AU1411392A - Spray method for delivering direct feed microorganisms to poultry - Google Patents
Spray method for delivering direct feed microorganisms to poultryInfo
- Publication number
- AU1411392A AU1411392A AU14113/92A AU1411392A AU1411392A AU 1411392 A AU1411392 A AU 1411392A AU 14113/92 A AU14113/92 A AU 14113/92A AU 1411392 A AU1411392 A AU 1411392A AU 1411392 A AU1411392 A AU 1411392A
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- lactobacillus
- poultry
- direct feed
- organism
- dfm
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 title claims description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 title description 12
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 title description 9
- 241000186604 Lactobacillus reuteri Species 0.000 claims description 22
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 229940001882 lactobacillus reuteri Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 claims description 15
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 claims 1
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 13
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 description 10
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 10
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- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 description 6
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- 206010012735 Diarrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 5
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- 241000194031 Enterococcus faecium Species 0.000 description 3
- 241001147746 Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis Species 0.000 description 3
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- 241000286209 Phasianidae Species 0.000 description 3
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 3
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- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 235000013618 yogurt Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-VKHMYHEASA-N (+)-propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 240000006439 Aspergillus oryzae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002247 Aspergillus oryzae Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000304886 Bacilli Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193830 Bacillus <bacterium> Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000063299 Bacillus subtilis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014469 Bacillus subtilis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000012248 Bacillus toyonensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222120 Candida <Saccharomycetales> Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000194033 Enterococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588722 Escherichia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010061126 Escherichia infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010025885 Glycerol dehydratase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 244000199885 Lactobacillus bulgaricus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013960 Lactobacillus bulgaricus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000199866 Lactobacillus casei Species 0.000 description 1
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- 241000288147 Meleagris gallopavo Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000004316 Oxidoreductases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000854 Oxidoreductases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000607142 Salmonella Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000057717 Streptococcus lactis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014897 Streptococcus lactis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005862 Whey Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000007544 Whey Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010046377 Whey Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007140 dysbiosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000020612 escherichia coli infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002550 fecal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940004208 lactobacillus bulgaricus Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940017800 lactobacillus casei Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940072205 lactobacillus plantarum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 244000000010 microbial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000005706 microflora Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
- A61K35/74—Bacteria
- A61K35/741—Probiotics
- A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
- A61K35/747—Lactobacilli, e.g. L. acidophilus or L. brevis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/30—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by encapsulating; by coating
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
- A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Description
"SPRAY METHOD FOR DELIVERING DIRECT FEED MICROORGANISMS TO POULTRY"
FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates to a new method for delivering viable microbial cells to animals in a spray form.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The terms "probiotics" is attributed to Parker (20) who defined them as "organisms and substances which contribute to intestinal balance" when used as dietary supplements. This publication and all other publications and patents cited herein are incorporated herein by reference. Later, Fuller (11) considered this definition to be too broad since, in addition to including cell cultures and microbial metabolites, it could encompass antibiotic preparations. More recently, a number of summaries have appeared in the literature describing the scientific basis for use of probiotics as intestinal inoculants for production animals (10, 26). It has been suggested that the term "probiotics" be replaced by the term "direct feed microorganisms," or DFM's (9).
The concept of adding viable, harmless lactic acid bacteria to the gastrointestinal tract as a dietary supplement was first appreciated by Metchnikoff (16) who viewed the consumption of yoghurt by Bulgarian peasants as conferring a long span of life. Some workers have claimed that the therapeutic value derived from ingestion of such fermented milk products is related to the viable bacteria present in these products (12, 27). Since Metchnikoff"s early reports, several studies have shown the ability of lactobacilli, for example, to suppress coliform growth. Feeding viable Lactobacillus acidophilus cells to young dairy calves was shown to reduce the incidence of diarrhoea (3) , and increase the numbers of lactobacilli and reduce coliform counts in feces (4). These findings contrast with those of others who were unable to demonstrate benefits from feeding either Lactobacillus acidophilus (8, 13) or milk cultured with Lactobacillus acidophilus or
Lactobacillus lactis (17).
In a detailed study by Muralidhara et.al. (18), piglets given a Lactobacillus lactis concentrate for up to
8 weeks after birth showed a progressive decline in coliform counts in fecal samples. Scouring in these animals was negligible, but was evident in control pigs especially at weaning. Underdahl et al. (32) observed only mild diarrhoea lasting 2-4 days in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with Streptococcus faecium prior to artificial Escherichia coli infection. In the same study, persistent diarrhoea occurred in pigs similarly infected with
Escherichia coli, but without prophylactic treatment with the Streptococcus microorganism.
Probiotics (hereafter referred to as DFM's) are bacterial or yeast preparations that are administered orally or added to feeds. The most commonly used DFM's are strains of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB), particularly those classified in the following genera: Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Enterococcus. Included among these are the following species: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus thermophilus, Lactococcus diacetylactis, and Enterococcus faecium. Besides these LAB, some species of Bacillus (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus toyoi) and yeasts and molds (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, and Torulopsis sp. ) are used as DFM's
(10).
It is generally held that during periods of low resistance, such as stress, undesirable microorganisms are able to proliferate in the GI tract of animals, humans included. Maintaining a normal, healthy balance of microorganisms is deemed to be critical during such stressful periods (10). The concept underlying use of DFM's, therefore is that if sufficient numbers of an appropriate microorganism(s) are introduced into the
intestinal tract (i) at times of stress and/or disease, (ii) at birth, or (iii) after antibiotic treatment (when minimal LAB are present), the negative consequences of the microbial imbalances can be minimized or overcome. Using such preparations of live, naturally occurring microorganisms helps restore and maintain the proper balance of beneficial microbes in the GI tract during times of stress, disease, and following antibiotic therapy (10). This concept, descriptions of proposed modes of action, and evidence for the efficacious uses of DFM's for all production animals are summarized in reviews by Fox (10), Sissons (26), and by various authors (22).
One of the major problems or limitations encountered in commercial scale application of DFM's to animals is (i) the availability of suitable delivery systems, and (ii) the ability to get the probiotic preparations to the animals as quickly as possible after birth. This is particularly true when pelletized feeds are used, as is the case in the poultry industry. The pelletization process generally includes one or more heating steps involving temperatures high enough to pasteurize or sterilize the feed components, thereby precluding incorporation of viable microorganisms into these feeds prior to pelletization.
The present invention describes novel methods and processes for overcoming some of these problems, by delivering viable DFM's in spray form. The DFM used to develop these methods is Lactobacillus reuteri. This species was chosen because it has demonstrated efficacy as a DFM in poultry (21). Previous patent applications have been submitted relating to unique properties of the species. These applications are: PCT/US88/01423, filed April 28, 1988 and published November 3, 1988, claiming priority from U.S. Serial No. 07/268,361 filed September 19, 1988 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. S.N. 07/102,830 filed September 22, 1987 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. S.N. 07/046,027 filed May 1,
1987; and U.S. S.N. 07/539,014 filed June 15, 1990. The disclosure of these applications is incorporated herein by reference.
Lactobacillus reuteri is a species of lactic acid bacteria recognized since the turn of the century (19). Originally assigned different species names (e.g., Lactobacillus fermentum biotype II), it obtained distinct species status in 1980 and is registered in the 1988 edition of Bergey's manual (14, 15). It is found in foods, particularly dairy products and meats, but exists primarily in the GI tract of healthy animals, including humans (1, 6, 7, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 33).
Lactobacillus reuteri is the dominant heterofermentative Lactobacillus inhabiting the GI tract (23, 24, 25). It is a typical heterofermenter, converting sugars into acetic acid, ethanol, and C02 in addition to lactic acid which is the major endproduct of homofermentative metabolism carried out by species such as Lactobacillus acidophilus (31). It utilizes the phosphoketolase pathway for conversion of glucose to endproducts. When glycerol, an alternate hydrogen acceptor, is present in the culture medium together with glucose or other utilizable carbon and energy sources (e.g., lactose), acetate rather than ethanol accumulates, and the glycerol is reduced to 1,3-propanediol via the metabolic intermediate, 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA). 3-HPA has been shown to have potent antimicrobial activity, and Lactobacillus reuteri appears to be unique among microorganisms examined to date in its ability to secrete this substance, termed reuterin, into the surrounding medium (2, 5, 7, 28, 29, 30, 31). This unique antimicrobial activity may play a role in competitive survival of this species in the gastrointestinal ecosystem, and/or its ability to regulate growth and activities of other microorganisms in this ecosystem (7). It is thus very important to establish this microorganism early in
animals. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for delivering DFM's, such as Lactobacillus, to avian species. Other objects and advantages will be more fully apparent from the following disclosure and appended claims.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Just before hatching and on or about the expected day of hatch, poultry eggs, or hatching or hatched birds are sprayed with a suspension of a DFM, such as Lactobacillus reuteri.
Other aspects and features of the invention will be more fully apparent from the following disclosure and appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS THEREOF
The present invention provides a method of delivering DFM's to avian embryos or newly hatched birds so that the DFM's are established in the gastrointestinal tract of the newly hatched birds. Cells of the selected DFM, for example, L. reuteri, are suspended in an aqueous medium such as buffered saline at a level of about loVml. The suspension is placed in any type of sprayer, for example, a hand-held atomizer or spray-bottle. The eggs are sprayed at a level of about 50 ml suspension per 300 eggs on the day before hatch. The spray treatment is repeated the day of hatch. In the second spray treatment some of the eggs will be hatching or will have hatched. In this case, the spray treatment is of the newly hatched birds. The features and advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the following example, which is not to be construed as limiting the invention.
EXAMPLE
Eggs of turkeys (Nicholas) are incubated at standard incubation conditions for turkeys 27 days (until one day before the eggs are due to hatch) . A mixture of equal amounts of two Lactobacillus reuteri strains, strain T-l (isolated from turkeys) and strain 11284 (isolated from chickens) is prepared in a buffered saline solution. Each of these strains has been deposited at the American Type Culture Collection in Rockville, Maryland. The saline solution may be at any concentration of solutes and contain any components which are normally used for suspending living microorganisms. With a hand-held sprayer, about 50 ml per 300 eggs is sprayed on to the eggs at day 27 (the day prior to hatch). On the next day, the eggs, and any hatching or hatched birds, are again sprayed (50 ml/300 eggs or birds) . Three to five hours later the birds are taken from the hatchery to a pen.
About 5-10 hours post-hatch, the total number of lactobacilli found in the bird's cecum is determined for each treatment as colony-forming units per excised and homogenized cecum. Solid Lactobacillus selection medium (1.5% agar) as described in references 2, 5, and 7 is used. The percent of the colonies which is . reuteri is determined as described in international patent application PCT/US88/01423 but using L. plantarum as the indicator organism. In this test, colonies of lactobacilli on the LBS agar medium are overlaid with 10 ml of 1% liquified agar containing 0.5 M glycerol and a L. plantarum inoculum. After anaerobic (Gas-Pack System) incubation at 37CC for 24 hours, zones of growth inhibition are seen around colonies that produce reuterin from glycerol. These colonies are thus identified and enumerated as L. reuteri.
As seen in Table 1, the spray treatment does not affect survival or hatchability.
Table 1 .
Treatment % live % survivors embryos at at day 7
Untreated embryos 96 81
L. reuteri sprayed (106 CFU) 97 79
As seen in Table 2, colonization of the ceca by L_. reuteri at hatch is increased by the spray treatments.
Table 2. Treatment CFU per cecum
Untreated embryos 3.3 x 102 L. reuteri sprayed 7.4 x 105
Although not shown in the table, such colonization increased in the same manner with birds in which the second spray treatment had been of the egg and those in which the second treatment had been of the newly hatched bird. Similar results are obtained with chickens treated by the method of the invention. Although the preferred method of the invention combines two spray treatments as described, either spray treatment may be used separately to provide somewhat lower levels of colonization (results not shown).
While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that numerous variations, modifications, and embodiments are possible, and accordingly all such variations, modifications, and embodiments are to be regarded as being within the spirit and scope of the invention.
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Just before hatching and on or about the expected day of hatch, poultry eggs, or hatching or hatched birds are
sprayed with a suspension of a DFM, saline, such as Lactobacillus reuteri, preferably suspended in buffered saline.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY Poultry hatched from eggs sprayed with Lactobacillus reuteri or birds sprayed with these microorganisms have increased resistance to microbial pathogens and gain weight faster, thus resulting in savings to the growers and consumers.
REFERENCES
1. Axelsson L, Lindgren SE. 1987. Characterization and DNA homology of Lactobacillus reuteri strains isolated from pig intestine. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 62:433-440. 2. Axelsson L, Chung TC, Dobrogosz WJ, Lindgren SE. 1989. Production of a broad spectrum antimicrobial substance by Lactobacillus reuteri. Microbial Ecol. Health Dis., 2:131-136.
3. Bechman TL, Chambers JV, Cunningham MD. 1977. Influence of Lactobacillus acidophilus on performance of young diary calves. J. Dairy Sci., 60:74(abs).
4. Bruce BB, Gilliland SE, Bush LJ, Staley TE. 1979. Influence of feeding cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the fecal flora of young calves. Oklahoma Anim. Sci. Res. Rep. , 207.
5. Chung TC, Axelsson L, Lindgren Se, Dobrogosz WJ. 1989. In vitro studies on reuterin synthesis by Lactobacillus reuteri. Microbial Ecol. Health Dis., 2:137- 144. 6. Dellaglio F, Arrizza FS, Leda A. 1981. Classification of citrate fermenting lactobacilli isolated from lamb stomach, sheep milk and pecorino romano cheese. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., Abt. Orig. C2:349-356.
7. Dobrogosz, WJ, Casas IA, Pagano GA, Talarico TL, Sjorberg B-M, Karlson M. 1989. Lactobacillus reuteri and the enteric microbiota. In: The Regulatory and Protective Role of the Normal Microflora (Eds: GrubbR, MidtvedtT, NorinE.) Macmillan LTD, London, pp. 283-292.
8. Ellinger DK, Muller LD, Gantz PJ. 1978. Influence of feeding fermented colostrum and Lactobacillus acidophilus on fecal flora and selected blood parameters of young dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci., 61:162(abs).
9. Food and Drug Administration Compliance Policy Guide No. 7126.41, May 2, 1988. 10. Fox SM. 1988. Probiotics: Intestinal inoculants for
production animals. Food-Animal Practice, Vet. Med., August issue.
11. Fuller R. 1986. Probiotics. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Sy p. Suppl., 1S-7S. 12. Goodenough ER, Kleyn DH. 1976. Influence of viable yoghurt microflora on the digestion of lactose by the rat. J. Dairy Sci., 59:601-606.
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15. Kandler 0, Weiss N, 1986. Regular nonsporing Gram positive rods. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
(Eds.: Sneath DHA, Mair NC, Sharpe ME, Holt JH) , vol. 2:1208-1234. Williams and Wilkins, NY.
16. Metchnikoff E. 1907. Prolongation of Life. Heinemann, London. 17. Morrill JL, Dayton AD, Mickelson R. 1977. Cultured milks and antibiotics for young calves. J. Dairy Sci. , 60:1105.
18. Muralidhara KS, Sheggeby GG, Elliker PR, England DC, Sandine WE. 1977. Effects of feeding lactobacilli on the coliform and Lactobacillus flora of intestine tissue and feces from piglets. J. Food Protection, 40:288-295.
19. Orla-Jensen S. 1943. The lactic acid bacteria. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskasbernes Selskab. Biologiske Skrifter, Bind II, Nr. 3. Kobenhavn. 20. Parker RB. 1974. Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotic story. Anim. Nutr. Health. 29:4-8. 21. Parkhurst CR, Edens FW, Casas IA. 1991. Lactobacillus reuteri and whey reduce Salmonella colonization in turkey poults. International Poultry Trade Show, Southeastern Poultry and Egg Association, Atlanta, GA, Abs. Sci. Meet., Jan. 30 - Feb. 1, 1991.
22. REVUE: Scientifique et Technique, Digestive Microflora and Bioregulation, International Office Of Epizootics, F-75017, paris, France, Vol., 8, June, 1989.
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Claims (5)
1. A method of establishing a direct feed microorganism in the gastrointestinal tract of an avian organism, comprising spraying the organism with a suspension of the direct feed microorganism on the day of hatch, wherein the form of said organism when sprayed may be as an embryo within an egg or as a newly hatched organism.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the microorganism is Lactobacillus reuteri.
3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the avian organism is a chicken.
4. A method according to claim 2 wherein the avian organism is a turkey.
5. A method according to claim 1 further comprising spraying eggs of the organism with the direct feed microorganism one day prior to hatch.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US64669291A | 1991-01-28 | 1991-01-28 | |
| US646692 | 1991-01-28 | ||
| PCT/US1992/000667 WO1992012723A1 (en) | 1991-01-28 | 1992-01-28 | Spray method for delivering direct feed microorganisms to poultry |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU1411392A true AU1411392A (en) | 1992-08-27 |
| AU667807B2 AU667807B2 (en) | 1996-04-18 |
Family
ID=24594084
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU14113/92A Expired - Fee Related AU667807B2 (en) | 1991-01-28 | 1992-01-28 | Spray method for delivering direct feed microorganisms to poultry |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU667807B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2100866C (en) |
| FI (1) | FI933361A0 (en) |
| MX (1) | MX9200355A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1992012723A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3028214B2 (en) * | 1997-06-03 | 2000-04-04 | カルピス株式会社 | How to administer live birds |
| GB9803424D0 (en) * | 1998-02-18 | 1998-04-15 | Pfizer Ltd | Performance enhancement |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4335107A (en) * | 1978-06-05 | 1982-06-15 | Snoeyenbos Glenn H | Mixture to protect poultry from salmonella |
| FI59925C (en) * | 1980-01-11 | 1981-11-10 | Esko Viljo Nurmi | FOERFARANDE FOER FRAMSTAELLNING AV ETT BAKTERIEPREPARAT ANVAENDBART FOER FOERHINDRANDE AV SALMONELLAINFEKTION HOS FJAEDERFAE |
| US4518696A (en) * | 1983-01-11 | 1985-05-21 | Chr. Hansen's Laboratory, Inc. | Stabilized liquid bacterial suspension for oral administration to animals |
-
1992
- 1992-01-28 CA CA002100866A patent/CA2100866C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-01-28 AU AU14113/92A patent/AU667807B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-01-28 WO PCT/US1992/000667 patent/WO1992012723A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-01-28 MX MX9200355A patent/MX9200355A/en unknown
-
1993
- 1993-07-27 FI FI933361A patent/FI933361A0/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MX9200355A (en) | 1994-03-31 |
| WO1992012723A1 (en) | 1992-08-06 |
| AU667807B2 (en) | 1996-04-18 |
| CA2100866A1 (en) | 1992-08-06 |
| FI933361A (en) | 1993-07-27 |
| CA2100866C (en) | 2002-11-19 |
| FI933361A0 (en) | 1993-07-27 |
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