AU2001291141A1 - Alkyl toluene sulfonate detergents - Google Patents

Description

Alkyl Toluene Sulfonate Detergents

This Application claims priority to: US Provisional patent application

50/227,795 filed August 25, 2000 and U. S. Provisional Application No. 60/178,823

filed 01/28/00, which are both currently still pending; 09/174,891 filed 10/19/98; co-

pending application serial number 08/879,745, filed June 20, 1997, (which is a

divisional of serial number 08/598,695, filed February 8, 1996, now U. S. Patent

5,770,782); and is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending application serial

numbers: 09/616,568 filed 7/14/00; 09/559,841 filed April 26, 2000, the contents of

all which are expressly incoφorated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to detergent compositions and cleaning

compositions having enhanced detergency and cleaning capabilities. It relates more

particularly to detergent and cleaning compositions containing the 2-tolyl isomer of

linear alkyltoluene sulfonates in concentrations higher than were previously available

in the prior art, owing to the discovery of the revolutionary catalyst and process for

producing such isomers in high concentration, as detailed herein. According to a

preferred form of the invention, an alkylated benzene, such as toluene or

ethylbenzene, are utilized as an aromatic compound that is further alkylated and

sulfonated to provide a surfactant useful in detergent formulations.

Chemical compounds useful for removing grease, oils, dirt and other foreign

matter from various surfaces and objects have been known for some time, including the simple soaps which are manufactured by the saponification of oils (including

animal fats and vegetable oils). Saponification is essentially a process whereby

aqueous alkali metal hydroxide is mixed with an ester (such as an animal fat or

vegetable oil) to cause de-esterification of the ester with the formation of the alkali

salt(s) of the carboxylic acid(s) from which the ester was derived, which salt(s) are

typically very soluble in aqueous media. Importantly, the anion portions of such

alkali salts of the carboxylic acid(s) include as part of their molecular structure a

hydrophilic portion, i.e., the carboxylate function, which is highly attracted to water

molecules. Such salts also include a hydrophobic portion as part of their molecular

structure, which is typically a hydrocarbon-based portion containing between about 12

and 22 carbon atoms per molecule. Such salts are commonly referred to by those

skilled in the art as "salts of fatty acids", and by laypersons as "soap". Aqueous

solutions of salts of fatty acids are very effective at causing grease, oils, and other

normally water-insoluble materials to become soluble and thus capable of being

rinsed away, thus leaving behind a clean substrate which may typically comprise a

tabletop, countertop, article of glassware or dinnerware, flatware, clothing,

architecture, motor vehicle, human skin, human hair, etc.

While the industries for the production of such soaps from fats and oils are

well-established, saponification chemists and other workers have continuously sought

improved chemistry for rendering materials which are not normally soluble in

aqueous media to become soluble therein. Towards this end, a wide variety of

materials have been identified by those skilled in the art, with the common denominator of such materials being that the materials all contain a hydrophobic

portion and a hydrophilic portion in their molecular structures.

One family of materials that have been identified as suitable soap substitutes

are the linear alkylbenzene sulfonates ("LAB sulfonates"). The LAB sulfonates in

general are exemplified as comprising a benzene ring structure having a hydrocarbyl

substituent (or "alkyl substituent") and a sulfonate group bonded to the ring in the para

position with respect to one another. The length of the hydrocarbon chain of the alkyl

substituent on the ring is selected to provide a high level of detergency characteristics

while the linearity of the hydrocarbon chain enhances the biodegradability

characteristics of the LAB sulfonate. The hydrocarbyl substituent may typically

contain 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 carbon atoms (the "detergent range") in a

substantially linear arrangement, and may be attached to the benzene ring by means of

a conventional Friedel-Crafts alkylation process using a corresponding olefin and

employing a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride and conditions known to

those skilled in the art as useful for such alkylations. Various alkylation processes

useful for production of alkylbenzenes are described in US Patent numbers 3,342,888;

3,478,118; 3,631,123; 4,072,730; 4,301,316; 4,301,317; 4,467,128; 4,503,277;

4,783,567; 4,891,466; 4,962,256; 5,012,021; 5,196,574; 5,302,732; 5,344,997; and

5,574,198, as well as European patent application 353813 and Russian patent

739,046, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference thereto.

Once a hydrocarbyl radical has been appended to a benzene ring in accordance

with the foregoing, the resulting linear alkylbenzene must subsequently be sulfonated

in order to produce a finished detergent material that is capable of solubilizing grease, oils, dirt, and the like from various substrates, such as dishes, motorized vehicles, hard

surfaces, architecture, and fabrics, to name but a few. Sulfonation is a known

chemical process whose reactants and conditions are known to those skilled in the

chemical arts. Through the process of sulfonation, a sulfonate group is caused to

become chemically bonded to a carbon atom in the benzene ring structure of the linear

alkylbenzene, thus providing the molecule as a whole with a hydrophilic sulfonate

group in addition to the hydrophobic hydrocarbyl portion.

It is known that during the course of mono-alkylation of the benzene ring to

introduce a hydrocarbon tail into the molecular structure, several structural isomers

are possible in which the benzene ring is attached to various points along the

hydrocarbon chain used. It is generally believed that steric effects of the mono-olefin

employed play a role in the distribution of isomers in the mono-alkylated product, in

addition to the catalyst characteristics and reaction conditions. Thus, it is possible for

a single benzene ring to become attached to, say, the 2, 3, 4, or 5 positions in a 10

carbon atom linear mono-olefin, with a different alkylbenzene isomer being produced

in each such case. Sulfonation of such different materials results in as many different

alkylbenzene sulfonates, each of which have different solubilization capabilities with

respect to various oils, grease, and dirt, etc.

The sulfonates of the 2-phenyl alkyl isomers are regarded by those skilled in

the art as being very highly desirable materials, as sulfonated linear alkylbenzene

detergent materials made from sulfonation of the 2-phenyl alkyl materials have

superior cleaning and detergency powers with respect to the sulfonation products of

other isomers produced during the alkylation. This is believed to be due in part to the greater degree of separation of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of the

molecule in the 2-phenyl isomer than in the other isomers present. The most desired

2-phenyl alkyl isomer products may be represented structurally, in the case of the

alkylbenzenes, as:

which in a preferred embodiment has n equal to any integer selected from the group

consisting of: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. Since the Friedel-Crafts type alkylation

employed to produce 2-phenyl alkyl isomers according to the invention may often

utilize a mixture of olefins in the detergent range (C₈ to C₁₅), a distribution of various

alkylbenzenes results from such alkylation.

These same considerations as above relating to linear alkylbenzenes are also

applicable to the linear alkyltoluenes of this invention. The present invention is

therefore in one broad respect concerned with the use of sulfonated 2-toluyl

alkyltoluenes derived from the alkylation of toluene, preferably using olefins having a

carbon number distribution in the detergent range, in detergent formulations.

In the case of benzene alkylation using a detergent range olefin, a 2-phenyl

alkylbenzene is but one possible structural isomer resulting from the alkylation of

benzene with an olefin, and a mixture of 2-phenyl alkylbenzenes results from the alkylation of benzene using as reactants a feed which includes a mixture of olefins in

the detergent range. This may be due to resonance stabilization which permits

effective movement of the double bond in an activated olefin/Lewis acid complex.

Generally speaking, the collection of all isomeric products produced from the

alkylation of benzene with a mixture of olefins in the detergent range is commonly

referred to by those of ordinary skill in the art as "linear alkylbenzenes", or "LAB's".

Frequently, those skilled in the art use "linear alkylbenzenes" or "LAB's"

interchangeably with their sulfonates. It is common for people to say LAB's when

they are actually referring to sulfonated LAB's useful as detergents. These same

considerations apply to linear alkyltoluenes as well, and linear alkyltoluenes may be

referred to as "LAT's".

Typically, LAB's are manufactured commercially using classic Friedal-Crafts

chemistry, employing catalysts such as aluminum chloride, or using strong acid catalysts

such as hydrogen fluoride, for example, to alkylate benzene with olefins. While such

methods produce high conversions, the selectivity to the 2-phenyl isomer in such

reactions as known in the prior art is low, generally being about 30% or less. LAB's

with a high percentage of the 2-phenyl isomer are highly desired because such

compounds when sulfonated have long "tails" which provide enhanced solubility and

detergent properties.

While the alkylation of benzene to provide alkylbenzenes that are further

sulfonated to afford surfactants has served the industry well for decades, there are

disadvantages associated with the use of benzene. For example, benzene is a toxic

material which requires specialized equipment for its safe handling, and which is traded under stringent regulation by various governmental bodies. Thus, mere handling and

health aspects have provided a motivation for chemists to seek alternative surfactants

which are effective, but are not based on benzene.

Further, the price of benzene is generally higher than other aromatic compounds

which may be suitable candidates from which surfactants may ultimately be derived,

such as toluene and ethylbenzene.

One of the most important aspects of a surfactant that is intended to be utilized

in aqueous solution is its solubility. Formulations need good solubility in order to

perform well. As mentioned, surfactant molecules generally comprise a hydrophobic

portion and a hydrophilic portion. As the hydrophobic group increases in molecular

weight (the hydrophilic group being held the same), the surfactant becomes less soluble

in water. Similarly, for the same hydrophobic group, the surfactant becomes more water

soluble as the hydrophilic group becomes more water soluble.

Surfactants exhibit behavioral characteristics which differ from those exhibited

by most other organic molecules. The solubility of most chemical compounds in water

increases as the temperature of the water is increased. The solubility of ionic surfactants

increases dramatically above a certain temperature known as the Krafft point. When the

solubility ofan ionic surfactant is plotted against temperature, a complex graph results.

The solubility slowly increases as the temperature rises up to the Krafft temperature,

after which there is seen a veiy rapid rise in solubility with only moderate increases in

temperature, and it is at the Krafft temperature at which micelles are formed. Below the

Krafft temperature, solubility is limited as no micelles are formed. Thus, a surfactant

having a Krafft temperature that is above the temperature at which the surfactant is intended to be used will not have sufficient solubility at the use temperature to be

effective as a surfactant.

Thus, providing a surfactant material having an sufficiently high Krafft

temperature to enable its use at ordinary temperatures, and which surfactant is not

benzene-derived, represents a very desirable goal. To provide such a material having

higher 2-phenyl isomer content over that available in the art so as to increase its

detergency characteristics would be a huge step forward in the art of detergents.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, linear alkyltoluene sulfonate surfactants are

provided, wherein the aromatic ring of the toluene nucleus is appended to a detergent

range alkyl chain in its 2-position. Since the methyl group in toluene is an ortho, para

director for aromatic substitution, the detergent range olefin may attach itself in either an

ortho or para position with respect to the methyl group. Subsequent sulfonation of such

a mixture of ortho and para linear alkyltoluenes results in a wide range of possible

isomeric products, because each of the methyl group on the ring and the detergent range

alkyl group on the ring are themselves ortho, para directors. Thus, the following

isomeric structures of linear alkyltoluene sulfonates are possible:

II.

III.

IV.

V.

In one aspect the present invention provides a method and catalyst for LAT

(linear alkyltoluene) production having high substrate olefin conversion, high selectivity

to 2-toluyl isomer LAT production, and employing a catalyst having long lifetimes and

easy handling. Through use of this aspect of the invention, 2-toluyl alkyltoluenes may

be readily produced in yields in excess of 70.0 %, and indeed often in excess of 80.0

%, on the basis of catalyst selectivity.

Importantly, the present invention provides detergent compositions and

cleaning formulations made with a component that comprises a mixture of sulfonated

alkyltoluenes in which the hydrocarbon groups that are bonded to the toluene nucleus

may comprise any number of carbon atoms in the detergent range, and in one

embodiment in which at least 70.0% (weight basis) of the sulfonated alkyltoluene

isomers present have the toluyl group attached to the hydrocarbon group in the 2

position of the hydrocarbon group, and in another embodiment in which at least

80.0% (weight basis) of the sulfonated alkyltoluene isomers present have the phenyl

group attached to the hydrocarbon group in the 2 position of the hydrocarbon group. The invention further provides detergent compositions and formulations which

are formed from an surfactant component that comprises a mixture of the following:

1) a first alkyltoluene sulfonate component comprising 2-toluyl alkyltoluene

sulfonates in which 2-toluyl alkyltoluene sulfonate isomers comprise any percentage

between 40.0% and 80.0%), including every hundredth percentage therebetween, of all

alkyltoluene sulfonate isomers present in said first alkyltoluene sulfonate component;

and 2) a second surfactant component which may comprise: a) alkylbenzene

sulfonates in which isomers having the benzene ring attached to a linear alkyl group at

a position other than the alkyl group's 2 position comprise at least 60 % of all

alkylbenzene sulfonate isomers present; b) alkylbenzene sulfonates in which isomers

having the benzene ring attached to a linear alkyl group at a position other than the

alkyl group's 2 position comprise at least 70 % of all alkylbenzene sulfonate isomers

present; or c) branched alkylbenzene sulfonates, or a combination thereof; or d)

alkyltoluene sulfonates in which isomers having the toluene nucleus attached to a

linear alkyl group at a position other than the alkyl group's 2 position comprise at least

60 % of all alkyltoluene sulfonate isomers present; e) alkyltoluene sulfonates in which

isomers having the toluene nucleus attached to a linear alkyl group at a position other

than the alkyl group's 2 position comprise at least 70 % of all alkyltoluene sulfonate

isomers present; or f) branched alkyltoluene sulfonates, or a combination thereof.

Branched alkyltoluene sulfonates may be introduced into a formulated product

according to the invention in one of two ways. First, a portion of the linear olefin

feedstock used in the alkylation reaction of the toluene nucleus may be replaced by

branched olefm(s), to provide an alkyltoluenes mixture for sulfonation in which the alkyltoluenes contain a selected amount of branched alkylate. The second method of

providing branched alkyltoluene sulfonates in a finished formulation according to the

invention is when branched alkyltoluenes are used as a blending component in the

production of a finished product according to the invention. Thus, by either blending

or providing branching in the alkylation reaction product, it is possible to provide a

wide range of the amount of branched alkyltoluene sulfonates in a finished

formulation according to the invention; however, it is preferable that the branched

isomers comprise any amount less than 50.0 % of the total alkyltoluene sulfonate

isomers present in a given formulation according to the invention. In another

preferred form of the invention, branched isomers comprise any amount less than

15.00% of the total alkyltoluene sulfonate isomers present in a given formulation

according to the invention. In yet another preferred form of the invention, branched

isomers comprise any amount less than 2 .00% of the total alkyltoluene sulfonate

isomers present in a given formulation according to the invention.

In one preferred form of the invention, lower activity isomers (isomers other

than the 2-phenyl isomers) of linear alkylbenzenes or linear alkyltoluenes are present

in the second surfactant component in any amount between 0.00% and 70.00%,

including every hundredth percentage therebetween, by weight based upon the total

weight of the second surfactant component.

In a preferred form of the invention, the second surfactant component may

comprise alkyltoluene sulfonates or alkylbenzene sulfonates in which isomers having

the benzene ring attached to a linear alkyl group at a position other than the alkyl group's 2 position comprise at least 50 % of all alkylbenzene sulfonate isomers

present.

In another preferred form of the invention, the second surfactant component

may comprise alkyltoluene sulfonates or alkylbenzene sulfonates in which isomers

having the benzene ring attached to a linear alkyl group at a position other than the

alkyl group's 2 position comprise at least 40 % of all alkylbenzene sulfonate isomers

present.

In another preferred form of the invention, the second alkylbenzene sulfonate

component may comprise alkyltoluene sulfonates or alkylbenzene sulfonates in which

isomers having the benzene ring attached to a linear alkyl group at a position other

than the alkyl group's 2 position comprise at least 30 % of all alkylbenzene sulfonate

isomers present.

Thus, an alkylbenzene sulfonate component according to yet another

embodiment of the invention may contain sulfonated 2-phenyl alkyltoluenes in an

amount of at least 30.00 % by weight based upon the total weight of the sulfonated

alkyltoluene component. In another form of the invention, an alkyltoluene sulfonate

component may contain sulfonated 2-phenyl alkyltoluenes in an amount of at least

40.00 % by weight based upon the total weight of the sulfonated phenyl alkyltoluene

component. In yet another form of the invention, an alkyltoluene sulfonate

component may contain sulfonated 2-phenyl alkyltoluenes in an amount of at least

50.00 % by weight based upon the total weight of the sulfonated alkyltoluene

component. In yet another form of the invention, an alkyltoluene sulfonate

component may contain sulfonated 2-phenyl alkyltoluenes in an amount of at least 60.00 % by weight based upon the total weight of the sulfonated alkyltoluene

component. In yet another form of the invention, an alkyltoluene sulfonate

component may contain sulfonated 2-phenyl alkyltoluenes in an amount of at least

70.00 % by weight based upon the total weight of the sulfonated phenyl alkyltoluene

component. In yet another form of the invention, an alkyltoluene sulfonate

component may contain sulfonated 2-phenyl alkylbenzenes in an amount of at least

80.00 % by weight based upon the total weight of the sulfonated alkyltoluene

component.

By admixture with conventional mixtures of sulfonated linear alkylbenzene

detergents, a mixture of sulfonated alkylbenzenes and sulfonated alkyltoluenes useful

as components in detergent formulations having any desired content of the total

amount of 2-phenyl alkylbenzene or 2-phenyl alkyltoluene isomers, or combination

of these, in the range of between about 18.00 % and 82.00 %, including every

hundredth percentage therebetween, may be produced using the materials provided

according to the invention. Such mixtures of sulfonated alkylbenzenes with

sulfonated alkyltoluenes are useful as a component in forming detergent and cleaning

compositions useful in a wide variety of applications as later illustrated in the

examples.

It has also been found that a catalyst according to this invention may be used in

combination with an existing aluminum chloride or hydrogen fluoride alkylation facility

to afford LAB or LAT having a higher 2-phenyl or 2-toluyl isomer content than would

otherwise be available from such plant using conventional catalysts. Thus, an existing

facility may be retrofitted to include one or more reactors containing the fluorine- containing mordenite of this invention. In this manner, a slip stream of reactants may be

sent to the mordenite with effluent therefrom being introduced back into the

conventional alkylation system. This embodiment has several advantages. For

example, the cost of capital is minimized since conventional equipment will already be

in place. Also, the retrofitted plant can produce higher 2-phenyl isomer LAB or LAT at

the discretion of its operator, depending on need. That is, the plant need not produce

strictly high 2-phenyl isomer LAB or LAT and can instead produce high 2-phenyl

isomer at its discretion. In one embodiment, a slip stream of reactant is drawn and sent

to one or more reactors containing fluorine-containing mordenite catalyst. The effluent

from the fluorine-containing mordenite reactor may then be combined with effluent

from the HF or aluminum chloride reactor to provide a product having a higher level of

2-phenyl isomer LAB or LAT than would otherwise be present in product from an HF

or aluminum chloride reactor.

The invention, in one broad respect, is directed at cleaning formulations

designed to cleanse a wide variety of surfaces or substrates and which possess increased

tolerance to water hardness, wherein the formulations comprise an alkyltoluene

sulfonate component having a much higher 2-phenyl isomer content than formulations

previously available commercially, and other components known to be useful in

formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, including conventional linear alkylbenzene

sulfonate detergents.

The invention, in another broad respect is a process useful for the production of

mono-alkyltoluene, comprising: contacting toluene with an olefin containing from about 8 to about 30 carbons in the presence of fluorine-containing mordenite under conditions

such that linear monoalkyltoluene is formed.

In another broad respect, this invention is a process for the production of linear

alkyltoluene, comprising: a) contacting toluene and an olefin having about 8 to about

30 carbons in the presence of a fluorine-containing mordenite to form a first linear

alkyltoluene stream; b) contacting toluene and an olefin having about 8 to about 30

carbons in the presence of a conventional linear alkylbenzene alkylation catalyst to

form a second linear alkyltoluene stream; and c) combining the first linear

alkyltoluene stream and the second linear alkyltoluene stream form a third linear

alkyltoluene stream, as well as the mono-sulfonation product made from this process.

In another broad respect, this invention is a process useful for the production of

linear alkyltoluene, comprising: combining a product from a conventional linear

alkylbenzene alkylation reactor with a product from a linear alkyltoluene alkylation

reactor containing fluorine-containing mordenite.

In yet another broad respect, this invention is a process for the production of

linear alkyltoluene, comprising: a) dehydrogenating a paraffin to form an olefin; b)

sending a primary feed stream of toluene and the olefin through a conduit to a

conventional linear alkylbenzene alkylation reactor; c) contacting the primary feed

stream in the conventional linear alkylbenzene alkylation reactor with a conventional

linear alkylbenzene alkylation catalyst under conditions effective to react the toluene

and olefin to form a first linear alkyltoluene product; d) withdrawing a portion of the

primary feed stream from the conduit and contacting the portion with a fluorine-

containing mordenite under conditions effective to react the toluene and olefin to form a second linear alkyltoluene product; e) combining the first and second linear

alkyltoluene products to form a crude linear alkyltoluene stream; and f) distilling the

crude linear alkyltoluene stream in a first distillation column to separate toluene that

did not react and to form a toluene-free linear alkyltoluene stream.

Such process may optionally include the steps of: g) distilling the toluene-free

linear alkyltoluene stream in a second distillation column to separate any olefin and to

form a linear alkyltoluene stream; and h) distilling the second olefm-free alkyltoluene

stream in a third distillation column to provide an overhead of a purified linear

alkyltoluene product and removing a bottoms stream containing any heavies.

In another broad respect, this invention is a process useful for the production of

monoalkyltoluene, comprising: introducing a feed comprising olefin having about 8 to

about 30 carbons and toluene into a fluorine-containing mordenite catalyst bed under

conditions such that monoalkyltoluene is produced, allowing toluene, olefin, and mono-

alkyltoluene to descend (fall) into a reboiler from the catalyst bed, removing

monoalkyltoluene from the reboiler, and heating the contents of the reboiler such that

toluene refluxes to furtlier contact the fluorine-containing mordenite.

In yet another broad aspect, this invention relates to mordenite useful for

alkylating toluene with olefin having a silica to alumina molar ratio of about 10:1 to

about 100:1; wherein the mordenite has been treated with an aqueous hydrogen fluoride

solution such that the mordenite contains from about 0.1 to about 4 percent fluorine by

weight.

In yet another broad respect, the invention relates to a chemical mixture that

contains linear alkyltoluenes produced using the process(es) and/or catalyst(s) taught herein, which chemical mixture is useful for producing a mixture of sulfonated linear

alkyltoluenes which mixture contains a higher concentration of sulfonated 2-toluyl

alkyltoluenes than previously available using prior art methods and catalysts.

In another broad respect, the invention comprises formulations for finished

consumer and industrial strength compositions useful in or as: all-purpose cleaners, pine

oil microemulsions, liquid dishwashing soaps, enzyme-based powdered and liquid

laundry detergents, enzyme-free powdered laundry detergents, and the like, as it has

been found that the use of sulfonated LAT mixtures having a higher content of the 2-

phenyl isomer with respect to what has been heretofore available from the teachings of

the prior art improves the effectiveness and cleaning action of all cleaning compositions

which contain conventional sulfonated alkylbenzene detergents, be they linear or

branched. This is true whether all or only a portion of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate

in the formulations of prior art are replaced by the linear alkyltoluene sulfonates of this

invention having enhanced 2-phenylalkyl concentration (any percentage between

30.00% and 80.00%, including every hundredth percentage therebetween) over the

materials available according to the prior art.

In another broad respect, the invention is a method useful for the preparation of

fluorine-containing mordenite, comprising contacting a mordenite having a silica to

alumina molar ratio in a range from about 10:1 to about 100:1 with an aqueous

hydrogen fluoride solution having a concentration of hydrogen fluoride in the range of

from about 0.1 to about 10 percent by weight such that the mordenite containing

fluorine is produced, collecting the fluorine-containing mordenite by filtration, and drying. The fluorine treated mordenite catalyst advantageously produces high

selectivities to the 2-phenyl isomer in the preparation of LAB and LAT, generally

producing selectivities of about 70 percent or more. Also, the fluorine treated mordenite

enjoys a long lifetime, preferably experiencing only a 25 percent or less decrease in

activity after 400 hours on stream. A process operated in accordance with the apparatus

depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 has the advantage that rising toluene from the reboiler

continuously cleans the catalyst to thereby increase lifetime of the catalyst. In addition,

this invention advantageously produces only low amounts of dialkyltoluene, which is

not particularly as useful for detergent manufacture, as well as only low amounts of

tetralin derivatives.

In another aspect the invention provides solid salts of alkyltoluene sulfonates,

which solid salts may contain various cations necessary for charge balance.

In another aspect the invention comprises finished detergent compositions

useful for cleaning fabrics, dishes, hard surfaces, and other substrates that is formed

from components comprising: a) an alkyltoluene sulfonate surfactant component

present in any amount between 0.25 % and 99.50 % by weight based upon the total

weight of the finished detergent composition, said component characterized as

comprising any amount between 26.00 % and 82.00 % by weight based upon the total

weight of the component, and including every hundredth percentage therebetween, of

water-soluble sulfonates of the 2-phenyl isomers of alkyltoluenes described by the

general formula:

wherein n is equal to any integer between 4 and 16, wherein one and only one of R,,

R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is a sulfonate group, and wherein one and only one of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄

and R₅ is a substituent group selected from the group consisting of methyl and ethyl;

and b) any amount between 0.50 % and 99.75 % of other components known to be

useful in formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, wherein at least one of said other

components is selected from the group consisting of: fatty acids, alkyl sulfates, an

ethanolamine, an amine oxide, alkali carbonates, water, ethanol, isopropanol, pine oil,

sodium chloride, sodium silicate, polymers, alcohol alkoxylates, zeolites, perborate

salts, alkali sulfates, enzymes, hydrotropes, dyes, fragrances, preservatives,

brighteners, builders, polyacrylates, essential oils, alkali hydroxides, ether sulfates,

alkylphenol ethoxylates, fatty acid amides, alpha olefin sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates,

betaines, chelating agents, tallowamine ethoxylates, polyetheramine ethoxylates,

ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers, alcohol ethylene oxide/propylene

oxide low foam surfactants, methyl ester sulfonates, alkyl polysaccharides, N-methyl

glucamides, alkylated sulfonated diphenyl oxide, and water soluble alkylbenzene

sulfonates or alkyltoluene sulfonates having a 2-phenyl isomer content of less than

26.00 %. The mordenite catalyst of the present invention is useful as a catalyst in the

production of LAT's in accordance with the process of manufacturing LAT's of this

invention. LAT is useful as starting material to produce sulfonated LAT, which itself is

useful as a surfactant.

Certain terms and phrases have the following meanings as used herein:

"Meq/g" means milliequivalents of titratable acid per gram of catalyst, which is

a unit used to describe acidity of the catalysts. Acidity is generally determined by

titration with a base, as by adding excessive base, such as sodium hydroxide, to the

catalyst and then back titrating the catalyst.

"Conv." and "Conversion" mean the mole percentage of a given reactant

converted to product. Generally, olefin conversion is about 95 percent or more in the

practice of this invention.

"Sel." and "Selectivity" mean the mole percentage of a particular component in

the product. Generally, selectivity to the 2-phenyl isomer is about 70 % or more in the

practice of this invention.

"Detergent range" means a molecular species which contains an alkyl group that

comprises any number of carbon atoms: 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 per alkyl group,

and includes LAB, LAB sulfonates, LAT, LAT sulfonates, and mono-olefins.

"Substantially linear" when referring to a hydrocarbon or alkyl chain that is part

of an alkylbenzene or alkyltoluene, whether the alkylbenzene or alkyltoluene is

sulfonated or not, means a hydrocarbon comprising between 7 and 16 carbon atoms

linked to one another to form a straight chain, wherein the carbon atoms of said straight

chain may have only hydrogen atoms or a methyl group bonded to them as appendages. "Branched alkyl" when referring to a hydrocarbon or alkyl chain that is part of

an alkylbenzene or alkyltoluene, whether the alkylbenzene or alkyltoluene is sulfonated

or not, means a hydrocarbon comprising between 4 and 16 carbon atoms linked to one

another to form a straight chain, wherein one or more of the carbon atoms of said

straight chain may have a hydrogen atom and any alkyl group otlier than a methyl group

(including without limitation ethyl, propyl and butyl groups), bonded to them as

appendages.

"Branched alkylbenzene" means a molecular species which comprises a

branched alkyl chain appended to a benzene ring.

"Branched alkyltoluene" means a molecular species which comprises a branched

alkyl chain appended to a the ring portion of a toluene molecule, regardless of the

respective positions of the methyl group of the toluene and the branched alkyl chain.

"Branched alkylbenzene sulfonate" means a water-soluble salt of a branched

alkylbenzene that has been sulfonated.

"Branched alkyltoluene sulfonate" means a water-soluble salt of a branched

alkyltoluene that has been sulfonated, regardless of the isomeric position of the sulfonate

group and the alkyl group with respect to the methyl group.

"2-phenyl alkylbenzenes" means a benzene ring having at least one alkyl

group attached to it, wherein the alkyl group comprises any number of carbon atoms

between 7 and 16 (including every integral number therebetween) linked to one

another so as to form a substantially linear chain and wherein the benzene ring is

attached the alkyl group at a carbon atom that is adjacent to the terminal carbon of the substantially linear chain. Thus, the carbon atom that is attached to the benzene ring

has a methyl group and another alkyl group attached to it in a 2-phenyl alkylbenzene.

"2-phenyl alkyltoluenes" means a toluene molecule having, in addition to its

methyl group, at least one other alkyl group attached to it, wherein the other alkyl

group comprises any number of carbon atoms between 7 and 16 (including every

integral number therebetween) linked to one another so as to form a substantially

linear chain and wherein the ring portion of the toluene molecule is attached the alkyl

group at a carbon atom that is adjacent to the terminal carbon of the substantially

linear alkyl chain. Thus, the carbon atom that is attached to the ring of the toluene has

a methyl group and another alkyl group attached to it in a 2-phenyl alkyltoluene. 2-

phenyl alkyltoluene is synonymous with2-tolyl alkylbenzene.

"2-tolyl alkylbenzene" means a toluene molecule having, in addition to its

methyl group, at least one other alkyl group attached to it, wherein the other alkyl

group comprises any number of carbon atoms between 7 and 16 (including every

integral number therebetween) linked to one another so as to form a substantially

linear chain and wherein the ring portion of the toluene molecule is attached the alkyl

group at a carbon atom that is adjacent to the terminal carbon of the substantially

linear alkyl chain. Thus, the carbon atom that is attached to the ring of the toluene has

a methyl group and another alkyl group attached to it in a 2-phenyl alkyltoluene.

"Sulfonated 2-phenyl alkylbenzenes" means 2-phenyl alkylbenzenes as

defined above which further comprise a sulfonate group attached to the benzene ring

of a 2-phenyl alkylbenzene as described above, regardless of the position of the

sulfonate group on the ring with respect to the location of the alkyl group; however, it is most common and preferred that the sulfonate group is attached to the benzene ring

in the para-position with respect to the alkyl group.

"Sulfonated 2-phenyl alkyltoluenes" means 2-phenyl alkyltoluenes as defined

above which further comprise a sulfonate group attached to the aromatic ring of a 2-

phenyl alkyltoluene as described above, regardless of the positions of the sulfonate

group, the methyl group, and the alkyl group with respect to one another; however, it

is most preferred that the sulfonate group is attached to the benzene ring in the para-

position with respect to the alkyl group.

"LAB" means a mixture linear alkylbenzenes which comprises a benzene ring

appended to any carbon atom of a substantially linear alkyl chain in the detergent range.

"LAT" means a mixture linear alkyltoluenes which comprises a toluene

molecule having its aromatic ring appended to any carbon atom of a substantially linear

alkyl chain in the detergent range.

"LAB sulfonates" means LAB which has been sulfonated to include an acidic

sulfonate group appended to the benzene rings (thus forming a parent acid), and

subsequently rendered to a form more soluble to aqueous solution than the parent acid

by neutralization using any of alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth hydroxides,

ammonium hydroxides, alkylammonium hydroxides, or any chemical agent known by

those skilled in the art to react with linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acids to form water-

soluble linear alkylbenzene sulfonates.

"LAT sulfonates" means LAT which has been sulfonated to include an acidic

sulfonate group appended to the aromatic ring of the LAT (thus forming a parent acid),

and subsequently rendered to a form more soluble to aqueous solution than the parent acid by neutralization using any of alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth hydroxides,

ammonium hydroxides, alkylammomum hydroxides, or any chemical agent known by

those skilled in the art to react with linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acids to form water-

soluble linear alkylbenzene sulfonates.

"2-phenyl isomer" means LAB or LAT sulfonates of 2-phenyl alkylbenzenes,

as warranted by the context.

"sulfonated aromatic alkylate" means a chemical compound which comprises a

benzene ring having a sulfonate group attached to a carbon atom of the ring structure

and at least one alkyl group in the detergent range attached to a carbon atom of the

ring structure; hence LAT and LAB materials fall within this classification.

All percentages set forth in this specification and its appended claims are

expressed in terms of weight percent, unless specified otherwise.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a representation of a first continuous reactive distillation column

employed in the practice of this invention;

FIG. 2 shows a representation of a second continuous reactive distillation column

employed in the practice of this invention;

FIG. 3 shows a representative process scheme for one embodiment of this invention

where a conventional LAB alkylation reactor (that is also useful in producing LAT) is

shown in combination with a fluorine-containing mordenite reactor of this invention

wherein a slip stream of reactant to the conventional reactor is sent to the mordenite

reactor and wherein the flow of high 2-phenyl isomer LAB or LAT, as the case may be,

from the mordenite reactor may be adjusted to vary the 2-phenyl isomer LAB or LAT

content of the effluent from the conventional LAB alkylation reactor.

FIG. 4 shows another representative process scheme for one embodiment of this

invention where a first conventional LAB alkylation reactor (also useful in LAT

production) is shown in combination with a fluorine-containing mordenite reactors of

this invention wherem a slip stream of reactant to the conventional reactor is sent to one

or both of a pair of mordenite reactor and wherein the LAT or LAB effluent from the

first LAB alkylation reactor and the effluent from the one or both mordenite reactors are

combined and flowed into a second conventional LAB alkylation reactor. FIG. 5 shows graphic data of a total detergency study conducted on cloth swatches

using detergents having alkylbenzenes of differing 2-phenyl isomer content.

FIG. 6 shows the turbidity of solutions containing conventional alkylbenzene surfactant in aqueous solutions of differing hardness;

FIG. 7 shows the turbidity of solutions containing alkylbenzene surfactant having a 2- phenyl isomer content of about 80% in aqueous solutions of differing hardness;

FIG. 8 shows the turbidity of aqueous solutions having a constant water hardness in the presence of different mixtures which each contain different amounts of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and linear alkyltoluene sulfonates in which the 2-pheny isomer

content of the alkylbenzene sulfonates and the alkyltoluene sulfonates is greater than 80% by weight based upon the total weight of all sulfonates present.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The catalysts used to prepare the linear alkyltoluenes of this invention is a

fluorine-containing mordenite. Mordenite is a type of zeolite. The catalyst of this

invention is prepared from hydrogen mordenite (typically having 0.1 percent or less of

sodium) having a silica-alumina molar ratio of from about 10:1 to about 100:1. More

typically, the starting mordenite has a silica/alumina molar ratio of from about 10:1 to

about 50:1. The starting hydrogen mordenite, which is commonly available

commercially, is treated with an aqueous solution of hydrogen fluoride ("HF") to

produce the active, long-life and highly selective catalyst of the invention. In the course

of such HF treatment, as well as during subsequent calcination of said HF-treated

mordenite, the silica/alumina molar ratio typically increases. The finished catalysts of

this invention show a fluorine content of from about 0.1 to about 4 percent by weight,

more typically about 1 percent.

The aqueous solution used to treat the mordenite may contain a range of HF

concentrations. Generally, the HF concentration is a minimum of about 0.1 percent by

weight. Below such minimum concentration, the effect of the fluorine treatment

significantly decreases, resulting in the undesirable need for repeated treatments.

Generally, the HF concentration on the upper end is about 10 percent by weight or less.

Above a concentration of about 10 percent by weight, the HF is so concentrated that it is

difficult to prevent HF from destroying the crystallinity of the mordenite, thereby

dettϊmentally affecting its efficacy as a catalyst for LAB and LAT production. The aqueous HF solution may be prepared by diluting commercially available

48% HF solutions to the desired concentration. Alternatively, HF can be sparged into

water to provide an aqueous HF solution.

Typically, the treatment is carried out by adding mordenite powder or pellets to

a stirred aqueous HF solution at a temperature of from about 0 ° C to about 50 ° C. The

stirring and contacting is continued for a time sufficient to achieve the desired level of

fluorine in the mordenite. This time may vary depending on factors such as HF

concentration, amount of HF solution relative to the amount of mordenite being treated,

speed of agitation is employed, and temperature. After treatment, the mordenite can be

recovered by filtration, and then dried. It is also possible to impregnate the mordenite to

incipient wetness with a given HF solution, as well as to treat the mordenite with

gaseous hydrogen fluoride. Preferably said fluoride-treated mordenite would be calcined

in air prior to use in alkylation service. The preferred calcination temperature would be

in the range from about 400 ° C to about 600 ° C. Alternative mordenite fluorinating

agents to hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen fluoride include ammonium fluoride, fluorided

silicon compounds and fluorided hydrocarbons.

The HF-treated mordenite of this invention generally has about 0.1 percent by

weight or more of fluorine based on the total weight of the mordenite. Typically, the

fluorine-containing mordenite contains about 4 percent by weight or less fluorine. The

fluorine-containing mordenite most typically contains about 1 percent by weight of

fluorine.

The mordenite can be used in the practice of this invention as a powder, in pellet form, as granules, or as extrudates. The mordenite can be formed into pellets or extrudates using binders well known to those of skill in the art, such as alumina, silica

or mixtures thereof.

Reactants for LAT Production

In the practice of this invention, toluene is alkylated with olefin to form LAT.

These reactants can be handled and purified as is generally performed by those of

ordinary skill in the art. In this regard, it is preferred that the reactants are water and

alcohol free The olefins employed in the practice of this invention have from about 8 to

about 30 carbons, preferably from about 10 to about 14 carbons, such as is available

commercially or produced as dehydrogenated paraffin feed stocks. It is preferred that

the olefin be monounsaturated. It is most preferred that the olefin be an alpha-olefϊn

containing a terminal ethylenic unit.

Olefins in the 10 to 14 carbon number range are typically available from the

dehydrogenation of a C₁₀ to C₁₄ paraffin mixture using methods known to those skilled

in the art. Dehydrogenation of such paraffins provides a mixture of mono-olefms

having a double bond at the terminal carbon in the chain and its neighboring carbon

atom, and leaves some of the paraffins unconverted. Thus, the effluent of a

dehydrogenation reactor into which was fed a C₁₀ to C₁₄ mixture typically comprises a

mixture which is predominantly paraffins and has an olefin content of about 5 to 20%,

and is readily available. Often, the olefin content of said olefm-paraffin mixture may be

8 to 10 weight %.

The process of this invention for producing the 2-phenyl isomer of the LAT

having the formula previously set forth above can be carried out using the continuous

reactive distillation column depicted in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, a feed mixture of toluene and olefin, generally at a toluene-to-olefin molar ratio range of about 1 :1 to 100:1 flows

from feed pump 10 to feed inlet 14 via line 12. The feed mixture falls to packed

mordenite catalyst bed 32 where alkylation in the presence of the fluorine-containing

mordenite occurs. Alternatively, while not depicted in FIG. 1, the toluene and olefin

can be introduced separately into the bed with mixing occurring in the bed, or the

reactants can be mixed via an in-line mixer prior to introducing the reactants into the

catalyst bed, or the reactants can be injected separately above the bed with mixing

affected by use of standard packing above the bed, or the reactants can be sparged into

the chamber above the bed. The catalyst bed 32 depicted in FIG. 1 for laboratory scale

may be made of two lengths of 1.1 inch internal diameter tubing, the lengths being 9.5

inches and 22 inches. In the catalyst bed 32, the falling feed mixture also contacts rising

vapors of unreacted toluene which has been heated to reflux in reboiler 42 by heater 40.

Such rising vapors pass over thermocouple 38 which monitors temperature to provide

feedback to heater 40. The rising vapors of toluene and/or olefin also pass through

standard packing 36 (e.g., 7.5 inches of goodloe packing). The rising vapors heat

thermocouple 30 which connects to bottoms temperature controller 28 which activates

heater 40 when temperature drops below a set level.

Prior to startup, the system may be flushed with nitrogen which enters via line

54 and which flows through line 58. After startup, a nitrogen blanket is maintained over

the system. Also prior to startup and during nitrogen flush, it may be desirable to heat

catalyst bed 32 so as to drive off water from the fluorine-containing mordenite.

Residual water from the feed mixture or which otherwise enters the system is

collected in water trap 24 upon being liquefied at condenser 21 (along with benzene vapor). If the feed is very dry (free of water) the water trap 24 may not be needed.

Removing water leads to longer catalyst lifetime. Hence, the water trap 24 is optional.

The same applies to FIG. 2. Condenser 21 is cooled via coolant such as water entering

condenser 21 via port 22 and exiting via port 20. As needed, water in water trap 24 may

be drained by opening drain valve 26.

As needed, when LAT content in reboiler 42 rises to a desired level, the bottoms

LAT product may be removed from the system via line 47, using either gravity or

bottoms pump 48 to withdraw the product. When product is so withdrawn, valve 44 is

opened.

In FIG. 1, dip tube 46, which is optional, is employed to slightly increase the

pressure in reboiler 42 to thereby raise the boiling point of benzene a degree or two.

Likewise, a pressure generator 56 may be optionally employed to raise the pressure of

the system. Other standard pressure increasing devices can be employed. Pressure can

thus be increased in the system such that the boiling point of toluene increases up to

about 200 °C.

In FIG. 1, control mechanisms for heat shutoff 50 and pump shutoff 52 are

depicted which serve to shut off heat and pump if the liquids level in the system rises to

such levels. These control mechanisms are optional and may be included so that the

catalyst bed does not come into contact with the bottoms of the reboiler. Line 60

connects pump shutoff 52 to the system above condenser 21.

In the practice of this invention in the alkylation of toluene, a wide variety of

process conditions can be employed. In this regard, the temperature in the catalyst bed

may vary depending on reactants, rate of introduction into the catalyst bed, size of the bed, and so forth. Generally, the bed is maintained at the reflux temperature of toluene

depending on pressure. Typically, the temperature of the catalyst bed is above about

100°C, and most likely about 110° to 130°C or more in order to have reasonable

reaction rates, and about 250 °C or less to avoid degradation of reactants and products

and to avoid deactivation of the catalyst by coke build-up. Preferably, the temperature is

in the range from about 120 ° C to about 200 ° C. The process may be operated at a

variety of pressures during the contacting step, with pressures of about atmospheric

most typically being employed. When the process is operated using a system as

depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2, the reboiler temperature is maintained such that toluene and

olefin vaporize, the temperature varying depending on olefin, and generally being from

about 110°C to about 300°C for olefins having 10 to 14 carbons. The composition of

the reboiler will vary over time, but is generally set initially to have a toluene-to-olefin

ratio of about 5:1, with this ratio being maintained during the practice of this invention.

The rate of introduction of feed into the catalyst bed may vary, and is generally at a

liquid hourly space velocity ("LHSV") of about 0.05 hr^"1 to about 10 hr^"1, more typically

from about 0.05 hr^"1 to about 1 hr^"1. The mole ratio of toluene to olefin introduced into

the catalyst bed is generally from about 1 : 1 to about 100:1. In commercial toluene

alkylation operations, it is common to run at mole ratios of from about 2:1 to about 20:1,

which can suitably be employed in the practice of this invention, and to charge said

olefins as an olefm-paraffin mixture comprising 5% to 20% olefin content. Said olefm-

paraffin mixtures are normally generated commercially through dehydrogenation of the corresponding paraffin starting material over a noble metal catalyst. Another continuous reactive distillation apparatus is depicted in FIG. 2. In

FIG. 2, the feed mixture enters the reactor via feed inlet 114. The feed mixture falls

through the column into catalyst bed 132, wherein alkylation to form LAT occurs. A

thermowell 133 monitors the temperature of said catalyst bed 132. The catalyst bed 132

may be optionally heated externally and is contained within 1-1/4 inch stainless steel

tubing. Goodloe packing is positioned at packing 136 and 137. LAT product, as well as

unreacted toluene and olefin, fall through packing 136 into reboiler 142. In reboiler 142,

electric heater 140 heats the contents of reboiler 142 such that heated vapors of toluene

and olefin rise from the reboiler 142 to at least reach catalyst bed 132. As needed, the

bottoms LAB product may be removed from reboiler 142 by opening bottoms valve 144

after passing through line 147 and filter 145. Residual water from the feed mixture, or

which otherwise enters the system, may be condensed at condenser 121 which is cooled

with coolant via outlet line 122 and inlet line 120. The condensed water falls to water

trap 124, which can be drained as needed by opening drain valve 126. Temperature in

the system is monitored via thermocouples 138, 130, and 165. The system includes

pressure release valve 166. A nitrogen blanket over the system is maintained by

introduction of nitrogen gas via inlet line 154. Level control activator 150 activates

bottoms level control valve 151 to open when the liquids level in the reboiler rises to the

level control activator 150. Line 160 connects level control activator 150 to the system

above condenser 121.

While the systems depicted in FIG. 1 and FIG.2 show single catalyst bed

systems, it may be appreciated that multi-catalyst bed reactors are within the scope of

this invention, as well as multiple ports for inlet feeds, water traps, product removal lines, and so forth. Moreover, the process may be run in batch mode, or in other

continuous processes using plugflow designs, trickle bed designs, and fluidized bed

designs.

It is believed that as average molecular weight of olefins increases, particularly

when the average number of carbons exceed 14, the selectivity and conversion to LAT,

especially LAT with the 2-isomer, may incrementally decrease. If desired, the product

of the alkylation using HF-treated mordenite may be sent to a second, finishing catalyst

bed to improve yield. This procedure is optional and is believed to be dependent on the

needs and desires of the end user. An example of such a second catalyst is HF-treated

clay such as montmorillonite clay having about 0.5% fluoride. Such a catalyst may also

serve to lower the bromine number of the alkylate product below about 0.1, depending

on conditions.

Variable 2-phenyl Isomer Content of Product Using the Mordenite of the Invention In Combination with Conventional LAT Alkylation

The fluorine-containing mordenite of this invention generally produces LAT

having high 2-phenyl isomer content, such as higher than about 70%. Currently, LAT

purchasers who make detergents would prefer to use LAT having a 2-phenyl isomer

content in the range from about 30 to about 40 percent, but this level is not available in

the marketplace. Conventional LAT alkylation technology do not achieve these higher

2-phenyl isomer levels. HF, which is currently the most widely used catalyst for

production of LAT on a commercial scale, produces about 16-18 percent of the 2-phenyl

isomer in the product stream from the reactor. Aluminum chloride, in contrast, produces

about 26-28 percent of the 2-phenyl isomer. The present inventors recognized that a need exists for a process which produces a 2-phenyl isomer product in the desired

range.

It has now been found that the mordenite of this invention can be used in

combination with conventional LAB alkylation catalysts, such as HF and aluminum

chloride alkylation catalysts. This may be affected by withdrawing a slip stream of

reactant that is being sent to the conventional LAB reactor, and directing the slip stream

to the mordenite reactor. Since conventional LAB catalysts produce product having a 2-

phenyl isomer content much less than that from mordenite of this invention, combining

the LAT products from each catalyst results in a product having a higher 2-phenyl

isomer content than that from the conventional LAB alkylation catalyst. For example,

while the catalyst of this invention typically produces a 2-phenyl isomer content of 70%

or more, a typical HF process produces about 16-18% of the 2-phenyl isomer. By

combining effluent from each catalyst at given proportions, the resulting mixture will

have any desired 2-phenyl isomer content in the range between the 2-phenyl isomer

contents of the HF catalyst product and the mordenite catalyst product. Thus, the levels

of 2-phenyl isomer may be adjusted by the amount of reactants sent to the mordenite

catalyst and/or by storing 2-phenyl isomer product from the mordenite catalyst for later

mixing with the product of from the conventional LAB alkylation catalyst to thereby

achieve any desired level of 2-phenyl isomer content in the final product. An advantage

of this invention pertains to the ability to retrofit an existing, conventional LAB system

with a reactor containing fluorine-treated mordenite of this invention. This enables

existing users of the conventional LAB technology to augment their existing facilities without interrupting their production. This provides a considerable cost advantage to

the producer.

The conventional LAB catalysts used most frequently are HF alkylation

reactors and aluminum chloride alkylation catalysts. Other alkylation catalysts

include various zeolites, alumina-silica, various clays, as well as other catalysts.

FIG. 3 depicts a representative, non-limiting scheme for practice of this

invention wherein the fluorine-treated mordenite is used in combination with a HF

alkylation reactor to afford LAT having high 2-phenyl isomer contents relative to that

produced from the HF reactor alone. The scheme of FIG. 3 is shown in the context of

LAT alkylation based on a feed from a paraffin dehydrogenation facility. Prior to this

invention, the plant depicted in FIG. 3 would be operated conventionally without use

of mordenite reactor 220.

Thus, in conventional operation, fresh paraffin is fed to conventional

dehydrogenation apparatus 210 via line 211, with recycled paraffin being introduced

from the paraffin column 250 via line 252. Dehydrogenated paraffin from the

dehydrogenation apparatus 210 is then pumped into a conventional alkylation reactor

230 containing conventional LAB catalyst, such as HF, via conduit 214. The

dehydrogenated paraffin feed may ofcourse be supplied from any provider. The

source of dehydrogenated paraffin (olefin) is not critical to the practice of this

invention. LAT product from alkylation unit 230 may thereafter be purified by a

series of distillation towers.

In this regard, alkylation effluent is delivered to a toluene column 240 by way

of line 231. It should be appreciated that the alkylation product may be sent offsite for purification. Further, the particular purification scheme used is not critical to the

practice of this invention, but is depicted in FIG. 3 as representative of a typical

commercial operation. In FIG. 3, unreacted toluene is distilled off from the crude

LAT product. Toluene is then recycled to the alkylation reactor 230. The toluene-

free LAT crude product from the toluene column 240 is pumped through line 241 to

paraffin column 250 where any paraffin present is distilled off, with the distilled

paraffin being recycled to paraffin dehydrogenation unit 210 via line 252. Paraffin-

free crude LAT alkylate from the paraffin column 250 is transported to a refining

column 260 where purified LAT is distilled and removed via line 262. Heavies (e.g.,

dialkylates and olefin derivatives) are withdrawn from refining column 260 via

conduit 261.

In the practice of this invention, a fluorine-treated mordenite containing

reactor 220 is used in conjunction with the conventional alkylation reactor 230. In the

embodiment of this invention depicted in FIG. 3, a slip stream of

toluene/dehydrogenated paraffin feed is taken from line 214 and pumped through

mordenite reactor 220 where high 2-phenyl isomer production is achieved. LAT

product from reactor 220, high in 2-phenyl isomer, is then introduced back into line

214 via line 222. Alternatively mordenite reactor 220 may be fed toluene and

dehydrogenated paraffin (olefin) directly, rather than by way of a slip stream from line

221. In addition, effluent from reactor 220 may, in the alternative if no unreacted

olefin is present, be sent directly to toluene column 240, for later combination with

conventional alkylation reactor 230 product or transported and tied into conduit 231,

which feeds toluene column 240. It should be appreciated that columns 240, 250, and 260 may be maintained at conditions (e.g., pressure and temperature) well known to

those of skill in the art and may be packed with conventional materials if desired.

FIG. 4 depicts an alternative configuration to that shown in FIG. 3. In FIG.

4, dual mordenite beds 320, 321 are used in conjunction with conventional alkylation

reactors 330, 340. Conveniently, one of the mordenite reactors may be in operation

while the other reactor is down for catalyst regeneration. For example, during

operation, olefin feed (dehydrogenated paraffin) is supplied via line 301, with toluene

or other aromatic feed stock being provided via line 302. The admixed reactants may

flow to standard alkylation reactor 330 via line 304b after passing through heat

exchanger 303. A portion of the mixed stream may be withdrawn via line 304a for

supply to the mordenite reactor. The extent of the mixed feed stream being

withdrawn may be varied depending on the desired level of 2-phenyl isomer in the

final product. In another embodiment, the product from the reactor containing

mordenite 320, 321 may be fed to the first alkylation reactor 330, particularly if the

second alkylation reactor 34 is not employed in the process.

The slip stream reactants may optionally be sent to dewatering unit 317 by

application of pump 306 after passing through heat exchanger 305. In the dewatering

unit 317, water is distilled from the reactants in dewatering tower 310. Rising vapor

exits via line 311a and passes through heat exchanger 312 wherein condensation

occurs. Effluent from heat exchanger 312 is advanced to water trap 318 via line 311b.

Water is removed from water trap 318 via line 313, with the bottom organic layer

being returned to the dewatering tower 310. Dewatered reactants may be removed via

line 316 and conveyed to either line 316a or line 316b. Some of the dewatered reactant may be withdrawn by conduit 314b, sent through heat exchanger 315 and

returned to the tower 310 via line 314a. In this regard, heat exchanger 315 may serve

as a reboiler.

After reaction in either reactor 320 or 321, LAT product is sent to lines 322

and 331 from either line 322a or 322b after passing through heat exchanger 323.

When desired, one of the catalyst beds may be regenerated, as by calcination for

example, through use of regeneration heater 350, which may be connected to the

reactor of choice by dotted line 351 through valving and hardware that are not shown.

The reactors 320 and 321 may optionally be run simultaneously. The reactors 320

and 321 may be loaded with mordenite catalyst in any fashion, as would be apparent

to one of skill in the art. Typically, a plugged flow arrangement is used. The amount

of catalyst employed may vary depending on a variety of considerations such as type

and flow rate of reactants, temperature and other variables. The combined effluents

from conventional reactor 330 and mordenite reactors 320 or 321 may be fed to a

second conventional reactor 340, or optionally may be sent to a purification section

directly if no unreacted olefin is present (the conventional reactor serves to complete

reaction of any olefin that is not converted in the mordenite reactors 320, 321). In

FIG. 4, effluent from the second conventional alkylation reactor is advanced to a

purification section. The second alkylation reactor may be used to react unreacted

feed stock from reactors 330, 320 and 321 to thereby reduce recycle loads.

It should be appreciated that a wide variety of configurations are

contemplated, and the figures should not be construed as limiting this invention or

claims hereto. Additional reactors and other equipment may, for example, be used. The following examples are illustrative of the present invention and are not

intended to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention or the claims. Unless

otherwise indicated, all percentages are by weight. In the examples, all reactants were

commercial grades and used as received. The apparatus depicted in FIG. 1 was

employed for examples 2-4. The apparatus depicted in FIG. 1 was used for example 5.

While the examples herein relate to the alkylation of benzene according to the

invention to provide LAB having enhanced 2-phenyl isomer content, the same catalysts

and equipment may be used to provide LAT using toluene as a starting material in the

stead of benzene, using the temperatures mentioned above for LAT production.

It may be noted that example 2 illustrates LAB production from paraffin

dehydrogenate using the fluoride-treated mordenite catalyst of example B, where good

catalyst life (250+ hrs) is achieved without catalyst regeneration, while maintaining a 2-

phenyl isomer selectivity of >70% and high LAB productivity without significant loss

of fluoride. Comparative example 1, on the other hand, using untreated mordenite, with

no fluoride added, shows a rapid decline in LAB production. In addition, examples 3

and 4 illustrate LAB production using a 5:1 molar benzene/C₁₀-C₁₄ olefin feed mix and

the fluoride-treated mordenite catalysts of Example B when operating at different

LHSV's in the range of 0.2-0.4 hr^"1. Catalyst life may exceed 500 hours. Example 5

illustrates LAB production with the fluoride-treated mordenite catalyst where the

alkylation is conducted at higher temperatures and under pressure. Examples 6-8

illustrate the performance of three HF-treated mordenite catalysts with different fluoride

loadings. Example 9 shows how virtually no alkylation activity is observed with a

highly-fluorinated mordenite. EXAMPLE A

This example illustrates the preparation of a hydrogen fluoride-modified

mordenite.

To 30 g of acidified mordenite (LZM-8, SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio 17; Na-O wt% 0.02,

surface area 517 m²/g, powder, from Union Carbide Corp.) was added 600 ml of 0.4%

hydrofluoric acid solution, at room temperature. After 5 hours the solid zeolite was

removed by filtration, washed with distilled water, dried at 120° C overnight, and

calcined at 538 °C.

EXAMPLE B

The example illustrates the preparation of a hydrogen fluoride-modified

mordenite.

To 500 g of acidified, dealuminized, mordenite (CBV-20A from PQ Corp.;

SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio 20; Na-O, 0.02 wt%; surface area 550 m²/g, 1/16" diameter

extrudates, that had been calcined at 538 °C, overnight) was added a solution of 33 ml of

48% HF solution in 1633 ml of distilled water, the mix was cooled in ice, stirred on a

rotary evaporator overnight, then filtered to recover the extruded solids. The extrudates

were further washed with distilled water, dried in vacuo at 100°C, and then calcined at

538 °C, overnight.

Analyses of the treated mordenite showed:

F: 1.2%; Acidity: 0.49 meq/g EXAMPLE 1

This example illustrates the preparation of linear alkylbenzenes using a

hydrogen fluoride-modified mordenite catalyst.

To a 500 ml flask, fitted with condenser and Dean Stark Trap was added 100 ml

of benzene (reagent grade) plus 10 g of hydrogen fluoride-modified mordenite zeolite,

prepared by the method of Example A. The mix was refluxed for 15-20 minutes to

remove small amounts of moisture, then a combination of benzene (50 ml) plus 1-

dodecene (10 g) was injected into the flask and the solution allowed to reflux for 3

hours.

Upon cooling, the modified mordenite catalyst was removed by filtration, the

filtrate liquid flashed to remove unreacted benzene, and the bottoms liquid analyzed by

gas chromatography.

Typical analytical data are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1

EXAMPLE 2

This example illustrates the preparation of linear alkylbenzenes from paraffin

dehydrogenate using a hydrogen fluoride-treated mordenite catalyst.

In example 2, benzene was alkylated with a sample of C₁₀-C₁₄ paraffin

dehydrogenate containing about 8.5% C₁₀-C₁₄ olefins. Alkylation was conducted in a process unit as shown in FIG. 1. Alkylation was conducted by first charging 500 ml of a benzene/paraffin

dehydrogenate mix (10:1 molar ratio, benzene/C₁₀-C₁₄ olefin) to the reboiler and 250 cc

of the HF-treated mordenite of example B to the 1.1" i.d. reaction zone. The mordenite

was held in place using Goodloe paclcing. The reboiler liquid was then heated to reflux

and a benzene plus C₁₀-C₁₄ paraffin dehydrogenate mix (10:1 molar ratio, benzene/C₁₀-

C₁₄ olefin) continuously introduced into the unit above the catalyst column at the rate of

lOO cc/hr. (LHSV=0.4 hr^"1).

Under steady state, reflux, conditions liquid product was continuously

withdrawn from the reboiler and water continuously taken off from the water trap. The

crude liquid product was periodically analyzed by gas chromatography. The reboiler

temperature was typically in the controlled range of 97-122 ° C. The column head

temperature variability was 78-83 ° C. A summary of the analytical results may be

found in Table 2.

After 253 hours on stream, the recovered HF-treated mordenite catalyst showed

by analysis: F: 1.1%; Acidity: 0.29 meq/g; H₂O: 0.3%

Table 2

Comparative Example 1

This example illustrates the preparation of linear alkylbenzene from pεiraffin

dehydrogenate using an untreated mordenite catalyst. Following the procedures of

Example 9, the alkylation unit was charged with 250 cc of untreated, calcined,

mordenite, (the starting mordenite of Example B), and the liquid feed comprised

benzene plus C₁₀-C₁₄ paraffin dehydrogenate mix in a 10:1 molar ratio of benzene/C₁₀-

C_M olefin.

Typical results are summarized in Table 3.

The recovered mordenite showed by analysis: Acidity: 0.29 meq/g; H₂O: 2.1%>

Table 3

EXAMPLE 3

This example also illustrates the preparation of linear alkylbenzene from paraffin

dehydrogenate using a hydrogen fluoride-treated mordenite catalyst.

Following the procedures of Example 2, the alkylation unit was charged with

250 cc of the HF-treated mordenite of Example B, and the liquid feed comprised a

benzene plus C₁₀-C₁₄ paraffin dehydrogenate mix in a 5:1 molar ratio of ber_zene/Cι₀-C₁₄

olefin, the reboiler temperature was typically in the range of 122-188 ° C, the column

head temperature 78-83 ° C. Typical analytical results are summarized in Table 4. After 503 hours on stream, the recovered HF-treated mordenite catalyst showed

on analysis: F: 1.0%; Acidity: 0.35 meq/g; H₂O: 0.1%

Table 4

Corrected for benzene in effluent sample. ^b Applied pressure 8" H₂O ^c Applied pressure 12" H₂O Example 4

This example also illustrates the preparation of linear alkylbenzenes from

paraffin dehydrogenate using a hydrogen fluoride-treated mordenite catalyst.

Following the procedures of Example 2, alkylation was conducted in the

glassware unit of FIG. 1 complete with catalyst column, reboiler, condenser and

controls. To the reaction zone was charged 500 cc of HF-treated mordenite of Example

B. The liquid feed comprised a benzene plus C₁₀-C₁₄ paraffin dehydrogenate mix in a 5:1

molar ratio of benzene /C₁₀-C₁₄ olefin. The feed rate was 100 cc/hr (LHSV:0.2 hr^"1).

Under typical steady state, reflux, conditions, with a reboiler temperature range

of l31-205°C and a head temperature of 76-83 ° C, typical results are s ummarized in

Table 5.

Table 5 ^a Corrected for benzene in effluent sample ^b Composite product

EXAMPLE 5

This example illustrates the preparation of linear alkylbenzenes from paraffin

dehydrogenate using a hydrogen fluoride-treated mordenite catalyst.

Following the procedures of Example 2, alkylation of benzene with C₁₀-C₁₄

paraffin dehydrogenate was conducted using the stainless-steel unit of FIG. 2, complete

with catalyst column, reboiler, condenser, and controls. About 250 cc or HF-treated

mordenite of Example B was charged to the column. The liquid feed comprised benzene plus C₁₀-C₁₄ paraffin dehydrogenate mix in a 10:1 molar ratio of benzene/C₁₀-

C_M olefin. The LHSV varied from 0.2 to 0.4 hr^"1.

Alkylation was conducted over a range of column and reboiler temperatures and

a range of exit pressures. Typical results are summarized in Table 6.

Table 6 ^a Composite product ^b Stripped composite product EXAMPLES 6-8

These examples illustrate the preparation of linear alkylbenzene using hydrogen

fluoride-modified mordenite catalysts with different fluoride treatment levels.

Following the procedures of Example 1, the alkylation unit was charged with

benzene (100 ml), a 10 g sample of hydrogen fluoride-modified mordenite prepared by

the procedure of Example B, plus a mix of benzene (50 ml) and 1-decene (10 g). Three

HF-treated mordenites were tested, having the composition:

Catalyst "C" 0.25% HF on mordenite (CBV-20A)

Catalyst "D" 0.50% HF on mordenite (CBV-20A)

Catalyst "E" 1.0% HF on mordenite (CBV-20A)

In each experiment samples of the bottoms liquid fraction were withdrawn at

regular periods and subject to gas chromatography analyses. The results are

summarized in Table 7.

Table 7 Example 9

This example illustrates the inactivity of a heavily loaded hydrogen-fluoride

modified mordenite catalyst.

Following the procedures of Example 2, the alkylation unit was charged with

100 cc of a hydrogen fluoride-treated mordenite (CBV-20A) prepared by the method of

Example B but having a much higher loading of HF (fluoride content 4.8%). The

acidity of said HF-treated mordenite was 0.15 meq/g.

No significant amount of alkylated product was detected by gas

chromatography.

EXAMPLE 10 Preparation of high 2-position isomer C12-alkyltoluene

C12-Linear alkyltoluene (LAT) is prepared by using mordenite, CBV20A, a

mordenite catalyst available from Zeolyst, Inc. of Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. The

reaction was conducted in a 2L round-bottom flask equipped with a mechanical

stirrer, condenser, and a Dean-Stark trap to remove water from the reaction mixture.

About 50 grams of freshly calcined (1000° F) CBV20A mixed with 920 grams of

reagent grade toluene and stirred under moderate agitation, with heating to reflux.

About 25 ml of cloudy toluene is collected into the trap and is removed from the trap

to make the reaction anhydrous. About 168 grams of alpha dodecene is added slowly

over 15 minutes and continued stirring for about one hour at 130-135°C. The reaction

mixture was cooled, filtered, and the excess toluene is distilled off obtain the crude

alkyltoluene. The crude material is distilled under vacuo at 150-155°C at 1-2 mm

pressure. Gas chromatography analysis showed a mixture of 2-tolyl isomer (84.20%), 3-tolyl isomer (15.77%) consisting of ortho, para, and meta isomers, with the para isomer being predominant.

EXAMPLE 11 Preparation of high 2-position isomer ClO-alkyltoluene

ClO-linear alkyltoluene (LAT) is prepared by using mordenite, CBV20A,

catalyst with/without fluoride. The reaction apparatus is the same as the one used in

Example 10 above. About 50 grams of freshly calcined (1000° F) catalyst is stirred

with 500 grams of reagent grade toluene and heated to reflux with moderate

mechanical stirring. About 25 ml of toluene is collected into the trap to make the

reaction mixture anhydrous. About 140 grams of ClO-alpha olefin is added over 15

minutes and heated with stirring at 120-130°C for 30 mints., cooled and filtered.

Excess toluene is removed by distillation, and the crude alkyltoluene is distilled under

vacuo at 145-150°C at 1-2 mm. Gas chromatography analysis of the distilled fraction

showed a mixture of 2-tolyl isomer (84.04%), 3-tolyl isomer (15 .78%), each

containing para/ortho/meta isomers, with predominant isomers being the para isomers.

Example 12 Preparation of high 2-position isomer Light alkyltoluenes

Linear light alkyltoluene (LLAT) is prepared by using mordenite CBV20A

catalyst. The reactor setup is the same as for Example 10 above. About 50 grams of

freshly calcined (1000°F) CBV20A is mixed with 400 grams of reagent grade toluene

and heated to reflux with moderate mechanical stirring at 120-125°C. About 25 ml of

toluene azeotrope is removed to make the reaction completely anhydrous. About 600 grams of a hydrocarbon mix containing about 10% olefins and 90 % paraffins is

added slowly over 30 minutes, and heating continued for about 2 hours at 130-135°C.

The reaction mixture is cooled, filtered, and the excess toluene is removed to obtain a

crude alkyltoluene / paraffin mixture. Paraffin is removed by distillation up to 250°C.

The final product is distilled at 145-155C at l-2mm pressure. Gas chromatography

analysis of distilled product showed a mixture of C10-C13 alkyltoluenes, with only 2

and 3 phenyl isomers containing para/ortho/meta isomers.

Compositions Having Enhanced Water Hardness Tolerance

A surprising observation of increased water hardness tolerance was

unexpectedly observed when using LAB sulfonates having a high 2-phenyl isomer

content in various cleaning formulations, as set forth below. As is well-known to those

of ordinary skill in the chemical arts, most ordinary "tap" water contains varying

amounts of cations of the alkaline earth metals calcium and magnesium. These metals

are well known to form relatively insoluble complexes (a.k.a. "soap scum") with most

soap and detergent molecules, including the LAB sulfonate materials of the prior art.

Such complexation frequently results in precipitation of the salts formed by the union of

the above-mentioned cations with materials commonly used as soaps, and such

complexation results in precipitation of the complex with an attendant effective decrease

of the total concentration of detergent in solution. This is an especially troubling

problem in areas such as parts of Texas where the local water supply may contain as

much as 0.10 % of calcium and magnesium hardness, which render some soaps and detergents essentially useless. To reduce the effects of hardness, formulators must often

add a chelating agent such as borax, zeolites, citric acid, or EDTA or one of its sodium

salts, to form stable, soluble complexes with hardness minerals, thus masking and effectively reducing the effective concentration of the hardness minerals.

It was unexpectedly discovered that ionic metallic species such as alkaline earth

metal cations which normally hinder detergent activity by complexation as described

above do not form insoluble complexes with the LAB sulfonates having a high 2-phenyl

isomer content as provided herein as readily as they do with LAB sulfonates in

formulations provided by a prior art. The net result of the reluctance of such ionic

metallic species to form insoluble complexes with LAB sulfonates having a high-2-

phenyl isomer provided by the invention and the formulations described herein is that an

effectively higher concentration of such active detergent components is present in

solution and available for solubilization of oils and general cleaning of exposed

substrates. This result is astounding, smce hardness minerals have forever been an issue

in the formulation of every detergent and cleaning composition because of their

propensity to form insoluble salts with surface active agents. Thus, the formulations of

this invention are pioneering insomuch as they represent a first major step away from

considering alkaline earth cations as being an issue in the formulation of detergents and

the like.

However, the LAB sulfonates of this invention which have a higher 2-phenyl

isomer content than were previously available from the teachings of the prior art also

have a Krafft temperature which is in the range of between about 15°C to 30° C,

depending upon the length of the alkyl chain. In cases where such high ϊ-rafft temperatures are undesirable, these LAB's may not be the material of choice, all things

considered. However, the LAT sulfonates of this invention which have a 2-phenyl

isomer content in the range of between about 30.00% and 80.00 % have been observed

to have much lower Krafft temperatures, typically less than 10° C, and more typically in

the range of between -5°C and +5° C. These lower Krafft temperatures are beneficial in

providing the micellular structures necessary for acceptable detergency characteristics in

most applications; however, the water hardness tolerance of the high 2-toluyl isomer

LAT materials is particularly dependent upon the alkyl chain length in the LAT

materials. As is evident from FIG. 10, when the average alkyl chain length of the LAT

material is below about 10.8, the water hardness tolerance is superior to LAB material.

However, when the average alkyl chain length is greater than about 11 , then the water

hardness tolerance is inferior to LAB material. Thus it has been found beneficial in

some formulations to employ mixtures of the high 2-phenyl isomer LAT materials and

high 2-phenyl isomer LAB materials, in order to arrive at a component useful in

detergent formulations which has enhanced detergency characteristics at lower

temperatures and a high degree of water hardness tolerance.

Through use of the components having a high 2-phenyl isomer content as

provided herein, formulators may in many instances omit a chelating agent from their

formulations, or at the least, only moderate, reduced amounts would be required. Since

such chelants are relatively costly, a savings in manufacture from the standpoints of

blending and raw material quantities may be passed on to the public.

Cleaning compositions which utilize an alkylbenzene sulfonate of this invention

having a 2-phenyl isomer content of about 80% in the stead of those having a 2-phenyl isomer content of less than about 50% are in general are possessive of much greater

cleaning strength. The increase in cleaning performance provided by the linear

alkylbenzene sulfonates of this invention having a 2-phenyl isomer content of about

80% ("Super High 2-Phenyl") is illustrated by the data set forth in FIG. 5 below. In

FIG. 5, the total detergency of a blend comprising a conventional linear alkylbenzene

sulfonate (denoted as A225 that comprises a 2-phenyl isomer content of about 16 % to

18%) of the total alkylbenzene sulfonates present; A225 is available from Huntsman

Petrochemical Corporation located at 7114 North Lamar Blvd., Austin, Texas.)

containing various added amounts of Super High 2-Phenyl is illustrated as performance

from laundry testing data. For this series of tests, Super High 2-Phenyl was blended

with A225 holding the total amount of actives constant at 10%. The samples were

tested in a 6 pot Terg-o-tometer® (US Testing Corporation) at 2 grams per liter of

detergent at 100 degrees Fahrenlieit, using a 150 ppm hard water with a 15 minute wash

cycle followed by a 5 minute rinse. Standardized soil swatches were used to assess the

detergency. Results were obtained by measuring the reflectance of the swatches both

before and after cleaning using a Hunter Lab Color Quest reflectometer using the L-A-B

scale. All swatches were run in triplicate and the results averaged. Soil swatches used

were: dirty motor oil, dust sebum, grass stain, blood/milk/ink stain, olive oil (EMPA),

clay, and clean white swatches to measure redeposition. Both cotton and

polyester/cotton blends were evaluated for all soils. The results show that the cleaning

performance increases with increasing percentage of 2-phenyl isomer content in the

blend. The results for the detergent which employed 100 % of material containing a

high 2-phenyl isomer content were as much as 50 % higher than the conventional linear alkylbenzene sulfonate ("LAS"). In all solutions employed herein for hardness testing, a

calcium to magnesium ratio of 2 to 1 was employed.

As mentioned above, detergents formulated using Super High 2-Phenyl exhibit

an increased tolerance to water hardness with respect to those formulated using

conventional, commercially-available linear alkyl benzene sulfonate detergent

components. FIG. 6 below provides turbidity data to evidence the hardness tolerance of

conventional LAS surfactant A225 present at about 1 % aqueous at various levels of

water hardness, as measured inNTU units (using a turbidimeter from Orbeco-Helige of

Farmingdale, NY), the use of which is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

In FIG. 6, the point at which the solution turbidity first undergoes a dramatic increase is

the point approximately corresponding to the solubility limit of the complex formed by

the hardness minerals found in the water used and the detergent component. Thus,

formulations which employ conventional linear alkylbenzene sulfonate components

similar to A225 begin to experience a decrease in the effective concentration of a main

ingredient at a water hardness level of around 750 ppm. Of course such effect will be

more pronounced for consumers wishing to ration detergents by using less soap in a

given volume of water than the recommended amount, since the amount of total

hardness with respect to available sulfonate will be greatly increased which may in some

cases bind up more than half of the sulfonate present.

FIG. 7 provides data for the same hardness tolerance data as was gathered for

FIG. 6 present at about 1 % aqueous; however, the LAS used for gathering these data

was the Super High 2-Phenyl LAS. From the data in FIG. 7, it is evident that

significant amounts of water-insoluble compounds are not formed until a hardness level of about 1500 ppm is reached, which is about twice the hardness tolerance of

conventional materials. Since the formulations according to the invention contain high

amounts of the 2-phenyl isomer of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, they not only have

increased detergency power, but are also more tolerant to water hardness. Thus, less

active chemical may be used in a formulation to give it equal cleaning power to prior art

formulations which contain greater amounts of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates.

Lowering the amount of active chemical in the formulation saves in raw material costs,

blending operations, and transportation costs, which savings may be passed on to the

public.

FIG. 8 provides data for the same hardness tolerance data as was gathered for

FIGS. 6 and 7; however the surfactant concentration was reduced to about 0.1 %

aqueous to show the effect of reduced surfactant concentration, since the point at which

precipitates begin to form is dependent upon the total amount of surfactant present. In

FIG. 8, both A225 and an alkylbenzene sulfonate provided according to the invention

having a 2-phenyl isomer are compared. From these data, it is evident that significant

amounts of water-insoluble compounds are formed at hardness levels of about 25 ppm

using the conventional A225 material while the Super High 2-phenyl material does not

show any precipitation until the hardness level of four time this amount or about 100

ppm is achieved.

FIG. 9 illustrates an unexpected synergy discovered with respect to blends

containing linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and linear alkyltoluene sulfonates, in which

both of these sulfonated aromatic alkylates have a 2-phenyl isomer content greater than

75%. The data on the graph are NTU turbidity values for a 0.10% aqueous solution (hardness of 300 ppm, Ca/Mg = 2:1) to which blends containing these linear

alkylbenzene sulfonates (SLAS) and linear all yltoluene sulfonates (SLATS) are present

in varying amounts. For each data point, the total combined amount of surfactant is the

same at 0.10 % of the total solution. From the graph can be observed the unexpected

minimum when the amount of alkyltoluene sulfonates present are between about 15%

and 55%o of the total amount of surfactant present.

Since such a large number of formulations of various cleaning compositions

contain linear alkylbenzene sulfonates as a main detergent component, the breadth of

applicability of the discoveries according to this invention is great indeed. Thus, all

cleaning compositions known in the prior art which contain sulfonated linear

alkylbenzenes can be increased in effectiveness and cleaning strength by being

reformulated to replace at least a portion of the sulfonated linear alkylbenzenes currently

used with a sulfonated linear alkyltoluene surfactant provided by this invention that have

an increased percentage of 2-phenyl alkyltoluene isomers over what was previously

available. Further, since it is possible to blend an LAT sulfonate having a high 2-phenyl

isomer content produced in accordance with the present invention (on the order of about

82 %) with conventional LAB or LAT sulfonates, it is also possible according to the

invention to provide a mixed LAB/LAT sulfonate component useful for forming a

detergent composition or cleaning formulation in which the component has a 2-phenyl

isomer content of any selected value between about 18%) and 82 %> by weight based

upon the total combined weight of all isomers of LAB and LAT sulfonates present. As

shown in Table 5, alkylbenzenes that contain amounts of the 2-phenyl isomer in excess of 80% may be readily produced according to the instant process using the instant

catalyst.

Formulators of finished detergents would prefer to use LAB based surfactants

having a 2-phenyl isomer content in the range from about 30 to 40 percent, but this level

has not heretofore been available in commercial quantities. Through use of the instant

invention, a wide variety of cleaning products comprising LAB and LAT sulfonates

having between 30% and 40%of 2-phenyl isomer are easily achieved for the first time

on a commercial scale. Below are set forth examples of some superior formulations

which employ sulfonated linear alkylbenzenes as surfactants. In each example, the

LAB sulfonate and the LAT sulfonate used are sulfonates produced in accordance

with table 2, and having 2-phenyl isomer contents of about 81 %. In the examples,

the term "LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content" means an LAB sulfonate

having a 2-phenyl isomer content of 80 % based upon the total of all LAB sulfonate

isomers present in the LAB sulfonate. The term "LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl

content" means an LAT sulfonate having a 2-phenyl isomer content of 80 % based upon

the total of all LAT sulfonate isomers present in the LAT sulfonate. In each of the

Examples given below, all of the ingredients were combined with one another and

mixed until homogeneous. Then, in each case, the final mixtures were adjusted , as is

done according to a preferred form of the invention, to a pH in the range of 10-11 using

aqueous NaOH and HCl, as needed. However, any final pH level in the range of about 7

- 12 is may be achieved. In liquid dishwashing liquids, apH in the range of about 7-8

is most desirable. It will be seen in the examples below that there are components in each of the

formulas other than the alkylbenzene surfactant component having a high 2-phenyl

isomer content. These other components are known by those of ordinary skill in this art

to be useful in formulating soaps, cleaning compositions, hard surface cleaners, laundry

detergents, and the like. For purposes of this invention and the appended claims, the

words "other components known to be useful in formulating soaps, detergents, and the

like" means any material which a formulator of ordinary skill in the soap or detergent

arts recognizes as adding a benefit to the physical perforaiance, aroma, or aesthetics of a

combination that is intended to be used as a cleaning composition, regardless of the

substrate that is intended to be cleansed. Such includes every material that has been

known in the prior art to be useful in soap and detergent formulations.

In each of the Examples which follow, all percentages are given on a percent

by weight basis based on the total weight of the finished composition, unless noted

otherwise.

Example 13 - All Purpose Cleaner

LAT sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 1.3

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 2.0 alkyl sulfate 1.6 coconut fatty acid 1.8 monoethanolamine 1.5

SURFONIC® L12-6 12.4

Amine oxide 0.9

Soda ash 0.7

Water 77.8

Total 100

Example 14 - All Purpose Cleaner

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 0.66

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 2.64 alkyl sulfate 1.6 coconut fatty acid 1.8 monoethanolamine 1.5

SURFONIC® L12-6 12.4

Amine oxide 0.9

Soda ash 0.7

Water 77.8

Total 100

Example 15 - All Purpose Cleaner

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 0.66

LAB sulfonate having 2-phenyl content between 12.0 % and 30.0% 2.64 alkyl sulfate 1.6 coconut fatty acid 1.8 monoethanolamine 1.5

SURFONIC® L12-6 12.4

Amine oxide 0.9

Soda ash 0.7

Water 77.8

Total 100

Example 16 - Pine Oil Microemulsion

Pine Oil 20.0

SURFONIC® L12-8 4.7

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 3.12

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 4.68

Isopropanol 11.0

Triethanolamine 4.7

Water 51.8

Total 100

Example 17 - Pine Oil Microemulsion

Pine Oil 20.0

SURFONIC® L12-8 4.7

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 1.56

LAB sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 6.24

Isopropanol 11.0

Triethanolamine 4.7

Water 51.8

Total 100 Example 18 - Pine Oil Microemulsion

Pine Oil 20.0

SURFONIC® L12-8 4.7

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 1.56

LAB sulfonate having 2-phenyl content between 12.0% and 30.0% 6.24

Isopropanol 11.0

Triethanolamine 4.7

Water 51.8

Total 100

Example 19 - Value Brand Powdered Laundry Detergent

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 3.9

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 2.6

SURFONIC® N-95 4.3

Soda ash 29.8

Sodium chloride 45.7

Sodium silicate 11.6

Polymer 2.1

Example 20 - Value Brand Powdered Laundry Detergent

LAB sulfonate having 80 %2-phenyl content 5.2

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 1.3

SURFONIC® N-95 4.3

Soda ash 29.8

Sodium chloride 45.7

Sodium silicate 11.6

Polymer 2.1

Example 21 - Value Brand Powdered Laundry Detergent

LAB sulfonate having 2-phenyl content between 12.0%> and 30.0% 3.9

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 2.6

SURFONIC® N-95 4.3

Soda ash 29.8

Sodium chloride 45.7

Sodium silicate 11.6

Polymer 2.1 Example 22 - Premium Brand Powdered Laundry Detergent

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 5.68

LAT sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 1.42

Sodium alkyl sulfate 13.3

Alcohol ethoxy late 2.6

Zeolites 34.7

Soda ash 19.6

Sodium silicate 1.0

Sodium perborate 0.9

TAED 0.5

Sodium sulfate 19.3

Protease enzyme 0.5

Cellulase enzyme 0.5

Total 100

Example 23 - Premium Brand Powdered Laundry Detergent

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 4.26

LAT sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 2.84

Sodium alkyl sulfate 13.3

Alcohol ethoxylate 2.6

Zeolites 34.7

Soda ash 19.6

Sodium silicate 1.0

Sodium perborate 0.9

TAED 0.5

Sodium sulfate 19.3

Protease enzyme 0.5

Cellulase enzyme 0.5

Total 100

Example 24 - Premium Brand Powdered Laundry Detergent

LAB sulfonate having 2-phenyl content between 12.0%) and 30.0% 4.26

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 2.84

Sodium alkyl sulfate 13.3

Alcohol ethoxylate 2.6

Zeolites 34.7

Soda ash 19.6

Sodium silicate 1.0 Sodium perborate 0.9

TAED 0.5

Sodium sulfate 19.3

Protease enzyme 0.5

Cellulase enzyme 0.5

Total 100

Example 25 - Value Brand Laundry Concentrate

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 11.1

LAT sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 7.4

SURFONIC® N-95 75.00

Monoethanolamine 6.50

Total 100

Example 26 - Value Brand Laundry Concentrate

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 14.8 LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 3.7

SURFONIC® N-95 75.00 Monoethanolamine 6.50

Total 100

Example 27 - Value Brand Laundry Concentrate

LAB sulfonate having 2-phenyl content between 12.0% and 30.0% 14.8

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 3.7

SURFONIC® N-95 75.00

Monoethanolamine 6.50

Total 100

Example 28 - Value Brand Laundry Detergent

Concentrate from Example 22, 23, or 24 7.0000

Water (well) 92.168

Optical Brightener 0.0100

Salt 0.1352

Salt 0.6148

Preservative 0.0100 Dye 0.0020

Fragrance 0.0600

Total 100

Example 29 • Value Brand Laundry Concentrate

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 10.44

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 7.00

SURFONIC® N-95 34.8

SURFONIC® T-15 17.4

POGOL® 300 8.0

Monoethanolamine 2.4

Water 20.0

Total 100

Example 30 - Value Brand Laundry Concentrate

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 13.92

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 3.48

SURFONIC® N-95 34.8

SURFONIC® T-15 17.4

POGOL® 300 8.0

Monoethanolamine 2.4

Water 20.0

Total 100

Example 31 - Value Brand Laundry Concentrate

LAB sulfonate having 2-phenyl content between 12.0% and 30.0% 13.92 LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 3.48

SURFONIC® N-95 34.8

SURFONIC® T-15 17.4

POGOL® 300 8.0

Monoethanolamine 2.4

Water 20.0

Total 100

Example 32 - Value Brand Laundry Detergent

Concentrate from Example 26, 27, or 28 50.000

Water 44.245 Optical brightener A 0.15

Sodium chloride 0.500

Polyacrylate A 2.500

Chelating agent 1.00

NaOH (50.0% aq.) 0.220

Fragrance 0.300

Preservative 0.080

Melaleuca oil 0.005

Total 100

Example 33 ■ - Premium Laundry Detergent with Enzymes

Concentrate from Example 30, 31, or 32 30.0000

Water (well) 56.2632

Optical brightener 0.0500

Calcium dichloride 0.1000

Sodium chloride 0.6148

Preservative 0.0100

Dye 0.0020

Fragrance 0.0600

Propylene glycol 10.0000

Borax 2.0000

Protease enzyme 0.7000

Lipase enzyme 0.2000

Total 100

Example 34 - Premium Liquid Dishwashing Formulation I

LAB sulfonate having 80%o 2-phenyl content 15.44

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 10.31

De-ionized water 16.316

Magnesium hydroxide 1.133

Sodium hydroxide (38% aq.) 3.591

SURFONIC® SXS-40 (40% aq.) 15.000

Propylene glycol 6.000

Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (3 moles EO, 70 % aq.) 14.286 (molecular weight = 440)

Cocoamidopropyl betaine (38 % aq.) 15.789

Ethanol 0.0300

Tetrasodium EDTA 0.1500

Preservative 0.2000

Dye (0.8% aq.) 1.0000

Fragrance 0.5000

Total 100 Example 35 - Premium Liquid Dishwashing Formulation

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 20.59

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 5.16

De-ionized water 16.316

Magnesium hydroxide 1.133

Sodium hydroxide (38% aq.) 3.591

SURFONIC® SXS-40 (40% aq.) 15.000

Propylene glycol 6.000

Sodium lauryl ether sulfate(3 moles EO, 70 %> aq.) 14.286 (molecular weight = 440)

Cocoamidopropyl betaine (38 % aq.) 15.789

Ethanol 0.0300

Tetrasodium EDTA 0.1500

Preservative 0.2000

Dye (0.8% aq.) 1.0000

Fragrance 0.5000

Total 100

Example 36 - Premium Liquid Dishwashing Formulation

LAB sulfonate having 2-phenyl content between 12.0% and 30.0% 20.59

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 5.16

De-ionized water 16.316

Magnesium hydroxide 1.133

Sodium hydroxide (38% aq.) 3.591

SURFONIC® SXS-40 (40% aq.) 15.000

Propylene glycol 6.000

Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (3 moles EO, 70 % aq.) 14.286 (mw -440)

Cocoamidopropyl betaine (38 % aq.) 15.789

Ethanol 0.0300

Tetrasodium EDTA 0.1500

Preservative 0.2000

Dye (0.8% aq.) 1.0000

Fragrance 0.5000

Total 100

Example 37 - Premium Liquid Dishwashing Formulation

LAB sulfonate having 80%. 2-phenyl content 6.12

LAT sulfonate having 80%o 2-phenyl content 4.08

De-ionized water 35.567

Magnesium hydroxide 1.133

Sodium hydroxide (38 % aq.) 1.250

SURFONIC® SXS-40 (40% aq.) 15.000

Propylene glycol 6.000

Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (40% aq.) 20.000 (molecular weight = 440)

Alkyl polyglycoside (50% aq.) 6.000

Fatty acid MEA amide 3.000

Tetrasodium EDTA 0.150

Preservative 0.200

Fragrance 0.500

Total 100

Example 38 - Premium Liquid Dishwashing Formulation

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 8.16

LAT sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 2.04

De-ionized water 35.567

Magnesium hydroxide 1.133

Sodium hydroxide (38 % aq.) 1.250

SURFONIC® SXS-40 (40% aq.) 15.000

Propylene glycol 6.000

Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (40% aq.) 20.000 (molecular weight = 440)

Alkyl polyglycoside (50% aq.) 6.000

Fatty acid MEA amide 3.000

Tetrasodium EDTA 0.150

Preservative 0.200

Fragrance 0.500

Total 100

Example 39 - Premium Liquid Dishwashing Formulation

LAB sulfonate having 2-phenyl content between 12.0% and 30.0% 8.16

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 2.04

De-ionized water 35.567

Magnesium hydroxide 1.133

Sodium hydroxide (38 % aq.) 1.250

SURFONIC® SXS-40 (40% aq.) 15.000

Propylene glycol 6.000

Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (40% aq.) 20.000 (molecular weight = 440)

Alkyl polyglycoside (50% aq.) 6.000

Fatty acid MEA amide 3.000

Tetrasodium EDTA 0.150

Preservative 0.200

Fragrance 0.500

Total 100

Example 40 - Powdered Aircraft Cleaner

Metso pentabead 20 (sodium metasilicate) 30.0

Sodium tripolyphosphate 30.0

Ammonium bifluoride 8.0

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 20.0

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 4.0

LAT sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 8.0

Example 41 - Powdered Aircraft Cleaner

Metso pentabead 20 (sodium metasilicate) 30.0

Sodium tripolyphosphate 30.0

Ammonium bifluoride 8.0

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 20.0

LAB sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 8.0

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 4.0 Example 42 - Powdered Aircraft Cleaner

Metso pentabead 20 (sodium metasilicate) 30.0

Sodium tripolyphosphate 30.0

Ammonium bifluoride 8.0

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 20.0

LAB sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 8.0

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 4.0

Example 43 - Dairy Cleaner

Sodium hexametaphosphate 20.00

Sodium Sulfate 20.00

LAB sulfonate having 80%) 2-phenyl content 30.00

LAT sulfonate having 80%o 2-phenyl content 10.00

Example 44 - Dairy Cleaner

Sodium hexametaphosphate 20.00

Sodium Sulfate 20.00

LAB sulfonate having 80%) 2-phenyl content 10.00

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 30.00

Example 45 - Powdered Dairy Cleaner

LAB sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 3.00 - - 50.00

LAT sulfonate having 80% 2-phenyl content 3.00 - - 50.00

Sodium sulfate 0.00 - ■ 20.00

Sodium metasilicate 0.00 - ■ 30.00

Nonionic surfactant 5.00

Example 45 - Powdered Neutral Dairy Cleaner

LAB sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content x (where x = 0.00 to 33.00)

LAT sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 33-x

Non-ionic surfactant 1.00

Monsanto Phosphate STP/A 33.00

Monsanto Phosphate SAPP/A 33.00 Example 46 - Vehicle Wash, Powder

Sodium tripolyphosphate 36.00

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 30.00

Sodium metasilicate, anhydrous 20.00

LAT sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 5.00

Shell Chemical Co. Neodol 91-6 8.00

Monsanto Co. Dequest 2006 phosphonate 1.00

Example 47 - Aluminum Vehicle Wash, Powder

Sodium tripolyphosphate 36.00

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 30.00

Sodium metasilicate, anhydrous 20.00

LAB sulfonate having 80%> 2-phenyl content 5.00

Shell Chemical Co. Neodol 91-6 8.00

Monsanto Co. Dequest 2006 phosphonate 1.00

The above examples are intended to be exemplary of the versatility of the

compositions produced according to the invention with respect to the formulation of

household and commercial cleaning formulations, and are not intended to be delimitive

thereof in any way whatsoever. Any formulation of a soap, detergent, cleaning

composition, whether liquid or solid, regardless of its intended use, that in its common

use formulation contains a LAB sulfonate as a component can be increased in

effectiveness by having the current commercial LAB sulfonate component used in its

formulation removed and a component comprising an LAB sulfonate component having

an elevated 2-phenyl isomer content and an LAT sulfonate component having an

elevated 2-phenyl isomer content substituted therefor. The present invention thus

represents a revolutionary advance in the detergent arts, since the preferred 2-phenyl isomers of aromatic alkylates may now be produced in high yield, en masse, for

approximately the same cost as inferior prior art LAB sulfonate mixtures.

In the foregoing formulations, the relative proportions of the LAB sulfonates to

the LAT sulfonates is in the range of 1.5 : 1 to 4: 1. This is because of an unexpected

synergy we have discovered in relation to the relative amounts of LAB to LAT

sulfonates present in aqueous detergent solutions which contain these materials. Our

discovery is depicted pictorially in FIG. 9.

It has also been discovered that salts of alkylbenzene sulfonates having a 2-

phenyl isomer content greater than about 60 % may be isolated as solids at room

temperature. This result is surprising since salts of alkylbenzene sulfonates have

heretofore been believed to exist only in liquid form. Thus, by the present invention, it

is now possible to provide dry powder formulations comprising alkylbenzene

sulfonates, such as dry laundry detergents, dry dishwashing detergents, etc. Such dry

formulations may be provided using existing blending techniques, including the use of

conventional dry processing equipment such as ribbon blenders, etc., and also include

detergent tablets for laundry use.

To produce a solid alkylbenzene salt according to a preferred form of the

invention, one begins with the sulfonic acid mixture which is produced from sulfonating

an alkylbenzene mixture prepared in accordance with the invention, such as any of

samples 4 through 7 of table 2 above, which contain more than about 80.0 % of the 2-

phenyl isomers. Such sulfonic acids are then dissolved in water to a concentration of

about 10.0 % by weight, and neutralized by slow addition ofan alkaline aqueous

solution of the desired cation, such as through the use of alkali hydroxides, until stoichiornetric neutralization has occurred, which in the case of sodium and potassium is

when a pH of about 10.5 is reached. Finally, the water is removed by evaporation or by

other means known to those skilled in the chemical arts, such as through the use of a

ROTOVAP® evaporator or the like, spray dryer, turbodryer, etc. thus leaving crystals of

the alkylbenzene sulfonate salt. Such crystals may be conveniently purified further by

recrystallization from ethanol. The sodium and potassium salts of alkylbenzene

sulfonate according to sample 4 of table 2 have a melting point in the range of about 50°

to 80° C, depending upon the alkyl chain length, with longer chain length materials

having a higher melting point. The test method used is differential scanning

calorimetry according to ASTM specification D-3417.

Cationic surfactants may also function as a cation in forming a stable, solid salt

of an alkylbenzene sulfonate. Cationic surfactants are well known in the art as being

surfactants with a positively-charged ionic group in their molecular structure, such as

the as quaternary ammonium compounds. Cationic surfactants are known to function

together with other parts of a formulated detergent system to lower the water's surface

tension. They are typically used in wash, rinse and dryer-added fabric softeners.

Thus, when a cationic surfactant is employed for providing charge balance in a solid

alkylbenzene sulfonate salt according to the invention, a formulator using such a salt

is able to reap added benefit from the presence of both a cationic surfactant and an

anionic surfactant in the same solid material, which may be powdered. Such salts

therefore may reduce the costs associated with storage and blending of different

materials, as is currently common in the art owing to the presence of both a surfactant

and a detergent in the same molecule. Owing to the unexpected finding that certain salts of the alkylbenzene

sulfonates having sufficient 2-phenyl isomer content are solids at room temperature,

the present invention also comprises as formulations useful for cleaning laundry

which comprise solid tablets, as well as solid bars of soap comprising the solid

alkylbenzene sulfonates as an active detergent component.

Detergent tablets are described, for example, in GB 911 204 (Unilever), U.S. "

Pat. No. 3,953,350 (Kao), JP 60 015 500A (Lion), JP 60 135 497A (Lion) and JP 60

135 498 A (Lion); and are sold commercially in Spain. Detergent tablets are generally

made by compressing or compacting a detergent powder, as is well-known in the art.

Thus, the present invention contemplates substitution of at least a portion of, and more

preferably all of, the active detergent component of a conventional laundry tablet of

the prior art with a salt ofan alkylbenzene sulfonate having sufficiently high 2-phenyl

isomer to cause such salt to exist in the form of a solid at room temperature. Such

substitution is readily made by providing such solid sulfonate in the stead of the

conventional detergent component of the conventional laundry tablet during laundry

tablet manufacture.

Bars of soap are made by various means known to those in the art including

the pouring into molds of a caustic/oil mixture prior to its full saponification, or the

use of "soap noodles" in a press with or without the aid of heat and pressure. Soaps

typically include fatty acid carboxylates, perfumes, dyes, preservatives, bactericides,

fillers such as talc, and other additives. The present invention contemplates

substitution of at least a portion of, and more preferably all of, the active cleaning

component of a conventional bar of soap of the prior art with a salt of an alkylbenzene sulfonate having sufficiently high 2-phenyl isomer to cause such salt to exist in the

form of a solid at room temperature. Such substitution is readily made by providing

such solid sulfonate in the stead of the conventional detergent component of the

conventional bar of soap during soap manufacture. Thus, a bar of soap according to

the invention may comprise only the Super High 2-phenyl alkylbenzene sulfonate

according to the invention, in combination with sufficient binders, perfumes, dyes,

etc. to form a solid bar of soap, using in one form of the invention the same general

compression techniques useful for producing laundry tablets.

Although the present invention has been shown and described with respect to

certain preferred embodiments, it is obvious that equivalent alterations and

modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and

understanding of the specification. The present invention includes all such equivalent

alterations and modifications, and is limited only by the scope of the claims which

now follow.

Claims (1)

1. We claim:

   1) A composition of matter comprising one or more sulfonated aromatic alkylates,

   which composition contains any amount between 30.00 % and 82.00 %> by weight

   based upon the total weight of the mixture, including every hundredth percentage

   therebetween, of the 2-phenyl isomers of sulfonated aromatic alkylates described by

   the general formula:

   in which n may be equal to any integer between 4 and 16, wherein one and only one

   of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is selected from the group of: a sulfonic acid group or a

   sulfonate group, and wherein one and only one of R_ls R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is a substituent

   group that is selected from the group consisting of: methyl and ethyl.

   2) A composition according to claim 1 wherein said comprising any amount between

   40.00%) and 70.00 %>, including every hundredth percentage therebetween, by weight

   based upon the total weight of the mixture of the 2-phenyl isomers. 3) A composition according to claim 1 in which one and only one of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄ and

   R₅ is a sulfonate group, and electrical neutrality is achieved by the presence of one or

   more cations selected from the group consisting of: sodium, potassium, lithium,

   rubidium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, ammonium, alkanolammoniuin, and alkyl-

   substituted ammonium.

   4) A composition according to claim 3 wherein said mixture results from the

   neutralization of a sulfonated aromatic alkylate according to claim 1 in aqueous

   solution using an oxide, hydroxide, silicate, or carbonate of a metal selected from the

   group consisting of: sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium, magnesium, calcium, and

   strontium.

   5) A composition according to claim 1 wherein R₃ is methyl in at least 50 % of the

   sulfonic acids present in the mixture by weight based upon the total weight of the

   mixture.

   6) A composition according to claim 1 wherein R₃ is ethyl in at least 50 % of the

   sulfonic acids present in the mixture by weight based upon the total weight of the

   mixture.

   7) A composition according to claim 1 wherein R₃ is a sulfonic acid group in at least

   25 % of the sulfonic acids present in the mixture by weight based upon the total

   weight of the mixture. 8) A composition according to claim 1 wherein the 2-phenyl isomers content of the

   sulfonated aromatic alkylate comprises any amount between 45.00%> and 82.00%) by

   weight based upon the total weight of the component, including every hundredth

   percentage therebetween.

   9) A composition according to claim 1 wherein the 2-phenyl isomers content of the

   sulfonated aromatic alkylate comprises any amount between 57.00%) and 82.00% by

   weight based upon the total weight of the component, including every hundredth

   percentage therebetween.

   10) A composition according to claim 1 wherein the alkyl group bonded to the

   aromatic ring is substantially linear.

   11) A composition according to claim 10 wherein the alkyl group comprises any

   integral number of carbon atoms between 7 and 16.

   12) A composition according to claim 1 wherein the alkyl group bonded to the

   aromatic ring is a branched alkyl group.

   13) A composition according to claim 12 wherein the alkyl group comprises any

   integral number of carbon atoms between 7 and 16. 14) A composition according to claim 1 further comprising an additional material

   known to be useful in formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, wherein at least one

   of said other components is selected from the group consisting of: fatty acids, alkyl

   sulfates, an ethanolamine, an amine oxide, alkali carbonates, water, ethanol,

   isopropanol, pine oil, sodium chloride, citric acid, citrates, nitriloacetic acid, sodium

   silicate, polymers, alcohol alkoxylates, zeolites, perborate salts, alkali sulfates,

   enzymes, hydrotropes, dyes, fragrances, preservatives, brighteners, builders,

   polyacrylates, essential oils, alkali hydroxides, water-soluble branched alkylbenzene

   sulfonates, ether sulfates, alkylphenol alkoxylates, fatty acid amides, alpha olefin

   sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates, betaines, chelating agents, tallowamine ethoxylates,

   polyetheramine ethoxylates, ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers,

   alcohol ethylene oxide/propylene oxide low foam surfactants, methyl ester sulfonates,

   alkyl polysaccharides, N-methyl glucamides, alkylated sulfonated diphenyl oxide,

   polyethylene glycol, and water soluble alkylbenzene sulfonates having a 2-phenyl

   isomer content of less than 30.00%.

   15) A composition according to claim 14 wherein said additional material is a mixture

   of water soluble alkylbenzene sulfonates wherein said water soluble alkylbenzene

   sulfonates have a 2-phenyl isomer content of less than 25.00 % by weight based upon

   the total weight of said additional material. 16) A composition according to claim 14 wherein said sulfonated aromatic alkylates

   comprise any amount between 1.00% and 25.00% of the total composition on a

   weight basis.

   17) A composition according to claim 14 wherein said additional material is present in

   any amount between 0.10%) and 25.00% by weight based upon the total weight of said

   mixture.

   18) A composition according to claim 14 further comprising a third component,

   wherein said third component is different from said second component and is selected

   from the group consisting of: at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, wherein at least one of said other

   components is selected from the group consisting of: fatty acids, alkyl sulfates, an

   ethanolamine, an amine oxide, alkali carbonates, water, ethanol, isopropanol, pine oil,

   sodium chloride, sodium silicate, polymers, alcohol alkoxylates, zeolites, perborate

   salts, alkali sulfates, enzymes, hydrotropes, dyes, fragrances, preservatives,

   brighteners, builders, polyacrylates, essential oils, alkali hydroxides, water-soluble

   branched alkylbenzene sulfonates, and water soluble alkylbenzene sulfonates having a

   2-phenyl isomer content of less than 30.00 %.

   19) A composition according to claim 18 wherein said third component is a mixture

   of water soluble alkylbenzene sulfonates wherein said water soluble alkylbenzene

   sulfonates have a 2-phenyl isomer content of less than 25.00 % by weight based upon

   the total weight of said water soluble alkylbenzene sulfonate component. 20) The water-soluble salts of a composition according to claim 1 which are solids at

   room temperature and which include at least one anion selected from the group

   consisting of: sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

   21) A salt of an alkyltoluene sulfonate, wherein said salt exists in the form of a solid

   at room temperature.

   22) A composition of matter comprising a mixture of salts of alkyltoluene sulfonates

   wherein the salts of said alkyltoluene sulfonates comprise a single alkyl substituent

   selected from those having any carbon number in the detergent range bonded to a

   benzene ring to which benzene ring a sulfonate group is also bonded, wherein the 2-

   phenyl isomer content of such alkyltoluene sulfonate salt is sufficient to render such

   mixture of salts to exist in the form of a solid at room temperature.

   23) A mixture of salts according to claim 22 having no melting point peak in the

   range of between 60 degrees centigrade and 90 degrees centigrade as measured by

   differential scanning calorimetry according to ASTM method D-3417.

   24) A mixture of salts according to claim 22 wherein said salt comprises a cation

   selected from the group consisting of: alkali metal cations, alkaline earth metal

   cations, ammonium ions, and cationic surfactants. 25) A mixture of salts of an alkyltoluene sulfonate as in claim 24 wherein said cation

   is selected from the group consisting of: sodium and potassium.

   26) A solid bar of soap comprising between 3.99% and 25.00 % by weight of 2-

   phenyl isomers of alkyltoluene sulfonate, wherein at least 50% of the alkyltoluene

   sulfonate isomers present are the 2-toluyl isomer.

   27) A free-flowing powdered detergent formulation which contains a solid salt of an

   alkyltoluene sulfonate and at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like.

   28) A solid tablet useful for cleaning laundry which comprises a solid salt of an

   alkyltoluene sulfonate and at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like.

   29) An emulsion formed from components comprising: a) an oil; b) water; and c) a

   composition according to claim 1.

   30) An emulsion according to claim 29 wherein said emulsion is selected from the

   group consisting of: an oil-in- water emulsion and a water-in-oil emulsion.

   31) An emulsion according to claim 29 wherein said emulsion comprises oil and

   water, wherein oil and water are present in equal amounts by weight or by volume. 32) An aqueous solution comprising a composition according to claim 1, wherein one

   and only one of R_l3 R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is a sulfonate group, and wherein the total

   amount of sulfonate in said aqueous solution is between 0.09% and 0.11 % by weight

   based upon the total weight of the solution, and wherein said components are present

   in effective amounts to provide a turbidity in said aqueous solution of below 200 NTU

   units when the total hardness level of the water is any value between 100-300 ppm.

   33) An aqueous solution comprising a composition according to claim 1, wherein one

   and only one of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is a sulfonate group, and wherein the total

   amount of sulfonate in said aqueous solution is between 0.09% and 0.11 % by weight

   based upon the total weight of the solution, and wherein said components are present

   in effective amounts to provide a turbidity in said aqueous solution of below 100 NTU

   units when the total hardness level of the water is any value between 100-300 ppm.

   34) An aqueous solution comprising a composition according to claim 1, wherein one

   and only one of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is a sulfonate group, and wherein the total

   amount of sulfonate in said aqueous solution is between 0.09% and 0.11 %> by weight

   based upon the total weight of the solution, and wherein said components are present

   in effective amounts to provide a turbidity in said aqueous solution of below 50 NTU

   units when the total hardness level of the water is any value between 100-300 ppm. 35) A composition that is useful in preparing finished detergent compositions useful

   for cleaning fabrics, dishes, hard surfaces, and other substrates that is formed from

   components comprising:

   a) a first component present in any amount between 99.75% and 0.25% by weight

   based upon the total weight of the mixture, said first component characterized as

   comprising a mixture of two or more water-soluble sulfonates, which mixture contains

   any amount between 30.00 % and 82.00 % by weight based upon the total weight of

   the mixture, including every hundredth percentage therebetween, of the 2-phenyl

   isomers of sulfonated aromatic alkylates described by the general formula:

   in which n may be equal to any integer between 4 and 16, wherein one and only one

   of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is selected from the group of: a sulfonic acid group or a

   sulfonate group, and wherein one and only one of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is a substituent

   group that is selected from the group consisting of: methyl and ethyl;

   and b) a second component present in any amount between 0.25%> and 99.75% by weight

   based upon the total weight of the mixture, said second component characterized as

   comprising any amount between 26.00 % and 82.00 % by weight, including every

   hundredth percentage therebetween, based upon the total weight of said second

   component of water-soluble sulfonates of the 2-phenyl isomers of alkylbenzenes

   described by the general formula:

   wherein n is equal to any integer between 4 and 16, and wherein any one, but only

   one, of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is selected from the group consisting of: a sulfonic acid

   group or a sulfonate group, and wherein those of R_1; R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ which are not a

   sulfonic acid group or a sulfonate group are hydrogen.

   36) A composition according to claim 35 wherein the 2-phenyl isomers content of the

   first component comprises any amount between 45.00%o and 82.00% by weight based

   upon the total weight of the component, including every hundredth percentage

   therebetween. 37) A composition according to claim 35 wherein the 2-phenyl isomers content of the

   first component comprises any amount between 57.00%) and 82.00% by weight based

   upon the total weight of the component, including every hundredth percentage

   therebetween.

   38) A composition according to claim 35 wherein the 2-phenyl isomers content of the

   second component comprises any amount between 45.00% and 82.00%) by weight

   based upon the total weight of the component, including every hundredth percentage

   therebetween.

   39) A composition according to claim 35 wherein the 2-phenyl isomers content of the

   second component comprises any amount between 57.00% and 82.00%) by weight

   based upon the total weight of the component, including every hundredth percentage

   therebetween.

   40) A composition according to claim 35 in which both components are sulfonates,

   and wherein said sulfonates are salts comprising cations of an element selected from

   the group consisting of: sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium, magnesium, calcium,

   and strontium.

   41) A composition according to claim 35 wherein said mixture is solid at room

   temperature and has no melting point in the range of about 40 degrees centigrade and 80 degrees centigrade as measured by differential scanning calorimetry according to

   ASTM method D-3417.

   42) A composition according to claim 40 wherein said mixture results from the

   neutralization of a mixture of the sulfonic acids corresponding to said sulfonates in

   aqueous solution using an oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate of a metal selected from the

   group consisting of: sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium, magnesium, calcium, and

   strontium.

   43) A composition according to claim 35 wherein R₃ is methyl in at least 25 % of the

   sulfonates present in said first component of the mixture, by weight based upon the

   total weight of the first component.

   44) A composition according to claim 35 wherein R₃ is methyl in at least 25 %> of the

   sulfonates present in said second component of the mixture by weight based upon the

   total weight of the second component.

   45) A composition according to claim 35 wherein R₃ is selected from the group

   consisting of: a sulfonic acid group or a sulfonate group in at least 50 % of the

   sulfonates present in the first component by weight based upon the total weight of the first component. 46) A composition according to claim 35 wherein R₃ is selected from the group

   consisting of: a sulfonic acid group or a sulfonate group in at least 50 % of the

   sulfonates present in the second component by weight based upon the total weight of

   the second component.

   47) An aqueous solution comprising a composition according to claim 35, wherein the

   combined amount of said first and said second components is between 0.09% and

   0.11 % by weight based upon the total weight of the solution, and wherein said

   components are present in effective amounts to provide a turbidity in said aqueous

   solution of below 200 NTU units when the total hardness level of the water is any

   value between 100-300 ppm.

   48) An aqueous solution comprising a composition according to claim 35, wherein the

   combined amount of said first and said second components is between 0.09% and

   0.11 % by weight based upon the total weight of the solution, and wherein said

   components are present in effective amounts to provide a turbidity in said aqueous

   solution of below 150 NTU units when the total hardness level of the water is any

   value between 100-300 ppm.

   49) An aqueous solution comprising a composition according to claim 35, wherein the

   combined amount of said first and said second components is between 0.09% and

   0.11 % by weight based upon the total weight of the solution, and wherein said

   components are present in effective amounts to provide a turbidity in said aqueous

   solution of below 50 NTU units when the total hardness level of the water is any value

   between 100-300 ppm.

   50) A composition of matter useful for cleaning comprising a composition according

   to claim 35 and at least one other component known to be useful in formulating soaps,

   detergents, and the like, wherein the improvement comprises providing in said first

   and said second components of said mixture an effective 2-phenyl isomer content

   sufficient to cause an aqueous solution formed from mixing said composition with tap

   water to have a turbidity of less than 200 NTU units when the total hardness level of

   the water is any value between 100-300 ppm, and in which the total sulfonate

   surfactant concentration in said composition is any amount between 0.09 and 0.11 %>.

   51) A composition of matter useful for cleaning comprising a composition according

   to claim 35 and at least one other component known to be useful in formulating soaps,

   detergents, and the like, wherein the improvement comprises providing in said first

   and said second components of said mixture an effective 2-phenyl isomer content

   sufficient to cause an aqueous solution formed from mixing said composition with tap

   water to have a turbidity of less than 150 NTU units when the total hardness level of

   the water is any value between 100-300 ppm, and in which the total sulfonate

   surfactant concentration in said composition is any amount between 0.09 and 0.11 %.

   52) A composition of matter useful for cleaning comprising a composition according

   to claim 35 and at least one other component known to be useful in formulating soaps,

   detergents, and the like, wherein the improvement comprises providing in said first

   and said second components of said mixture an effective 2-phenyl isomer content

   sufficient to cause an aqueous solution formed from mixing said composition with tap

   water to have a turbidity of less than 50 NTU units when the total hardness level of

   the water is any value between 100-300 ppm, and in which the total sulfonate

   surfactant concentration in said composition is any amount between 0.09 and 0.11 %.

   53) A composition according to claim 35 wherein the alkyl group on said first

   component is a linear alkyl group.

   54) A composition according to claim 35 wherein the alkyl group on said first

   component is a branched alkyl group. 55) A composition according to claim 35 wherein the alkyl group on said second

   component is a linear alkyl group.

   56) A composition according to claim 35 wherein the alkyl group on said second

   component is a branched alkyl group.

   57) A composition according to claim 35 further comprising an additional material

   known to be useful in formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, wherein at least one

   of said other components is selected from the group consisting of: fatty acids, alkyl

   sulfates, an ethanolamine, an amine oxide, alkali carbonates, water, ethanol,

   isopropanol, pine oil, sodium chloride, sodium silicate, polymers, alcohol alkoxylates,

   zeolites, perborate salts, alkali sulfates, enzymes, hydrotropes, dyes, fragrances,

   preservatives, brighteners, builders, polyacrylates, essential oils, alkali hydroxides,

   water-soluble branched alkylbenzene sulfonates, ether sulfates, alkylphenol

   alkoxylates, fatty acid amides, alpha olefin sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates, betaines,

   chelating agents, tallowamine ethoxylates, polyetheramine ethoxylates, ethylene

   oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers, alcohol ethylene oxide/propylene oxide low

   foam surfactants, methyl ester sulfonates, alkyl polysaccharides, N-methyl

   glucamides, alkylated sulfonated diphenyl oxide, polyethylene glycol, water soluble

   alkyltoluene sulfonates having a 2-phenyl isomer content of less than 30.00 %, and

   water soluble alkylbenzene sulfonates having a 2-phenyl isomer content of less than

   26.00 % 58) A composition according to claim 57 wherein the total concentration of water

   soluble sulfonates is between 0.025% and 25.00%) by weight, based upon the total

   weight of the solution, and including every hundredth percentage therebetween.

   59) A composition according to claim 57 wherein the total concentration of said

   additional material is between 0.10% and 25.00% by weight, based upon the total

   weight of the solution, and including every hundredth percentage therebetween.

   60) A composition according to claim 57 further comprising a third component,

   wherein said third component is different from said second component and is selected

   from the group consisting of: at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, wherein at least one of said other

   components is selected from the group consisting of: fatty acids, alkyl sulfates, an

   ethanolamine, an amine oxide, alkali carbonates, water, ethanol, isopropanol, pine oil,

   sodium chloride, sodium silicate, polymers, alcohol alkoxylates, zeolites, perborate

   salts, alkali sulfates, enzymes, hydrotropes, dyes, fragrances, preservatives,

   brighteners, builders, polyacrylates, essential oils, alkali hydroxides, water-soluble

   branched alkylbenzene sulfonates, water soluble alkyltoluene sulfonates having a 2-

   phenyl isomer content of less than 30.00 %>, and water soluble alkylbenzene sulfonates

   having a 2-phenyl isomer content of less than 26.00 %>.

   61) A solid bar of soap comprising between 2.00% and 25.00 %> by weight based upon

   the total weight of the bar of soap of a composition according to claim 35. 62) A free-flowing powdered detergent formulation which contains a composition

   according to claim 35 and at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like.

   63) A solid tablet useful for cleaning laundry which comprises a composition

   according to claim 35 and at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like.

   64) A composition that is useful in preparing finished detergent compositions useful

   for cleaning fabrics, dishes, hard surfaces, and other substrates that is formed from

   components comprising:

   a) a first component present in any amount between 99.75%> and 0.25% by weight

   based upon the total weight of the mixture, said first component characterized as

   comprising a mixture of two or more water-soluble sulfonates, which mixture contains

   any amount between 30.00 % and 82.00 %> by weight based upon the total weight of

   the mixture, including every hundredth percentage therebetween, of the 2-phenyl

   isomers of sulfonated aromatic alkylates described by the general formula:

   in which n may be equal to any integer between 4 and 16, wherein one and only one

   of R_l3 R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is selected from the group consisting of: a sulfonic acid group

   or a sulfonate group, and wherein one and only one of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is a

   substituent group that is selected from the group consisting of: methyl and ethyl;

   and

   b) a second component present in any amount between 0.25%> and 99.75% by weight

   based upon the total weight of the mixture, said second component characterized as

   comprising any amount between 50.00 % and 1.00 % by weight, including every

   hundredth percentage therebetween, based upon the total weight of said second

   component

   of water-soluble sulfonates of the 2-phenyl isomers of alkylbenzenes described by the

   general formula:

   wherein n is equal to any integer between 4 and 16, and wherein any one, but only

   one, of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is selected from the group consisting of: a sulfonic acid group or a sulfonate group, and wherein those of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ which is not a

   sulfonic acid group or a sulfonate group are hydrogen.

   65) A composition according to claim 64 wherein the 2-phenyl isomers content of the

   first component comprises any amount between 45.00%) and 82.00% by weight based

   upon the total weight of the component, including every hundredth percentage

   therebetween.

   66) A composition according to claim 64 wherein the 2-phenyl isomers content of the

   first component comprises any amount between 57.00%) and 82.00%) by weight based

   upon the total weight of the component, including every hundredth percentage

   therebetween.

   67) A composition according to claim 64 wherein the 2-phenyl isomers content of the

   second component comprises any amount between 45.00% and 82.00% by weight

   based upon the total weight of the component, including every hundredth percentage

   therebetween.

   68) A composition according to claim 64 wherein the 2-phenyl isomers content of the

   second component comprises any amount between 57.00%> and 82.00% by weight

   based upon the total weight of the component, including every hundredth percentage

   therebetween. 69) A composition according to claim 64 in which both components are sulfonates,

   and wherein said sulfonates are salts comprising cations of an element selected from

   the group consisting of: sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidium, magnesium, calcium,

   and strontium.

   70) A composition according to claim 64 wherein said mixture is solid at room

   temperature and has a melting point in the range of about 40 degrees centigrade and

   80 degrees centigrade as measured by differential scanning calorimetry according to

   ASTM method D-3417.

   71) A composition according to claim 69 wherein said mixture results from the

   neutralization of a mixture of the sulfonic acids corresponding to said sulfonates in

   aqueous solution using an oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate of a metal selected from the

   group consisting of: sodium, potassium, lithium, rubidimn, magnesium, calcium, and

   strontium.

   72) A composition according to claim 64 wherein R₃ is methyl in at least 25 % of the

   sulfonates present in said first component of the mixture, by weight based upon the

   total weight of the first component.

   73) A composition according to claim 64 wherein R₃ is methyl in at least 25 % of the

   sulfonates present in said second component of the mixture by weight based upon the

   total weight of the second component. 74) A composition according to claim 64 wherein R₃ is selected from the group

   consisting of: a sulfonic acid group or a sulfonate group in at least 50 % of the

   sulfonates present in the first component by weight based upon the total weight of the

   first component.

   75) A composition according to claim 64 wherein R₃ is selected from the group

   consisting of: a sulfonic acid group or a sulfonate group in at least 50 % of the

   sulfonates present in the second component by weight based upon the total weight of

   the second component.

   76) An aqueous solution comprising a composition according to claim 64, wherein the

   combined amount of said first and said second components is between 0.09% and

   0.11 % by weight based upon the total weight of the solution, and wherein said

   components are present in effective amounts to provide a turbidity in said aqueous

   solution of below 200 NTU units when the total hardness level of the water is any

   value between 100-300 ppm.

   77) An aqueous solution comprising a composition according to claim 64, wherein the

   combined amount of said first and said second components is between 0.09% and

   0.11 % by weight based upon the total weight of the solution, and wherein said

   components are present in effective amounts to provide a turbidity in said aqueous

   solution of below 150 NTU units when the total hardness level of the water is any

   value between 100-300 ppm. 78) An aqueous solution comprising a composition according to claim 64, wherein the

   combined amount of said first and said second components is between 0.09% and

   0.11 % by weight based upon the total weight of the solution, and wherein said

   components are present in effective amounts to provide a turbidity in said aqueous

   solution of below 50 NTU units when the total hardness level of the water is any value

   between 100-300 ppm.

   79) A composition of matter useful for cleaning comprising a composition according

   to claim 64 and at least one other component known to be useful in formulating soaps,

   detergents, and the like, wherein the improvement comprises providing in said first

   and said second components of said mixture an effective 2-phenyl isomer content

   sufficient to cause an aqueous solution formed from mixing said composition with tap

   water to have a turbidity of less than 200 NTU units when the total hardness level of

   the water is any value between 100-300 ppm, and in which the total sulfonate

   surfactant concentration in said composition is any amount between 0.09 and 0.11 %>.

   80) A composition of matter useful for cleaning comprising a composition according

   to claim 64 and at least one other component known to be useful in formulating soaps,

   detergents, and the like, wherein the improvement comprises providing in said first

   and said second components of said mixture an effective 2-phenyl isomer content

   sufficient to cause an aqueous solution formed from mixing said composition with tap

   water to have a turbidity of less than 150 NTU units when the total hardness level of the water is any value between 100-300 ppm, and in which the total sulfonate

   surfactant concentration in said composition is any amount between 0.09 and 0.11 %.

   81) A composition of matter useful for cleaning comprising a composition according

   to claim 64 and at least one other component known to be useful in formulating soaps,

   detergents, and the like, wherein the improvement comprises providing in said first

   and said second components of said mixture an effective 2-phenyl isomer content

   sufficient to cause an aqueous solution formed from mixing said composition with tap

   water to have a turbidity of less than 50 NTU units when the total hardness level of

   the water is any value between 100-300 ppm, and in which the total sulfonate

   surfactant concentration in said composition is any amount between 0.09 and 0.11 %.

   82) A composition according to claim 64 wherein the alkyl group on said first

   component is a linear alkyl group.

   83) A composition according to claim 64 wherein the alkyl group on said first

   component is a branched alkyl group.

   84) A composition according to claim 64 wherein the alkyl group on said second

   component is a linear alkyl group.

   85) A composition according to claim 64 wherein the alkyl group on said second

   component is a branched alkyl group. 86) A composition according to claim 64 wherein said first component comprises any

   amount between 10.00%o and 55.00%), by weight, including every hundredth

   percentage therebetween, of the total combined weights of both of said first

   component and said second components present in said mixture.

   87) A composition according to claim 64 wherein said first component comprises any

   amount between 15.00% and 48.00%), by weight, including every hundredth

   percentage therebetween, of the total combined weights of both of said first

   component and said second components present in said mixture.

   88) A composition according to claim 64 wherein said first component comprises any

   amount between 25.00% and 35.00%>, by weight, including every hundredth

   percentage therebetween, of the total combined weights of both of said first

   component and said second components present in said mixture.

   89) A composition according to claim 64 further comprising an additional material

   known to be useful in formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, wherein at least one

   of said other components is selected from the group consisting of: fatty acids, alkyl

   sulfates, an ethanolamine, an amine oxide, alkali carbonates, water, ethanol,

   isopropanol, pine oil, sodium chloride, sodium silicate, polymers, alcohol alkoxylates,

   zeolites, perborate salts, alkali sulfates, enzymes, hydrotropes, dyes, fragrances,

   preservatives, brighteners, builders, polyacrylates, essential oils, alkali hydroxides,

   water-soluble branched alkylbenzene sulfonates, ether sulfates, alkylphenol alkoxylates, fatty acid amides, alpha olefin sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates, betaines,

   chelating agents, tallowamine ethoxylates, polyetheramine ethoxylates, ethylene

   oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers, alcohol ethylene oxide/propylene oxide low

   foam surfactants, methyl ester sulfonates, alkyl polysaccharides, N-methyl

   glucamides, alkylated sulfonated diphenyl oxide, polyethylene glycol, water soluble

   alkylbenzene sulfonates having a 2-phenyl isomer content of greater than 30.00 %,

   and water soluble alkyltoluene sulfonates having a 2-phenyl isomer content of less

   than 50.00 %

   90) A composition according to claim 89 wherein the total concentration of water

   soluble sulfonates is between 0.025% and 25.00% by weight, based upon the total

   weight of the solution, and including every hundredth percentage therebetween.

   91) A composition according to claim 89 wherein the total concentration of said

   additional material is between 0.10%> and 25.00%) by weight, based upon the total

   weight of the solution, and including every hundredth percentage therebetween.

   92) A composition according to claim 89 further comprising a third component,

   wherein said third component is different from said second component and is selected

   from the group consisting of: at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, wherein at least one of said other

   components is selected from the group consisting of: fatty acids, alkyl sulfates, an

   ethanolamine, an amine oxide, alkali carbonates, water, ethanol, isopropanol, pine oil,

   sodium chloride, sodium silicate, polymers, alcohol alkoxylates, zeolites, perborate

   salts, alkali sulfates, enzymes, hydrotropes, dyes, fragrances, preservatives,

   brighteners, builders, polyacrylates, essential oils, alkali hydroxides, water-soluble

   branched alkylbenzene sulfonates, water soluble alkyltoluene sulfonates having a 2-

   phenyl isomer content of less than 30.00 %, and water soluble alkylbenzene sulfonates

   having a 2-phenyl isomer content of less than 26.00 %.

   93) A solid bar of soap comprising between 2.00% and 25.00 % by weight based upon

   the total weight of the bar of soap of a composition according to claim 64.

   94) A free-flowing powdered detergent formulation which contains a composition

   according to claim 64 and at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like.

   95) A solid tablet useful for cleaning laundry which comprises a composition

   according to claim 64 and at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like. 96) A composition useful for cleaning various surfaces, and other substrates that is

   formed from components comprising: a) an alkyltoluene sulfonate surfactant

   component present in any amount between 0.25 % and 99.50 % by weight based upon

   the total weight of the finished detergent composition, said component characterized

   as comprising any amount between 26.00 % and 82.00 %> by weight based upon the

   total weight of the component, and including every hundredth percentage

   therebetween, of water-soluble sulfonates of the 2-phenyl isomers of alkyltoluenes

   described by the general formula:

   wherein n is equal to any integer between 4 and 16, wherein one and only one of R_l5

   R₂, R₃, R₄ and R₅ is a sulfonate group, and wherein one and only one of R_l5 R₂, R₃, R₄

   and R₅ is a substituent group selected from the group consisting of methyl and ethyl;

   and

   b) any amount between 0.50 % and 99.75 % of at least one other components known

   to be useful in formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, wherein at least one of said

   other components is selected from the group consisting of: fatty acids, alkyl sulfates,

   an ethanolamine, an amine oxide, alkali carbonates, water, ethanol, isopropanol, pine

   oil, sodium chloride, sodium silicate, polymers, alcohol alkoxylates, zeolites,

   perborate salts, alkali sulfates, enzymes, hydrotropes, dyes, fragrances, preservatives, brighteners, builders, polyacrylates, essential oils, alkali hydroxides, ether sulfates,

   alkylphenol ethoxylates, fatty acid amides, alpha olefin sulfonates, paraffin sulfonates,

   betaines, chelating agents, tallowamine ethoxylates, polyetheramine ethoxylates,

   ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers, alcohol ethylene oxide/propylene

   oxide low foam surfactants, methyl ester sulfonates, alkyl polysaccharides, N-methyl

   glucamides, alkylated sulfonated diphenyl oxide, water-soluble alkylbenzene

   sulfonates having a 2-phenyl isomer content of less than 26.00 %>, water-soluble

   alkylbenzene sulfonates having a 2-phenyl isomer content of greater than 26.00 %>, or

   alkyltoluene sulfonates having a 2-phenyl isomer content of less than 26.00 %>.

   97) A composition of matter useful for cleaning, comprising: an alkyltoluene

   sulfonate anions component and at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, wherein the improvement comprises

   providing an increased 2-phenyl isomer content in the alkyltoluene sulfonate anions

   component sufficient to cause an aqueous solution formed from mixing said

   composition with tap water to have

   a turbidity of less than 200 NTU units when the total hardness level of the water is

   any value between 100-300 ppm and in which the surfactant concentration in the

   cleaning solution is any amount between 0.09 and 0.11 %>.

   98) A composition of matter useful for cleaning, comprising: an alkyltoluene

   sulfonate anions component and at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, wherein the improvement comprises

   providing an increased 2-phenyl isomer content in the alkyltoluene sulfonate anions

   component sufficient to cause an aqueous solution formed from mixing said

   composition with tap water to have a turbidity of less than 100 NTU units when the

   total hardness level of the water is any value between 100-300 ppm and in which the

   surfactant concentration in the cleaning solution is any amount between 0.09 and

   0.11 %.

   99) A composition of matter useful for cleaning, comprising: an alkyltoluene

   sulfonate anions component and at least one other component known to be useful in

   formulating soaps, detergents, and the like, wherein the improvement comprises

   providing an increased 2-phenyl isomer content in the alkyltoluene sulfonate anions

   component sufficient to cause an aqueous solution formed from mixing said

   composition with tap water to have a turbidity of less than 50 NTU units when the

   total hardness level of the water is any value between 100-300 ppm and in which the

   surfactant concentration in the cleaning solution is any amount between 0.09 and

   0.11 %.

   100) A composition according to claim 96 wherein said surface is selected from the

   group consisting of: fabrics, dishes, aluminum vehicles, dairy equipment and aircraft. 101) A composition useful for cleaning, wherein said composition includes at least 0.50 % by weight, based upon the total weight of the composition, of a composition according to any of claims 1, 58, 64, or 94.