AU1677299A

AU1677299A - Apparatus and method for signal detection by base station in a mobile communication system

Info

Publication number: AU1677299A
Application number: AU16772/99A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Hossein Sfandiari
Original assignee: Advanced Communications Consultancy Uk Ltd
Current assignee: ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS CONSULTANCY (UK) Ltd
Priority date: 1997-12-19
Filing date: 1998-12-17
Publication date: 1999-07-12
Also published as: CN1285094A; KR20010033365A; WO1999033196A1; JP2001527316A; BR9813783A; GB9726912D0; EP1038362A1; CA2315049A1

Description

WO 99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 1 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SIGNAL DETECTION BY BASE STATION IN A MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 5 The present invention relates to method and apparatus for detection of signals, particularly in a cellular communications network requiring location information and fast hand-off operation. 10 In cellular communications networks such as IS95, a mobile terminal in communication with a base station enjoys closed and open loop transmit power control. This effectively means that the mobile terminal transmission powers are optimised such that, at the 15 servicing base station, the received signal levels are at a substantially constant minimum level for adequate detection, set by the desired quality of the communications link. If the mobile terminal is in communication with more than one serving base station, 20 e.g. during soft hand-off period, the combined power or the strongest received signal (or a combination of the above two techniques) is kept to a substantially constant minimum level of adequate detection set by the desired quality of the communications link. The power 25 control mechanism ensures that the multiple access interference, caused by a mobile terminal, within or outside the cell covered by the serving base station is kept to a minimum. 30 Although power control is desirable and even essential SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 2 in systems such as direct sequence spread spectrum code division multiple access (DS-CDMA), it reduces the ability of base stations, not serving a given mobile terminal, to receive and detect the mobile terminal 5 transmissions adequately and reliably. The reliable detection of mobile terminal transmissions by base stations other than the serving base stations is desirable for services such as "location" and for "hand off" operations. It is therefore desirable to increase 10 the detection ability of non-serving base stations without any increase in mobile terminal transmission power, so that information such as propagation time delay (i.e. distance) and mobile terminal signal power strength are available with a received signal well 15 below the minimum required level for adequate information data detection. The present invention sets out preferably to increase the detection ability of a mobile terminal transmitted 20 signal by a cellular communications network, or signal transmitted by a first and second base stations and detected by a mobile terminal. According, a first aspect of the present invention 25 provides a method of detection of signals in a communication network (e.g. cellular) including a mobile terminal, at least one first base station serving the mobile terminal and at least one second base station wherein the method includes mobile 30 transmitted data detected at the first base station SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 3 being used by the second base station to increase detection of the transmitted data by the second base station. 5 Preferably, the signal received by the first base station is of sufficient quality to enable detection of the data transmitted by the signal. More preferably the detected data is used by the second base station(s), where the mobile terminal transmissions are 10 not received with sufficient power for adequate detection, to enable detection of the data by the second base station(s). The detection process of the second base station(s) may 15 be based on serial correlation, matched filter correlation, maximum likelihood sequence estimation, joint-detection or multiuser detection or any combination of these. 20 The detection process at the second base station(s) preferably includes detection of the presence of the data detected at the first base station(s). The detection process at the second base station(s) 25 preferably includes detection and calculation of the received time delay caused by signal propagation due to the distance of the mobile terminal from the respective base station. 30 The detection process at the second base station(s) may SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 4 additionally or alternatively include detection of the received signal power of the mobile terminal transmission signal by the second base station(s). 5 Preferably the mobile terminal is served by the first base station over a communications channel. More preferably, the communications channel is a traffic channel, an access channel or a control channel, which can be operated in a packet or circuit switched mode. 10 The cellular communications network is preferably a direct sequence spread spectrum code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system and the data is preferably used to extend and increase the processing gain of the 15 receiver by enabling longer integration times at the base stations. More preferably the network system is a GSM or GSM derivative system. The location of the mobile terminal may be determined 20 from the network system by e.g. using the received time delay at each respective base station, using the direction of the mobile terminal from each respective base station, or a combination of received time delay and/or direction of the mobile terminal from a first 25 base station(s) and received time delay and/or direction of the mobile terminal from a second base station(s). The process of determining the location of the mobile 30 terminal using three or more fixed base stations of SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 5 known position is known in the art as triangulation or trilatituration. Preferably, the data received by at least the first 5 base station is capable of identifying the mobile terminal in the network system. The measured signal power of the mobile terminal may be used for hand-off preparation from a first base station 10 to a second base station. Preferably the data transmitted by the mobile terminal is unknown information data. 15 Alternatively, or additionally, preferably the data transmitted by the mobile terminal is a predefined sequence. The data received by the first base station may be used 20 by that station as well as or instead of the second base station to improve detection of the transmitted data by the mobile station. Preferably, Spatial filtering is used at the second 25 base station(s) to reduce the effect of the propagation channel(s) on the received signal. A second aspect of the invention provides a system for detection of signals in a communications network (e.g. 30 cellular) including a plurality of base stations and a SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 6 mobile terminal wherein at a given time at least one of the base stations is a serving base station and the mobile terminal is served by the serving base station; the serving base station is capable of receiving and 5 detecting data transmitted to it by the mobile terminal and the detected data is usable by the serving base station and/or at least one other base station to increase detection of the transmitted data. 10 An embodiment of the present invention will now be described by way of example only referring to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a schematic drawing of a general embodiment 15 of the invention. Figure 2 is a schematic drawing showing the components of part of a first base station of an embodiment of the invention. 20 Figure 3 is a schematic drawing showing the components of part of a second base station of an embodiment of the invention. 25 Figure 4 is a graphical representation of a data frame structure typically transmitted by the first and second base stations. Figure 5 is a schematic drawing showing the components 30 of a scrambler for scrambling and spreading the data SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 7 frame shown in Figure 4. Figure 6 is a graphical representation of a data frame structure typically transmitted by the mobile terminal. 5 Figure 7 is a schematic drawing showing the components of a scrambler for scrambling and spreading the data frame shown in Figure 6. 10 Figure 8 is a flow diagram showing the operative steps of the part of the first base station shown schematically in Figure 2. Figure 9 is a flow diagram showing the operative steps 15 of the part of the second base station shown schematically in Figure 3. A cellular system 100 (Fig. 1) installed in a geographical area, for example, a city centre 102 20 comprises a first base station 104 having a first associated coverage area 106 and a second base station 108 having a second associated coverage area 110, and a third base station 107 and associated coverage area 111. 25 The first, the second and the third base stations 104, 108, 107 are independently connected to a base station controller (BSC) 112, the BSC 112 being connected to a mobile switching centre (MSC) 114. The MSC 114 is in 30 communication with a fixed terminal 116 via a public SUBSTITUTE SHEET(RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 8 switched telecommunication network (PSTN) 118. An example of the first, the second and the third base stations 104, 108,107 are units of Supercell (trade 5 mark) base stations manufactured by Motorola. The Supercell base stations have appropriate hardware and/or software modifications so as to be capable of functioning with time delay estimation units 220, 320. A mobile terminal 120 is located within the first 10 coverage area 106 and the second coverage area 110. However, it is not essential for the mobile terminal 120 to be located within the second coverage area 110. The mobile terminal 120 can be located in the vicinity of the second and third coverage areas 110,111. 15 As example of the mobile terminal 120, is a Qualconn QCP/820 model cellular telephone. Referring to Fig. 2, the first base station 104 20 comprises a receiver chain 200. The receiver chain 200 has an antenna 202 coupled to a low noise amplifier 204. The low noise amplifier 204 being coupled to a bandpass filter 206. The bandpass filter 206 is coupled to a mixer 208. The mixer 208 being coupled to 25 a lowpass filter 212 and a synthesiser unit 210. The lowpass filter 212 is coupled to an analogue to digital converter (ADC) 214 which is coupled to a digital signal processor (DSP) 218 via a buffer 216. 30 The buffer 216 is also coupled to delay estimation unit SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 25) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 9 220. The delay estimation unit 220 is also coupled to the DSP 218. Within the delay estimation unit 220, the buffer output is coupled to a multiplier 222. The multiplier 222 is coupled to an integrator 224 and a 5 variable delay unit 226. The integrator unit 224 is coupled to a peak detector 230, and is to integrate received data over a transmitted symbol period Ts, which is set to an initial value of zero at the beginning of each correlation operation i.e. starting 10 at the beginning of each received data symbol. The output of the peak detector 230 is coupled to processor 232. The variable delay unit 226 is coupled to both processor 232 and the code unit 228. Finally, the clock 234 is coupled to processor unit 232. The clock 15 234 is also coupled to code unit 228. The receiver is operating with both in phase and quadrature phase components present (i.e. complex data). 20 The above described receiver chain 200 is shown for exemplary purposes only and can also form a part of a transceiver circuit (not shown). 25 Referring to Fig. 3., the second and third base stations 108, 107 each include a receiver chain 300. The receiver chain 300 has an antenna 302 coupled to a low noise amplifier 304. The low noise amplifier 304 being coupled to a bandpass filter 306. The bandpass 30 filter 306 is coupled to a mixer 308. The mixer 308 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 10 being coupled to a lowpass filter 312 and a synthesiser unit 310. The lowpass filter 312 is coupled to an analogue to digital converter (ADC) 314 which is coupled to a buffer 316. The buffer unit is coupled to 5 a delay estimation unit 320. Within the delay estimation unit 320, the buffer output is coupled to a multiplier 322. The multiplier 322 is coupled to an integrator 324 and 10 a variable delay unit 326. The integrator unit 324 is also coupled to a peak detector 330. The integrator 324, having been set to an initial value of zero at the beginning of each correlation operation i.e. at the beginning of a received data block, is to integrate 15 received data for a desired period Ti. The output of the peak detector 330 is coupled to a processor 332. The variable delay unit 326 is coupled to multiplier 329 and is also coupled to processor 332. A clock 334 is coupled to processor 332. The multiplier 329 is 20 coupled to both a DSP unit 319 and a code unit 328. The DSP unit is coupled to information data unit 318. The clock 334 is also coupled to the code unit 328. The receiver chain is operating with both in phase and 25 quadrature phase components present (i.e. complex data). The above described receiver chain 300 is shown for exemplary purposes only and can also form a part of a 30 transceiver circuit (not shown). SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 11 The first, the second and the third base stations 104, 108, 107 are all capable of transmitting a sequence of 20 msec data frames having a data frame structure 400 (shown in Figure 4). The data frame 400 has a 5 structure comprising information data portions 436, 438, 440, 442, 444, 446, 448, 450, 452, 454, 456, 458, 460, 462, 464, 466, 468. The frame structure 400 also comprises 16 power control data portions, 404, 406, 408, 410, 412, 414, 410, 418, 420, 422, 424, 426, 428, 10 430, 432, 434. The data frame 400 is scrambled and spread by scrambler code 500. Spreading is, to broaden the signalling bandwidth of the data frame 400. The scrambler 15 includes several codes 504, 506, 508, 510, known to all network components, ie. base stations 104, 108 and 107 and mobile terminal 120. Referring to Fig. 5. The data is scrambled and spread 20 by LC code 504, at multiplier 512. The data is further scrambled by Walsh code 506 at multiplier 514. The resulting scrambled data is then, once scrambled by I code 510 for in phase transmission at multiplier 516, and once by Q code 508 for quadrature phase 25 transmission at multiplier 518. The resulting scrambled and spread codes are referred to, for this example, as scrambling code 502. The scrambling code 502 is used for calculation of 30 various parameters, for example channel estimation, SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 12 frame synchronisation and coherent detection of data. The mobile terminal 120 operations are synchronised to the scrambling code 502. 5 The mobile terminal 120 is capable of transmitting a sequence of 20 msec data frames having a data structure 600. The data frame 600 consists mostly of information data portion. 10 The data frame 600 is scrambled and spread by scrambler 700. Spreading is, to broaden the signalling bandwidth of the data frame 600. The scrambler 700, includes several codes 704, 712, 706 known to all network components, i.e. base stations 104 and 108 and mobile 15 terminal 120. Referring to Fig. 7. The data is scrambled and spread by LC code 704 at multiplier 710. The resulting scrambled and spread data is then once scrambled by I 20 code 708 for in phase transmission, at multiplier 712, and once by Q code 706 for quadrature phase transmission at multiplier 714. The resulting scrambled and spread codes are referred to, for this example, as scrambling code 702. 25 The operation of the above cellular system 100 will now be described below. A call is established according to any known method in 30 the art. The first base station 104 being in SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO 99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 13 communication with the mobile terminal 120 and a first traffic channel (tch) is allocated. Data frames having the structure of the first data frame structure 400 are transmitted from first base station 104 and received by 5 mobile terminal 120. Data frames having the structure of the second data frame structure 600 are transmitted from mobile terminal 120 and received by first base station 104. The first base station 104 by means of power control data 404, 406, 408, 410, 412, 414, 416, 10 418, 420, 422, 424, 426, 428, 430, 432, 434 controls the transmit power of the mobile terminal 120 according to techniques well known technique in the art. The data frames 600 received by the first base station antenna 202 are of only sufficient power for correct 15 detection of propagation time delay and information data by the first base station 104. By information data, it is meant the unknown information data which is present in the data frames 400 and data frames 600. 20 Hence the mobile terminal 120 transmit power, is of sufficient magnitude to overcome the propagation losses to the first base station 104 only. The second and the third base Stations 108, 107 not in communication within the mobile terminal 120 may suffer excessive 25 propagation losses such that they are unable to receive the transmitted data frames 600 by the mobile terminal 120, with sufficient power for reliable and successful detection of time delay and information data. 30 A method of detection of information data 828 and time SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 14 delay 829 for the first base station 104 is outlined in Figure 8 and is as follows. The synthesiser 210 of the first base station 104 is tuned to receive a data frame 600 at the expected time of arrival, transmitted from 5 the mobile terminal 120 (step 802). As traffic data frame 600 is received, in the specified time frame, by the first base station 104, the traffic data is stored (step 806). 10 The first base station 104 then determines (step 808) whether sufficient time has elapsed to receive the entire data frame 600. Considering the longest propagation time delay expected, due to distance between the first base station 104 and the mobile 15 terminal 120. If sufficient time has not elapsed, the first base station 104 continues to receive and store the traffic data (step 806). When the specified time has elapsed, the first base station 104 initialises the expected time delay (T) to zero (step 810). 20 The descrambling code which is similar to scrambling code 702 at the time of transmission of the data frame 600 by the mobile terminal 120 (which is known in the art as code synchronised) is then delayed by the 25 specified time delay T (step 812). The first base station 104 descrambles the received data traffic with the delayed descrambling code 702 (step 814). The descrambled data traffic is then summed (integrated) over a data symbol period Ts (step 818). 30 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 15 If no substantial peak is detected by the first base station 104, the expected time delay T is increased (by a set amount) (step 820) and the steps 812, 814, 816, 818 and 820 are repeated until a substantial peak is 5 detected. After the detection of a substantial peak, the first base station 104, calculates and stores the time delay and further calculates the distance from the mobile terminal 120 (step 822). 10 In the presence of multipath propagation, several peaks may be detected, where one or more peaks can be used for data detection. After the successful estimation of the time delay 15 between the first base station 104 and the mobile terminal 120, the correct portion of the received traffic data is selected at the data frame portion 600, transmitted by the mobile terminal 120 (step 826), the information data contained in the data frame 600 is 20 then detected and stored (step 428). The time delay and the distance between the first base station 104 and the mobile terminal 120 are sent to MSC 114, and stored. 25 A method of detection of time delay for the second base station 108 is outlined in Figure 9 and is as follows. The synthesiser 310 of the second base station 108 is 30 tuned at the expected time of arrival of data frame 600 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 16 to receive the data frame 600, transmitted from the mobile terminal 120 (step 902). As traffic data is received, in the specified time, by the second base station 108, the traffic data is stored (step 906). 5 The second base station then determines (step 908) whether sufficient time has elapsed to receive the entire data frame 600, allowing for the longest expected propagation time delay caused by the distance 10 between the second base station 108 and the mobile terminal 120. If sufficient time has not elapsed, the second base station 108 continues to receive and store the traffic data (step 906). When the specified time has elapsed, the second base station 108 obtains and 15 stores information data 318 detected and stored at step 828, by the first base station 104, via network elements, e.g. BSC 112 (step 910). The second base station 108 then processes 319 the 20 stored information data 318 and scrambles it with scrambling code 702, 328 in a similar manner to the processing and scrambling performed by the mobile terminal 120 on the original information date, prior to transmission of data frame 600 and stores it (step 25 912). After step 912, the stored processed and scrambled information data, referred to now as "data descrambling code" is substantially similar in envelope and phase to the transmitted data frame 600 by the mobile terminal 120. 30 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 17 The second base station 108 then proceeds to initialise the expected time delay T to zero (step 916). The "data descrambling code" is then delayed by the specified delay T (step 918). The second base station 5 108 descrambles the received data traffic with the "data descrambling code" (step 920). The descrambled data traffic is then summed (integrated) over sufficient long time, Ti to ensure reliable and successful detection of mobile terminal 120 transmitted 10 data frame 600 (step 922). Ti is long enough to provide enough processing gain to account for all possible excess propagation losses experienced by the second base station 108, compared to that experienced by the first base station 104. 15 The second base station 108 then determines whether a substantial peak is detected as a result of the summation (step 928). If no peak is detected by the second base station 108, the expected time delay T is 20 increased (step 924), and the step 918, 920, 922, 926 and 924 are repeated until a substantial peak is detected. After the detection of an acceptable peak, the second base station 108 calculates and stores the time delay and further calculates the distance the 25 mobile terminal 120 is from the second base station 108 (step 928). The third base station 107 operates a method of detection of time delay substantially identical to that 30 explained above for the second base station 108. SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 18 The time delay and distance between the second base station 108 and the mobile terminal 120 are sent to MSC 114 and stored. The time delay and distance between the third base station 107 and the mobile terminal 120 5 are sent to MSC 114 and stored. The MSC 114 uses, by a method known in the art as triangulation, the stored data on the distance of the mobile terminal 120 from the first and second and the third base stations 104, 108, 107 the known coordinates of the first, the second 10 and the third base stations 104, 108, 107 to estimate the coordinates of the mobile terminal 120. The remaining components of a cellular communication system base station are well known in the art and need 15 not be described in detail herein. The above embodiments of the present invention have been described by way of example only and various alternative features or modifications from what has 20 been described can be made within the scope of the invention, as will be readily apparent to persons skilled in the art. 25 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)

Claims

1. A method of detection of signals in a communication network including a mobile terminal, at 5 least one first base station serving the mobile terminal and at least one second base station wherein the method includes mobile transmitted data detected at the first base station being used by the second base station to increase detection of the transmitted data 10 by the second base station.

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the signal received by the first base station is of sufficient quality to enable detection of the data transmitted by 15 the signal and the detected data is used by the second base station, where the mobile terminal transmissions are not received with sufficient power for adequate detection, to enable detection of the data by the second base station. 20

3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the detection process at the second base station(s) includes detection and calculation of the received time delay caused by signal propagation due to the distance 25 of the mobile terminal from the respective base station.

4. A method according to any one of claims 1 - 3 30 wherein the detection process at the second base SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 20 station(s) includes detection of the received signal power of the mobile terminal transmission signal by the second base station.

5 5. A method according to any of claims 1 - 4 wherein the communications network is a cellular communications direct sequence spread spectrum code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system and the data is used to extend and increase the processing gain of the receiver by 10 enabling longer integration times at the base stations.

6. A method according to any one of claims 1 - 5 in which the location of the mobile terminal is determined from the network system by any one of some or all 15 of:(a) using the received time delay at each respective base station, (b) using the direction of the mobile terminal from each respective base station and, (c) a combination of received time delay and/or direction of the mobile terminal from a first base station(s) and 20 received time delay and/or direction of the mobile terminal from a second base station(s).

7. A method according to any one of claims 1 - 6 in which the data received by at least the first base 25 station is capable of identifying the mobile terminal in the network system.

8. A method according to any one of claims 1 - 7 in which the measured signal power of the mobile terminal 30 is used for hand-off preparation from a first base SUBSTITUTE SHEET(RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 21 station to a second base station.

9. A method according to any one of claims 1 - 8 in which the detection process at the second base 5 station(s) includes detection of the presence of the data detected at the first base station(s).

10. A method according to any of claims 1 - 9 in which the data transmitted by the mobile terminal is unknown 10 information data.

11. A method according to any of claims 1 - 9 in which the data transmitted by the mobile terminal is a predefined sequence. 15

12. A system for detection of signals in a communications network including a plurality of base stations and a mobile terminal wherein at a given time at least one of the base stations is a first serving 20 base station and the mobile terminal is served by the first serving base station; the first serving base station is capable of receiving and detecting data transmitted to it by the mobile terminal and the detected data is usable by the first serving base 25 station and/or at least one second base station to increase detection of the transmitted data.

13. A system according to claim 12 wherein the signal received by the first base station is of sufficient 30 quality to enable detection of the data transmitted by SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 22 the signal and the second base station, where the mobile terminal transmissions are not received with sufficient power for adequate detection, includes means for using the detected data to enable detection of the 5 data by the second base station.

14. A system according to claim 12 or 13 wherein the second base station includes means for detection and calculation of the received time delay caused by signal 10 propagation due to the distance of the mobile terminal from the respective base station.

15. A system according to any one of claims 12 - 14 wherein the second base station includes means for 15 detection of the received signal power of the mobile terminal transmission signal by the second base station.

16. A system according to any one of claims 12 - 15 20 wherein the communications network is a cellular communication direct sequence spread spectrum code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) system and it includes means for using the data to extend and increase the processing gain of the receiver by 25 enabling longer integration times at the base stations.

17 A system according to any one of claims 12- 16 including means for the location of the mobile terminal to be determined from the network system by any one, 30 some or all of :(a) using the received time delay at SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 23 each respective base station, (b) using the direction of the mobile terminal from each respective base station, and (c) a combination of received time delay and/or direction of the mobile terminal from a first 5 base station(s) and received time delay and/or direction of the mobile terminal from a second base station(s).

18. A system according to claims 12- 17 including 10 means for using the data received by at least the first base station to identify the mobile terminal in the network system.

19. A system according to claims 12- 18 including 15 means for using the measured signal power of the mobile terminal for hand-off preparation from a first base station to a second base station.

20. A system according to any one of claims 12 - 19 in 20 which the second base station(s) includes means for detection of the presence of the data detected at the first base station(s).

21. A method according to any of claims 12 - 20 in 25 which the data transmitted by the mobile terminal is unknown information data.

22. A method according to any of claims 12 - 20 in which the data transmitted by the mobile terminal is a 30 predefined sequence. SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) WO99/33196 PCT/GB98/03810 24

23. A method of detection of signals subsequently as any one embodiment herein described or referenced to the accompanying drawings. 5

24. A system for detection of signals subsequently as any one embodiment herein described or referenced to the accompanying drawings. 10 15 20 25 30 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)