aaacattttt acggacacca catctctgtc cgctgtcggc gcctcctcct gctttccctt cctcgtgttg cacctccgct atcggcgttc gatccgtgtt cagacacgt t tagccgttcc gtttgccctt atgctttttt agtagaattc ccatacatat tatacatgtt tgtgatgatg t ttcaaacta atagttacga gggttttact tgagtaccta ttggatgatg atttatttgc tgcagggatc gcaaaacggc agctgtggat tcgtttcact ccaaacgctt ccattcaggt caggtatccc tggtttttgc tctccc tact ctgatgccga aatcccgcgc aaacga ttcg tgctgaatgt acgcttacct cgggtctgac ccaaaccggc cgattccagt t tagccagca gttctcagca cggtgactgt ctgaaaaaat agtagtcagt tgaagtgcag aaatacttct cggtcgtgcc catatttttt aactttactc tcatataaat tctacagttt ctatataata ttatagacta actaaaactc agtgac taaa cttgtittcga accagcgaac gctgcctctg atccagaaat cctctcacgg cctcgcccgc ttcggagcgc tcaagg tacg cggtccatgg tgtgttagat ctgattgcta gcagacggga ttcctttatt ttgtcttggt tgtttcaaac tcatagttac gatgcgggtt tggtgtggtt cctggtgtat gtttaagatg gatgcatata tctattataa gcatatgcag ttggtactgt cccgatcatg gttgactgaa gggcgcacat gcgtgatgtg tggcgaactg tcatccaaac gatggatgcc gctgacgcct ccagccggtc acgtttaagc gctggcgatt tttaatttct ggtgaaattg gcaaggcgtg gcctaaatac taaccagttg ggatgatttt gag tgccgcc gttacagctt caaaggccac taacatctct catcgatcag tgcagtgagt a tcaataaaa cctc tctaga ttgtcacact tacgaataat gaacagttag tatcttttta cttcatccat atttttttag tattttagtt aattaaacaa gtagataatg cagcagcgtc gacccctctc tgcgtggcgg caccggcagc cgtaataaat acacacacac ccgctcgtcc t tagggcccg ccgtgctgct acttgccagt tcgatttcat tcaatatatg tgtgatgatg tacctggtgg gaattgaaga ttactgatgc gggcggtcgt ttattaattt gatggaaata catgatggca taaacaagta cagctatatg ttcttttgtc caaaaac tca ctttatggta ccgaaaagca attgagagtg cctttcctgt aaacacaatt gccgagcgta ttccttgcga gcaggtgcac gaactgttcg ttaaaatcgg gaattttacc aaccctggcg gcgctggaag attgatattc ttgacccagc gccttctcgc attttgttct aaaccgggtg ggccgtttag tgctaagctg gaaccagaca tgctggtttt ttitctaattc gataatgagc tgtttgaagt ataatctata acatggtcta gtgtgcatgt tttattagta tacatctatt tttttattta atacccttta ccagcctgtt gcgtcgggcc gagagttccg agcggcagac tacgggggat agacaccccc aaccagatct tccccccccc gtagttctac agcgttcgta gtttctcttt gatttttttt ccgtgcactt tggtctggtt atttattaat tgatggatgg atatacagag tcattcgttc tggaac tgta tcgatc tagg tatgcagcat tgttttataa tggatttttt gatgctcacc ttaactcagt tggaaaatcc gttcacgagt a taaatcgac tcaaagtatt ctgaaatcgg actataaaga tgaacgcgt t a tccggcga t ccagcctgtt ccctcgatag cggaagacag aagcgatgtt tgatggcaaa cggaactggt cggtgaaaca tgcatgacct gcgtcgaagg aatcagcgtt cgcgtgttta ggagctctag ccagactttt tgtacaactt c taaaaccaa 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1020 1080 1140 1200 1260 1320 1380 1440 1500 1560 1620 1680 1740 1800 1860 1920 1980 2040 2100 2160 2220 2280 2340 2400 2460 2520 2580 2640 2700 2760 2820 2880 2940 3000 3060 3120 3180 3240 3300 3360 3420 -8- aa tccagtgg tggcgttacc cgaagaggcc cctgatgcgg tctcagtaca cgctgacgcg cgtctccggg aaagggcctc gacgtcaggt aatacattca cgccgcggcc cgcccttatt ggtgaaagta tctcaacagc cacttttaaa actcggtcgc aaagcatctt tgataacact ttttttgcac tgaagccata gcgcaaacta gatggaggcg tat tgctgat gccagatggt ggatgaacga gtcagaccaa aaggatctag ttcgttccac ttttctgcgc tttgccggat gataccaaat agcaccgcct taagtcgtgt gggctgaacg gagataccta caggtatccg aaacgcc tgg tttgtgatgc acggt tcc tg ttctgtggat gaccgagcgc cgcccaatac gacaggtttc actcattagg gtgagcggat gtaccgaatt caacttaatc cgcaccga tc tat tttctcc atctgctctg ccctgacggg agc tgca tgt gtgatacgcc ggcacttttc aatatgtatc gcttaagaat cccttttttg aaagatgctg ggtaagatcc gttctgctat cgcatacact acgga tggca gcggccaac t aacatggggg ccaaacgacg ttaactggcg gataaagttg aaatctggag aagccc tccc aatagacaga gtttactcat gtgaagatcc tgagcgtcag gtaatctgct caagagctac actgtccttc acatacctcg cttaccgggt gggggttcgt cagcgtgagc gtaagcggca tatctttata tcgtcagggg gccttttgct aaccgtatta agcgagtcag gcaaaccgcc ccgactggaa caccccaggc aacaatttca cactggccgt gcc ttgcagc gcccttccca ttacgcatct atgccgcata cttgtctgct gtcagaggt t tatttttata ggggaaatgt cgctcatgag attgaaaaag cggcattttg aagatcagtt t tgagag t tt gtggcgcggt attctcagaa tgacagtaag tact tctgac atcatgtaac agcgtgacac aac tact tac caggaccac t ccggtgagcg gtatcgtagt tcgctgagat atatacttta tttttgataa accccgtaga gcttgcaaac caactctttt tagtgtagcc ctctgctaat tggactcaag gcacacagcc tatgagaaag gggtcggaac gtcctgtcgg ggcggagcc t ggccttttgc ccgcctttga tgagcgagga tctccccgcg agcgggcagt tttacacttt cacaggaaac cgttttacaa acatccccct acagt tgcgc gtgcggtatt gttaagccag cccggcatcc ttcaccgtca ggttaatgtc gcgcggaacc acaataaccc gaagagtatg ccttcctgtt gggtgcacga tcgccccgaa attatcccgt tgacttggtt agaattatgc aacgatcgga tcgccttgat cacgatgcct tctagcttcc tctgcgctcg tgggtctcgc tatctacacg aggtgcctca gattgattta tctcatgacc aaagatcaaa aaaaaaacca tccgaaggta gtagttaggc cctgttacca acgatagtta cagcttggag cgccacgctt aggagagcgc gtttcgccac atggaaaaac tcacatgttc gtgagctgat agcggaagag cgttggccga gagcgcaacg atgcttccgg agctatgacc cgtcgtgact ttcgccagct agcctgaatg tcacaccgca ccccgacacc gcttacagac tcaccgaaac atgataataa cctatttgtt tgataaatgc agtattcaac tttgctcacc gtgggttaca gaacgttttc attgacgccg gagtactcac agtgc tgcca ggaccgaagg cgttgggaac gtagcaatgg cggcaacaa t gcccttccgg ggtatcattg acggggagtc ctgattaagc aaacttcatt aaaatccctt ggatcttctt ccgc taccag actggcttca caccacttca gtggctgctg ccggataagg cgaacgacct cccgaaggga acgagggagc ctctgacttg gccagcaacg tttcctgcgt accgctcgcc cttaagcggc ttcattaatg caattaatgt ctcgtatgtt atgattacgc gggaaahccc ggcgtaatag gcgaatggcg tatggtgcac cgccaacacc aagctgtgac gcgcgagacg tggtttctta tatttttcta ttcaatggcg atttccgtgt cagaaacgct tcgaactgga caatgatgag ggcaagagca cagtcacaga taaccatgag agctaaccgc cggagctgaa caacaacgt t taatagactg ctggctggtt cagcac tggg aggcaactat attggtaact tttaatttaa aacgtgagtt gagatccttt cggtggtttg gcagagcgca agaactctgt ccagtggcga cgcagcggtc acaccgaact gaaaggcgga t tccaggggg agcgtcgatt cggccttttt tatcccctga gcagccgaac cgcggcgcgc cagc tggcac gagttagctc gtgtggaatt c 3480 3540 3600 3660 3720 3780 3840 3900 3960 4020 4080 4140 4200 4260 4320 4380 4440 4500 4560 4620 4680 4740 4800 4860 4920 4980 5040 5100 5160 5220 5280 5340 5400 5460 5520 5580 5640 5700 5760 5820 5880 5940 6000 6060 6111 <210> <211> 13737 <212> DNA <213> Artificial Sequence <220> <223> Description of Artificial Sequence: Plasmid pAgroTRlr, a 13,737 base pair circular binary vector comprising a selectable marker and the polynucleotide region of SEQ ID NO: 1 <400> gatccagaat tcgtgatcaa atggccgcaa caagcagcac aagcagccag tcttttgaca tagagctcga catcatcggc cagcaaccgc ctcttctttc aatctacacc cagatcagtc 120 tcgtttaccc cgtctctgat ccctcccagt atcccaccat cgtcagcacc cttgaggaag 180 gcctaaaacg cctctctcaa accttcccat gggtcgcggg ccaggtcaag accgagggca 240 -9- tcagcgaagg tggtgaaaga gtttcccctt gacctggcaa agggcggact atgcaat tat tctcggccat gtcctgagct cggccaaggc acgcagccac cggcgtttat ctactgaatt caggccttct cacttggcgc gaacacaagc ccgccgatgc gggagtatga aaccttttga ccatttctct acgcaaagta gaatttcccc cggtcttgcg catgtaatgc catttaa tac ggtgtcatct tgcggccaat gcgtcatcgg gtttcccgcc agagaaaaga gttcgtccat gagacgagca caggcaaatt ttcgagtgaa acagcgtcga ggcctccgga ttggtggaca atacagtgat cacgcaaac t acaagcgggc cggtgccgag ggcaggcgc t caccgcagat ccggggacgc aggagcaggc tc tcgccgc t tcgagcaggg acgttgaagg tcactacagc gtagcagccc ctcggcctct ctcggtcgtt cacagaatca gaaccgtaaa tcacaaaaat ggcgtttccc atacctgtcc tcggggtcat tttgccaaag taggtgaagt tggcggtgct atgagggcaa aaacacagga cctccgtgat agagatgttt tggccccaac cattctcacc tcgtcttctc gaacctcgat agaccaccag aagc tgggcg aaagactctt ctggcaatca ctgccgcgct tcaaaacatg aacagcatca tttggcgacg gaatccgtca ctttgggttt gagtttgatg gaggga tgag tat tgggtag gatcgttcaa atgattatca atgacgt tat gcga tagaaa atgttactag tcctgcagcg cgggggtcat ttcagtttaa gcgtttatta ttgtatgtgc agattggccg gcaccaacgc ccagatcgcg gcgcgacagt ccagcctccg tat tatgttt ccgtgccgcc ggcggaacgg gctgctcgac agccgacgac gctcgcctac ggaaacggcc cgtcaatgcg cggcgacagc gttgcgggcc actcgcggtg accgagaaag agagccatgt gctacgggct ctggcggcct cggc tgcggc gggga taacg aaggccgcgt cgacgctcaa cctggaagct gcctttctcc tatagcgatt ggttcgtgta aggcccaccc caacgggaat gcgga tggc t acttccaaga gattcctcag gacgagaacg gacccgaagc gtcaacggac tccaaggcgt cgcaagacgg atcgccaaac ttcttttcat gacgcgtcgt acctcgcgcg gtcgaca tgc acctaccatg cgcctgcgct tacatgcatg agcagcatca ggactgggta tactttatgc gatatggaga atagtt tact acatttggca tctaatttct ttatgagatg acaaaatata atccgggaat ttgcggttct aacgtgactc actatcagtg gaataatcgg atgccaacca ccgcccgaaa atacagcgcc caggaggccc gctcagaatt ctggtccgat atcagtgata ctggacctgt ttgggggttc gcac tggccg gactggcgct cgcgatggcg gacgcgcagc ctgatgacaa gatgccggcg gcgatagacg attgtcgatg ggtgacgatt agacaacatc ttttcatgcc tctggcgctc gagcggtatc caggaaagaa tgctggcgtt gtcagaggtg ccctcgtgcg cttcgggaag ttttcggtat gactttcctt gcgagcgggt cctgctctgc gatgaaacca tcattccata cgccaacgat tcgtcgctcc ctgtgttgct aacatggtgc gccgcaacga tagtccctct ctgcgcctgc tcactcccaa ccaagtttgt tacgtctcgc ggggcccaat actcgaccgt cggaactcaa gcctgcctga tgctgagttc agcctgagag ccaagaagcc gactaaaggc agactactgc ataaagtttc gttgaattac ggtttttatg gcgcgcaaac tcggcgcgcc gtcagttcca ccttaattct tttgacagga atatttaaaa cagggttccc cgatccgaca agcagaatgc ggcagcaccg acgatcaggg tgaacgcgcg aagtgtcaag tgaacgaggt agcagccggc aagccatgct catttctgat cgcgcatcca ttcgcttcct tcagctactt agcgcggcgg ccttcgacga gattggcgaa gatcaggacc ccc tccccct c tg ccc ta gc ttccgcttcc agctcactca catgtgagca tttccatagg gcgaaacccg ctctcctgtt cgtggcgctt a tcca tcct t ggtgtatcca gttccttctt gaggctggcc agccaaccag tgaggagaca cgaggggttg gaggaagaca attgcagctc tatggacatg atcattcacc ccttgaaaac tggcgacgc t ggccctctcg gtcaactgat aagattggat gggcgtatca cgccgaaatc cagtgatcgt caagtcgagc ctgggccaag tgtgagaaga tgatggggag ggatgaggag agggatatcg ttaagattga gttaagcatg attagagtcc tagga taaa t caattgattt aacgtaaaac ccgctcatga tatattggcg gggcgtgaaa cagatctggc gcgcgcccag catagtgggc gcataatcag gtatgttggg gattctttat catgacaaag cggcgtagac gctttactgg ggcggagaat cgggaatgcc tgccggcacg c tgcgaggcg cactgttggg caccgttgaa agccggtccg aaggaggctc gc tgccggag ttccaccgcg gtccaagcct tcgctcactg aaggcggtaa aaaggccagc ctccgccccc acaggactat ccgaccc tgc ttccgctgca tttcgcacga acggcgtcag cactgtccct ggctaccgcc gaagggcagc ccccgtcttg 300 agaaaggcgg 360 ttagctatcg 420 aacttcatta 480 acaggacaag 540 gaggaggaaa 600 tacaaagttg 660 ccacccgcac 720 gagctgaaag 780 gatgctcttt 840 gcttccacac 900 agcacatacc 960 gccaacgaac 1020 ttgcgcagac 1080 gtctccctga 1140 gtgggatgct 1200 cctcgctttg 1260 tttacggcgt 1320 tggacaaagt 1380 tggatccccc 1440 atcctgttgc 1500 taataattaa 1560 cgcaattata 1620 tatcgcgcgc 1680 aaatggccgc 1740 ggcttgtccc 1800 tcagattgtc 1860 ggtaaaccta 1920 aggtttatcc 1980 gccggccagc 2040 cacaggtgcg 2100 ggtgacgtcg 2160 gccgatgccg 2220 tttcacgtct 2280 cactgataag 2340 ttgcagccga 2400 ggtctgacga 2460 cacttcagga 2520 catacgcatt 2580 cgcagcttca 2640 cgaccgggcg 2700 ggtttttcgg 2760 gccgtgcttg 2820 caggctccgc 2880 gacgcagcgt 2940 gttgtcagga 3000 cgcaacccac 3060 tcagacgccc 3120 cacggccgcg 3180 actcgctgcg 3240 tacggttatc 3300 aaaaggccag 3360 ctgacgagca 3420 aaagatacca 3480 cgcttaccgg 3540 taaccctgct 3600 tatacaggat 3660 ccgggcagga 3720 tattcgcacc 3780 ggcgtaacag 3840 ccacctatca 3900 aggtgtactg tgagcctgtc actatgagca tgctgaaact tcgccctgct tggtccgccc gtgattgcca aagtacatca tgccctcgcc gaagccgtgt tggccctcac cggcgttgac cgcaaatcgg tggggataag cgcgatcctt ttgaggggct gccaccgcta accagggctg gaaccctccc gcgaacggcc gcagtaacgg gtgctggcat ggcctgccct tttaccttgg ataaacccag attggacctt aggatgaaga agcgcgctta cttgaaaccc ccaacttatt accgattttg aggttatgcc aggcgggat t agcaggc tca accgtcttcc acatagcccc cgcgaggtta cgcccataat tctggtgcgt agtgagagca cagtagctga accaticatac gctccgtcga ggtatttaag cttcttgggg gagaatatca aggaatgtct aatgacggac gctatggctg ctggagcaat tgaacaaagc catcgacata ttacttactg atttaaagat tgtcttttcc tggctttatt cgtccggtcg actggggatc ttagtaccta gcatcaagtg ccttccagac ggcctacctg cgtccgcgag ctggctcacc ggcgaaga tc gagggcagag agcacgtccc ccgacgagca gctgggctgg gcgagacacc tgacagatga agatgagggg cgaaaacgcc tgccc tgcgg gacac t.tigag gtccacaggc acctgtcttt cgccctgtgc ggcccgctaa tcaccccaaa gatgggcgat cgacattcag tcacttcggc gcattcttgg cgaaccattt tacagaatta gga tgaggag atatagaaga tcaatatatc aggacaataa gatagtgttt agaacgacag gctcaattcg catacagcgg taagacgccc ggagactgtc actgttcgtc ccgactgcgg gcgggctgtt accgggttga gagatagcgc acaggaggga actaaatcag tactatgtta gttttagaat tatctttaaa ccggaattga cctgctaagg agccggtata gaaggaaagc ctgctcatga cctgaaaaga tcggattgtc aataacgatc ccgcgcgagc cacggcgacc gatcttggga a tcagggagg aagcctgatt gatgtggcgc ttttggctct gaacgaagag ctggccgtcg c tggcccgca gacgacccgc gaagagaagc ccatgacttt catgcgctcc aggcaagacc cggccgtcta gcggccggcc ggggcggacg caggctcgat tgattttacg tattgacact gggcagag tg agaaaatcca taacctgctt gcg tgaccgc cgcgggcc tc aatggcagcg cagcccgagc cgaccaggtg cgtcggggca catagtggtc gaggtgatag ctctatgaag gcagattgcc tatcgccgta tatagaatgg ccttatagct tatgttcaga cgacttccgt ctgcgtatat ccagcca tcc cagcgtcgcc atacgcgtaa catttccgcg cctgagtttt gcccggcatc gaagcggtgt tgatgtccgg cagctgatag taagttggca tacgccaact gcaaggaaca tactgtagaa aaaaactgat tatataagct aagggaccac tgcctgttcc gtgaggccga ttatcgagct cctatacgaa tggccgatgt tgtatgattt tgggagacag gaagcggcag atatcgggga gggagaaaat aacgatgccg caggccgagg cgattgagga gccagggcta tcaatggcga gcacggcgcg aggacgagct tttagccgct atcaagaaga gagcgccttt tggccctgca gccggcgttg ttgacacttg ttcggccggc cgagtittccc tgaggggcgc ctgacagatg gcatttgcaa ttaaaccaat gcacgccgaa ccatcccccc ctggcagtcc gcgacgcccg ccgggcagtg ttcacggact gcgggtgccg gtaagat tat cgccatattt ttgaatatat tgtaaggatt gcaaagcata tgtaaattct taatgcccga cccagccgtg cgcttgctga gtcatccata atagtgcgtt aacagccagc cagacgatga ttaagtgacg caacgccatt aagtgaactg cggtgctttt acacagaagc gcatcaccca ttgaaaacaa gtgaattgga aagaggaagg cgaaaaatac ggtgggagaa ctatgatgtg aaaggtcctg tggcgtcctt gtatgcggag tagcttagac ggattgcgaa tttaaagacg caacatcttt ggcggacaag agaacagtat aaaatattat gcgacaagca cccacggcaa aaaggcggcg caaaa tcacg cctgggccgc gttcggtgat tggcaaggtc aaaacggccg gcgacttcgc gcgacgc tca aacgcgccag tggatacctc aggggccgac gacgtggagc acagatgatg gactactgac aggggcgcac gggtttccgc atttataaac g9gggggtgcc aggggc tgcg ttgccattgc gaagcattga agggcggcgg tcatggcggg tgctcgtgtt accgaggtat aaaaagctac tgacaatact tcagggggca aaaacttgca a tca taa tt tgactttgtc ccaggtgctg ttacgtgcag tcaccacgtc caccgaa tac gctggcgcga cgtcactgcc taaaatcgtg catggccata cagttgccat gccgttacgc cac tggagca taattgtggt ctttgaaaaa gttcgtcttg aaataataaa cgctgcgtaa aatgaaaacc gaacgggaaa cactttgaac tgctcggaag tgcatcaggc agccgct tag aactgggaag gaaaagcccg gtgaaagatg tggtatgaca gtcgagctat attttactgg ggagcgcacc gtatttgggc gcggccggca 3960 ggcgtcgtgg 4020 ctgggcggcc 4080 gccacgatcc 4140 atgatgggcg 4200 gggggtgcgc 4260 ggagctggtg 4320 ccgggctggt 4380 aaacgccgtc 4440 gcggaaaact 4500 tcacccggcg 4560 tggccagcct 4620 tggacaagcc 4680 agatgagggg 4740 ctattgacat 4800 ccgtttttcg 4860 cttgttttta 4920 cccccttctc 4980 cccctcggcc 5040 cgggatcggg 5100 cgtgccgcag 5160 cctgggtggc 5220 gccggcaatt 5280 cgggggtgcg 5340 gaaaacgaga 5400 caagacgaag 5460 gataagataa 5520 aggcataggc 5580 tggactaatg 5640 ggtaatgact 5700 atgcagctcc 5760 cctcagattc 5820 ctttcccttc 5880 aaagggtgac 5940 gtgcgcaaca 6000 tttagccccg 6060 cggctgtatg 6120 ttgaggccaa 6180 tcaatgattt 6240 gttttacggc 6300 accaccccgt 6360 cctcaaaaac 6420 ttcaaaatcg 6480 gctgttttcc 6540 ttataattag 6600 tggctaaaat 6660 aagatacgga 6720 tatatttaaa 6780 aggacatgat 6840 ggcatgatgg 6900 agtatgaaga 6960 tctttcactc 7020 ccgaattgga 7080 aagacactcc 7140 aagaggaact 7200 gcaaagtaag 7260 ttgccttctg 7320 tttittgactt 7380 atgaattgtt 7440 gacttcttcc 7500 aaggggtcgc 7560 11 tggtattcgt acgggaccga caaatcagga gaatgaatcg ccgccgagga tccagtccgt aactggctcc aacaggaggc ccaagaagcg ccgcgttgct ttgcgccgtg tcaccacgcg tcaacaagga tggtgtggca tcacgttcta aggccgagga ttgggcacct aaacgtcccg actacacgaa tcgactatt~t tgtgcggatc aagagttgcg gcaaacgcta tggcatttca gacgcacggc taaggc tcag gtcggccctg gccca tggag cggcgagatc ggcgcatctg gctgctgcgg gggaa tc tgg cttgttgttt gcagccgctg ggcggtcctg cgcagcgcta cggaaccgtg gcaactggcg cccgatgcct tttaacctac actgggcttt tcggaac t tc cgtcaacgtt gattt cctat atgaataaga gcaacgctct aacccggcag gccttacaac gtgattttgt gtggtgtaaa actgcggtac ttcgagctcg acaaatacaa agaaccctaa gtagagagag tggcc taac t atgccatcca agcctcatgc aaaaccttgc cctttgatgc agccttccag gcagggcaag cttcattgcc ataagggcac gacgtttgac tgccgaaacc cggctcgatg ccctgccctg ggcaggtttg aaaaaccgcc gaaacacacg gccggacacg caacaagaaa cgtgaagatc gcaggtgttg cgagctttgc atgcctgtcg ggaatcggtg ttgccaggtc attcatatgg cagctcgcac ggattccacc aggcagcggc gggccttgtg ggaacaagcg gcgctctacg attcgacggc aagaaagc tc gcgttcgctg attigggctgt tccggcgttt gcgttgccgg tggatgcgca atttcggtct atggtcgtgt ggggctattt gatcctgtcg ctgacccgca gccggaggac acaggaacca ttcctttggt ctcagcccca gggtccccga cacttctaaa tatgtcggca aggctgataa gtcatcgtta cttagttgcc ggctctcccg gccgagctgc caaattgacg ggccatgctg gtacccctgg atacatacta ttcccttatc actggtgatt ggcc ttggag ccatgct~tgt aacctaacag gcc tcca tag ctatgtgaca ggcccagcgt attcggaata gataaggtgg attgccccgg cggaaggca t a tcgcaagcc gtccagcaag cccgcgccat gcgaagtcga ggcgaggacc aagcagcaga atgcgagcga atcccgcgcg acc tacaccg gagtacgcga caggacctgg cgcctacagg tcgctgctgc ctgatcgacg gagaagtacc cgggagccgt cgcg tgaaga ctggtggaac gggtcagttc ggcactgctc aac tgccga t ttggagcggc cagagatgtt aacggttgcg cggtcttcaa tcgtggagcc cgggtttatt tcttcatcct accgcctgcc tcatctctgc gcggaac tgc gcgtcgcagc agtggcaacc ttctgctcgt atgttctcgg tccgggggat gatctggggt cctgtaccat gaaa tagcgc tagttctcaa ttcggatctc caatcaacat gttcttccga ctgacgccgt cggtcgggga cttagacaac gccgcccggg atitttggttt agggtttctt tgggaactac ticagcgggca gagctggcaa atccagctgc atggatcgtt act taagcaa cgtaaacagt aagcaatacc ccaagtacga attatctgga cgtgagtcgg acaggcaaga gcaccgtcat c tacggccaa cggccgccgt tgacca tcga tggcaaaaca tcaaggaaat tgccaaacga aggcgctgca gcgtcgagc t agcgcacccc gctggtcgat cgacggcga t accgcttccg aggaaatcgt gcaagctgtc acccgctcaa agtggcgcga acgcctgggt cggc tggggg gacgcac ttg aaacagagga cgacgtgcag cgggtccgtt agatgccgtg acaggaggac cgaacagcga gctcgtgatg cggcgcactt gggcggggtc cgctctgcta gggcgtggcg gggcctggcg tcccgtgcct tccagtagct cctggcgtgg ctcgcgactc cgatcagccg tcggtgagca cactcagctt ga tcgacagc tgcgagggag gctaccctcc atagcatcgg cccggactga gctgttggct ttaataacac caccggtaaa taggaattag atatgctcaa ticacacatta tgcctgcagg ctcaaaatcc gcgcaatgta tggaaggcct atgtgtgtac actctcaact agccacaaca gaaggacggc caccaaggca ggcaatcccg actga tcgac gcgtgcgccc gatcgagcgc ggagcgttcg cacgcgagga ggtcagcgag gcagctttcc cacggcccgc aaacaaggtc gcgggccgac ta tcggcgag caatggccgg gggcttcacg cgtcctggac cgtgctgttt gccgacggcc gctggaaacc gcaggtcggc caa tgatgac ttcagcagcc cttcgctcag ttaaaattga gaL ttccgcg tacgagcacg gca ttcggcg ggccccaagg ggccgagggg atcgtccgac aatatttcgc gcggcgacgg ggtagcccga ctgttggtgt ggggcggttt ctgctcacct ttagtgtttg ctcggcctga gaacctacag gggatgcatc atggataggg cctcagcggc ctigtcacggt atgatatttg gcgagatcat taacatgagc tgggctgcct ggctggtggc attgcggacg tttcctgcag attattgata cacatgagcg titatagagag tcgactcaga ctttgccaaa cCccgggctg ataacagcaa aatgtggatc gtccaatcgt cagacggtct 7620 ccaggcgggc 7680 caaggagggt 7740 gcggggtttt' 7800 cgcgaaaccc 7860 gacagcgtgc 7920 cgtcgtctcg 7980 actatgacga 8040 gccaagcagg 8100 ttg'ctcgata 8160 tctgccctgc 8220 attttccacg 8280 gatgacgaac 8340 ccgatcacct 8400 tatt'acacga 8460 tccgaccgcg 8520 cgtggcaaga 8580 gctggcgacc 8640 cgacggatgt 8700 ttccgcccca 8760 gaagcctgcg 8820 ctggtgcatt 8880 agcgct'ctac 8940 tatcgctcgg 9000 caattgtgat 9060 agatccgatc 9120 aggagaaaaa 9180 cctacatcga 9240 acgctcacaa 9300 tcgccggtac 9360 agattccaac 9420 tattctggag 9480 taggcgctgt 9540 tacgatt'gat 9600 tgacaccaaa 9660 ccatggcgtt 9720 ttaccgcctg 9780 atccgccaat 9840 tcggagcggg 9900 ttgtttcctt 9960 aggccgacag 10020 gagttga'cat 10080 tttatccagc 10140 taagcgagaa 10200 atcacaggca 10260 ccgtgtttca 10320 aaagtctgcc 10380 gtatcgagtg 10440 aggatatatt 10500 tttttaatgt 10560 ggctagcgaa 10620 gaagtatttt 10680 aaaccctata 10740 agatagattt 10800 tctgggtaac 10860 aaccaacatc 10920 tgtatcccaa 10980 ccacagactt 11040 ctaggcccaa 11100 aagcgttcct 11160 ccctcaacct cagcaaccaa 11220 -12- ccaagggtat ctctgtccta ggccatatca gactctagag aggaagggtc cacatcaatc tcgtgggtgg ttcctttatc taaagtgaca gaaaagtctc caagcgtgtc gactctgtat ctttgactcc tcgaggtacc tggtggtaat tgtcgggcaa tagcagaaga tacttcttca gcgggtttat caggcctgaa aaaaaaaagg taattgtaga ttggatcaaa cctttttccc aatactcaaa tttcttttct aagaagataa gtattctcta tcttaatgga agaaagaaat gcaga tgtaa cttttaaaaa gtgataataa tcattaatag ggaaga taa t agcgatctct gtttttgatt aattgctttt ctaagatatc gattttcaag ggtttcttat gatttggtat <210> 11 <211> 1294S <212> DNA ctatcttgca aagttcactg gctgctgtag gatccccggg t tgcgaagga cacttgcttt gggtccatct gcaatgatgg gatagctggg aattgccctt gtgctccacc gaactgttcg atgggaattg ggatttggag gtaacagagt caaaaatcct gtgaggagaa atcctcatat tccggttcaa ataaattcaa gaattaacaa c taaaaaaac aaaaaaaaca aacaattagg tttggtagat ttattagagt actatcataa tatatattat aagaatcttt tatttgagga tggatgacct cgcacggtgg tcctcaactg aaaagacggt aattcatcct gcaaatctct cgtatctgat gacaatattg gattcgtagt gacgatctat gtttagatcc atgttcgctg acctctctag atcatcaatc cactcttgtg gtgtttgtgg 11280 tagacgtctc ctggcctaat taccctgtcc tagtgggatt gaagacgtgg t tgggaccac cat ttgtagg caatggaatc tggtcttctg atgttgacga ccagtcttta agatctctcg ccaagtctca agtaagaaca gaacatctta atttaagctc attcttcttc ggcccaactg caacaacaaa atagatttta tacagatctt tttagagttt aagtttcctt agattagaat tcaacatgaa gattgcttat tttgaacttt aaagtatata aatccaacca aaaatatgac atatcttcct tttgggcttt ttcgtctttt cgcgactctc ctccaatttt ttcgtttcgt gtttacatct tcaatttttg gtttctcttt attggtttct aatgtaatgg ctcaactggt tctccaaatg gtgcgtcatc ttggaacgtc tgtcggcaga agccaccttc cgaggaggtt agactgtatc agatattctt cggcgagttc aggtttaaac taaacgccat gagaagagag ttttagcaaa ttggacttgt tatgttacct gttttgagtt tttttttttt aaaagataaa tca tgaaaaa ctaattatta tggaa ttaaa attttaatta cttttatgcc attaaaagaa tcttaatggg ttccttattg caaaaagaaa ccaccatagg acgtatcata ttttttgttt tggtttgcga tctgactctt tctttcaagg tgttatgtgg caatccagct gtgtaatttc tgttttcttt ggtgttgttt acttgttcta ttaacgatat ctcctctccg aaatgaactt ccttacgtca ttctttttcc ggcatcttca cttttccact tccggatatt tttgatattt cttgtcattg tgttggtcct gggccacgcc tgtggaagaa agagtgtgag gagaaagagt gaattgttcc gaaaaccggc attatctggg taagaagttg gaaaataata aagagaaaag acttttctta ccaaaaagat gtcaatggta aagttttgat aaatctcata t tgggt taac attaaattct aatagaaaaa atgtttctac tgattccttc tggctaaaga tataaagaag caatctctcc tatattttct attattgaat tctaaatttt ttgcttgatt gttcgattct tgatttctct ttgttttatt cacaaaccgc 11340 gagacatgtc 11400 ccttatatag 11460 gtggagatat 11520 acgatgctcc 11580 acgatggcct 11640 atcttcacaa 11700 accctttgtt 11760 ttggagtaga 11820 agtcgtaaga 11880 ctatttgaat 11940 tgcggccgcc 12000 agtcttgagt 12060 atacatgaat 12120 tccgagtctg 12180 gcctcttgaa 12240 atttaatctc 12300 cttaataacg 12360 ctgttaaaaa 12420 acaattactt 12480 aaataaaaac 12540 aaaattaggt 12600 tgttctaaaa 12660 gatacttttt 12720 aaattaaatc 12780 tatagtatta 12840 caagacatag 12900 tctatagaaa 12960 tgtcagtgaa 13020 ttgagtcggt 13080 ctttagtttc 13140 tattttattc 13200 accttcgtgt 13260 caaagcctaa 13320 gattcttttt 13380 cttttgtata 13440 gtcctgatta 13500 gtgaaattag 13560 ctctgtttta 13620 tacggctttt 13680 tcaggtg 13737 <213> Artificial Sequence <220> <223> Description of Artificial Sequence: Plasmid pNOV17O4, a 12949 base pair circular binary vector comprising the phosphate mannose isomorase selectable marker sequence (base 2089 to 3192), and the trichothecene acetyl transferase sequence of SEQ ID NO.1 (base 11234 to 12662) <400> 11 agcttgcatg ttgcatgtct cagtttatct tactacaata aggacaattg ttctcctttt cctgcagtgc aagttataaa atctttatac atatcagtgt agtattttga tttt tgcaaa agcgtgaccc aaat taccac atatatttaa tttagagaat caacaggac t tagcttcacc ggtcgtgccc atattttttt actttactct catataaatg ctacagtttt tatataatac ctctctagag tgtcacactt acgaataata aacagttaga atctttttag ttcatccatt ataatgagca gtttgaagtg taatctatag catggtctaa tgtgcatgtg ttattagtac -13- atccatt tag tattctattt taatttagat gaaattaaaa aacgccgtcg agcgaagcag tccaccgttg tgagccgqca cctttcccac ccacaccc tc ccccaaatcc ccctctctac tctgttcatg acgga tgcga gggaatcctg tttcgttgca tttgtcgggt ggcggtcgtt ttggatctgt aatatcgatc tgctttttgt agatcggagt gtgtgtgtca taggtataca tattcatatg tattttgatc agccc tgcc t tgttgtttgg caaaactatg tccagccagc cagaatgccg ctgctcggag tgcgcagcac tttgccaaag cctaaccaca cgtgaatttt gctcacttt~t aatatgcagg cagcagggtg ggtctgttct ctgttcgctg tccgataacg gccaatgtga ggtgcagaac agtgataaag gatgcaacgt attgccgcca aacaagctgt cgtcgacctg gccggtcttg aacatgtaat tacatttaat gcggtgtcat ggccagca tg ccacaatata tcaccactcg actgcacggt tgcaggtcgt tgttttttgc ttaatcatcc acagacca tg ggtttagggt tagcctctaa ataaaataga aaac taagga acgagtctaa acggcacggc gacttgctcc cggcaggcgg cgctccttcg t ttccccaac acccgtcggc ctctctaga tttgtgttag cctgtacgtc ggatggctct tagggtttgg catcttttca ctagatcgga atgtgtgtgc taggataggt tcgcttggtt agaatactgt tacatcttca tgttgatgtg ctctaacctt ttgatatact tcatacgcta tgttacttct cc tggggcag cgatggccga ccggagatat aggccgt tgc agccactctc aiaaatgccgc agccggagc t ccgagattgt tacaacagcc gtgaagaaaa aaccgtggca ccccgctatt aaacaccgca tgctgcgtgc aa ttcgaagc tggacttccc aaaccaccat tgtggaaagg acgaatcacc aagagcttac cagatcgttc cgatgat tat gcatgacgtt acgcgataga ctatgttact gccgtatccg tcctgccacc atacaggcag gcaccaatgc aaatcactgc gccgacatca ggctcgtata agggaagcgt taatggtttt attaagaaaa ataaaataaa aacatttttc cggacaccaa atctctgtcg gctgtcggca cctcctcctc ctttcccttc ctcgtgttgt acctccgctt tcggcgttcc atccgtgttt agacacgttc agccgttccg tttgcccttt tgcttttttt gtagaattct catacatatt atacatgttg gtgatgatgt ttcaaactac tagttacgag ggttttactg gagtacctat tggatgatgg tttatttgct gcagggatcc caaaacggcg gctgtggatg cgtttcactg caaacgcttt cattcaggtt aggtatcccg ggtttttgcg ctccctactc tgatgccgaa atcccgcgcg aacgattcgt gctgaatgtg cgcttacctg gggtctgacg caaaccggct gattccagtg tagccagcag ttctcagcag ggtgactgtc tgaaaaaa tt aaacatttgg catataatt atttatgaga aaacaaaa ta agatctgcta caatgtgtta agccagccaa cccatcagaa ttctggcgtc ataattcgtg taacggttct atgtgtggaa tgatcgccga tatagactaa ctaaaactc t gtgactaaaa ttgtttcgag ccagcgaacc ctgcctctgg tccagaaatt c tc tcacggc ctcgcccgcc tcggagcgca caaggtacgc ggtccatggt gtgttagatc tgattgctaa cagacgggat tcctttattt tgtcttggtt gtttcaaact catagttacg atgcgggttt ggtgtggttg ctggtgtatt tttaagatgg atgcatatac ctattataat catatgcagc tggtactgtt ccgatcatgc ttgactgaac ggcgcaca tc cgtgatgtga ggcgaactgc catccaaaca atggatgccg ctgacgcctt cagccggtcg cgtttaagcg ctggcgattt ttaatttctg gtgaaattga caaggcgtgg cctaaataca aaccagttgt gatgattttg agtgccgcca ttacagctta aaaggccacg aacatctctt caataaagtt ctgttgaatt tgggttttta tagcgcgcaa gccc tgcagg ttaagttgtc cagctccccg ttaattctca aggcagcca t tcgctcaagg ggcaaatatt t tg tgagcgg agtatcgac t tttttttagt attttagttt attaaacaaa tagataatgc agcagcgtcg acccctctcg gcgtggcgga accggcagc t gtaataaata cacacacaca cgctcgtcct tagggcccgg cgtgctgcta cttgccagtg cgatttcatg caatatatgc gtgatgatgt acctggtgga aattgaagat tactgatgca ggcggtcgtt tattaatttt atggaaatat atgatggcat aaacaagtat agctatatgt tcttttgtcg aaaaactcat tttatggtat cgaaaagcag ttgagagtga ctttcctgtt aacacaattc ccgagcgtaa tccttgcgat caggtgcaca aactgttcgc taaaa tcggc aattttaccc accc tggcga cgctggaagt ttgatattcc tgacccagcc ccttctcgct ttttgttctg aaccgggtga gccgtttagc gctaagctgg tcttaagatt acgttaagca tgattagagt actaggataa aaatttaccg taagcgtcaa accggcagct tgtttgacag cggaagctgt cgcactcccg ctgaaatgag ataacaattt caactatcag acatctattt 420 ttttatttaa 480 taccctttaa 540 cagcctgtta 600 cgtcgggcca 660 agagttccgc 720 gcggcagacg 780 acgggggatt 840 gacaccccct 900 accagatctc 960 cccccccccc 1020 tagttctact 1080 gcgttcgtac 1140 tttctctttg 1200 attttttttg 1260 cgtgcacttg 1320 ggtctggttg 1380 tttattaatt 1440 gatggatgga 1500 tatacagaga 1560 cattcgttct 1620 ggaactgtat 1680 cgatctagga 1740 atgcagcatc 1800 gttttataat 1860 ggattttttt 1920 atgctcaccc 1980 taactcagtg 2040 ggaaaatccg 2100 ttcacgagtg 2160 taaatcgact 2220 caaagtatta 2280 tgaaatcggt 2340 ctataaagat 2400 gaacgcgttt 2460 tccggcgatt 2520 cagcctgttg 2580 cctcgatagc 2640 ggaagacagc 2700 agcgatgttc 2760 gatggcaaac 2820 ggaactggtt 2880 ggtgaaacaa 2940 gcatgacctt 3000 cgtcgaaggc 3060 atcagcgttt 3120 gcgtgtttac 3180 gagctcgatc 3240 gaatcctgtt 3300 tgtaataatt 3360 cccgcaatta 3420 attatcgcgc 3480 gtgcccgggc 3540 tttgtttaca 3600 cggcacaaaa 3660 cttatcatcg 3720 ggtatggctg 3780 ttctggataa 3840 ctgttgacaa 3900 cacacaggaa 3960 aggtagttgg 4020 -14- cgtcatcgag gga tggcggc tga tgaaaca agagagcgag gtggcgt tat tgcaggtatc aagagaacat tgaacaggat ctgggctggc aaccggcaaa ccagtatcag ggcctcgcgc agtagtcggc ggacgcacga tcgaagcgtt ttcgcatttt atgattgtac agattgaaag catcttatta acccagt tca ttaggtcgtg atcataatta ggagcaagtg gttgccttgc actgactgga aaacttacgg ctatcgcgcg agtatagatg caactgataa cacgggggga gtcgcaaacc agttgaaggc aatcgtggca gtgcgccgtc tgctctatga tgtcgaagcg tagaggtttc tggcggtttc ccggccgcgt gcggaaagca ccatgcagcg cct tgat tag tcgagctagc cggttcaccc cacgccgcgc gtggcagcgc atgacctgcc tgcgctaccg tgctagggca gcacgtacat caaagccgta gcgatttttc gtgcataact cgctgcgctc aaatggctgg tcgaccgccg gaa tcgcccc aggtggacca gaagatgcgt gtcccgtcaa gaaaaactca cgccatctcg ctgaagccac acgcggcgag atitctccgcg ccagctaagc t tcgagccag agcgttgcct ctatttgagg gatgagcgaa a tcgcgccga cccgtcatac gcagatcagt aaataaagct cgccggggcg tcacttgtaa tgtcatccgc atccttcacg gtgagccgtt ttgaatacct caagagtact aagatgggct tcagtggcga attttatcgc gcgtgcgccc cacttaatct caggtgagtt agcaacttct ttctcatttt aaacagcaag cga tggcagc a tccggcccg cgcgcaggcc agcggccgc t gattaggaag cgtgggcacc tgaccgacga cgcagggccg ccatctaacc gttccgtcca gaaagacgac tacgaagaag ccgctacaag tgattggaitg cgattacttt cgcaggcaag cggagagttc ggagtacga t caacctgatc aattgcccta tgggaaccca cattgggaac cgcctaaaac gtctggccag cctacgcccc cctacggcca gcgctgaggt atcatccagc gttggtgatt gatctgatcc gtcagcgtaa tcgagcatca aaccgacgtt acagtgatat ctttgatcaa ctgtagaagt gcgaactgca ccacgatcga tggtaggtcc cgctaaatga atgtagtgct aggatgtcgc t tgaagc tag tggaagaatt ctagtggatc agaccatagg caacgattga ggtcagccgc tgaaaatttc gaaacacgtt tacgatccac ctcttccgcg cgagatcgtt ccgccttgag taagccgttc caacgttgtc caggcaacgt caatcttctc cattgccagt gaggctgcgc aggtgccggt ctgagccaat gtacaaatcg gcccagcggc gatcgaa tcc ccgcccaagg cgcgatagtc gctggcgagg gccggca tgg gaatccatga cacgttgcgg ctggtagaaa gccaagaacg atcgtaaaga taccgcgaga ttgatcgatc gcagaagcca aagaagt tc t ttgaaggagg gagggcgaag gcaggggaaa aagccgtaca cggtcacaca tctttaaaac cgcacagccg gccgcttcgc ggcaatctac ctgcctcgtg cagaaagtga ttgaactttt ttcaactcag tgctctgcca aa Lgaaactg gctggccgta tgatttgctg cgaccttttg caccattgtt atttggagaa cattgatctg agcggcggag aaccttaacg tacgttgtcc tgccgactgg gcaggcttat tgttcactac tccgtacccc cgatctccta gaatttttgt aattctgacg tcaagcgc tg cttcttgtcg gccttcaaag acggtcgatg cgtaatctgg gagacggata agtatcagag cgctccaaag cgcttgatgt ctcgcgtttt cgagtacgcg cgcaaacttg tatttctttg tcccagatcc gcgcggcgct aacgcatcga gcaaagaa tc gcgacgagca gcagcatcat tgatccgcta ccagtgtgtg accgataccg acgtactcaa cctgcattcg gccgcctggt gcgaaaccgg tcacagaagg ccggcatcgg gatggttgtt gtttcaccgt aggcggggca catccgccgg aaggtcgaaa t tgggaaccg tgtaagtgac ttattaaaac aagagctgca gtcggcctat cagggcgcgg aagaaggtgt gggagccacg gctttgccac caaaagttcg gtgttacaac caatttattc catttgtacg gttacggtga gaaacttcgg gtgcacgacg tggcagcgca gctatcttgc gaactctttg ctatggaact cgcatttggt gcaatggagc cttggacaag gtgaaaggcg cgggggatct aatcaatagt cataaaattg aactgcccat tgaacaaggg atgacgacgt tgaccgcggt tcgtggttgt cggcaaagtc aagttgttgc agtttctagc accgacggtc ccgaagctgg tagagaaacc acgaggaggt aggcagatcc acgcggacgt ccgaggaatc gggtgatgac ggcagaagca ccggcaaccg accagatttt ggacgtggcc cgagcttcca ggattacgac ggaagggaag gttctgccgg gttaaacacc gacggtatcc gcggccggag caagaacccg ccgttttctc caagacgatc gcgcaagctg ggc tggcccg ttcctaatgt aggtctcttt gaacccgtac tgatataaaa tcttaaaacc aaaagcgcct cgcggccgct acaagccgcg tgctgactca gttgatgaga ggaacggtct atttattcaa caa ttaacca atatcaggat gctccgcagt 4080 ccgtaaggct 4140 cttcccctgg 4200 acatcattcc 4260 atgacattct 4320 tgacaaaagc 4380 atccggttcc 4440 cgccgcccga 4500 acagcgcagt 4560 gcctgccggc 4620 aagatcgctt 4680 agatcaccaa 4740 ggctcgcggc 4800 agctgtaacc 4860 aaatacttgg 4920 ttagctggag 4980 ttcagatttt 5040 cgctatgcgg 5100 agccgacagc 5160 tgatctaaat 5220 tgatattcca 5280 actcgagcta 5340 acgcattcgg 5400 tttttgtttt 5460 cggtgaggtg 5520 ccgcgacgtt 5580 ttatgacagg 5640 gtcaagccct 5700 gcaggtttcg 5760 ggcgtgagcg 5820 ctggtggaga 5880 cgccccggtg 5940 ccggcagccg 6000 ttcgttccga 6060 gttttccgtc 6120 gacgggcacg 6180 ctggtactga 6240 ggagacaagc 6300 cgagccgatg 6360 acgcacgttg 6420 gagggtgaag 6480 tacatcgaga 6540 gacgtgctga 6600 taccgcctgg 6660 tacgaacgca 6720 atcgggtcaa 6780 atcctagtca 6840 acggagcaga 6900 cctgtggata 6960 attgggaacc 7020 gagaaaaaag 7080 cgcctggcct 7140 acccttcggt 7200 ggccgctcaa 7260 ccgtcgccac 7320 taccaggcct 7380 gctttgttgt 7440 gcgttgtcgg 7500 caaagccgcc 7560 attctgatta 7620 tatcaatacc 7680 atatttttga gatggcaaga taatttcccc atccggtgag gtttgcgtat ggc tgcggcg gggataacgc aggccgcgtt gacgctcaag ctggaagctc cctttctccc cggtgtaggt gctgcgcctt cac tggcagc agttcttgaa ctctgctgaa ccaccgctgg gatctcaaga cacgttaagg tccggaatta cacgcccttt caatatatcc tgagcggaga ttacgtttgg tggtacctta taccgggccc gacccggtcg accacatatt tttaaacttt agaatcatat ggactctaca tcacctatat gtttttatag gaaaactaaa ataaagtgac ttttcttgtt accaaccagc tgtcgc tgcc cggcatccag tcctcctctc cttcctcgcc ttgttcggag gcttcaaggt ttccggtcca gtttgtgtta gttctgattg tccgcagacg cttttccttt tttttgtctt ttctgtttca tat tcatagt gttgatgcgg atgtggtgtg ctacctggtg cgagtttaag actgatgcat ctatctatta atggcatatg tgcttggtac cgactctaga gtcttttgac aaaagccgtt tcctggtatc tcgtcaaaaa aa tggcaaaa tgggcgctct agcggtatca aggaaagaac gctggcgttt tcagaggtgg cctcgtgcgc ttcgggaagc cgttcgctcc atccggtaac agccactggt gtggtggcct gccagttacc tagcggtggt agatcctttg gattttggtc attcctgtgg taaatatccg tgtcaaacac attaagggag aactgacaga attaacgtac cccc tcgagg tgcccctctc ttttttgtca actctacgaa aaatgaacag gttttatctt aatacttcat actaattttt actctatttt taaaaattaa tcgagtagat gaaccagcag tc tggacccc aaattgcgtg acggcacggc cgccgtaata cgcacacaca acgccgc tcg tggttagggc gatccgtgct ctaacttgcc ggatcgattt atttcaatat ggttgtgatg aactacctgg tacgaattga gttttactga gttgggcggt tatttattaa atggatggaa atacatgatg taataaacaa cagcagctat tgtttctttt ggatccagaa atagagctcg tctgtaatga ggtctgcgat taaggttatc gctctgcatt tccgcttcct gc tcac tcaa atgtgagcaa t tcca taggc cgaaacccga tctcctgttc gtggcgcttt aagctgggct tatcgtcttg aacaggatta aactacggct ttcggaaaaa ttttttgttt atcttttcta atgagat tat ttggcatgca attattctaa tgatagttta tcacgttatg accgcaacgc gaagc ttgca tcgacggtat tagagataat cacttgtttg taatataatc ttagacatgg tttagtgtgc ccattttatt ttagtacatc agttttttta acaaataccc aatgccagcc cgtcgcgtcg tctcgagagt gcggagcggc agc tacgggg aatagacacc cacaaccaga tcctcccccc ccggtagttc gctagcgttc agtgtttctc catgattttt atgccgtgca atgtggtctg tggatttatt agatgatgga tgcatataca cgttcattcg ttttggaact atatcgatct gcatatgcag gtatgtttta atgtggattt gtcgatgctc ttcgtgatca acatcatcgg aggagaaaac tccgactcgt aagtgagaaa aatgaatcgg cgc tcactga aggcggtaat aaggccagca tccgcccccc caggactata cgaccctgcc ctcatagctc gtgtgcacga agtccaaccc gcagagcgag acac tagaag gagttggtag gcaagcagca cggggtctga caaaaaggat catacaaatg taaacgctct aac tgaaggc acccccgccg tgcaggaatt tgcacgcggt cgataagctt gagcattgca aagtgcagtt tatagtacta tctaaaggac atgtgttctc agtacatcca tat tttattc tttaataatt tttaagaaat tgttaaacgc ggccaagcga tccgctccac agacgtgagc gattcctttc ccc tccacac tctcccccaa ccccccctct tact tctgtt gtacacggat tttggggaat tttgtttcgt cttgtttgtc gttgggcggt aattttggat tggaaatatc gagatgcttt ttctagatcg gtatgtgtgt aggataggta catctattca taattatttt ttttagccct accctgttgt aatggccgca ccagcaaccg tcaccgaggc ccaaca tcaa tcaccatgag ccaacgcgcg ctcgctgcgc acggttatcc aaaggccagg tgacgagcat aagataccag gct taccgga acgctgtagg accccccgtt ggtaagacac gtatgtaggc aacagtattt ctcttgatcc gattacgcgc cgctcagtgg cttcacctag gacgaacgga tttctcttag gggaaacgac a tgacgcggg ggccgcagcg ctagagcggc gcatgcctgc tgtctaagtt tatctatctt caataatatc aattgagtat cttttttttt tttagggttt tattttagcc tagatataaa taaaaaaact cgtcgacgag agcagacggc cgttggactt cggcacggca ccaccgctcc cctctttccc atccacccgt ctaccttctc catgtttgtg gcgacctgta cctgggatgg tgcatagggt gggtcatctt cgttctagat ctgtatgtgt gatctaggat ttgttcgctt gagtagaata gtcatacatc tacatgttga tatgctctaa gatcttgata gccttcatac ttggtgttac acaagcagca cctcttcttt agttccatag 7740 tacaacctat 7800 tgacgactga 7860 gggagaggcg 7920. tcggtcgttc 7980 acagaatcag 8040 aaccgtaaaa 8100 cacaaaaatc 8160 gcgtttcccc 8220 tacctgtccg 8280 tatctcagtt 8340 cagcccgacc 8400 gacttatcgc 8460 ggtgctacag 8520 ggtatctgcg 8580 ggcaaacaaa 8640 agaaaaaaag 8700 aacgaaaact 8760 atccttttga 8820 taaacctttt 8880 gtttacccgc 8940 aatctgatca 9000 acaagccgtt 9060 gccatttaaa 9120 cgcctcgagg 9180 agtgcagcgt 9240 ataaaaaatt 9300 tatacatata 9360 agtgttttag 9420 tttgacaaca 9480 gcaaatagct 9540 agggttaatg 9600 tctaaattaa 9660 atagaataaa 9720 aaggaaacat 9780 tctaacggac 9840 acggcatctc 9900 gctccgctgt 9960 ggcggcctcc 10020 ttcgctttcc 10080 caacctcgtg 10140 cggcacctcc 10200 tagatcggcg 10260 ttagatccgt 10320 cgtcagacac 10380 ctctagccgt 10440 ttggtttgcc 10500 ttcatgcttt 10560 cggagtagaa 10620 gtgccataca 10680 aggtatacat 10740 ggttgtgatg 10800 ctgtttcaaa 10860 ttcatagtta 10920 tgtgggtttt 10980 ccttgagtac 11040 tacttggatg 11100 gctatttatt 11160 ttctgcaggt 11220 caagcagcca 11280 caatctacac 11340 -16- ccagatcagt ccttgaggaa gaccgagggc accccgtzctt gagaaaggcg attagctatc caacttcatt gacaggacaa cgaggaggaa ctacaaagtt tccacccgca ggagctgaaa tgatgctctt tgcttccaca aagcacatac cgccaacgaa tttgcgcaga cgtctccctg ggtgggatgc acctcgcttt gtttacggcg gtggacaaag tggatccccg tcctgttgcc aataattaac gcaattatac atcgcgcgcg ctcgtttacc ggcc taaaac atcagcgaag gtggtgaaag ggtttcccct ggacc tggca aagggcggac gatgcaatta atctcggcca ggtcctgagc ccggccaagg gacgcagcca tcggcgttta cctactgaat ccaggccttc ccacttggcg cgaacacaag accgccga tg tgggagtatg gaaccttttg tccatttctc tacgcaaagt aatttccccg ggtcttgcga atgtaatgca atttaatacg gtgtcatcta ccgtctctga gcctctctca gaaacacagg acc tccgtga tagagatgtt atggccccaa tcattctcac ttcgtcttct tgaacctcga tagaccacca caagctgggc caaagac tc t tc tggcaatc tc tgccgcgc ttcaaaacat caacagcatc ctttggcgac cgaatccgtc actttgggtt agagtttgat tgagggatga atattgggta atcgttcaaa tgattatcat tgacgttatt cga tagaaaa tgttactaga tccctcccag aaccttccca aac ttccaag tgattcctca tgacgagaac cgacccgaag cgtcaacgga ctccaaggcg tcgcaagacg gatcgccaaa gttcttttca tgacgcgtcg aacc tcgcgc tgtcgaca tg gacc taccat acgcctgcgc gtacatgcat aagcagcatc tggactgggt gtactttatg ggatatggag gatagtttac catttggcaa ataatttctg tatgagatgg caaaatatag tcgggaattc tatcccacca tggg tcgcgg atcattccat gcgccaacga gtcgtcgctc cctgtgttgc caacatggtg tgccgcaacg gtagtccctc cctgcgcctg ttcactccca tccaagtttg gtacgtctcg cggggcccaa gactcgaccg tcggaactca ggcctgcctg a tgc tgagt t aagcctgaga cccaagaagc agactaaagg tagactactg taaagtttct ttgaattacg gtttttatga cgcgcaaact ggcgcgcca tcgtcagcac gccaggtcaa atgaggagac tcgaggggtt cgaggaagac tattgcagct ctatggacat aatcattcac tccttgaaaa ctggcgacgc aggccctctc tgtcaactga caagattgga tgggcgtatc tcgccgaaat acagtgatcg acaagtcgag cctgggccaa gtgtgagaag ctgatgggga cgga tgagga caggatatcg taagattgaa ttaagcatgt ttagagtccc aggataaatt 11400 11460 11520 11580 11640 11700 11760 11820 11880 11940 12000 12060 12120 12180 12240 12300 12360 12420 12480 12540 12600 12660 12720 12780 12840 12900 12949 -17-