AU1770283A - Ozone bleaching of pulp - Google Patents

Description

OZON E BLEACH I NG OF CELLULOSIC MATERIALS

BACKGROUND OF TH E I NVENTION Field of the I nvention 5 Bleaching lignocellulosic material with ozone.

B R I EF SUMMARY OF TH E I NVENTION It has been found that, during pulp bleaching with ozone, irradiation of the pulp with ultraviolet light enhances the efficiency 10 of the ozone and the bleachabilϊty of the pulp .

DETAI LED DESCR I PTION OF TH E PREFERR ED EMBODIMENT The following definitions will be used in this application . Pulping is the changing of wood chips or other lignocellulosic 15 material to fibrous form . Chemical pulping requires cooking of such material in solution with a chemical , and includes partial removal of the coloring matter such as lignin associated with the wood .

Bleaching is the treatment of cellulosic fibers to remove or alter the coloring matter associated with the fibers to allow the 20 fiber to reflect white light more truly.

The present invention is concerned with the degradation of lignin and hence "delignification" and "bleaching" are used interchangeably .

Consistency is the weight of pulp fibers in a pulp suspension

25 usually expressed as a percentage. For example, one pound oven dry fiber in one hundred pounds of a mixture of water and fibers would be a pulp suspension of 1% consistency. The consistency of the pulp will depend upon the type of dewatering equipment used .

The following definitions of consistency are based on the use 30 of those terms in "The Bleaching of Pulp, " Third Edition , Revised , edited by the present inventor, TAPPI Press 1979, pages 243-46.

Low consistency is typically from 4-6%. It is a suspension that is pumpable in an ordinary centrifugal pump and is obtainable using deckers and filters without press rolls : Medium consistency is between 10 and 15%. This consistency can be obtained by vacuum washers and vacuum thickeners. Above

15%, press rolls are needed for dewatering . A medium consistency slurry is pumpable by special machinery. High consistency is from 20-35%. This consistency is obtained by the use of presses. High consistency pulp is essentially nonpumpable.

One measure of the efficacy of a bleaching process is the degree of delignification . There are many methods of measuring the degree of delignification of the pulp, but most are variations of the permanganate test.

The permanganate test used herein provides a Kappa numbei — a ^"measure of potassium permanganate solution consumed by oven dry pulp under specified conditions . The Kappa number fs determined in accordance with TAPPI standard test method T 214 M42.

A fairly lengthy recitation of prior art literature and patent references describing gas phase ozone bleaching of lignocellulosic materials is contained in U .S. Patent 4,080,249 to Kempf et al column 1 , lines 31-46. These references disclose the ozone bleach¬ ing of pulp at low, medium and high consistencies . Therefore, "ozone bleaching" as used herein is not to be limited to any par¬ ticular consistency but may be employed at whatever consistency is preferred, as suitable apparatus Is already known for all three levels. For low and medium consistency pulp, i .e. pumpable slurries, a photoreactor such as disclosed for example in U . S . Patent 3,637,342 to Veloz can be employed , following the teachings of Kempf et al for entraining the ozone bearing gas Into the slurry of pulp . For high consistency pulp reactors, such as disclosed by Fritzvold in U .S. Patents 4,278,496 and 4,123,317 and by Carlsmith in U .S . Patents 3,814,664 and 3,964,962 it is contemplated that lamps emitting ultraviolet light be mounted on- the walls of the reaction chamber.

OMH * I n accordance with the present invention , ultraviolet radiation ft *i increases the effectiveness of the ozonation . Without wishing to be bound by theory, the present inventor believes that the ultraviolet radiation electronically excites the lignin in the material to be

5 bleached . The excited lignin may then form a high energy complex with the ozone (or possibly singlet oxygen) . It is speculated that this complex immediately breaks apart into degradation products of lignin . Lignin , because of its aromatic nature, absorbs strongly in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum . The typical lignin

10 absorption spectrum comprises a maximum at 205nm (nanometers) , a less Intense peak at 280nm, with less significant shoulders in the spectrum at 250, 300 and 360nm .

I n reducing the present invention to practice, pulp was sub¬ jected to treatment with ozone carried in oxygen while being

15 irradiated at the aforementioned frequencies of ultraviolet light. A 360 watt spectrophotometer was used as the source of ultraviolet. Samples of pulp weighing 0.1 gram each (oven dried basis) were irradiated in a closed chamber consisting of two glass cel ls for a period of two hours . The cel ls were pa tially covered with

20 reflective foil so as to increase the energy available to the pulp . I n the data which follows the reduction in K number (increase in brightness) is on the order of two, which — given the low power of the spectrophotometer — Is considered to be significant and having the potential to be translated to pilot or commercial scale

25 apparatus .

Sample K Number

U I treated pulp 18.324

Ozonated pulp 17.389

Ozonated and Irradiated at

205nm 15.044

250nm 15.278

280nm 15.672

300nm 15.586

360nm 15.789 At each of these wave lengths which are characteristic of the absorption spectrum of lignin, the ultraviolet radiation Increased the effectiveness of the ozonation . As may be seen , light at 205nm had the greatest effect. While commercially available light sources for photoreactors do not generally emit a single wavelength , it wlil be sufficient if some of the light Is at one or more of the more effective frequencies . Moreover, it is desirable to choose wave¬ lengths at which cellulose does not absorb . By irradiating at absorption peaks characteristic to lignin and not to cellulose, the lignin can be made more susceptible to attack by ozone than the cellulose thus tending to cause the ozone to react preferentially with lignin and tending to cause less degradation of cellulose.

While the present Invention has been described in terms of a laboratory reduction to practice, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the teachings contained herein that the invention as defined by the appended claims is applicable to various types of reaction vessels already known in the art and incorporated herein by reference. Accordingly, It is to be understood that various changes in the forms of the apparatus by which the invention is practiced may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .

Claims (4)

** WHAT IS CLAIMED IS :•ft.>}

1 . A process for bleaching lignocellulosic pulp with ozone wherein the improvement comprises irradiating said pulp with ultraviolet light while mixing an ozone bearing gas with the pulp.

2. The process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said ultraviolet light contains frequencies corresponding to the absorption peaks characteristic to lignin .

10

3. The process in accordance with claim 2 wherein the frequency of said ultraviolet light is in the range of 205nm to 360nm .

4. The process in accordance with claim 1 wherein the ultraviolet 15 light is concentrated at a frequency of 205nm .

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