AU2003238529A1 - Formwork element - Google Patents
Formwork element Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU2003238529A1 AU2003238529A1 AU2003238529A AU2003238529A AU2003238529A1 AU 2003238529 A1 AU2003238529 A1 AU 2003238529A1 AU 2003238529 A AU2003238529 A AU 2003238529A AU 2003238529 A AU2003238529 A AU 2003238529A AU 2003238529 A1 AU2003238529 A1 AU 2003238529A1
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- formwork element
- prismatic
- wall
- walls
- designed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 title claims description 32
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004794 expanded polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920006327 polystyrene foam Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011468 face brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009182 swimming Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
- E04B2/26—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element the walls being characterised by fillings in all cavities in order to form a wall construction
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
- E04B2/16—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
- E04B2/86—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms
- E04B2/8623—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms with spacers and at least one form leaf being monolithic
- E04B2/8629—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms with spacers and at least one form leaf being monolithic with both form leaves and spacers being monolithic
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
- E04C1/40—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
- E04B2002/0204—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections
- E04B2002/0215—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections with separate protrusions
- E04B2002/0217—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections with separate protrusions of prismatic shape
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
- Moulds, Cores, Or Mandrels (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
Description
-1 FORMWORK ELEMENT DESCRIPTION 5 PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION This invention refers to a formwork element which is especially designed for the construction of both interior and exterior walls, and for both one-storey and multi 10 storey buildings. Said element allows an easy and fast assembly, which can be cut in order to adequate its dimensions to certain practical requirements. 15 The formwork element is designed for the obtention of concrete walls, appropriately reinforced, wherein the pipes or ducts for various services are embedded, with the special feature that said element gives to the walls a high insulation coefficient, both thermal and acoustic. 20 The formwork element is useful for industrial buildings, houses, condominiums, garages, swimming pools, cold chambers, etc. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 25 As is well-known, within the wide range of possibilities that present-day technology offers for the construction of walls, one solution consists of making said walls with reinforced concrete, pouring the concrete "in situ", after shaping the appropriate formwork. 30 In general, these formworks consist of metal plates, appropriately rigidified, which are interconnected forming two parallel vertical planes, appropriately connected by means of spacers, in such a way that once the formwork has been duly configured, the required metal frameworks are introduced therein and it is finally concreted. 35 This solution makes it possible the obtention of walls with a high solidity, which -2 nevertheless exhibit various problems. In this regard: - In order for the building or construction in question to be solidly finished, its various walls must be linked together by means of said metal 5 frameworks and the concrete must be poured only once, which requires the use of a large formwork surface, i.e. a large number of reinforced metal plates, which entails considerable investment costs and the handling of large amounts of very heavy material. - In most cases the formwork plates, which have a modular structure, are 10 not suited to the required practical measures, so that the formwork must be completed either by means of custom-made plates, with the ensuing cost increase, or else by means of fortuitous lower-cost solutions, such as, for example, custom-cut wood planks, which adversely affect the structural resistance of the entire formwork, as 15 well as the construction's aesthetic finishing. - Even though these formworks make it possible to incorporate all types of ducts and pipes, such as, for example, wastewater drainage ducts, sanitary water pipes, electric conduits, etc., significant problems arise in connecting these conduits with the exterior, since the formworks' 20 hgh cost does not make it possible to create orifices therein in order to access said conduits. - Even though the obtained wall offers high mechanic resistance, it has a very low insulation coefficient, both from the thermal point of view and the acoustic point of view. 25 DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The formwork element proposed by the invention resolves in a fully satisfactory manner the aforementioned problems, since it constitutes a lost element designed to 30 definitively form part of the wall obtained thereby, and, due to its own nature, it incorporates its thermal and acoustic insulation characteristics to said wall. Moreover, it is easily frangible or capable of being cut in order to suit its dimensions to the practical requirements of each case and to create orifices or windows therein in order to access the interior ducts. 35 To this end, and more specifically, said formwork element is materialised in a body -3 that is essentially rectangular-prismatic, made of expanded polystyrene foam or other material with similar characteristics. It is a hollow body that is open at its facesand provided with internal rigidifying partitions, with the special feature that said body incorporates a plurality of small projections, also rectangular-prismatic, on 5 the periphery of said faces, with a staggered distribution, which define equally configured housings between one another, so that the projections or cubes on the upper face are opposite the housings on the lower face, which makes it possible to achieve a high solid tongue-and-groove connection between them upon superimposition of the bodies. 10 These rectangular-prismatic elements or bodies exhibit a length that is significantly greater than the height and width, so that walls may be constructed in rows, in a manner similar to conventional construction blocks or bricks, the bodies in each row remaining longitudinally offset with respect to the rows located immediately above 15 and below, so that, in turn, these bodies maintain a staggered distribution on the wall which ensures a perfect relative stability for all of them, and which, moreover, allows for "keying" between the walls on the corners or "T" connections. In any case, the union of the appropriate number of formwork elements, in a co 20 planar arrangerhent, and according to the specific requirements of each case, entails obtaining two parallel formwork surfaces, which are perfectly enclosed and continuous, and between which an interior concrete-receiving housing is created, which may be poured therein by any conventional method and which ensures that the mass of concrete extends in one piece to the entire wall or walls of the 25 concerned building or construction, where it is also possible, moreover, to introduce vertical metal frameworks therein which jointly emerge from the foundations. When horizontal frameworks are also needed, the blocks in certain alignments will be provided with wide indentations on the smaller side walls through which said 30 frameworks will pass. The nature of the material comprising these formwork elements, which, as already mentioned, is expanded polystyrene foam, incorporates its thermal and acoustic insulation characteristics to the enclosure, as well as being easy to cut, using a 35 simple saw or any other appropriate tool, both for the production of finish parts or elements with non-standard dimensions and for the creation of orifices or windows -4 on the larger walls for the passage of, or access to, ducts and pipes, if necessary. To this end, these elements incorporate grooves or marks on the side walls which facilitate the cutting. 5 DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In order to complement the description being made and to contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, according to a preferred 10 example of practical embodiment thereof, we attach, as integral part of said description, a set of drawings which, with an illustrative and non-limiting character, represent the following: Figure 1.- It shows, according to a schematic perspective representation, a formwork element made in accordance with the object of this invention. 15 Figure 2.- It shows, by means of a representation similar to that of figure 1, another formwork element especially designed to allow implementation of horizontal metal frameworks on the wall that is to be produced. 20 Figure 3.- It shows, by means of a representation similar to the preceding figures, another formwork element with openings on one of its ends only, which may be used as a closure element where the horizontal framework ends. Figure 4.- It shows, also by means of a perspective view, a partial detail of a wall 25 made with formwork elements according to the invention, in a phase prior to the concreting phase. Figure 5.- It shows, finally, a longitudinal section detail of an entirely finished wall. 30 Figure 6.- It shows another detail of the same wall, in this case in cross-section. PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION 35 In view of the above-mentioned figures, one can see how the formwork element proposed by the invention is constituted by a rectangular prismatic body (1), for -5 instance, with external dimensions similar to those of a classic construction block, but with the special feature that it is entirely made of hollow, expanded polystyrene foam, open at both the upper and lower faces, and preferably provided with rigidifying interior and transverse partitions (2), whose height is significantly lower 5 than that of the body itself (1). These elements may be interconnected by tonguing-and-grooving, as shown in figure 2, for which purpose, on the perimeter of the upper and lower faces, and as an extension of the considerably thick perimeter wall, they exhibit a plurality of small 10 rectangular-prismatic projections (3) in the form of die, which have a staggered distribution and which create housings (4) between one another, which formally and dimensionally coincide with the housings, but there is an offset between the upper and lower faces, so that, when the bodies (1) are stacked, the projections or die (3) of one remain opposite and finally embedded in the other's housings (4), in order to 15 achieve the desired tongue-and-groove effect, which offers high solidity in the co planar fixing between blocks. The block may exhibit four side walls of the same height, as shown in figure 1, or else the smaller lateral walls (5) may be affected by wide indentations (6), as is the 20 case with blocl (1') shown in figure 2, so that, while in the first case it is only possible to provide vertical metal frameworks, which pass through the modules or elements (1) interior cavities, in the second case, horizontal frameworks may also be provided, specifically located on the indentations (6). 25 These indentations (6) define longitudinal grooves on the wall for each row obtained by means of bodies (1') of this type, which naturally must be closed at the end, for which this purpose, the existence of bodies (1") such as the one shown in figure 3 has been anticipated, with indentations (6) on only one of the smaller side walls (5), while the other one acts as a closure element, exhibiting a height that coincides with 30 that of the larger side walls. In any case, after the coupling between bodies or modules (1), (1'), (1"), and as shown in figures 4, 5, and 6, the larger walls of the bodies (1) create an integral enclosure which corresponds to the internal and external faces of the wall, forming a 35 continuous chamber, closed at the lower end by the floor (7), which is undeformable through the smaller side walls (5) and the interior rigidifying partitions (2) of the -6 prismatic bodies (1), (1'), (1"), a chamber which will subsequently be filled with a mass of concrete (8), which, together with the metal frameworks, grants the wall the appropriate structural rigidity, said mass of concrete (8), however, remaining completely insulated from both the exterior and the interior of the wall, so that, 5 despite its high degree of conductivity, it does not act as a thermal bridge, the larger side walls of the various bodies or modules (1), (1'), (1") defining, respectively, an internal and external barrier to both thermal and acoustic transmission. Prior to the pouring of the concrete in the hollow chamber of the formwork, ducts 10 may be provided therein, such as the downpipe (9) shown in figure 4, electric conduits (10), etc., with side accesses (11) and (12) towards the internal or the external face of the wall, which are easily implemented on the formwork due to its own nature, since the expanded polystyrene foam may be easily cut with a saw or any appropriate cutting tool. 15 The wall will be completed with any exterior (13) or interior (14) coating, made of any adequate material, in order to provide it with any finishing, such as, for instance, face bricks, plaster, tiles, boarding, wallpaper, etc.
Claims (6)
1. Formwork element which, being especially designed for the obtention of reinforced concrete walls, is characterised in that it has a rectangular-prismatic (1) 5 body, made of hollow, expanded polystyrene foam or other similar material, open at the upper and lower faces, provided with multiple small projections (3) on the periphery of said faces which have the form of die and a staggered distribution and which define equally formed housings (4) between one another, the projections on the upper face being offset with respect to those of the lower face, in order to 10 achieve a multiple tongue-and-groove coupling upon superimposition of the bodies (1).
2. Formwork element, according to claim 1, characterised in that said prismatic body (1) has internal rigidifying partitions (2), preferably of a height substantially smaller 15 than that of the body itself (1).
3. Formwork element, according to the preceding claims, characterised in that the prismatic body (1) incorporates wide indentations (6) on the edges of its smaller side walls (5), when said body (1') is designed to become a part of rows on the wall 20 whereon it is necessary to create horizontal metal frameworks.
4. Formwork element, according to claim 3, characterised in that the prismatic bodies (1") designed to occupy the end positions on said rows which receive the horizontal metal frameworks, exhibit indentations (6) on only one of the smaller side 25 walls, while the other, the terminal one, is closed.
5. Formwork element, according to the preceding claims, characterised by the fact that it constitutes a lost element, designed to indefinitely become a part of the corresponding wall, to which it confers the thermal and acoustic insulation 30 characteristics derived from its own nature.
6. Formwork element, according to the preceding claims, characterised by the fact that it is capable of housing therein, in addition to the said vertical and horizontal frameworks, pipes and conduits for auxiliary services such as water, electricity, or 35 other, which are laterally accessible by cutting the corresponding prismatic body's wall.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ES200201525A ES2199063B1 (en) | 2002-07-01 | 2002-07-01 | FORMWORK ELEMENT. |
ESP200201525 | 2002-07-01 | ||
PCT/ES2003/000295 WO2004003308A1 (en) | 2002-07-01 | 2003-06-13 | Formwork element |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
AU2003238529A1 true AU2003238529A1 (en) | 2004-01-19 |
Family
ID=29797407
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003238529A Abandoned AU2003238529A1 (en) | 2002-07-01 | 2003-06-13 | Formwork element |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060010827A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1544368A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2005531703A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1665994A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003238529A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2491098A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2199063B1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2005101330A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004003308A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7739846B2 (en) * | 2004-12-07 | 2010-06-22 | Buildblock Building Systems, L.L.C. | Insulating concrete form block including foam panel having inner row projections alternatingly flush with and set back from inner edge and different in size from outer row projections |
ES1064034Y (en) * | 2006-07-28 | 2007-05-01 | Teais Sa | EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE BLOCK WITH REINFORCEMENT ANCHORS FOR CONSTRUCTION CLOSURES |
US8061095B2 (en) | 2008-06-20 | 2011-11-22 | Larry Bucheger | Wall system |
US8359808B2 (en) * | 2009-11-16 | 2013-01-29 | Solid Green Developments, LLC | Polystyrene wall, system, and method for use in an insulated foam building |
CN103221620B (en) * | 2010-09-17 | 2016-10-12 | 尔班依塔斯有限公司 | There is the composite building module of thermal mass radiant body |
GB201208358D0 (en) * | 2012-05-14 | 2012-06-27 | Ultraframe Uk Ltd | Construction block and construction block assembly |
NL2009796C2 (en) * | 2012-11-13 | 2014-05-14 | Sarda B V | Building element for forming a wall of a building. |
US9650784B2 (en) | 2014-02-04 | 2017-05-16 | Thermagreen Systems, Inc. | Modular units for insulating concrete forms |
EP2927383A1 (en) * | 2014-04-03 | 2015-10-07 | Serguel G. Dorofeev | Formwork for walls which are to be built |
PL3045605T3 (en) * | 2015-01-16 | 2020-03-31 | Heinze Gruppe Verwaltungs Gmbh | Module for producing concrete elements |
US20170305759A1 (en) * | 2016-04-22 | 2017-10-26 | Localized Water Solutions LLC | Water treatment method and system providing partial dynamic by-pass of water treatment stages |
JP6946951B2 (en) * | 2017-11-09 | 2021-10-13 | 宇部興産株式会社 | Formwork for concrete specimens |
CN108374507A (en) * | 2018-05-04 | 2018-08-07 | 中清大装配式建筑有限公司 | Assembled straight section vertically splices frivolous template |
FR3090712B1 (en) * | 2018-12-20 | 2022-01-28 | Daniel Mouton | Set of shuttering elements |
GR1010374B (en) * | 2021-12-06 | 2023-01-16 | Ρενατο Σπυρου Τολα | Building system with unified elements without shuttering |
HUP2200166A1 (en) * | 2022-05-19 | 2023-11-28 | Tamas Hajba | A plastic buildings block kit for wall structures and method for wall construction with the building block kit |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4439967A (en) * | 1982-03-15 | 1984-04-03 | Isorast Thermacell (U.S.A.), Inc. | Apparatus in and relating to building formwork |
US4894969A (en) * | 1988-05-18 | 1990-01-23 | Ag-Tech Packaging, Inc. | Insulating block form for constructing concrete wall structures |
US4884382A (en) * | 1988-05-18 | 1989-12-05 | Horobin David D | Modular building-block form |
US5086600A (en) * | 1990-04-26 | 1992-02-11 | Revelation Builders, Inc. | Block for concrete wall form construction |
US5123222A (en) * | 1990-06-21 | 1992-06-23 | Reddi Form, Inc. | Plastic forms for poured concrete |
US5465542A (en) * | 1992-05-29 | 1995-11-14 | Terry; Verl O. | Interblocking concrete form modules |
US5428933A (en) * | 1994-02-14 | 1995-07-04 | Philippe; Michel | Insulating construction panel or block |
JP3547482B2 (en) * | 1994-04-15 | 2004-07-28 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Information processing equipment |
US5724782A (en) * | 1994-05-23 | 1998-03-10 | Rice; Ronald D. | System and method for constructing buildings (and other structures) capable of withstanding substantial natural forces |
US5699640A (en) * | 1996-03-26 | 1997-12-23 | Southeast Walls, Inc. | Foam building block |
US6536172B1 (en) * | 1999-06-01 | 2003-03-25 | Victor A. Amend | Insulating construction form and manner of employment for same |
-
2002
- 2002-07-01 ES ES200201525A patent/ES2199063B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-06-13 US US10/519,494 patent/US20060010827A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-06-13 RU RU2005101330/03A patent/RU2005101330A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-06-13 WO PCT/ES2003/000295 patent/WO2004003308A1/en active Application Filing
- 2003-06-13 EP EP03732598A patent/EP1544368A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-06-13 AU AU2003238529A patent/AU2003238529A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-06-13 CA CA002491098A patent/CA2491098A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-06-13 CN CN038156806A patent/CN1665994A/en active Pending
- 2003-06-13 JP JP2004516798A patent/JP2005531703A/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2199063A1 (en) | 2004-02-01 |
CA2491098A1 (en) | 2004-01-08 |
CN1665994A (en) | 2005-09-07 |
WO2004003308A1 (en) | 2004-01-08 |
EP1544368A1 (en) | 2005-06-22 |
RU2005101330A (en) | 2006-04-27 |
ES2199063B1 (en) | 2005-06-01 |
JP2005531703A (en) | 2005-10-20 |
US20060010827A1 (en) | 2006-01-19 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
MK4 | Application lapsed section 142(2)(d) - no continuation fee paid for the application |