AU1140600A

AU1140600A - Apparatus for controlled venting of a chamber

Info

Publication number: AU1140600A
Application number: AU11406/00A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Leigh R Barker; Lee J. Jones; Rodney A Jordan; Gerrit Linde; Sanjay Savur
Original assignee: Mitsubishi Australia Ltd
Current assignee: Mitsubishi Australia Ltd
Priority date: 1998-10-19
Filing date: 1999-10-19
Publication date: 2000-05-08
Anticipated expiration: 2019-10-19
Also published as: AU764740B2

Description

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLED VENTING OF A CHAMBER Field of the invention The present invention relates generally to the delay of deterioration of perishable products 5 by the management of the composition of the atmosphere in contact with the product and to apparatus therefor. Background of the invention Many items of perishable produce respire after harvest. That is they consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide. It is known that if the rate of respiration can be slowed during 10 transportation, the produce will degrade less. The rate of respiration can be controlled by controlling the amount of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide available to the produce. Many items of produce deteriorate after removal from the plant. This deterioration which is usually given the term senescence, can be delayed by enclosing the perishable product in a chamber to which is applied well recognised methods, such as reduction of temperature 15 below ambient room temperature, and/or the reduction of the concentration of oxygen below that occurring in air, and/or the elevation of the concentration of carbon dioxide above the concentration occurring naturally in air. Each of these conditions may be applied alone or in combination with any or all of the others. However if the oxygen concentration is reduced too much or the carbon dioxide 20 concentration rises too high, then the perishable product may be injured, resulting in even more rapid deterioration than might occur if no treatment was applied. Consequently it is desirable to be able to adjust the composition of the atmosphere within the chamber and apparatus for adjusting the atmosphere in the chamber has accordingly been developed. For transportation of perishable produce, the chamber referred to may be a shipping 25 container, which in a common form may be fitted with a refrigeration system to adjust the temperature. Controlled atmosphere containers are usually purpose built. However, controlled atmosphere apparatus may also be installed in a refrigerated container following a time-consuming and expensive operation.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 2 Controlled atmosphere containers must be substantially sealed in order to separate the controlled atmosphere from the ambient atmosphere. It has been found that the door seals in controlled atmosphere containers are generally the source of most leakage. Every time the door is opened the seal is broken. 5 In one existing apparatus for controlling the atmosphere in a container, the atmosphere is taken from the container and passed through a device for actively modifying the atmosphere such as a carbon dioxide absorption tower and the modified atmosphere reintroduced into the container. The various devices for actively modifying the container atmosphere are expensive and generally difficult to service during transportation. 10 Where such apparatus is to be used to convert a refrigerated container to a controlled atmosphere container, holes may need to be made in the container walls to allow the container atmosphere to be drawn from the container to be modified and returned to the container. Such a process may need a permanent modification to be made to a refrigerated container and would be time consuming and expensive. 15 Summary of the invention According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for adjusting the atmosphere within a substantially sealed chamber containing respiring produce, the chamber having inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber, and outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber, the method comprising: 20 (a) monitoring the oxygen concentration within the chamber; (b) following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount, opening the inlet means to admit ambient atmosphere into the chamber so that the amount of oxygen in the chamber increases; and (c) removing carbon dioxide from the chamber atmosphere substantially at a 25 predetermined rate, the predetermined rate having been selected such that the carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber atmosphere does not substantially exceed a predetermined amount. According to a further aspect of the present invention the method provides for the inlet means to be open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between 30 the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 3 According to a further aspect of the present invention, the method provides for the predetermined carbon dioxide removal rate to be calculated from a formula derived from a mathematical model of the proportions of the chamber atmosphere subject to the requirement that the oxygen concentration within the chamber be substantially maintained 5 at a predetermined amount. The predetermined carbon dioxide removal rate is preferably calculated from a formula that produces a result substantially equal to the result produced by a calculation in accordance with the following formula: = (o.20.79pC0 2 r 02 aCO2 = rCO2 ~ .79 ,0 0 .21-

PO

2 )-0.2 1

PCO

2 where a 0 2 is the carbon dioxide removal rate; P0 2 is the oxygen setpoint, expressed as a 10 proportion; PC02 is the desired carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber, expressed as a proportion; r 0 2 is the respiration rate; and rC0 2 is the rate of production of carbon dioxide through respiration. According to a further aspect of the present invention, the method provides for at least part of the carbon dioxide removal to be effected by contacting a quantity of carbon dioxide 15 absorbing material with the chamber atmosphere. The carbon dioxide absorbing material is preferably contained in at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container, such as for example a carbon dioxide transmissible bag. Preferably, the at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container is selected so that the rate of carbon dioxide transmission into the at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container is substantially equal to the predetermined 20 carbon dioxide removal rate. According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for adjusting the atmosphere within a substantially sealed chamber containing respiring produce, the chamber having inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber, and outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber, the method 25 comprising: (a) monitoring the oxygen concentration within the chamber; (b) following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount, opening the inlet means to admit ambient atmosphere into WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 4 the chamber so that the amount of oxygen in the chamber increases, the inlet means being open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for 5 converting a receptacle into an adjusted atmosphere chamber for containing respiring produce, the method comprising: (a) forming a substantially sealed chamber in the receptacle optionally including installing sealing means so as to form the substantially sealed chamber in the receptacle; 10 (b) installing inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber; (c) installing outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber; (d) installing a controller having an oxygen concentration sensor and control means responsive to the oxygen concentration sensor, the control means being adapted to cause the inlet means to open to admit ambient atmosphere into the chamber 15 following the oxygen concentration sensor detecting that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount; and (e) installing carbon dioxide removal means adapted to remove carbon dioxide from the chamber atmosphere substantially at a predetermined rate whereby the carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber atmosphere will not substantially exceed 20 a predetermined amount when the chamber contains respiring produce. According to a further aspect of the present invention the method provides for the inlet means to be open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a receptacle when 25 converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the methods for converting a receptacle into an adjusted atmosphere chamber described herein. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for adjusting the atmosphere within a chamber comprising: (a) sealing means for substantially sealing the chamber; WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 5 (b) inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber; (c) outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber; and (d) a controller having an oxygen concentration sensor and control means responsive to the oxygen concentration sensor, the control means being adapted to cause the inlet 5 means to open to admit ambient atmosphere into the chamber following the oxygen concentration sensor detecting that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount, the controller being adapted to cause the inlet means to remain open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint. 10 According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for adjusting the atmosphere within a chamber comprising: (a) sealing means for substantially sealing the chamber; (b) inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber; (c) outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber; 15 (d) a controller having an oxygen concentration sensor and control means responsive to the oxygen concentration sensor, the control means being adapted to cause the inlet means to open to admit ambient atmosphere into the chamber following the oxygen concentration sensor detecting that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount; and 20 (e) carbon dioxide reduction means adapted to remove carbon dioxide from the chamber atmosphere substantially at a predetermined rate so that, in use, the carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber atmosphere will not substantially exceed a predetermined amount when the chamber contains respiring produce. According to a further aspect of the present invention the controller is further adapted to 25 cause the inlet means to remain open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for adjusting the atmosphere within a chamber comprising: (a) sealing means for substantially sealing the chamber; WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 6 (b) inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber; (c) outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber; and (d) a controller having an oxygen concentration sensor and control means responsive to the oxygen concentration sensor, the control means being adapted to cause the inlet 5 means to open to admit ambient atmosphere into the chamber following the oxygen concentration sensor detecting that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount; wherein said inlet means and/or outlet means comprise one or more electromagnetically actuable valves having a solenoid so that said one or more valves may be opened from a 10 closed position and closed from an open position by applying direct electric current to the solenoid, said one or more valves being held in either the open position or the closed position in the absence of the application of said direct electric current. According to a yet further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for adjusting the atmosphere within a substantially sealed chamber containing respiring 15 produce, the chamber having inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber, and outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber, the method comprising: (a) monitoring the oxygen concentration within the chamber; (b) following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a 20 predetermined amount, opening the inlet means to admit ambient atmosphere into the chamber so that the amount of oxygen in the chamber increases; (c) opening the outlet means to substantially maintain the pressure within the chamber at ambient pressure; and (d) selecting an oxygen setpoint such that steps (a), (b) and (c) cause the carbon 25 dioxide concentration within the chamber atmosphere to not substantially exceed a predetermined amount. According to a further aspect of the present invention, the method provides for the oxygen setpoint to be calculated from a formula derived from a mathematical model of the proportions of the chamber atmosphere subject to the requirement that the oxygen WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 7 concentration within the chamber be substantially maintained at a predetermined amount. The oxygen setpoint is preferably calculated from a formula that produces a result substantially equal to the result produced by a calculation in accordance with the following formula: 5 p0 2 = 0.21- pC0 2 (0.79+0.21RQ) where p0 2 is the oxygen setpoint, expressed as a proportion; PC0 2 is the desired carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber, expressed as a proportion; and RQ is the respiration quotient. A chamber according to the present invention may be provided within any form of 10 receptacle. The invention is particularly applicable to chambers provided within a receptacle in the form of a shipping container. While it is convenient to hereinafter describe the invention in relation to that example application it is to be appreciated that the present invention is equally applicable to chambers provided by or within other forms of receptacle including 15 cool stores, refrigerated vans, rail cars and other storage facilities. The present invention accordingly provides in one embodiment a method for adjusting the atmosphere within a chamber. In this embodiment the method includes the step of predicting the carbon dioxide level in the chamber once the oxygen setpoint in the chamber has been determined. In this way the carbon dioxide level in the chamber may be adjusted. 20 It has surprisingly been found that the carbon dioxide level in the chamber can be adjusted by altering the setpoint of oxygen in the chamber. In one preferred embodiment, the oxygen level in the chamber can. be set above the oxygen setpoint after flushing the. chamber with a purging gas, following which the oxygen level degrades to the setpoint as a consequence of consumption of oxygen by the respiring produce, resulting in a 25 proportional increase in the carbon dioxide level in the chamber. A significant advantage of the invention is that carbon dioxide levels in the chamber can be accurately predicted remotely and before transport of the produce, that is, the invention does not require active monitoring and control of the carbon dioxide levels while the produce is being transported. This obviates the need for complex carbon dioxide WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 8 monitoring and control apparatus, as prediction of the carbon dioxide level can be made before the produce is placed in the chamber. The present invention provides in another separate embodiment a method for independently adjusting carbon dioxide levels in a chamber, the method including the step 5 of placing a carbon dioxide absorbing material in the chamber whereby carbon dioxide is absorbed into the material so that the level of carbon dioxide in the chamber reaches a desired equilibrium point. This aspect of the invention is predicated on the basis that if the rate of production of carbon dioxide in the chamber by the produce is estimated, a predetermined equilibrium can be achieved by adding the required amount of carbon 10 dioxide absorbing material to the chamber. Hence independent adjustment of the carbon dioxide level in the chamber can be achieved. The present invention provides in another separate embodiment a method for adjusting the atmosphere within a chamber containing respiring produce, the method comprising: (a) flushing the chamber with a purging gas containing little or no oxygen; 15 (b) adjusting the oxygen level in the chamber to a level above a desired oxygen setpoint; (c) permitting the oxygen level in the chamber to degrade to about the oxygen setpoint as a consequence of oxygen consumed by the produce being converted to carbon dioxide; 20 (d) removing chamber atmosphere from the chamber; and (e) repeating steps (b), (c) and (d) as required if the oxygen level falls below the oxygen setpoint, to maintain the oxygen level in the region of the oxygen setpoint. The present invention provides in another separate embodiment a method for adjusting the level of carbon dioxide in a chamber containing respiring produce, the method comprising 25 the step of placing a carbon dioxide absorbing material in the chamber so as to absorb the difference between a predicted level of carbon dioxide in the chamber based on the rate of consumption of oxygen by the produce and a desired carbon dioxide level so that the carbon dioxide concentration in the chamber does not substantially exceed said desired level.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 9 Atmosphere adjustment apparatus provided by the present invention includes sealing means, inlet means, outlet means and a controller. Sealing means according to the present invention is provided to substantially seal the chamber, ie. a volume available within the receptacle for storing produce in an adjusted 5 atmosphere. Where a chamber according to the present invention contains respiring produce, preferably the chamber is sealed to a sufficient extent that the rate of consumption of oxygen by the respiring produce within the chamber .exceeds the rate of leakage of oxygen into the chamber. 10 It has been found useful to conduct tests on potential containers to determine the leakage rate in order to determine whether they may be immediately employed in accordance with the present invention or whether they should be rejected or repaired. The presently preferred testing method for use in relation to (empty) shipping containers is to first seal the container with sealing means according to the present invention (to be discussed 15 below). Following sealing, air is pumped into the container at a regulated flow rate through an appropriate fitting in an air vent in the container. At another air vent, there is provided a manometer tapping to measure the pressure inside the container. The preferred testing method employs the principle that, at a constant pressure within the container, the flow rate into the container must equal the flow rate out of the container 20 (through the various leakage paths). Accordingly, the flow rate of air being pumped into the container is adjusted until the pressure remains constant at a particular target pressure, preferably 50 pascals above atmospheric pressure. In the case of a 20 foot long standard refrigerated shipping container, at that pressure, a container with a leakage rate of no more than about 10 to 12 litres per minute typically represents a container suitable for use in 25 accordance with the present invention, without any need for repair. In the case of a 40 foot long standard refrigerated shipping container, at the stated pressure, a container with a leakage rate of no more than about 25 litres per minute typically represents a container suitable for use in accordance with the present invention without any need for repair. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the appropriate degree of air tightness for 30 a container depends upon whether the produce to be stored has a high or low respiration rate and that the figures quoted are only a guide.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 10 The sealing means may act as a moisture barrier. The sealing means may act as a barrier to the passage of gas into or out of the chamber. The chamber may comprise substantially the entire internal volume of the receptacle or a reduced volume within the chamber. The point of entry to a chamber is liable to leak. The point of entry to a chamber is 5 typically in the form of one or more doors. In particular, it has been found that for shipping containers, the seals of the doors of the container are generally the source of most leakage. Consequently, the sealing means provided in accordance with the present invention may include door sealing means. The sealing means provided by the present invention may also include a curtain. The 10 curtain may comprise a substantially fluid impervious sheet. The curtain may substantially seal an open end of a receptacle to form the chamber. The curtain may seal the chamber from leakage paths in the receptacle that are outside the chamber. In particular, the curtain may seal the chamber from any leakage paths in the door seals of the receptacle by being interposed between the chamber and receptacle door. 15 A curtain may be attached to the internal and/or external walls of the receptacle by any suitable means. Adhesive, including tape or glue, may be used. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a curtain for use in conjunction with a receptacle made from a magnetic material, such as a steel shipping container. The curtain is provided with numerous permanent magnets adjacent its 20 periphery for attaching the curtain to the receptacle. In a particularly preferred embodiment for use in conjunction with a steel shipping container, the curtain is installed in the container when the doors are open by attaching the magnets to the external walls of the container. Once the curtain is suitably placed, the doors of the container are closed to thereby substantially seal the curtain against the container. 25 A curtain according to one aspect of the present invention is preferably located close to the door of the receptacle in order to maximise the volume of the chamber. The curtain is preferably approximately coplanar with the receptacle door when the curtain is in a substantially un-deformed state where there is equal pressure on either side of the curtain. Refrigerated shipping containers (sometimes known as reefer containers) are generally of a 30 standard style of construction. Such containers typically have a false floor. The produce WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 11 sits on the false floor which is spaced from the outer wall of the container to facilitate air flow within the container. The false floor typically terminates a short distance from the end of the container to facilitate air flow at the ends of the load stored within the container. The curtain is preferably located within the space between the container door and the 5 beginning of the false floor. In this arrangement the chamber is accordingly bounded by the container walls and the curtain with the space between the curtain and the container door being outside the chamber. The sealing means provided in accordance with the present invention may also include a 10 cover for any ventilation port in the shipping container or other receptacle. The cover may comprise a sheet of flexible material such as an expanded rubber sheet. The sheet may be initially oversized and subsequently trimmed on site to form a cover which matches the profile of the ventilation port whereby to seal it. The cover may be installed over the ventilation port by any means. Preferably the cover is adhered to the port and/or the wall 15 immediately surrounding the port with tape and/or glue. Where a port comprises a number of apertures, one or more covers may be used to seal the port. The cover is substantially impermeable. The cover may include one or more layers which are not substantially impermeable. In this case, the cover may include a substantially impermeable layer such as an adhesive sheet to adhere the cover to the port and/or the wall 20 immediately surrounding the port. The substantially impermeable adhesive sheet is preferably applied so as to substantially cover the permeable material. In this way the cover may be rendered substantially impermeable. The inlet and outlet means provided in accordance with the present invention may be operable to facilitate respectively the inflow of ambient atmosphere into the chamber and 25 the outflow of chamber atmosphere from the chamber. The inlet and outlet means may each comprise one or more valves operable to provide in an open position communication between the chamber atmosphere within the chamber and the ambient atmosphere surrounding the chamber. Each valve may be operable in a closed position to substantially restrict such communication. 30 The inlet means and the outlet means each may be located in any boundary of the chamber.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 12 In a typical arrangement, the outlet means is located adjacent to a fan provided in the chamber for circulating air within the chamber. Preferably, the outlet means is mounted in a ventilation port near the fan. In the case of a standard refrigerated shipping container having a fan at one end of the container, the outlet means is preferably mounted in the 5 ventilation port that is typically located adjacent to the fan. The outlet means is preferably located on the high pressure side of the fan so that when the outlet is open, chamber atmosphere is forced out of the chamber. The inlet means is preferably spaced from the outlet means. Preferably the arrangement of the inlet means and outlet means is such as to facilitate the free flow of atmosphere 10 between the interior and exterior of the chamber. Most preferably the inlet and outlet means are positioned relative to one another so as to facilitate cross-flow ventilation when each is in the open position. Most preferably the inlet and outlet means are located at either end of the chamber. The inlet means may be mounted in a curtain according to the present invention. In this case, 15 installation of the curtain also includes installation of the inlet means. The inlet means and the outlet means may each include a plurality of valves. Such valves may be spaced from one another in locations which facilitate the desired air flow. The valves comprising the inlet and outlet means may be operable in response to a signal from the controller. Each valve may be connected to the controller by wire or other means 20 for conveying a signal from the controller to the valve. Each valve provided according to the present invention may be magnetically operable between an open position and a closed position. A solenoid is preferably provided to generate a magnetic field in response to the application of a direct current whereby to urge the valve toward an open or a closed position dependent upon current direction. 25 Valves comprising the inlet and outlet means according to the present invention are preferably electromagnetically actuable valves having a solenoid so that they may be opened from a closed position and closed from an open position by applying direct electric current to the solenoid, said one or more valves being held in either the open position or the closed position in the absence of the application of said direct electric current.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 13 Valves according to the present invention preferably may be both opened from a closed position and closed from an open position by applying a pulse of direct electric current to the solenoid. Preferably, the valves are adapted to be held in the closed position or the open position in the absence of an electric current in the solenoid by magnetic forces. 5 According to an aspect of the present invention, a valve comprising the inlet or outlet means according to the present invention comprises a bore, a member moveable within the bore, at least one sealing surface associated with the member, at least one aperture through which fluid may pass to pass through the valve, a solenoid adapted to generate a magnetic field in the bore in response to the application of a direct electric current, the member 10 being adapted to move with respect to the bore in response to said magnetic field between a valve open position wherein fluid passes through said at least one aperture and a valve closed position wherein said at least one sealing surface prevents fluid passing through each said at least one aperture. Preferably, the member is a slidable within the bore. Preferably, the slidable member carries at least one cover adapted to cover each said at 15 least one aperture to prevent fluid passing through said at least one aperture. According to an aspect of the present invention, a valve comprising the inlet or outlet means according to the present invention comprises at least one aperture through which fluid may pass to pass through the valve, a solenoid to generate a magnetic field in response to the application of a direct electric current and a flap which is adapted to move 20 in response to said magnetic field between a valve open position wherein fluid may pass through the valve through said at least one aperture and a valve closed position wherein the flap prevents fluid passing through the valve through any said at least one aperture. Preferably, the solenoid is located between the flap and a member carried by the flap, the member and the flap each having a permanent magnet so arranged that when a direct 25 electric current is passed through the valve in one direction the solenoid attracts the magnet on the member and repulses the magnet on the flap in order to move the flap to a valve open position and when a direct electric current is passed through the solenoid in a direction opposite to said one direction the solenoid repulses the magnet on the member and attracts the magnet on the flap in order to move the flap to a valve closed position. 30 Preferably an armature is provided in the solenoid and the flap may held in the valve open position in the absence of an electric current in the solenoid by the magnetic attraction WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 14 between the armature and the magnet on the member, and the flap may held in the valve closed position in the absence of an electric current in the solenoid by the magnetic attraction between the armature and the magnet on the flap. In one preferred form a valve comprises a magnetic member moveable along a bore in 5 response to the field generated by passing a direct current through a solenoid surrounding the bore. The member may be captured within the bore and moveable between positions which open and close the valve. The magnetic member may take any suitable shape. The magnetic member may be a ball. It may be a right circular cylinder. It may be a prismatic member having a cross-section of 10 any suitable shape. Other magnetic member shapes are envisaged within the scope of the invention. In one embodiment of this principle, the magnetic member is in the form of a ball. The valve contains a hole through which fluid must pass to pass through the valve. The ball seals the valve by sealingly abutting the edge of the hole. Preferably the hole is a hole in a 15 plate in the valve. The diameter of the ball is greater than the diameter of the hole. In another embodiment of this principle, the magnetic member is in the form of a member which is slidable with respect to the valve body. Preferably, the slidable member is a cylindrical rod. The slidable member carries a cover with a sealing surface. Preferably the cover is a panel with an annular sealing surface. The fluid path through the valve when the 20 valve is open includes one or more holes. Preferably the holes are holes in a plate in the valve. The cover seals the valve by sealingly abutting the surface around the holes. Where the cover is a panel with an annular sealing surface, the valve is closed by the annular sealing surface sealingly abutting the surface around the holes. The outer diameter of the annular sealing surface is greater than the diameter of a circle surrounding the hole or 25 holes. Preferably, the inner diameter of the annular sealing surface is also greater than the diameter of a circle surrounding the hole or holes. In another preferred form the valve comprises a flap moveable under the application of a magnetic field between open and closed positions. The flap may carry a magnet. The flap may be hingedly mounted with respect to a base. The base may carry a solenoid or coil for 30 generating a magnetic field to open or close the flap and hence the valve in response to a signal from the controller.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 15 A valve according to the present invention may be provided with a casing. Any such casing must allow sufficient fluid flow through the valve when the valve is open. The casing may only partially encase the valve. The casing may be apertured. In particular, a casing may contain holes. Such holes may be any suitable shape. They may be circular. 5 They may be slots. Other aperture shapes are envisaged within the scope of the invention. Where a valve according to the present invention has an apertured casing, preferably the apertures are located so that any relative movement between the valve and the contents of the chamber or another part of the chamber will not prevent fluid flowing through the valve when the valve is open. In particular, where a valve with an apertured casing is 10 mounted on a curtain according to the present invention, preferably the apertures are located so that the apertures will not be obstructed so as to ensure that the flow of fluid is not restricted to any significant extent. For example, where a valve with a casing is mounted in a curtain which is approximately coplanar with the receptacle door when the curtain is in a substantially un-deformed state, 15 preferably the casing includes apertures on the side of the valve rather than, or in addition to, the front or back face of the valve so that if the valve moves so that the front or back face abuts the door or another object with its front or back face, the apertures will not thereby be obstructed. Where there is a curtain according to the present invention that is flexible, the differential 20 between the pressures of the atmospheres on each side of the curtain may vary at different points on the curtain. This variation can cause the curtain to move somewhat erratically. To facilitate equalisation of the pressure differential over the surface of the curtain, the curtain may be provided with inlet means in the form of valves that are spaced apart. In a typical arrangement a curtain may carry inlet means in the form of a pair of valves. One 25 valve may be located in the upper portion and the other in the lower portion of the curtain. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the above described preferred locations of the outlet means and the inlet means may be interchanged whereby the outlet means may be located in a curtain according to the present invention and the inlet means may be located near the fan. In this configuration the inlet means communicates with one of the 30 apertures of the ventilation port that is located near the fan provided in the chamber for circulating air within the chamber. Such an inlet means is to be located on the low WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 16 pressure side of the fan so that when the inlet means is open, the atmosphere outside the chamber is pushed into the chamber. In this arrangement outlet means may be mounted in a curtain according to the present invention. A controller according to the present invention includes sensor means and control means. 5 The sensor means is operable for sensing the concentration of oxygen. The sensor means may also sense other variables within the chamber, for example, humidity. Preferably the sensor means includes an oxygen concentration measurement device which provides an output in the form of an electrical signal containing information about the oxygen concentration level within the chamber. Such an electrical signal may be a direct current 10 signal having voltage proportional to oxygen concentration or the signal may digitally encode the oxygen concentration level or a number that is proportional, or otherwise in known relation to, the oxygen concentration. Other forms of output are also envisaged within the scope of the present invention. A controller according to the present invention may include means to receive and respond 15 to the sensor means output. Such response may include activating one or more valves or other devices subject to the control of the controller. The controller may be operatively connected to the valves by direct wire connection or other means for facilitating the activation of one or more valves by the controller. The controller may receive signals from the sensor means continuously or may sample the signals discontinuously. Where the 20 signals are sampled discontinuously, the sampling intervals may be equal or unequal. The sampling interval may be made to vary according to the output of the sensor means or may be fixed. Modification means according to the present invention preferably includes a passive carbon dioxide concentration reduction means. Preferably the reduction means comprises 25 a predetermined quantity of a suitable substance for extracting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, such as hydrated lime, held in carbon dioxide transmissible bags. Such reduction means is already known in the art. The quantity of suitable substance to be placed within the chamber may be calculated from a knowledge of the total amount of carbon dioxide above the maximum tolerable amount of carbon dioxide within the 30 chamber that is likely to enter the chamber and/or be produced through respiration of produce. This maximum amount may be estimated from a knowledge of the temperature WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 17 at which the chamber is to be held, the time throughout which the atmosphere is to be adjusted, the amount of produce to be stored within the chamber and the respiration rate of the produce to be stored within the chamber. The means of estimation is further discussed below. 5 Modification means according to the present invention may include a humidifier preferably a passive humidifier. A passive humidifier may comprise a tray for catching water dripping from the evaporation coil of a refrigeration unit within the chamber. The humidifier may include wick means for conveying the water to a point near the fan for circulating air within the chamber so that the moisture may be blown into the chamber to 10 increase the humidity thereof. After produce has been loaded into a chamber fitted with atmosphere adjustment apparatus according to the present invention the chamber may be flushed with a gas having a low oxygen concentration or containing no oxygen. Nitrogen may be used as the gas. Such a gas flushing step may be effected to lower the initial oxygen concentration within the 15 chamber to below a predetermined maximum oxygen concentration. If the oxygen content is thereby lowered below a predetermined minimum oxygen concentration, the controller may operate to cause the oxygen concentration within the chamber to be increased. If such a gas flushing step were not carried out, it would take considerable time for the oxygen concentration within the chamber to be lowered as a result of consumption of oxygen by 20 produce during respiration. The gas flushing step may be effected to lower the initial oxygen concentration within the chamber to within a few percent of the oxygen setpoint. If the oxygen content is lowered to the oxygen setpoint by the action of respiring produce, it has been observed that there is a corresponding proportional increase in the carbon dioxide level in the chamber. 25 Prediction of the desired characteristics of the absorbing unit to achieve the desired concentration of carbon dioxide corresponding to a particular oxygen pre-set level in the chamber is also based on, amongst other things, the weight of the cargo, the temperature in the chamber, the time during which the cargo will be in transit, and the respiration quotient of the produce. 30 In use, when the oxygen concentration within the chamber falls below a first predetermined minimum value, the controller causes the inlet means and/or the outlet WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 18 means to open for a first predetermined length or lengths of time (as the case may be) so as to allow air surrounding the chamber to enter the chamber and/or atmosphere from within the chamber to exit the chamber. The influx of air into the chamber will thereby increase the oxygen concentration within the chamber. 5 The inlet means and the outlet means may be opened simultaneously. They may be closed simultaneously. They may be opened at different times. They may be closed at different times. The option of staggering the opening (or closing) of the inlet means with respect to the opening (or closing) of the outlet means, as compared to simply opening and closing the inlet means and outlet means simultaneously, can allow additional control over the rate 10 of variation of the concentrations of gases within the chamber. If, after the inlet means and/or outlet means have closed, the oxygen concentration as measured by the sensor means has not increased to at least a second predetermined minimum value, the controller may cause the inlet means and/or the outlet means to switch to an open state for a second predetermined length or lengths of time (as the case may be) 15 so as to allow further air surrounding the chamber to enter the chamber and/or atmosphere from within the chamber to exit the chamber. The second predetermined minimum value of the oxygen concentration may be equal or unequal to the first predetermined minimum value of the oxygen concentration. This process may be repeated until the oxygen concentration has increased to an acceptable 20 level. If, after the inlet means and/or outlet means have closed, the oxygen concentration within the chamber as measured by the sensor means has not increased to at least the second predetermined minimum value, the controller may determine not to cause the inlet means and/or outlet means to switch to an open state for any second or subsequent predetermined 25 lengths of time in order to allow time for the oxygen concentration as measured by the sensor means to increase due to mixing of the atmosphere within the chamber. In a given cycle of increasing the oxygen concentration within the chamber, where the inlet and/or outlet means are opened for a second or subsequent predetermined length or lengths of time, the various predetermined lengths of time may be equal or unequal. Preferably, 30 each subsequent opening of the inlet and/or outlet means within a single cycle of increasing the oxygen concentration within the chamber is longer than the previous. For WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 19 example, preferably the second predetermined length or lengths of time are longer than the first predetermined length or lengths of time, the third is or are longer than the second and so on. In a given cycle of increasing the oxygen concentration within the chamber, where the inlet 5 and/or outlet means are opened for a second or subsequent predetermined length or lengths of time, the various predetermined lengths of time may be adjusted by the controller in response to the measurements of the sensor means. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the inlet means and outlet means are each opened and closed together, that is, they are each opened and closed at the same 10 times. Preferably, the length of time for which the inlet means and outlet means are open is approximately proportional to the difference between the measured oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint. By "approximately proportional", we mean that the length of time the inlet means is open should be small if the difference is small and large if the 15 difference is large. A true proportionality in the sense of a linear relationship between oxygen concentration difference and length of time of opening of the inlet means, is not required. (This situation only arises when the measured oxygen concentration is less than the oxygen setpoint because when the measured oxygen concentration exceeds the oxygen setpoint, the inlet means and outlet means would remain closed.) 20 In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, where the chamber according to the present invention is formed within a refrigeratable shipping container, the following logic is used to control the oxygen concentration within the chamber: 1. Measurement of chamber oxygen concentration takes place every 8 minutes. 2. If the difference between the measured oxygen concentration and the oxygen 25 setpoint is more than 0.9%, then the inlet means is opened to allow ambient air to enter the chamber to thereby increase the oxygen concentration within the chamber. (For the avoidance of doubt, the reference to "0.9%" is in units of chamber oxygen concentration and does not represent a proportion of the oxygen setpoint.) The inlet means is closed after the measured oxygen concentration has exceeded the oxygen 30 setpoint.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 20 3. If the measured oxygen concentration is in the range 0 to 0.9% less than the oxygen setpoint, then the inlet means is opened to allow ambient air to enter the chamber to thereby increase the oxygen concentration within the chamber. The inlet means is closed after a time that is dependent on the oxygen concentration as measured prior 5 to opening the inlet means, as follows: Setpoint - oxygen concentration (%) Time (minutes) above 0 to 0.09 1.5 above 0.09 to 0.18 2 above 0.18 to 0.27 2.5 above 0.27 to 0.36 3 above 0.36 to 0.45 3.5 above 0.45 to 0.54 4 above 0.54 to 0.63 4.5 above 0.63 to 0.72 5 above 0.72 to 0.81 5.5 above 0.81 to 0.9 6 In one preferred embodiment of the present invention methods according to the invention include the determination of a respiration quotient of a particular produce to be placed in the chamber, that is, the amount of oxygen which converts to carbon dioxide by respiration of that produce. The respiration quotient is produce dependent, although in general terms 10 it has been observed there is a directly proportional relationship between the amount of oxygen consumed by the produce which converts to carbon dioxide. Hence, generation of carbon dioxide within the chamber has been found to be dependent on the oxygen level within the chamber. In a sealed chamber whose volume has produce and air, it has been observed that the produce consumes oxygen thereby reducing the oxygen level in the 15 chamber. As a consequence of consumption of the available oxygen, the produce gives off a proportional amount of carbon dioxide to the oxygen consumed.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 21 By way of example, it is well known that ambient air contains approximately 21% oxygen by volume. If an oxygen level of 6% in a chamber containing produce and ambient air is required, it can be predicted in accordance with the present invention that the composition of the atmosphere in the chamber will over time contain approximately 15% carbon 5 dioxide (from an approximately zero base) as a consequence of the consumption of oxygen by the produce. Similarly, if a level of 3% oxygen in the chamber is required, it can be predicted that the composition of the atmosphere in the chamber will over time contain approximately 18% carbon dioxide (from an approximatley zero base) as a consequence of the consumption of oxygen by the produce. 10 In accordance with the method for independent adjustment of the carbon dioxide level, the carbon dioxide absorbing material may be provided so as to absorb the difference between the predicted level of carbon dioxide to be generated and a desired equilibrium point, say 10%. A calculation may hence in one embodiment be performed based on the known absorption characteristics of the carbon dioxide absorbing material and the desired degree 15 of absorption of carbon dioxide, to arrive at an estimate of the amount of material required to absorb the difference in the predicted level of carbon dioxide and the desired carbon dioxide equilibrium point. In general, a carbon dioxide level in the chamber in the range of about 0 to 15% by volume of the chamber is desired. The advantage of having at least a proportion of carbon dioxide 20 in the composition of the chamber atmosphere is that it assists in the produce retaining its colour, inhibits the growth of mould and rots, and assists in retardation of produce ripening. Too much carbon dioxide could however cause deterioration in produce quality. In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention, if for example an oxygen setpoint of 5% by volume in the chamber is required, the oxygen level is initially 25 reduced to within about 3% above the setpoint, following which the oxygen level degrades to 5% and the carbon dioxide level increases to approximately 3% (from an approximately zero base). The oxygen level can be held at the oxygen setpoint by allowing air into the chamber if the level falls below the setpoint. Naturally however, the produce will continue to consume oxygen and hence carbon 30 dioxide will continue to be produced. Independent adjustment of the carbon dioxide level can be achieved by placing a carbon dioxide absorbing material, such as one or more WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 22 containers of hydrated lime of predetermined transmissibility to carbon dioxide in the chamber, so as to absorb the difference between the predicted carbon dioxide in the chamber (based on the predicted rate of consumption of oxygen by the produce) and the desired level. 5 The present invention provides in one particularly preferred embodiment a method for adjusting the atmosphere within a chamber for containing respiring produce, the method including the steps of predicting the carbon dioxide level in the chamber once the oxygen setpoint in the chamber has been determined, and independently adjusting the carbon dioxide level in the chamber by determining the difference between the predicted level of 10 carbon dioxide in the chamber and the desired carbon dioxide equilibrium point and adding one or more containers of hydrated lime of predetermined transmissibility to carbon dioxide to the chamber whereby carbon dioxide is absorbed into the bags so that it reaches the desired equilibrium point, whereby to adjust the level of carbon dioxide in the chamber. In describing the operation of the present invention, it is convenient to first describe an 15 embodiment in which the carbon dioxide level in the chamber is not modified. Following sealing of the chamber, respiration of the produce will cause the oxygen concentration in the chamber to decrease and the carbon dioxide concentration to increase. If the initial chamber atmosphere is ambient atmosphere, then the initial carbon dioxide concentration is zero to a good approximation. The molar amount of carbon dioxide 20 produced during respiration is, by definition, the product of the amount of oxygen consumed and the respiration quotient. The inlet means and outlet means of the present invention will remain closed until the sensor detects that the oxygen concentration within the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount (which is typically set within a particular margin or tolerance of the 25 oxygen setpoint). Continued respiration of the produce causes, or would cause, the oxygen concentration within the chamber to go below the set point (or below a level within an appropriate margin or tolerance in the set point). Apparatus of the present invention causes the inlet means and the outlet means to open for respective predetermined lengths of time (but not necessarily for, or at, the same time) to increase the oxygen concentration within 30 the chamber.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 23 The cycle of opening the inlet means and outlet means when the oxygen concentration has fallen below a predetermined amount continues in order to maintain the oxygen concentration in the chamber substantially at the oxygen setpoint. Although inflow and outflow to and from the chamber occurs at discrete time intervals as 5 described, it is useful to model the process as a continuous process by assuming that there is a constant rate of inflow of air, a constant rate of outflow of chamber atmosphere and a constant rate of respiration within the chamber. The notional continuous flow rates may be considered as a form of average of the actual, discrete, flow rates. The invention is not to be construed as being in any way limited to a theoretical mode of action, model or 10 description. However, as will be seen, such a model is useful in adjusting the carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber. In the absence of controlling the carbon dioxide concentration in the chamber, the carbon dioxide concentration in the chamber will reach an equilibrium value. At equilibrium, the rate of production of carbon dioxide in the chamber through respiration balances the rate of 15 carbon dioxide exiting the chamber through the outlet means. In calculating the equilibrium carbon dioxide concentration, a model with the following assumptions is used: 1. The chamber atmosphere exiting the chamber through the outlet means is perfectly mixed (ie it is assumed that the proportions of constituent gases of the atmosphere exiting the chamber is equal to the proportions of constituent gases within the 20 chamber). 2. The composition of the air entering the chamber through the inlet means consists of 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen. 3. The rate of inflow of nitrogen is equal to the rate of outflow of nitrogen. Calculations according to the above model are presented in the Appendix to this 25 specification. Using a model having the above assumptions, the carbon dioxide concentration in the chamber atmosphere at equilibrium in the absence of carbon dioxide modification within the chamber Pc is approximately RQ. (0.21 - p0 2 ) where p0 2 is the oxygen setpoint, WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 24 and RQ is the respiration quotient. (The correct expression using the model is R_ R- (0.21- P02) PC2 0.79 + 0.21 -RQ , see equation (9) in the Appendix.) For example, when the oxygen concentration by volume is reduced from ambient level (ie 21%) to a setpoint of, say, 6%, then the carbon dioxide concentration will approximately 5 be 15% from an approximately zero base, assuming a respiration quotient of unity. When an initial gas flushing step as described is used, the carbon dioxide concentration will still reach the same equilibrium concentration PC0 2 as when no initial gas flushing step is used. Consequently, the present invention includes a method for estimating the equilibrium carbon dioxide concentration based on only the oxygen set point and the 10 respiration quotient. Using the previous numerical example, if an oxygen set point of 6% is adopted, then (using a respiration quotient of unity), the carbon dioxide concentration in the chamber will ultimately reach an equilibrium concentration of 15%, whether the initial chamber atmosphere is ambient and whether or not an initial inert gas flushing step as described is 15 used. According to the present invention the equilibrium carbon dioxide concentration in the chamber may be modified without any monitoring of the carbon dioxide level in the chamber. From equation (10) in the Appendix, the rate of carbon dioxide absorption can be calculated. For example, if an oxygen set point of 6% is used, then as previously stated, 20 in the absence of carbon dioxide absorption, the equilibrium carbon dioxide concentration will be approximately 15%. If it is desired to have an equilibrium carbon dioxide concentration of 10%, then from equation (10) or (12), the rate of carbon dioxide absorption required will be approximately 0.39r 0 2 , ie 0.39 times the rate of respiration rate of the produce (assuming a respiration quotient of unity). 25 Once the required carbon dioxide absorption rate aC0 2 is known, this information may be used to calculate the carbon dioxide transmissibility properties of a container of carbon dioxide absorbing material, such as bags of lime.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 25 Commercial films of known carbon dioxide transmissibility are typically specified with reference to a transmission coefficient kf which represents the flow rate of carbon dioxide through the film (typically in litres per minute), per percent of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, per unit area of film (typically in square metres). Thus, if the required rate of 5 carbon dioxide absorption is expressed in suitable flow units (designated ac0 2 ) (eg units of flow rate such as litres per minute), then the product of the area of the film and the transmission coefficient will equal the quotient of the carbon dioxide absorption rate and the carbon dioxide equilibrium concentration. That is, k 1 A = aCO 2 . Suitable carbon Pc0 2 dioxide transmissible containers may then be selected based on the product kf A. 10 According to the method of the present invention, the predicted equilibrium carbon dioxide concentration in the chamber can be set in advance so that it will reach the desired level by using a carbon dioxide concentration reduction means (such as carbon dioxide transmissible containers filled with carbon dioxide absorbing material). The amount of carbon dioxide absorbing material placed in the carbon dioxide 15 transmissible containers should be sufficient to be capable of absorbing all the carbon dioxide that enters the carbon dioxide transmissible containers and therefore needs to be a sufficient amount to last the estimated time of storage of produce within the chamber. It will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that other suitable forms of modelling the proportions of chamber atmosphere may be used, and such models are 20 considered to fall within the scope of the present invention. For example, a model may take into consideration a factor for leakage from the container. A model may be based on discrete time intervals rather than using the continuous flow approximation. Brief Description of the drawings A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the 25 accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a schematic side view of a standard refrigerated container fitted with atmosphere adjustment apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 26 Figure 2 is a side elevation of a valve for use at the machinery end of a refrigerated container in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 is a front elevation of the valve according to Figure 2; Figure 4 is a rear elevation of the valve according to Figure 2; 5 Figure 5 is a front elevation of a valve for use in a curtain according to the preferred embodiment of Figure 1; Figure 6 is a rear elevation of the valve according to Figure 4; and Figure 7 is a side elevation of the valve according to Figures 4 and 5. Figures 8 and 9 are side elevations of a valve for use in a curtain according to the preferred 10 embodiment of Figure 1. Figure 10 is a front elevation of a plate within the valve according to Figures 8 and 9. Brief Description of preferred embodiment Figure 1 shows a receptacle in the form of refrigerated container 10 which includes refrigeration unit 12 and doors 14. 15 In the embodiment illustrated the sealing means includes a curtain 16. The curtain preferably comprises an impervious sheet and is attached to the external walls of container 10 with tape (not shown) to form chamber 11. Modification means 9 comprising a quantity of hydrated lime held in carbon dioxide transmissible bags is located within chamber 11. 20 Sealing means (not shown) in the form of a cover for ventilation port 18 is located at the machinery end of the container 10. The cover comprises an impervious plastic sheet adhered with tape to the wall of the container 10. The cover is adapted to cover, and hence seal, ventilation port 18. The cover is fitted with outlet means in the form of a valve 20. Valve 20 is located on the high pressure side of the fan so that when valve 20 is open, the 25 chamber atmosphere is forced out of the chamber. Inlet means in the form of valves 100 are located in the curtain 16. Ambient atmosphere may enter chamber 11 when valves 100 are open.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 27 Controller 8 includes sensor means (not shown) in the form of an oxygen concentration measurement device. The sensor means preferably takes measurements at equally spaced intervals which may be adjusted depending upon the rate of respiration (if any) of produce in chamber 11. If the oxygen concentration falls below a predetermined value (which can 5 be adjusted depending upon the rate of respiration (if any) of produce in the container), controller 8 sends a signal via wires 17 or other communication means to open valves 100 and 20. This allows the influx of ambient atmosphere into chamber 11 through valves 100 and the discharge of chamber atmosphere from chamber 11 through valve 20. As shown in Figure 2, valve 20 includes a casing 22 having a circular cylindrical outer 10 surface 23 and an apertured end piece 24. End piece 24 includes apertures 25 as shown in Figure 3. End piece 24 contains a central circular cylindrical boss 26 as shown in Figure 2 and in dotted outline in Figure 3. Boss 26 contains a magnet 28. Valve 20 includes spacer rings,30 and 32. Valve 20 includes a reel 38 provided with flanges 40 and 42 and a central circular bore 44. 15 Wire (not shown) is coiled around the reel 38 between the flanges 40 and 42 to create a solenoid. In the preferred embodiment illustrated, a spherical ball 60 is located in bore 44 of reel 38. Ball 60 may be substituted with a right circular cylindrical plug or a member of any suitable shape. In the preferred embodiment illustrated, the ball 60 is magnetic ie is attracted by a magnet. 20 The diameter of ball 60 is greater than the length of reel 38 as measured from the outer surface of flange 40 to the outer surface of flange 42 along a line parallel to the axis of bore 44. The diameter of bore 44 exceeds the diameter of ball 60. A sealing plate 34 is provided having a central circular hole 36 which is substantially concentric with the bore 44. The diameter of the hole 36 is less than the diameter of the 25 ball 60. An end cap 50 is provided having 6 circular apertures 52 and central boss 54 which receives permanent magnet 56. The valve 20 is closed when the ball 60 is located so as to seal the hole 36 in the sealing plate 34 so that no fluid may pass through the bore 44. In the preferred embodiment 30 illustrated, the valve is held shut by virtue of magnet 28 holding the ball 60 in the closed WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 28 position. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other means for retaining ball 60 may be adopted. When valve 20 is to be opened a direct current preferably in the form of a pulse may be applied to the solenoid (not shown) would around bore 44 whereby to overcome the 5 attractive magnetic force of the magnet 28 and push ball 60 towards magnet 56. Valve 20 is open when the ball 60 is located so as to bear against the end cap 50. If the direct current pulse ceases, valve 20 is held open by virtue of magnet 56 holding ball 60 in the open position, although it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other means for retaining ball 60 may be adopted. For example, valve 20 may be held open by 10 maintaining the current through the solenoid. When valve 20 is to be closed a direct current preferably in the form of a pulse may be applied to the solenoid in the opposite direction to the valve opening pulse so as to overcome the attractive magnetic force of magnet 56 and push ball 60 towards the closed position previously described. 15 It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that valve 20 may be held closed by maintaining the current through the solenoid instead of, or in addition to, utilising the effect of magnet 28 on ball 60. Figures 8 to 10 show another form of valve 100 suitable for mounting on curtain 16. As shown in Figure 8, valve 100 includes a casing 101 having a circular cylindrical outer 20 surface with inlet air holes 102, outlet air holes 103 and annular flange 104. In the preferred embodiment illustrated, the air holes are circular. However, they may take the form of slots or apertures of any suitable shape. Inlet air holes 102 and outlet air holes 103 are of sufficient size to allow adequate air flow through the valve when open. Valve 100 includes an end piece 105 which contains a central circular cylindrical boss 106 for 25 receiving magnet 107. It will be understood that the inlet air holes 102 may function as outlet air holes and the outlet air holes 103 may function as inlet air holes, depending on the direction of fluid flow through the valve. Valve 100 includes a reel 108 provided with flanges 109 and 110 and a central circular bore 111 (the internal wall of which is shown in outline). Wire (not shown) is coiled 30 around the reel 108 between the flanges 109 and 110 to create a solenoid.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 29 End piece 105 includes a central circular cylindrical tube 112. Bore 111 of reel 108 is fitted over tube 112 so that reel 108 is mounted on tube 112. A circular cylindrical rod 113 is at least partially located inside tube 112. Rod 113 is linearly slidable within tube 112. Rod 113 is magnetic, ie is attracted by a magnet. Rod 5 113 carries panel 114 with annular sealing ring 115. Valve 100 contains a plate 116. As shown in Figures 8 and 10, plate 116 has air holes 117 and a central circular cylindrical boss 118 for receiving magnet 119. As shown in Figure 9, valve 100 is closed when rod 113 is located such that sealing ring 115 on panel 114 sealingly abuts plate 116. In this configuration the valve is closed since 10 sealing ring 115 in combination with panel 114 prevents fluid passing through holes 117 and around panel 114 and thereby prevents fluid communication between holes 102 and holes 103. In the preferred embodiment illustrated, the valve is held shut by virtue of magnet 119 holding rod 113 in the closed position. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other means for retaining the rod 113 may be adopted. 15 When valve 100 is to be opened a direct current preferably in the form of a pulse may be applied to the solenoid (not shown) wound around bore 111 of reel 108 whereby to overcome the attractive magnetic force of the magnet 119 and drive rod 113 towards magnet 107. As shown in Figure 8, valve 100 is open when rod 113 is located such that sealing ring 115 20 on panel 114 is spaced from plate 116. In the preferred embodiment illustrated in Figure 8, magnet 107 is of sufficient strength, and rod 113 is within sufficient proximity of magnet 107 when valve 100 is in the open position, that, if the direct current pulse ceases, valve 100 is held open by virtue of magnet 107 holding rod 113 in the open position. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other means for retaining rod 113 may 25 be adopted. For example, valve 100 may be held open by maintaining the current through the solenoid. In the configuration shown in Figure 8, the valve is open since sealing ring 115 and panel 114 do not prevent fluid passing through holes 116 and around panel 113, thereby allowing fluid communication between holes 102 and holes 103.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 30 When valve 100 is to be closed a direct current preferably in the form of a pulse may be applied to the solenoid in the opposite direction to the valve opening pulse so as to overcome the attractive magnetic force of magnet 107 and drive rod 113 towards the closed position previously described. 5 It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that valve 100 may be held closed by maintaining the current through the solenoid instead of, or in addition to, utilising the effect of magnet 119 on rod 113. Figures 5 to 7 show an alternative form of valve 70 suitable for mounting on curtain 16 in the same manner as described in relation to valve 100. Valve 70 has a base 72, having a 10 hole typically oval or circular. Flap 74 is complementary to the hole in base 72. Seal 75 extends between base 72 and flap 74. Flap 74 is hingedly mounted on base 72 by hinge 76. Magnet 78 is mounted on flap 74. Attached to the base 72 is a coil 80 around a core 82 to form a solenoid. A spacer 84 is attached to the centre of flap 74. Arm 86, carrying magnet 88, is mounted 15 on spacer 84. Spacer 84, arm 86, magnet 88, core 82 and coil 80 are protected by protective shield 91. Protective shield 91 contains airholes 92. Similarly magnet 78 is protected by shield 90. In figure 7 valve 70 is shown in the closed position. In the preferred embodiment, valve 70 is held closed by the magnetic attraction between magnet 78 and core 82 of the solenoid, 20 although it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other means for retaining flap 78 may be adopted. When valve 70 is to be opened, a direct current preferably in the form of a pulse may be applied to solenoid 80 so that core 82 repulses magnet 78 and attracts magnet 88. The attraction of magnet 88 to core 82 drives arm 86 towards core 82 so as to move flap 74 25 away from seal 75 under the influence of hinge 76 and hence open valve 70. If the direct current pulse ceases valve 70 is held open by the magnetic attraction between magnet 88 and core 82. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other means of retaining arm 86 may be adopted.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 31 When valve 70 is to be closed a direct current or pulse may be applied to solenoid 80 in the opposite direction to the valve opening pulse so that core 82 repulses magnet 88 and attracts magnet 78. Valve 70 is then hold closed as previously described. In use, a prediction of the carbon dioxide level in the chamber based on the desired oxygen 5 setpoint is made. The prediction is based on, amongst other things, the weight of the cargo, the temperature in the chamber, the time during which the cargo will be in transit, and the respiration quotient of the produce. As the produce will continue to consume oxygen and hence carbon dioxide will continue to be produced, a prediction is also made based on the desired carbon dioxide setpoint, that is, 10 the difference between the predicted carbon dioxide level (based on the predicted rate of consumption of oxygen by the produce) and the desired level. Independent control of the carbon dioxide level can be achieved by placing bags of hydrated lime of predetermined permissivity to carbon dioxide in the chamber so as to absorb the difference between the predicted and desired levels. 15 After produce has been loaded into container 10 curtain 16 is installed thereby forming substantially sealed chamber 11. Chamber 11 is flushed with nitrogen to lower the initial oxygen concentration within the chamber to below a predetermined maximum oxygen concentration. During use, if controller 8 senses that the oxygen concentration within the chamber has 20 fallen below a first predetermined minimum value, controller 8 sends a signal via wires 17 which causes both inlet means and the outlet means in the form of valves 100 and 20 respectively to open for a first predetermined length of time so as to allow air surrounding the chamber to enter chamber 11 and chamber atmosphere within the chamber to leave chamber 11 under the influence of the fan. 25 The influx of air into chamber 11 thereby increases the oxygen concentration within chamber 11. If, after valves 100 and/or 20 are closed, the oxygen concentration as measured by the sensor means has not increased to at least a second predetermined minimum value, controller 8 causes both valves 100 and/or 20 to switch to an open state for a second 30 pre-determined length of time so as to allow further air surrounding the chamber to enter WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 32 chamber 11 and chamber atmosphere from within chamber 11 to exit-chamber 11 under the influence of the fan. This process is repeated until the oxygen concentration has increased to an acceptable level. 5 In the embodiment illustrated ambient air is initially drawn into chamber 11 from space 15 between doors 14 and curtain 16. As chamber atmosphere is driven from chamber 11 under the influence of the fan the pressure within chamber 11 drops. The drop in pressure within chamber 11 causes curtain 16 to bow inwardly as shown in Figure 1. This action initially reduces the ambient pressure within space 15. However, as 10 there is no need to have airtight door seals on container 10 for the application of the present invention, ambient air from outside container 10 is drawn through or around doors 14 into space 15 and subsequently into chamber 11. Thus curtain 16 may act as a form of diaphragm moving with changes in respective pressure between chamber 11 and space 15 and acting to equalise the pressure 15 therebetween when valves 100 are open. In this respect it is preferable to use valves 100 on curtain 16 rather than valves 70 since, as shown in Figure 8, valve 100 has air holes 102 and air holes 103 which are mounted on the side of the valve. This configuration prevents fluid passage through the valve from being impeded or prevented where the valve abuts door 14 or a surface within the chamber 11. 20 The apparatus provided by the present invention is relatively cheap to install. The apparatus can be installed in a variety of receptacles and does not rely on the efficacy of door seals to maintain the atmosphere within the chamber. The word 'comprising' or forms of the word 'comprising' as used in this description and in the claims do not limit the invention claimed to exclude any variants or additions. 25 Whilst it has been convenient to describe the invention herein in relation to particularly preferred embodiments, it is to be appreciated that other constructions and arrangements are considered as falling within the scope of the invention. Various modifications, alterations, variations and/or additions to the constructions and arrangements described herein are also considered as falling within the scope and ambit of the present invention.

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 33 Appendix This Appendix details the derivation of equations for a continuous model of the chamber atmosphere. The assumptions on which this model is based are as follows: 1. The chamber atmosphere exiting the chamber through the outlet means is perfectly 5 mixed (ie it is assumed that the proportions of constituent gases of the atmosphere exiting the chamber is equal to the proportions of constituent gases within the chamber). 2. The composition of the air entering the chamber through the inlet means consists of 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen. 10 3. The rate of inflow of nitrogen is equal to the rate of outflow of nitrogen. 4. The system has reached equilibrium. A diagrammatic representation of the model is given in Figure 11. The symbols will now be defined with reference to the model shown in the figure. The chamber is represented as 200. The inflow of nitrogen from ambient air is designated fl,N 2 and is shown as 206. 15 The inflow of oxygen from ambient air is designated f1,0 2 and is shown as 208. The outflow of nitrogen from chamber 200 is designated f2,N 2 and is shown as 210. The outflow of oxygen from chamber 200 is designated f2,0 2 and is shown as 212. The outflow of carbon dioxide from chamber 200 is designated f2,C0 2 and is shown as 214. The total inflow rate (not shown) is designated f, and represents the sum of fl,N 2 and 20 f1,02 . The total outflow rate (not shown) is designated fv 2 and represents the sum of f2,N 2 ' f2,0 2 and f2,CO 2 . The respiring produce 202 consumes oxygen at a flow rate represented by 216, designated r 0 2 and produces carbon dioxide at a flow rate represented by 218, designated rC0 2 . Carbon dioxide removal means 204 removes carbon dioxide at a flow 25 rate represented by 220 and designated aCo 2

-

WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 34 Inside the chamber, the oxygen concentration is designated p0 2 and is assumed to be at the setpoint because the system is assumed to have reached equilibrium. The nitrogen concentration is designated PN 2 and the carbon dioxide concentration is designated

PCO

2 5 By definition, the sum of the concentrations in the chamber is unity: (1) P0 2

+PCO

2 + PN 2 It is assumed that the inflow of nitrogen is equal to the outflow of nitrogen: f2,N 2

=PN

2 fv 2 = 1,N2 = 0.79fv 1 Consequently: 10 (2) fvl - PN2 fv2 0.79 The outflow of oxygen from the chamber is equal to the inflow of oxygen into the chamber less the rate of oxygen consumption through respiration: f2,0 2 = f,0 2 --r 0 2 Rearranging: 15 (3) '02 =f2,02 +r 0 2 Po2 fv 2 +r 0 2 The inflow of oxygen is the same proportion of the total inflow as the proportion of oxygen in air: (4) f102 = 0.21f, Setting the right hand side of (3) equal to the right hand side of (4) and rearranging: 20 (5) fvl = P02 fv2 +r02 0.21 WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 35 Setting the right hand side of (2) equal to the right hand side of (5):

PN

2 _ PO2fV2 +rQ 0.79 V2 0.21 Rearranging: (6) fv2 = 0.

7 9 rQ2 0.

2 1 pN 2

~~

0

.

7 9 Po 2 5 The total outflow is equal to the total inflow less the flow of oxygen consumed by respiration plus the flow of carbon dioxide produced by respiration less the removal of carbon dioxide by the carbon dioxide removal means: (7) v2 fvi - rQ2 + rc0 2 - aCO 2 Substituting (5) and (6) into (7) and solving for PC02: .._ aco2 (0.21 - p, LrC O2 ) O2J( 10 (8) p = 2 - raC 2 0. 79 +0.21( rc02 -0.21'aco r2 r2 Noting that the quantity rc 2 is the respiration quotient RQ, then equation (8) is as ( r02 ) follows when aco 2 is zero (designated p*0 2 ): * RQ-(0.21-p6) (9) CO 2 0.79+0.21 -RQ Equation (8) may be rearranged to solve for aCO 2 15 (10) a =rc 2 ~ - . 9Pco2r 0 2 2 2 o.21 -p r2 -0.21PC0 2 Equation (10) may be recast as follows by substituting an expression involving PC 2 for the expression (0.21 - P02 ), and rearranging: WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 36 aco2_ PC2 PCo 2 0.79 + 0.21RQ) 2 0Pco 2 0.79 +0.21RQ)- 0.21RQpCO 2 Equation (11) may be approximated as follows since the expression (0.79 + 0.21RQ) is generally close to unity: * (12) aCO 2 Pco 2 - PCO2 rC0 2

PCO

2 ~ 0.21RQPco 2 5 Equation (12) shows how, as an approximation, the ratio of the rate of carbon dioxide absorption to the rate of carbon dioxide production varies as a function of the equilibrium carbon dioxide concentration in the absence of carbon dioxide absorption and the equilibrium carbon dioxide concentration with carbon dioxide absorption.

Claims

1. A method for adjusting the atmosphere within a substantially sealed chamber containing respiring produce, the chamber having inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber, and outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere 5 to exit the chamber, the method comprising: (a) monitoring the oxygen concentration within the chamber; (b) following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount, opening the inlet means to admit ambient atmosphere into the chamber so that the amount of oxygen in the chamber 10 increases; and (c) removing carbon dioxide from the chamber atmosphere substantially at a predetermined rate, the predetermined rate having been selected such that the carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber atmosphere does not substantially exceed a predetermined amount. 15

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein at least part of said carbon dioxide removal is effected by contacting a quantity of carbon dioxide absorbing material with the chamber atmosphere.

3. A method according to claim 1 wherein said predetermined carbon dioxide removal rate is calculated from a formula derived from a mathematical model of the 20 proportions of the chamber atmosphere subject to the requirement that the oxygen concentration within the chamber be substantially maintained at a predetermined amount.

4. A method according to claim 2 wherein said predetermined carbon dioxide removal rate is calculated from a formula derived from a mathematical model of the 25 proportions of the chamber atmosphere subject to the requirement that the oxygen concentration within the chamber be substantially maintained at a predetermined amount. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 38

5. A method according to claim 3 wherein said predetermined carbon dioxide removal rate is calculated from a formula that produces a result substantially equal to the result produced by a calculation in accordance with the following formula: _ ,O. 79 pC0y 2 r 0 2 aCO 2 = rCO 2 O .21Poj-O2 0.1- 02 )-0.21pcO2 5 where a 0 2 is the carbon dioxide removal rate; P0 2 is the oxygen setpoint, expressed as a proportion; PC0 2 is the desired carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber, expressed as a proportion; r 0 2 is the respiration rate; and rC0 2 is the rate of production of carbon dioxide through respiration.

6. A method according to claim 4 wherein said predetermined carbon dioxide removal 10 rate is calculated from a formula that produces a result substantially equal to the result produced by a calculation in accordance with the following formula: 0. 79 pc0 2 r 0 2 aCO 2 = rc0 2 0.p -0.2lpCO 2 where a 0 2 is the carbon dioxide removal rate; P0 2 is the oxygen setpoint, expressed as a proportion; Pc0 2 is the desired carbon dioxide concentration 15 within the chamber, expressed as a proportion; r 0 2 is the respiration rate; and rC0 2 is the rate of production of carbon dioxide through respiration.

7. A method according to claim 2 wherein said carbon dioxide absorbing material is contained in at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container.

8. A method according to claim 4 wherein said carbon dioxide absorbing material is 20 contained in at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container.

9. A method according to claim 6 wherein said carbon dioxide absorbing material is contained in at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container.

10. A method according to claim 7 wherein said at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container is selected so that the rate of carbon dioxide transmission WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 39 into said at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container is substantially equal to said predetermined carbon dioxide removal rate.

11. A method according to claim 8 wherein said at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container is selected so that the rate of carbon dioxide transmission 5 into said at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container is substantially equal to said predetermined carbon dioxide removal rate.

12. A method according to claim 9 wherein said at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container is selected so that the rate of carbon dioxide transmission into said at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container is substantially equal to 10 said predetermined carbon dioxide removal rate.

13. A method according to claim I wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber.

14. A method according to claim 2 wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber.

15 15. A method according to claim 3 wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber.

16. A method according to claim 4 wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber.

17. A method according to claim 5 wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the 20 basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber.

18. A method according to claim 6 wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber.

19. A method according to claim 7 wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber. 25

20. A method according to claim 8 wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber.

21. A method according to claim 9 wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 40

22. A method according to claim 10 wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber.

23. A method according to claim 11 wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber. 5

24. A method according to claim 12 wherein said predetermined rate is selected on the basis of the produce to be contained in the chamber.

25. A method according to claim 1 wherein the inlet means is open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint. 10

26. A method according to claim 25 wherein, if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded a predetermined value.

27. A method according to claim 26 wherein, if the difference between the detected 15 oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint.

28. A method according to claim 27 wherein: (a) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen 20 setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint; and (b) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint does not exceed the predetermined amount of step (a) then the inlet 25 means is open for a time that depends on which of a number of predetermined ranges the said difference falls within such that the greater the average value of the range, the greater the time for which the inlet means remains open. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 41

29. A method according to claim I wherein following said detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below said predetermined amount, the inlet means is opened for one or more respective lengths of time so that the amount of oxygen in the chamber increases. 5

30. A method according to claim I wherein following said detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below said predetermined amount, the outlet means is opened so that chamber atmosphere exits the chamber, so that when the inlet means is opened, the pressure drop in the chamber due to due to the loss of chamber atmosphere through the outlet means allows ambient air to be drawn into 10 the chamber through the inlet means.

31. A method according to claim 1 wherein the inlet means and the outlet means are opened and closed at substantially the same time.

32. A method according to claim 1 wherein the inlet means is the outlet means.

33. A method according to claim 1 wherein the outlet means is opened to substantially 15 maintain the pressure within the chamber at ambient pressure.

34. A method according to claim 1 further comprising the step of flushing the chamber with a gas having a low oxygen concentration, or having no oxygen, after produce has been placed in the chamber, to reduce the initial oxygen concentration in the chamber. 20

35. A method for adjusting the atmosphere within a substantially sealed chamber containing respiring produce, the chamber having inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber, and outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber, the method comprising: (a) monitoring the oxygen concentration within the chamber; 25 (b) following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount, opening the inlet means to admit ambient atmosphere into the chamber so that the amount of oxygen in the chamber increases, the inlet means being open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration 30 and an oxygen setpoint. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 42

36. A method according to claim 35 wherein, if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded a predetermined value. 5

37. A method according to claim 36 wherein, if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint.

38. A method according to claim 37 wherein: 10 (a) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint; and (b) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen 15 setpoint does not exceed the predetermined amount of step (a) then the inlet means remains open for a time that depends on which of a number of predetermined ranges the said difference falls within such that the greater the average value of the range, the greater the time for which the inlet means remains open. 20

39. A method according to claim 35 wherein the outlet means is opened to substantially maintain the pressure within the chamber at ambient pressure.

40. A method according to claim 35 further comprising the step of flushing the chamber with a gas having a low oxygen concentration, or having no oxygen, after produce has been placed in the chamber, to reduce the initial oxygen concentration 25 in the chamber.

41. A method for converting a receptacle into an adjusted atmosphere chamber for containing respiring produce comprising: (a) forming a substantially sealed chamber in the receptacle optionally including installing sealing means so as to form said substantially sealed 30 chamber in said receptacle; WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 43 (b) installing inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber; (c) installing outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber; (d) installing a controller having an oxygen concentration sensor and control means responsive to the oxygen concentration sensor, the control means 5 being adapted to cause the inlet means to open to admit ambient atmosphere into the chamber following the oxygen concentration sensor detecting that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount; and (e) installing carbon dioxide removal means adapted to remove carbon dioxide 10 from the chamber atmosphere substantially at a predetermined rate whereby the carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber atmosphere will not substantially exceed a predetermined amount when the chamber contains respiring produce.

42. A method according to claim 41 wherein said carbon dioxide removal means is a 15 quantity of carbon dioxide absorbing material placed in contact with the chamber atmosphere.

43. A method according to claim 42 wherein said carbon dioxide absorbing material is contained in at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container.

44. A method according to claim 43 wherein said at least one carbon dioxide 20 transmissible container is selected so that the rate of carbon dioxide transmission into said at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container is substantially equal to said predetermined carbon dioxide removal rate.

45. A method according to claim 41 wherein said controller is adapted to cause the inlet means to remain open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference 25 between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint.

46. A method according to claim 42 wherein said controller is adapted to cause the inlet means to remain open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 44

47. A method according to claim 43 wherein said controller is adapted to cause the inlet means to remain open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint.

48. A method according to claim 44 wherein said controller is adapted to cause the inlet 5 means to remain open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint.

49. A method according to claim 45 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following 10 detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded a predetermined value.

50. A method according to claim 46 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following 15 detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded a predetermined value.

51. A method according to claim 47 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following 20 detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded a predetermined value.

52. A method according to claim 48 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following 25 detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded a predetermined value.

53. A method according to claim 49 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 45 detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint.

54. A method according to claim 50 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint 5 exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint.

55. A method according to claim 51 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint 10 exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint.

56. A method according to'claim 52 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint 15 exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the -oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint.

57. A method according to claim 53 wherein said controller is so adapted that: (a) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen 20 setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint; and (b) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint does not exceed the predetermined amount in paragraph (a) then the 25 inlet means remains open for a time that depends on which of a number of predetermined ranges the said difference falls within such that the greater the average value of the range, the greater the time for which the inlet means remains open.

58. A method according to claim 54 wherein said controller is so adapted that: WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 46 (a) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint; and 5 (b) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint does not exceed the predetermined amount in paragraph (a) then the inlet means remains open for a time that depends on which of a number of predetermined ranges the said difference falls within such that the greater the average value of the range, the greater the time for which the inlet 10 means remains open.

59. A method according to claim 55 wherein said controller is so adapted that: (a) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has 15 exceeded the oxygen setpoint; and (b) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint does not exceed the predetermined amount in paragraph (a) then the inlet means remains open for a time that depends on which of a number of predetermined ranges the said difference falls within such that the greater 20 the average value of the range, the greater the time for which the inlet means remains open.

60. A method according to claim 56 wherein said controller is so adapted that: (a) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open 25 until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint; and (b) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint does not exceed the predetermined amount in paragraph (a) then the inlet means remains open for a time that depends on which of a number of 30 predetermined ranges the said difference falls within such that the greater WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 47 the average value of the range, the greater the time for which the inlet means remains open.

61. A method according to claim 41 wherein the receptacle has a door, the method including installing a substantially fluid impervious sheet in the receptacle to 5 separate the chamber from leakage paths associated with the door.

62. A method according to claim 41 wherein said sealing means includes at least one flexible substantially fluid impervious sheet carrying inlet means and/or outlet means.

63. A method according to claim 61 wherein said sheet carries inlet means and/or outlet 10 means.

64. A method according to claim 41 wherein the receptacle has a fan and an aperture near the high pressure side of the fan, step (a) further including installing outlet means near said aperture and near said high pressure side of the fan.

65. A method according to claim 41 wherein the receptacle has a fan and an aperture 15 near the low pressure side of the fan, step (a) further including installing inlet means near said aperture and near said low pressure side of the fan.

66. A method according to claim 64 wherein said outlet means is carried by a substantially fluid impervious sheet, step (a) further including installing said sheet to cover said aperture near the high pressure side of said fan. 20

67. A method according to claim 65 wherein the inlet means is carried by a substantially fluid impervious sheet, step (a) further including installing said sheet to cover said aperture near the low pressure side of said fan.

68. A method according to claim 41 wherein the control means is further adapted to cause the outlet means to open to substantially maintain the pressure within the 25 chamber at ambient pressure.

69. A method for converting a receptacle into an adjusted atmosphere chamber, the method comprising: WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 48 (a) forming a substantially sealed chamber in the receptacle optionally including installing sealing means so as to form said substantially sealed chamber in said receptacle; (b) installing inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber; 5 (c) installing outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber; (d) installing a controller having an oxygen concentration sensor and control means responsive to the oxygen concentration sensor, the control means being adapted to cause the inlet means to open to admit ambient atmosphere into the chamber following the oxygen concentration sensor detecting that 10 the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount, said controller is adapted to cause the inlet means to remain open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint.

70. A method according to claim 69 wherein said controller is adapted to cause the inlet 15 means to remain open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint.

71. A method according to claim 70 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following 20 detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded a predetermined value.

72. A method according to claim 71 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between -the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following 25 detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint.

73. A method according to claim 72 wherein said controller is so adapted that: (a) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 49 until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint; and (b) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint does not exceed the predetermined amount in paragraph (a) then the 5 inlet means remains open for a time that depends on which of a number of predetermined ranges the said difference falls within such that the greater the average value of the range, the greater the time for which the inlet means remains open.

74. A method according to claim 69 wherein the receptacle has a door, the method 10 including installing a substantially fluid impervious sheet in the receptacle to separate the chamber from leakage paths associated with the door.

75. A method according to claim 69 wherein said sealing means includes at least one flexible substantially fluid impervious sheet carrying inlet means and/or outlet means. 15

76. A method according to claim 74 wherein said sheet carries inlet means and/or outlet means.

77. A method according to claim 69 wherein the receptacle has a fan and an aperture near the high pressure side of the fan, step (a) further including installing outlet means near said aperture and near said high pressure side of the fan. 20

78. A method according to claim 69 wherein the receptacle has a fan and an aperture near the low pressure side of the fan, step (a) further including installing inlet means near said aperture and near said low pressure side of the fan.

79. A method according to claim 77 wherein the outlet means is carried by a substantially fluid impervious sheet, step (a) further including installing said sheet 25 to cover said aperture near the high pressure side of said fan.

80. A method according to claim 78 wherein the inlet means is carried by a substantially fluid impervious sheet, step (a) further including installing said sheet to cover said aperture near the low pressure side of said fan. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 50

81. A method according to claim 69 wherein the control means is further adapted to cause the outlet means to open to substantially maintain the pressure within the chamber at ambient pressure.

82. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance 5 with the method of claim 41.

83. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 42.

84. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 44. 10

85. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 45.

86. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 49.

87. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance 15 with the method of claim 57.

88. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 61.

89. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 62. 20

90. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 63.

91. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 64.

92. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance 25 with the method of claim 65.

93. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 66. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 51

94. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 67.

95. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 68. 5

96. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 69.

97. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 70.

98. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance 10 with the method of claim 71.

99. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 72.

100. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 73. 15

101. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 74.

102. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 75.

103. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance 20 with the method of claim 76.

104. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 77.

105. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 78. 25

106. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 79.

107. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 80. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 52

108. A receptacle when converted into an adjusted atmosphere chamber in accordance with the method of claim 81.

109. Apparatus for adjusting the atmosphere within a chamber comprising: (a) sealing means for substantially sealing the chamber; 5 (b) inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber; (c) outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber; and (d) a controller having an oxygen concentration sensor and control means responsive to the oxygen concentration sensor, the control means being adapted to cause the inlet means to open to admit ambient atmosphere into 10 the chamber following the oxygen concentration sensor detecting that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount, said controller being adapted to cause the inlet means to remain open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setoint. 15

110. Apparatus according to claim 109 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded a predetermined value. 20

111. Apparatus according to claim 110 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint. .25

112. Apparatus according to claim 111 wherein said controller is so adapted that: (a) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint; and WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 53 (b) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint does not exceed said predetermined amount in paragraph (a) then the inlet means remains open for a time that depends on which of a number of predetermined ranges the said difference falls within such that the greater 5 the average value of the range, the greater the time for which the inlet means remains open.

113. Apparatus according to claim 109 wherein said sealing means includes a substantially fluid impervious sheet for separating the chamber from leakage paths associated with the door. 10

114. Apparatus according to claim 109 wherein said sealing means includes at least one flexible substantially fluid impervious sheet carrying inlet means and/or outlet means.

115. Apparatus according to claim 114 wherein at least one of said at least one sheet carries inlet means and/or outlet means. 15

116. Apparatus according to claim 109 wherein the control means is further adapted to cause the outlet means to open to substantially maintain the pressure within the chamber at ambient pressure.

117. Apparatus for adjusting the atmosphere within a chamber comprising: (a) sealing means for substantially sealing the chamber; 20 (b) inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber; (c) outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber; (d) a controller having an oxygen concentration sensor and control means responsive to the oxygen concentration sensor, the control means being adapted to cause the inlet means to open to admit ambient atmosphere into 25 the chamber following the oxygen concentration sensor detecting that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount; and (e) carbon dioxide reduction means adapted to remove carbon dioxide from the chamber atmosphere substantially at a predetermined rate so that, in use, the WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 54 carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber atmosphere will not substantially exceed a predetermined amount when the chamber contains respiring produce.

118. Apparatus according to claim 117 wherein said carbon dioxide reduction means is a 5 carbon dioxide absorbing material.

119. Apparatus according to claim 118 wherein said carbon dioxide absorbing material is contained in at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container.

120. Apparatus according to claim 119 wherein said at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container is selected so that the rate of carbon dioxide transmission 10 into said at least one carbon dioxide transmissible container is substantially equal to said predetermined carbon dioxide removal rate.

121. Apparatus according to claim 117 wherein the control means is further adapted to cause the outlet means to open to substantially maintain the pressure within the chamber at ambient pressure. 15

122. Apparatus according to claim 117 wherein said controller is further adapted to cause the inlet means to remain open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint.

123. Apparatus according to claim 120 wherein said controller is further adapted to 20 cause the inlet means to remain open for a time that is approximately proportional to the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and an oxygen setpoint.

124. Apparatus according to claim 122 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint 25 exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded a predetermined value.

125. Apparatus according to claim 123 wherein said controller is so adapted that if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint 30 exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 55 detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded a predetermined value.

126. Apparatus according to claim 124 wherein said controller is so adapted that: (a) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen 5 setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint; and (b) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint does not exceed said predetermined amount in paragraph (a) then 10 the inlet means remains open for a time that depends on which of a number of predetermined ranges the said difference falls within such that the greater the average value of the range, the greater the time for which the inlet means remains open.

127. Apparatus according to claim 125 wherein said controller iss:fso adapted that: 15 (a) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen setpoint exceeds a predetermined amount, the inlet means remains open until following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has exceeded the oxygen setpoint; and (b) if the difference between the detected oxygen concentration and the oxygen 20 setpoint does not exceed said predetermined amount in paragraph (a) then the inlet means remains open for a time that depends on which of a number of predetermined ranges the said difference falls within such that the greater the average value of the range, the greater the time for which the inlet means remains open. 25

128. Apparatus according to claim 117 wherein said sealing means includes a substantially fluid impervious sheet for separating the chamber from leakage paths associated with the door.

129. Apparatus according to claim 117 wherein said sealing means includes at least one flexible substantially fluid impervious sheet carrying inlet means and/or outlet 30 means. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 56

130. Apparatus according to claim 128 wherein at least one of said at least one sheet carries inlet means and/or outlet means.

131. Apparatus according to claim 117 wherein the control means is further adapted to cause the outlet means to open to substantially maintain the pressure within the 5 chamber at ambient pressure.

132. Apparatus for adjusting the atmosphere within a chamber comprising: (a) sealing means for substantially sealing the chamber; (b) inlet means to permit ambient atmosphere to enter the chamber; (c) outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber; and 10 (d) a controller having an oxygen concentration sensor and control means responsive to the oxygen concentration sensor, the control means being adapted to cause the inlet means to open to admit ambient atmosphere into the chamber following the oxygen concentration sensor detecting that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined 15 amount; wherein said inlet means and/or outlet means comprise one or more electromagnetically actuable valves having a solenoid so that said one or more valves may be opened from a closed position and closed from an open position by applying direct electric current to the solenoid, said one or more valves being held 20 in either the open position or the closed position in the absence of the application of said direct electric current.

133. Apparatus according to claim 132 wherein said one or more valves may be both opened from a closed position and closed from an open position by applying a pulse of direct electric current to the solenoid. 25

134. Apparatus according to claim 131 wherein said at least one valve is adapted to be held in the closed position or the open position in the absence of an electric current in the solenoid by magnetic forces. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 57

135. Apparatus according to claim 133 wherein said at least one valve is adapted to be held in the closed position or the open position in the absence of an electric current in the solenoid by magnetic forces.

136. Apparatus according to claim 132 wherein said one or more valves comprises a 5 bore, a member moveable within the bore, at least one sealing surface associated with the member, at least one aperture through which fluid may pass to pass through the valve, a solenoid adapted to generate a magnetic field in the bore in response to the application of a direct electric current, the member being adapted to move with respect to the bore in response to said magnetic field between a valve 10 open position wherein fluid passes through said at least one aperture and a valve closed position wherein said at least one sealing surface prevents fluid passing through each said at least one aperture.

137. Apparatus according toa claim 136 wherein the member is a slidable within the bore.

138. Apparatus according to claim 137 wherein the slidable member carries at least one 15 cover adapted to cover each said at least one aperture to prevent fluid passing through said at least one aperture.

139. Apparatus according to claim 132 wherein said one or more valves comprises at least one aperture through which fluid may pass to pass through the valve, a solenoid to generate a magnetic field in response to the application of a direct 20 electric current and a flap which is adapted to move in response to said magnetic field between a valve open position wherein fluid may pass through the valve through said at least one aperture and a valve closed position wherein the flap prevents fluid passing through the valve through any said at least one aperture.

140. Apparatus according to claim 139 wherein the solenoid is located between the flap 25 and a member carried by the flap, the member and the flap each having a permanent magnet so arranged that when a direct electric current is passed through the valve in one direction the solenoid attracts the magnet on the member and repulses the magnet on the flap in order to move the flap to a valve open position and when a direct electric current is passed through the solenoid in a direction opposite to said 30 one direction the solenoid repulses the magnet on the member and attracts the magnet on the flap in order to move the flap to a valve closed position. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 58

141. Apparatus according to claim 140 wherein an armature is provided in the solenoid, the flap may held in the valve open position in the absence of an electric current in the solenoid by the magnetic attraction between the armature and the magnet on the member, and the flap may held in the valve closed position in the absence of an 5 electric current in the solenoid by the magnetic attraction between the armature and the magnet on the flap.

142. Apparatus according to claim 132 wherein the control means is further adapted to cause the outlet means to open to substantially maintain the pressure within the chamber at ambient pressure. 10

143. A method for adjusting the atmosphere within a chamber containing respiring produce, the method comprising: (a) flushing the chamber with a purging gas; (b) adjusting the oxygen level in the chamber to a level above a desired oxygen setpoint; 15 (c) permitting the oxygen level in the chamber to degrade to about the oxygen setpoint as a consequence of oxygen consumed by the produce being converted to carbon dioxide; (d) removing chamber atmosphere from the chamber; and (e) repeating steps (b), (c) and (d) as required if the oxygen level falls below the 20 oxygen setpoint, to maintain the oxygen level in the region of the oxygen setpoint.

144. A method according to claim 143, wherein said purging gas has a low oxygen concentration or no oxygen.

145. A method according to claim 143, and further comprising the step of placing a 25 carbon dioxide absorbing material in the chamber so as to absorb the difference between a predicted level of carbon dioxide in the chamber based on the rate of consumption of oxygen by the produce and a desired carbon dioxide level so that the carbon dioxide concentration in the chamber does not substantially exceed said desired level. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 59

146. A method according to claim 145 wherein the rate of removal of carbon dioxide from the chamber is calculated from a formula that produces a result substantially equal to the result produced by a calculation in accordance with the following formula: 0.79pc 2 r 02 5 acD2=r0 0.21 - po 2 )-0.21pCO 2 where a 0 2 is the carbon dioxide removal rate; P0 2 is the oxygen setpoint, expressed as a proportion; Pc0 2 is the desired carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber, expressed as a proportion; r 0 2 is the respiration rate; and rC0 2 is the rate of production of carbon dioxide through respiration. 10

147. A method for adjusting the level of carbon dioxide in a chamber containing respiring produce, the method comprising the step of placing a carbon dioxide absorbing material in the chamber so as to absorb the difference between a predicted level of carbon dioxide in the chamber based on the rate of consumption of oxygen by the produce and a desired carbon dioxide level so that the carbon 15 dioxide concentration in the chamber does not substantially exceed said desired level.

148. A method according to claim 147 wherein the rate of removal of carbon dioxide from the chamber is calculated from a formula that produces a result substantially equal to the result produced by a calculation in accordance with the following 20 formula: 0. 79 pc02ro 2 aCO 2 rC (0.21 - p2 -0.21pCO 2 where a 0 2 is the carbon dioxide removal rate; p0 2 is the oxygen setpoint, expressed as a proportion; PC0 2 is the desired carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber, expressed as a proportion; r 0 2 is the respiration rate; and 25 rC0 2 is the rate of production of carbon dioxide through respiration. WO 00/23350 PCT/AU99/00909 60

149. A method according to claim 1 wherein at least part of said carbon dioxide removal is effected by chamber atmosphere exiting the chamber through the outlet means.

150. A method for adjusting the atmosphere within a substantially sealed chamber containing respiring produce, the chamber having inlet means to permit ambient 5 atmosphere to enter the chamber, and outlet means to permit chamber atmosphere to exit the chamber, the method comprising: (a) monitoring the oxygen concentration within the chamber; (b) following detection that the oxygen concentration in the chamber has fallen below a predetermined amount, opening the inlet means to permit ambient 10 atmosphere to enter the chamber so that the amount of oxygen in the chamber increases; (c) opening the outlet means to substantially maintain the pressure within the chamber at ambient pressure; and (d) selecting an oxygen setpoint such that steps (a), (b) and (c) cause the carbon 15 dioxide concentration within the chamber atmosphere to not substantially exceed a predetermined amount.

151. A method according to claim 150 wherein said oxygen setpoint is calculated from a formula derived from a mathematical model of the proportions of the chamber atmosphere subject to the requirement that the oxygen concentration within the 20 chamber be substantially maintained at a predetermined amount.

152. A method according to claim 151 wherein said oxygen setpoint is calculated from a formula that produces a result substantially equal to the result produced by a calculation in accordance with the following formula: p0 2 =0.21- pCO 2 (0.79+0.21RQ) 25 where p0 2 is the oxygen setpoint, expressed as a proportion; pCO 2 is the desired carbon dioxide concentration within the chamber, expressed as a proportion; and RQ is the respiration quotient.