AP453A - Peptides, analogues and mixtures thereof for detecting and eliciting antibodies to the E1 and E2 Protein of rubella virus. - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention discloses linear and cyclic peptides of the e1 and e2 glycoproteins of the rubella virus. These peptides and analogues, mixtures and combinations of them are useful in detecting and quantifying antibodies raised against the rubella virus. They are also useful in raising antibodies to the rubella virus for use in the diagnosis of and protection against rubella viral infections.

Description

PEPTIDES, ANALOGUES AND MIXTURES THEREOF FOR DETECTING AND ELICITING ANTIBODIES TO THE El AND E2 PROTEIN Oh

RUBELLA VIRUS

TECHNICAL FIELD OF TOE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel linear and cyclic peptides and mixtures and combinations thereof useful for detecting and quantifying rubella infections and for eliciting antibodies specific to the rubella virus. These peptides are also useful in the manufacture of vaccines against rubella viral infections. The peptides described in this invention may be useful for distinguishing between various types of immune status to rubella. At least one of the described peptides has the ability to recognize specifically rubella neutralizing antibodies.

BACKGBQiMB_OP THE INVENTION

Rubella was first described in Germany in the 18th century and is, therefore, often referred to aa German measles. It is a highly contagious disease characterized by a general rash and a mild fever. Its clinical aspects were, for a long time, confused with other infections, including measles. The major risk associated with rubella infection occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy when severe damage to the fetus can result in deafness, cataracts, cardiac abnormalities and microencephaly.

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The rubella virus, the etiologic agent of rubella, belongs to the Togavlrldae family. It is a roughly spherical enveloped virus about ¢0 nm in diameter, Its genome consists of a single positive stranded RNA (10 Kb). The structural polyprotein encoded by this genome consist* of two envelope glycoproteins - El (58K) and E2(42-47K) - and a nucleocapsid protein - C(33K) -.

The viral envelope Includes components fro· the host infected cell membrane, and the two viral glycoproteins

El and K2. These envelope glycoproteins are responsible for the hemagglutination activity of the rubella virus. El and E2 glycoproteins are linked by disulfide bonds to form homo- and heterodimers.

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Three strains of rubella virus (Tharisn, Judith, M33) have been described and portions of their genomes nave been sequenced (Prey et al., 1986, Virology 154. 228-232? Terry et al., 1988, Arch. Virol. 2&, 189-197;

Clarke et al., 1987, Nucl. Acids Res. 3041-3057;

Takkinen et al., 1988, J. Gen. Virol. £2., €03-612). The sequences of rubella vaccine strain (RA 27/3) is also known (Nakhasi et al., 1989, Nucl. Acids Rea. 17 (11),

4393-4394).

Although rubella can be diagnosed by inoculating θ infected materials (usually nasopharyngeal secretions) into susceptible cell cultures, the most widely used diagnostic tests are based on the hemagglutinating properties of its glycoproteins. In those assays (HAI), the presence in a serum sample of antibodies to the hemagglutinin prevents the virus from binding to red blood cells (usually from chicken blood) thus inhibiting hemagglutination (Psstermanc and Huygelen, 1967, Presse

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Med. 75. 2177-2178 and Lennette and Schmidt, 1979, in

Diagnostic procedures for_viral, rickettsial—and chlamydial infections*. 5th Ed., American Public Health Association Inc., Washington). In such assays an increase in HAI antibody titers is an indication of a recent infection.

Since the introduction of enzyme-labeled antibodies (Avrameas, 1969, Imaunocheoistry £, 43-52), enzyme immunoassay (El A) or enzyme-1 inked- immunosorbent assays (ELISA) have been used for the diagnosis of a large variety of viral and bacterial infections, including rubella infections. Serodiagnosis of rubella infections using ELISA techniques was first described by Voller and Bidwell (1975, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. ££, 338-339).

In ELISA in particular, viral extracts or lysates are typically coated onto the surface of plastic wells so that antibodies (if present) in a serum sample or analyte will bind to the adsorbed proteins from the viral extracts. After appropriate washing, the presence of antibodies bound to the proteins in the well is detected using antibodies to human immunoglobulins conjugated to an enzyme, such as horseradish peroxidase. The level of enzymatic activity is measured in each well after washing off the unbound enzyme. other forms and variations of the ELISA test are also well known and often used by persons skilled in the art.

The introduction of ELISA for the specific determination of rubella IgM and IgG has been responsible for the rapid decline (i.e., from 45% in 1978-1980 to 19% in 1982) of HAI diagnostic assays for rubella viral

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Af Ο 00 4 5 3 infections (Steece et al., 1985, J. Clin. Microbiol. 21 (1), 140-142). Compared to HAI tests, ELISA requires no sera pre treatment and only one or two dilutions per serum sample. The amount of antigenic material used in ELISA ie also smaller than what was required in the former HAI assays.

There are several problems with the presently used ELISA diagnostic tests for rubella Infection. Variations between different preparations of rubella antigens used to coat the Welle are often observed. These variations are likely a consequence of various difficulties encountered in reproducibly isolating the rubella virus.

In tissue culture, the virus grows to low titers, is difficult to separate from cellular membrane debris, and is highly labile (Ho-Terry et al., 1986, Arch. Virol. 42» 219-228; Chagnon and LaFlararae, 1964, Can. J. Microbiol.

10. 501-503) . This makes it difficult to isolate the virus from cellular debris originating from host calls.

In an attempt to overcome this problem, some ELISA techniques for detecting rubella infection use a series of wells coated with extracts prepared with uninfected cells (reference antigens) and a second series of wells coated with extracts prepared from rubella-infected cells (viral antigens). Each serum sample is then tested on both series of wells and the net response is calculated by subtraction of the signal measured on the reference antigens' wells from the one measured on the viral antigens' wells.

Terry et al. (1988, Arch. Virol. 44, 189-197) and

Ho-Terry et al. (1986, Arch. Virol. 44, 145-152 and European

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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 J J of three non-competing monoclonal antibodies directed against the rubella El glycoprotein. The epitopes bound by each of these monoclonal antibodies have been identified and designated EPl, EP2 and EP3. Monoclonal antibodies directed to EPI and EP2 exhibit both hemagglutination inhibition and neutralising aotivity. Monoclonal antibodies to BP3 exhibit only neutralising activity. Synthetic peptides corresponding to the epi, EP2 or EP3 epitopes have not been reported to date. The location of these three epitopes in the viral genome has been described in Terry et al. (supra).

Lowi et al. (1990, Arch. Virol. 271-276) have synthesised overlapping octapeptides covering the region between amino acids 243-286 which includea the EPI, EP2, and EP3 epitopes of the El glycoprotein. Their goal was to establish tha minimal size of each of these epitopes. They tested each octapeptide with a pool of human high titer anti-rubella IgG isolated from subjects hyperimmunlied with rubella vaccine (the authors stressed that this pool contained no less that 400 International Units of antirubella immunoglobulins/mL and that the KA titer was about 2000 Units/mL). Using this very concentrated anti-rubella preparation, they have detected low reactivity with all of their peptides. Using rubella positive sera from vaccinated and naturally infected patients, they report that they observed a higher background absorbance than when purified and concentrated immunoglobulins were used. This study illustrates the difficulty one faces when trying to identify synthetic peptide antigens of significant use in the design of a diagnostic test or a better vaccine.

Mora recently, Kolinsky et al. (1091, J. Virol. 65.

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3986-3994) have characterized a series of murine monoclonal antibodies reacting with various regions of the El and E2 proteins. Using various plasmid constructs, the authors have localized the binding sites of their monoclonal antibodies. Most of the anti-El reactivity was located between-residue 202 and 283. On E2, the monoclonal antibodies were binding to a relatively large region covering 116 residues at the amino terminus.

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The rubella pandemic of 1963-1965 prompted the development of a vaccine against rubella (Parkman et al., 1966₍ M. Engl. J. Med. 275. 569-574). It is comprised of live attenuated viruses and is immunogenic in at least 95% of the recipients. Neutralizing antibodies generated by the attenuated vaccine appear later than those following a natural infection and at levels as much as ten- fold lower. Vaccine-induced antibodies, nonetheless, effectively protect recipients from the disease. The present rubella vaccines, however, have some drawbacks. For example, a significant proportion of people vaccinated suffer occasional arthritis (mainly seen in adult women), mild rash, fever and lymphadenopathy. Protection conferred by the vaccine also lasts for only 2-10 years, rather than the longer-lasting immunity that follows natural infection. Most importantly, small amounts of infectious virus typically appear in the nasopharynx 2-3 weeks after immunization, making vaccination very dangerous for pregnant women coming in close contact with a recently vaccinated person or even worse having herself been vaccinated while not knowing she was pregnant.

Vaccincc based on synthetic or recombinant peptides

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AP000>53 would not present this hazard because the antigenic material would be significantly lees allergenic or nonallergenic. However, such vaccines are not now available and the immunogenic ity and neutralising properties of peptide-based vaccines are unXnown. Furthermore, not all peptides are expected to be useful in vaccines. For example, high antibody tit ere in HAI tests do not correlate well with protection against rubella infection (Partridge et al., 1981, Br. Med. J. 282. 187-188). This may be due to the fact that epitopes involved in hemagglutination and neutralisation are different (Trudel et al., 1982, J. Virol. Methods £, 191-197). Diagnosis based on the detection of neutralizing antibodies, on the other hand, should have a high predictive value for immune status and prevention of rubella infection or reinfection cases.

These differences are important, not only in evaluating peptide-based vaccines against rubella but in assaying the immune status of patients with respect to rubella infectivity. For example, the purified rubella antigens now available are potentially infectious and carry both the hemagglutinating and neutralizing epitopes. Thus, specific teste for immune status using these antigens are questionable, and the antigens used in those vaccines may be infectious.

considering these problems, we have selected certain peptide sequences on the El and E2 proteins of the rubella virus and prepared peptides defined by them. These peptides selected for their ability to bind high levels of antibodies, as measured by an ELISA, are useful in diagnostic tests for rubella infection. Peptides of

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AP*0 00 45 3 this invention recognized by neutralizing antibodies are also useful as the active ingredient of a substantially innocuous rubella vaccine.

The El antigenicity is independent of its glyoosylation (Bo-Terry and Cohen, 1984, Arch. Virol. 29. 139-146). The glycosy1 moiety is often responsible for non specific interaction· in immunoassay s. Therefore the use of synthetic peptide antigens, which are not glycosylated, is attractive.

Antibodies to E2 glycoprotein are more abundant in patients with congenital rubella syndrome. In contrast, antibodies to El predominate in most other patients (Katov and Sugiura, 1985, J. Clin. Microbiol. 21. 449451). Thus, each individual peptide of this invention can be used in the differential diagnosis of rubella infections.

Novel peptides and peptides mixtures are disclosed for use in the screening of blood or body fluids for prior exposure to the rubella virus and in the preparation of a safe, effective vaccine against rubella infections. Peptides of the E2 protein are surprisingly active both in diagnosis, and in stimulating protective antibodies. El peptides in admixture with the E2 peptides are the preferred antigens of this invention.

The peptides of this invention are useful in a wide variety of specific binding assays for the detection of antibodies to rubella virus, as immunogens for eliciting antibodies which could then be used for the detection, isolation or purification of rubella antigens. The _peptides may also be used in the preparation of vaccines

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V' against rubaila viral infections.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The precent invention provides for novel peptides corresponding to regions of the £2 glycoproteins of the rubella virus. It also provides for analogues of those peptides and mixtures and combinations of those peptides and analogues. The invention further provides for the mixture of peptides fro· the £2 proteins with linear or cyclic peptides from the El protein of rubella virus.

The peptides of the Invention are defined by the following formula: a - Y - b, wherein:

-Y is a sequence of at least six amino acids taken as a block from the amino acid sequence of the £2 glycoprotein of a strain of rubella virus that corresponds to λλχΐ“ AA37 of the E2 glycoprotein of a strain of rubella virus, which block maintains the sequence and N terminus to C terminus direction of the native amino acid sequence and analogues thereof, the analogues resulting from conservative substitutions in or modifications to the native amino acid sequence block;

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- a is selected from the group consisting of:

(i) an amino terminus;

(ii) a sequence of one to eight amino acids;

preferably, but not limited to a sequence taken as a block from and maintaining the sequence and N terminus to c terminus direction of that portion of the native amino acid sequence of the E2 glycoprotein immediatly N terminal to Y or conservative substitutions in or modifications thereto;

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APOOO 45 3 (ill) a substituent effective to facilitate coupling;

and (iv) a substituent effective to improve the irtnunogenic or antigenic activity of the peptide;

and

- b is selected from the group consisting of:

(1) a carboxy terminus;

(ii) a sequence of one to eight amino acids;

preferably, but not limited to a sequence taken as a block from and maintaining the sequence and N terminus to C terminus direction of that portion of the native amino acid sequence of the E2 glycoportain immediatly C terminal to Y or conservative substitutions in or modifications thereto;

(iii) a substituent effective to faciliate coupling;

and (iv) a substituent effective to improve the immunogenic or antigenic activity of the peptide.

The present invention also provides for a mixture of the peptides from the E2 protein of rubella virus as defined above in admixture with a peptide of the El protein of the following formula: a-X-b, wherein:

- X is a sequence of at least six amino acids taken as a block from the amino acid sequence of the El glycoprotein of a strain of rubella virus that corresponds to AAjia 30 ΛΑ239 of the El glycoprotein of the Therien strain of rubella virus, which block maintains the sequence and N terminus to C terminus direction of the native amino acid sequence and analogues thereof, the analogues resulting bad original

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ΑΡΟΟΟ 45 3 iron conservative substitutions in or modifications to the native amino acid sequence block;

- a and b are as defined above.

The invention also provides for a method for detecting the presence of antibodies to rubella antigens, and antibodies immunological ly reactive with these peptides.

As will be plain from the following description, these peptides, analogues, mixtures and combinations are useful in a wide variety of diagnostic and preventive i methods, means and compositions with respect to the rubella virus and infections caused by it.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 depicts the amino acid sequence of the El glycoprotein of the rubella virus (Therien strain). The amino acids of the sequence are given using the following single letter code: A=ala_f C=cye, D=aep, E=glu, F*=phe, Ogly, H«his, 1-ile, K»lys, L=leu, M=met, N»asn, P=pro, Q—gin, R-arg, S«ser, T-thr, V«val, W«trp, ¥«tyr.

) The designations — EPI, EP2 and EP3 — denote the three epitopes identified by Terry et al. and Ho-Terry et al., supra. The designations — BCH-178 and BCH-178 cyclic --denote particular peptides of this invention.

Figure 2 depicts the avlno acid sequence of the E2 glycoprotein of the rubella virus. The designations — BCH-463, DCII-481 and BCH->33 -- denote pfeplidwa of this

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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3 invention.

On both El and E2 sequences, the putative glycosylation sites are indicated as (?).

DESCRIPTION OF THE II

In this description, ve used the amino acid sequence 10 and numbering published by Takkiieen et al. (supra) for the El and E2 rubella glycoproteins to designate and to depict the particular amino acid sequences of the peptides of this invention. However, these peptides, and their analogues, are useful in the diagnosis and prevention of all strains of the Rubella virus, including, for example, strains Therien, Judith, RA 27/3 and M33. Moreover, peptides characterized by amino acid sequences of the corresponding regions of the El and £2 proteins of those strains and their analogues are also included within the scope of this invention and the claims of this application. And the terms corresponds and corresponding are meant to refer to the native amino acids of those defined regions in any strains of rubella virus.

As will appear obvious to persons skilled in the art, some authors will refer to this particular region of the E2 glycoprotein as amino acid sequence 10 to 36 instead of anino acid 11 to 37. These subjective variations in numerical identifications of the amino acids are also within the scope of the present invention.

This invention also includes analogues of the

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AP Ο Ο Ο 453 peptides described above. As used herein analogues denote amino acid insertions, deletions, substitutions and modifications at one or more site* in the peptide chain in that portion of it that consists of the block of the naturally occurring rubella amino acid sequences. However, as described above, irrespective of such insertions, deletions, substitutions and modifications, the peptides Of thie invention must contain a sequence of at least six amino acids taken in sequence as a block from, for example, AA213-AA239 of the El glycoprotein, or at least six amino acids taken as a block from, for example, Αλχχ**Αλ37 of the E2 glycoprotein of a strain of the rubella virus. The term analogue also means any peptide that will possess the same or substantially the same immunoreactivity.

Preferred modifications and substitutions to the native amino acid sequence block in the peptide chain are conservative ones (i.e., those having minimal influence on the secondary or tertiary structure and hydropathic nature of the peptide). These include substitutions such as those described by Dayhoff in the Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure £, 1978 and by Argos in EMBO J. 4, 779-785, 1989. For example, amino acids belonging to one of the following groups represent conservative changes:

- ala,	pro,	giy»	glu, asp,	gin, asn, ear, thr;
- cys,	ser,	tyr,	thr?
- val,	ile,	leu,	met, ala,	phe;
- lys,	arg,	his;	and
- Phe,	tyr,	trp,	his.
In like manner,	methionine	, an amino acid which

to oxidation may be replaced by nor leucine. They also include cubctitutionc of D isomers for the correspond ing

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L amino acids.

Of course, also included within the ecope of the present invention are modifications to the native amino acid sequence that appear naturally in certain strains of rubella. For example, one Therien strain of rubella (accession / PO7566) possesses a cysteine instead of an arginine at position 19 of the K2 glycoprotein (see Figure 2).

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The term amino acid as employed in this description (e.g., in the definition of a and b) except when referring to the amino acids taken as a block from the El or E2 glycoproteins of the rubella virus, encompasses all of the natural amino acids, those amino acids in their D- configurations, and the known non-native, synthetic, and modified amino acids, such as homocysteine, ornithine and norleucine.

Illustrative of the peptides of this invention are peptides wherein Y is an amino acid sequence that corresponds to the sequence AA11-AA37 of the E2 glycoprotein of rubella strains and analogues thereof.

Illustrative of the peptides of this invention are the following E2 glycoprotein derived peptides:

BCH-463: a-TLPQPPRAHGQHYGHIIHHQL-b (Therien strain)

BCH-481: a-APPTLPQPPRAHGQHYGHHHHQLPFLG-b (Therien strain)

BCH-933: a-APPMPPQPPRAHGQHYGHHHHQLPFLG-b (RA 27/3 strain)

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IAP-7 ClP /ri and analogues thereof, vnerein a and b are as defined above.

The most preferred E2 glycoprotein derived-peptide of this invention (using the Therien strain for ease of reference) ie:

BCH-481: a-APPTLPQPPRAHGQHYGHHHHQLPFLG-b (Therien strain) and analogues thereof, wherein a and b are a6 defined above.

The El peptides used in admixture with the E2 peptides of this invention as defined in these formulae may be linear or cyclic. we, however, prefer cyclic peptides for both diagnostic uses and as the active components of the vaccines of this invention.

The preferred El glycoprotein derived-peptide (using 20 amino acid sequences of the Therien strain for ease of references) to be used in admixture with the E2 peptides is the followingJ

BCH-178: a-NQQSRWGLGSPNCHGPDWASPVCQRHS-b and analogues thereof, wherein a and b are as defined above.

The most preferred El peptide of this invention 30 (using the Therien strain for ease of reference) is:

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BCH-178 cyclic: a-NQQSRWGLGSPNCHGPDWASFVCQRHS-b and analogues thereof, wherein a and b are as defined

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above.

Also within the scope of the present invention ere combi nations or mixtures of the cyclic and linear synthetic peptides of this invention. For example, a preferred peptide aixture for the detection of antibodies specific to the rubella virus comprises synthetic peptide BCH-481 or analogues thereof and any other peptide of this invention. A more preferred peptide mixture of the invention comprises synthetic peptides BCH-481, BCH-933 and BCH-178 cyclic and analogues thereof. A most preferred peptide mixture for the detection of antibodies specific to the rubella virus comprises synthetic peptides BCH-481 and BCH-178 cyclic or analogues thereof.

it may also be desirable to covalently join two or more peptide sequences of this invention or even to form a polymer coneieting of two or more peptides of this invention. Such changes may facilitate passive adsorption of the peptides to a solid surface without loss of their antigenic properties. It may also be desirable to covalently join one or more synthetic peptides of this invention with a synthetic peptide known to carry a T-cell epitope, the resulting conjugate being more useful ae an immunogen.

An unexpected advantage of the novel peptide mixture of this invention is that it is capable of providing complete detection of rubella-specific antibodies derived from a panel of 886 serum samples taken from 443 patients prior to and following their rubella vaccination. Mixture consisting of peptides BCH-481 and BCH-178 cyclic is the

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1Ά»--7 CIF most pxeferxcd example of mixtures having this advantage.

Another advantage of the peptides of this invention is the high level of specificity displayed by them. This results in a minimal number of false positives. The use of BCH-178 and BCH-481 in a mixture helps in detecting anti-rubella antibodies specific for both El and £2 proteins. In contrast, by using each of these peptides individually, we can detect separately each of the anti10 rubella antibody and this then helps in determining a person's immune status to rubella, reactivity towards BCH-178C being a better indication of protection.

As described above by a and b, it is often useful and is within the scope of this invention to modify the peptide block consisting of the naturally occurring rubella amino acid sequences in the peptides of this invention in order to make the chosen peptide more useful as an immunodiagnostio reagent or as an active ingredient of a vaccine. Such changes, for example, include:

-addition of a cysteine residue to one or both terminals in order to facilitate coupling or the peptide to a suitable carrier with heterobifunctional cross-linking reagents such as sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(p-maleimidophenyl) butyrate (a preferred reagent for effecting such linkages), eulfosuccinimidyl-4(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane- l-carboxylate or N-euccinimidyl-3- (2-pyridyldithio) propionate;

-addition of l to 8 additional amino acids at

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AP000453 one or both torsinalR of the peptide to facilitate linking of ' the peptides to each other, for coupling to a support or larger peptide or protein or for modifying the physical or chemical properties of the peptide. Examples of such changes may be effected by addition of tyrosine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid which can be used as linkers via an esterification reaction or lysine which can be io linked via Schiff's base or amide formation.

As described above such additional amino acids include all of the natural anino acids, those amino acids in their 0- configurations, synthetic and modified amino acids;

and

-derivatization of one or both terminals of the peptide by, for example, acylation or amidation. These modifications result in changes in the net charge on the peptide and can also facilitate covalent linking of the peptide to a solid support, a carrier or another peptide. Examples of the substituents

O effective to facilitate coupling or to improve

_. the immunogenicity or antigenic activity of the peptide are Cj-Cje acyl groups, polyethylene glycol and phospholipids.

to prepare the novel peptides of this invention any of the conventional peptide production methodologies may be used. These include synthesis, recombinant DNA technology and combinations thereof.solid phase

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AP 0 0 0 4 5 3 lAf 1 ΟΓ synthesis is preferred but the other methods alco work. In that synthetic approach, the resin support may be any suitable resin conventionally employed in the art for the solid phase preparation of peptides. Preferably, the resin is p- benzyloxyalcohol polystyrene or p-methylbenzydrylamine resin. Following the coupling of the first protected amino acid to the resin support, the amino protooting group is removed by standard methods conventionally employed in the art. After the removal of the amino protecting group, the remaining a-a*ino protected and, if necessary, side chain protected amino acids are coupled, sequentially, in the desired order to obtain the chosen peptide. Alternatively, multiple amino acid groups may be coupled using solution methodology, prior to coupling with the resin-supported amino acid sequence.

The selection of an appropriate coupling reagent follows established art. For instance, suitable coupling reagents are N,N*-diisopropyl- carbodiimide or N,N·dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or benzotriasol-lyloxy-tris (dimethyl amino) phosphonium hexa fluorophosphate either alone or preferably in the presence of l-hydroxybenzotriazole. Another useful coupling procedure employe preformed symmetrical anhydrides of protected amino acide.

The necessary α-amino protecting group employed for each amino acid introduced onto the growing polypeptide chain is preferably 9-f luorenylmethyloxycarbonyi (fnoc), although any other suitable protecting group may be employed as long as it does not degrade under the coupling reaction conditions. The protecting group should

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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3 also be readily removable selectively in the presence of any other protecting group already present in the growing peptide chain.

(b) retention of properties (i.e.,

The criteria for selecting protecting groups for the side chain amino acids are: (a) stability of . the protecting group to the various reagents under reaction conditione selective for the removal of the a-amiho protecting group at each step of the synthesis;

the protecting group's strategic it should not be split off under coupling conditions) and (c) easy removability of protecting group upon conclusion of the peptide synthesis and under conditione that do not otherwise affect the peptide structure.

The fully protected resin-supported peptides are preferably cleaved from the p-benzyloxy alcohol resin witn a 50% to 60% solution of trifluoroacctic acid, in methylene chloride for 1 to 6 hours at room temperature in the presence of appropriate scavengers such as, anisole, thioanisole, ethylmethylsulfide, 1,2ethanedithiol and related reagents. Simultaneously, most acid labile side- chain protecting groups are removed. More acid-resistant protecting groups are typically removed by HF treatment.

Cyclic peptides may be prepared from fcho linear peptides of this invention by any of the well-known synthetic cyclization methodologies. Preferably, two existing thiol containing residues, such as cysteine, are employed. However, a thiol residue may, instead, be substituted for a non-thiol residue to effect

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AP 0 0 0 4 5 3 cyclization. For example, the cyclic synthetic peptides of this invention say be prepared by the direct oxidative conversion of protected or unprotected SH-groups to a disulfide bond by techniques generally known in the art of peptide synthesis. The preferred method involves the direct oxidation of free SH-groups with potassium ferricyanide. Alternatively, cyclisation nay be effected using substituents a and b.

The peptides of the present invention ere useful as diagnostic reagents for the detection and quantification of rubella virus-associated antibodies in accordance with methods well known in the art. These include enzyme immunoassay (ElA) such as ELISA, radio immunoassay (RIA), fluorescence activated immunoassay (FIA), hemagglutination, latex agglutination, single-dot and multi-dot methods and assays.

A preferred convenient and classical technique for the determination of antibodies against the rubella virus using a peptide or a peptide mixture or combination of this invention is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). in this assay, for example, a peptide or a peptide mixture or combination of this invention is adsorbed onto, or covalently coupled to, the wells of a microtiter plate. The wells are then treated with the sera or analyte to be tested. After washing, a solution of anti-human IgG or anti-hunan IgM antibodies labeled with peroxidase is added. The determination of the peroxidase is performed with a corresponding substrate, e.g., 3,3 ’, 5,5·-tetra- methylbenzidine. Without departing from the usefulness of this illustrative assay, the peroxidase can be exchanged by another label, e.g.,

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I Λ Γ '1 ΓΗ) ΙΛ'Ι / V·' by β radioactive, fluorescent, chemiluminescent or infra-red emitting label.

Another Method for the determination of antibodies against rubella virus vith the peptides of this invention is an enzyme immunological test according to the so-called «Double-Antigen-Sandwich Assay. This method is based on the work of Naiollni, as described in Immunological Methods, 2ft, 25-34, 1978. According to this method, the serum or other analyte to be tested is contacted vith a solid phase on which a peptide of this invention has been coated (capture layer) and vith a peptide of this invention which has been labeled vith peroxidase (probe layer). The immunological reaction can be performed in one or two steps. A washing step is typically carried out between the two incubation steps and at the end of incubation time. Thereafter, the peroxidase is determined, e.g., using o-phenylene diamine. Other enzymes and chronogens, including thoee already described, can also be employed in this assay.

Suitable solid phases for use in the abovedescribed assays and assay methods include organic and inorganic polymers, e.g., amylases, dextrans, natural or modified celluloses, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyacrylamides, agaroses, magnetite, porous glass powder, polyvinyldiene fluoride (Kynar* ) and latex, the inner wall of test vessels (i.e., test tubes, titer plates or cuvettes of glass or artificial material, as well as the surface of solid bodies (i.e., rods of glass and artificial material, rods with terminal thickening, rods with terminal lobes or lamallae). Spheres of glass * denotes a trade mark

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AP Ο υ u 4 ο 3 end artificial material are especially suitable as solid phase carriers.

The peptides of this invention and the mixtures and combinations of them are useful in the determination and quantification of antibodies against rubella virus. These peptides are also useful for the determination and quantification of rubella virus antigens themselves. These peptides either free, polymerised or conjugated to an appropriate carrier, are useful in eliciting antibodies immonologically reactive to the antigens of the rubella virus. Monoclonal antibodies are particularly preferred for this purpose. Suitable antibodies can be produced by injecting a mammalian or avian animal with a sufficient amount of the peptide to elicit the desired immune response and recovering those antibodies from the serum of treated animals. Suitable host animals for eliciting antibodies include, for example, rabbits, horses, goats, guinea pigs, rats, mice, cows, sheeps and hens. Preferably, hybridomas producing the desired monoclonal antibodies are preferably prepared using tne peptides of this invention and conventional techniques. For example, the well-known Kohler and Milstein technique for producing monoclonal antibodies may be used. In order to distinguish monoclonal antibodies which are

C directed against the same antigen, but against different epitopes, the method of StMhli et al. (J. of Immunol. Methods, 32, 297-304, 1980) can ba used.

various methods can be employed in the determination or quantification of the rubella virus or a portion thereof using the above antibodies. These are known in the prior art. In one such procedure, known amounts of a

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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3 serum sample or other analyte to be assayed arc mixed together with a radio labeled linear or cyclic peptide of this invention or a mixture or combination of those peptides and an unlabeled peptide of this invention or a mixture or combination thereof, λ given amount of an anti-peptide, preferably a monoclonal antibody, is also added and the mixture allowed to stand. The resulting antibody/antigen complex is then separated from the unbound reagents by procedures known in the art, for example by treatment with ammonium sulfate, polyethylene glycol, and a second antibody either in excess or bound to an insoluble support, or dextran-coated charcoal. The concentration of the labeled peptide is then determined in either the bound or unbound phase and the rubella virus antigen content of the sample determined by comparing the level of labeled component to a standard curve in a manner known per se.

Another suitable method for using these antibodies in assays is the * Double-Antibody-Sandwich Assay. According to this assay, the sample to be tested is treated with two different antibodies, e.g., raised by immunizing different animals, e.g., sheep and rabbits with a peptide of this invention or a mixture or combination thereof. One of the antibodies is labeled and the other is coated on a solid phase. The preferred

C solid phase is a plastic bead and the preferred label is horseradish peroxidase.

Typically in the “Double-Antibody-Sandwich Assay”, the sample is incubated with the solid phase boundantibody and the labeled antibody. However, it is also possible to contact the sample first with the bound24

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LAh·.’ Li.^p

APOOO 45 3 antibody and, then after an optional washing, to contact the sample with the labeled antibody. Preferably, however, the sample is treated simultaneously with the solid phase and the labeled antibody together. After the immunological reaction(s), the mixture is washed and the label is determined according to procedures known in the art. In the case where peroxidase is used as the label, the determination maybe performed using e substrate, e.g., with o-phenylene diamine or with tetramethylbentidine. The amount of the labeled component is proportional to the amount of the antigen(s) present in the analyte or serum sample.

The methods and assays for the determination and quantification of rubella virus antigens or antibodies against that virus, as described above, can be conducted in suitable test kite comprising, in a container, a peptide of this invention, mixtures or combinations thereof, or antibodies against rubella virus elicited by a those peptides or mixtures and combinations thereof.

The peptides of this invention and mixturee and combinations thereof are also useful as the active component of vaccines capable of inducing protective immunity against the rubella virus in hosts susceptible to infection with that virus. Routes of administration, antigen doses, number and frequency of injections will vary from individual to individual and may parallel those currently being used in providing immunity to other viral infections. For example, the vaccines of this invention are pharmaceutically acceptable compositions containing at least one peptide of this invention, its analogues or mixtures or combinations thereof, in an amount effective

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IAf-7 CiP

AP 0 0 0 4 5 3 to raise antibodies In a mammal, including a nuraan, treated with that composition. These antibodies should be sufficient to protect the treated mammal from a rubella viral Infection for a period of time.

v —

The vaccines ara prepared in accordance with known methods. The vaccina compositions of this invention are conveniently and conventionally oombincd with physiologically acceptable carriers, such as pharmaceutical grade saline, tetanus toxoid, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The vaccine compositions of thir invention may also contain adjuvants or other enhancers of immune response, such as alum preparations, liposomes or immunomodulators. Furthermore, these vaccine compositions may comprise other antigens to provide immunity against other viruses (e.g., mumps and measles) or pathogens in addition to rubella. The amount of these other antigens is again dependent on the mammal to be treated and the course of the disease. However, the antigen should be present in an amount effective to raise antibodies sufficient to protect the treated mammal from that pathogen or virus for a period of time.

The peptides of the present invention may also be useful for what is referred to as spiking by persons skilled in the art. The peptides may therefore be admixed with recombinant or any other rubella antigens to enhance the immunogenic response or antigenic activity of the vaccine or diagnostic tests respectively._

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ΑΡ,βΟΟ 4 5 3

EXAMPLES

General procedures for the synthesis and utilization of the peptides of this invention are provided below.

Prgce3ur£-1> Preparation of Resins Carrying the H-FMOC Protected Amino Acid Residue

The desired N-FMOC protected aaino acid residue in a mixture of «ethylene chloride (CH2CI2) and dimethylformamide (DMF) (4:1) was added to a suspension of p-benzyloxy alcohol resin in CHjC^sDMF (4:1) at 0*C. The mixture was stirred manually for a few seconds and then treated with N, Ν'-dicyclohexyl- carbodiimide (DCC) followed by a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylaaino) pyridine. The mixture was stirred at 0*C for an additional 30 minutes and then at room temperature overnight. The filtered resin was washed successively with CH₂Cl₂, DMF and isopropanol (3 washes each) and finally, with CHjC^. Hie resin was suspended in CH2CI2, chilled in an ice bath and redistilled pyridine was added to the stirred suspension followed by benzoyl chloride. Stirring was continued at 0*C for 30 minutes and then at room temperature for 60 minutes. After filtration, the resin was washed successively with CH₂C1₂, DMF and isopropanol (3 washes each) and finally with petroleum ether (twice) before being dried under high vacuum to a constant weight. Spectrophotometric determination of substitution according to Meienhofer et al. (Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., 13, 35, 1979) indicates the degree

Al /

APO00453

Procedure 2: coupling of Subsequent Amino Acids

Th· resin carrying the N-FMOC protected first amino acid residue was placed In a reaction vessel of a Biosearch 9600 Peptide Synthesizer* and treated as follows:

1) Washed with DMF (4 times for 20 eeo. oaoh)

2) Pre washed with a 30% solution of piperidine in DMF (3 min.)

3) Deprotect id with a 30% solution of piperidine in DMF (7 min.)

4) Washed with DMF (8 times for 20 sec, each)

5) Checked for free amino groups - Kaiser Test (must be positive)

6) The peptide resin was then gently shaken for 1 or 2 hrs with 8 equivalents of the desired FMOC-protected amino acid and 1hydroxybenzotr iazole and benzotriazol-120 yloxy- tris (dimethyl-amino) phosphonium hexafluorophosphate all dissolved in dry redistilled DMF containing 16 equivalents of 4-methylmor pholine.

7) Washed with DMF (6 times for 20 sec. each)

After step 7, an aliquot was taken for a ninhydrin test. If the test was negative, one goes back to step 1 for coupling of the next amino acid. If the test was positive or slightly positive, steps 6 and 7 should be repeated.

The above scheme may be used for coupling each of denote· a trade mark

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ΜΡΟ 0 0 4 5 3 the amino acids of the peptides described in this invention. N-protection with FMOC may also b« used with each of the remaining amino acids throughout the synthesis.

Radiolabeled peptides may be prepared by the incorporation of a tritiated amino acid using the above coupling protocol.

After the addition of the last amino acid, the Ν’FMOC of the N-terminal residue is removed by going back to steps 1-7 of the above scheme. The peptide resin is washed with CH2CI2 ^an^ dried in vacuo to give the crude protected peptide.

Procedure 3: Peprotectlon and Cleavage of the Peptides from the Resin

The protected peptide-resin wae suspended in a 55% solution of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in CH2CI2, containing 2.5% ethanedithiol and 2.5% anisole. The mixture was flushed with N2 *nd stirred for 1.5 hours at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and the resin washed with CH2CI2. The resin was treated again with 20% TFA in CH2CI2 for 5 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and the resin washed with 20% tfa in CH2CI2 and then washed with CH2CI2· The combined filtrates were evaporated in vacuo below 35“C and the residue triturated several times with dry dimethyl ether, so The solid was dissolved in 10% aqueous acetic acid and lyophilized to afford the crude product.

AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3 reciduac were further de protected by HF treatment at 0*C for 1 hour in the presence of anisole and dinethylsulfide. The peptides Were extracted with 10% aqueous acetic acid, washed with dimethyl ether and lyophilized to afford the crude peptides.

prppedqre 4: Purification of Peptides

The crude peptides were purified by preparative HPLC 10 on a Vydac* column (2.5 X 25 mm) of C^g or reverse phase with a gradient of the mobile phase. The effluent was monitored at 220 nm and subsequently by analytical HPLC. Relevant fractions were pooled, evaporated and lyophilised. The identity of the synthetic peptides was verified by analytical reverse phase chromatography and by amino acid analysis.

Procedure $: gyciizatioa gf ..Feptidss

A solution of potassium ferricyanide (0.01H, pH 7.0) was added slowly to a dilute aqueous solution (0.5 mM) of the linear peptide at pH 7.0. After 24 hours at room temperature, the pH was lowered to 5.0 and the solution treated with ion exchange resin (Bio-Rad* Ag-3-X4a, Cl-form) for 30 minutes. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate lyophilised to give the crude cyclic peptide. The peptide was purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC and characterized by amino acid analysis. Proof of cyclicity was obtained by comparing the HPLC mobility of the cyclic peptide with the starting linear peptide by reducing an aliquot of the cyclic peptide back to the linear peptide and also by observing the denote· a trade mark denotes a trade mark

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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3 disappearance of free eulfhydryl groups (Ellmon's test) after the cyclization.

Procedure. ¢: CPnluqatiOD—9f Peptides to Bovine Serum

Albumin ar Keyhole Limpet Hemocvanln

Peptides were conjugated to BSA or KLH previously derivatized with either sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(pmaleimidophenyl) butyrate (Sulfo-SMPB) or eulfosuccininidyl 4-(N-meleimidoaethyl) cyclohexone1-carboxylate (Sulfo-SMCC).

An aqueous solution of eulfo-SMPB or sulfo-SMCC (Pierce Chemicals} was added to a solution of BSA or KLH in 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0}. The mixture was shaken at room temperature for 45 minutes and the activated carrier immediately applied to a Sephadex G-25* * column equilibrated with 0.1H sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) at 4*C.

The fractions of the first peak absorbance (280 nm) corresponding to activated carrier were combined in a round bottom flask to which was added a solution of peptide in 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.2). The mixture was thoroughly flushed with and incubated overnight at room temperature. The coupling efficiency was monitored using ³H-labeled peptide and by amino acid analysis of the conjugate.

* denotes a trade mark bad original

ΙΑΙ -7 CIP

AP 0 0 0 4 5 3

EEggftfurft-?: Detection., of Antibodies to Rubella Virus fey—on Entwe Linked Immunosorbent_Aasjy (ELISA)

Each well of the aicrotiter plate vae coated with 100 μΐ of a solution containing a peptide (5 pg/ml) or mixture of peptidee (10 pg/ml) and left overnight. The wells were emptied and washed twice with a washing buffer (Tris, 0.043M; NaCl, o.5M; thiaerosal, 0.014 w/v; Tween* 20, 0.05% v/v; pH 7.4). The wells were then saturated with 0.35 ml of washing buffer for 1 hour at 37*C and washed once with the same buffer. Serum samples to be analyzed were diluted with specimen buffer (washing buffer plus casein, 0.05% w/v). The wells were rinsed with washing buffer prior to the addition of the diluted serum β ampin (0.1 ml). These were left to incubate for 1 hour at room temperature. The wells were then emptied, washed twice rapidly and then once for two minutes with washing buffer. The conjugate solution (peroxidase- labeled affinity-purified goat antibody to human IgG, 0.5 mg in 5 ml 50% glycerol) diluted with 1% w/v bovine serum albumin in washing buffer was added to each well (0.1 ml) and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. The wells were then emptied and washed five times with the washing θ buffer. The substrate solution (3,3·,5,5·tetramethylbenzidine, 8 mg per ml of DMSO) was diluted with loo volumes o.im citrate-acetate buffer (pH 5.6) containing 0.1% v/v of 30% E₂O₂ and added to each well (0.1 ml per well). After 10 minutes, the contents of each well were treated with 0.1 ml 2N H2SO4 and the optical

AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3 duplicate.

Using general procedures substantially as described above the following specific peptides were prepared: BCH-178, BCH-178 cyclic, BCH-463 and BCH-481.

These peptides were then evaluated for their ability to detect rubella-specific antibodies.

pxp«laent-l

In Experiment 1 peptides BCH-178 cyclic, DCH-463, BCH-481 and mixture of BCH-178 cyclic and BCH-463 or BCH4*1 were oompared in blioa assay» using a panel of seropositive and seronegative serum and plasma samples obtained from a variety of Canadian, US and European sources.

The results are displayed in Table 1 as a ratio of sample absorbancy to cutoff absorbancy (0.2). The value above which a cample is considered positive for tho presence of rubella antibodies was defined as being equal or superior to one (1.0) .

These results demonstrate the superiority of the mixture of BCH-481 and BCH-178 cyclic as compared to each peptides separately.

Experiment 2

In experiaent 2, a mixture of synthetic peptides (BCH-178 cyclic and BCH-481) is employed in an assay for the detection of rubella-specific antibodies. The results arc compared to those obtained with two bad ORIGINAL

ΑΡΟΟΟ 45 3 commercial viral lysate-based rubella kits (Tabl· 2a and 2b). Th· results obtained with the mixture of BCH-481 and BCH-178 cyclic are substantially equivalent to the results obtained with a viral lysate-based test (Enzygnost). Our simple peptide mixture is thus capable of replacing a more complex commercially available kit and provide the user with similar results. With the peptide mixture, there ie the added advantage of not having to run the test in parallel on a control well.

Experiment ?

In experiment 3, ve evaluated the use of mixture of the rubella antigens BCH-481 and BCH-178 cyclic to detect anti-rubella antibodies present in 476 serum samples from a pediatric hospital. The serum samples were tested with no preselection (on a routine rubella testing basis) and the results were compared to those obtained with 3 other commercial rubella kits (Abbott, Behring and Diamedix).

All the techniques were performed and results interpreted as described by their manufacturer. The Behring's Enzygnost EIA assay defines a gray zone of indeterminate reactivity. Samples which fall in the gray zone were discarded for ease of results comparison.

Table 3 displays the capacity of each technique to distinguish between positive and negative samples of 476 serum samples. It shows that results obtained wjth the peptide mixture of the present invention is in agreement with thee· obtained with three commercially available kits; correlation ranges between 97.3%, and 95%.

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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3

While we have herein before described a number of embodiments of this invention, it is apparent that our basic cone tract ions oan be altered to provide other embodiments which utilize the processes and compositions of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the claims appended hereto rather than by the specific embodiments which have been presented herein before by way of example.

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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3 i f\ r · i v »''

Ο

U.GURE 1

AMIKQ JLCIP SEQUENCE OF THE RUBELLA El GLYCOPROTEIN (Therien strain; Accession / A29822; A26884) io

		1	EEAFTYLCTA	PGCATQAPVP	VRLAGVRFES	KIVDGGCFAP	WDLEATGACI	50
		51	CEIPTDVSCE	CLCAWVPAAP	? CARIWNCTQR	ACTFWAVNAY	SSGGYAQXAS	100
		101	YFNPGGSYYK	QYHPTACEVE	PAFGHSDAAC	WGFPTDTVMS	VFALASYVQH	150
c	20	151	PKKTVRVKFH	TETRTVWQLS	? VAGVSCNVTT	EHPFCNTPHG	QLEVQVPPDP	200
		? 201 GDLVEYIMNY TGNQQSRWGL BCH-178 .......-	GSPNCHGPDW	ASPVCQRHSP	DCSRLVGATP EP2	250
		Dwfl X » vwjvXIC -iih	L__	_1
	30	251	ERPRLRLVDA DDPLLRTAPG PGEVWVTPVI GSOARKCGLH	IRAGPYGHAT	300
				EP3	EPI
		301	VEMPEWIHAH	TTSDPWHPPC	PLGLKFKTVR	PVALPRTLAP	PRNVRVTGCY	350
0		351	QCGTPALVEG	LAPGGGNCHL	TVNGEDVGAV	PPGKFVTAAL	LNTPPPYQVS	400
o	40	401	CGGESDRASA	RVIDPAAQSF	TGWYGTHTT	AVSETRQTWA	EWAAAHWWQL	450
		451	TLGATCALPL	AGLLACCAKC	LYYLRGAIAP	R.		-481-

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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3

Λ?-·/ 1,

FIGURE 2

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF THE E2 RUBELLA CLYCOPROTEIN

1 AGDQPRADMA APPTLPQPPR AHGQHYGHHH HQLPFLGHDG HHGGTLRVGQ 50

Therien BCH-463 —----------------- (Gnwr4, A29822)

TherienBCH-481 ------------------(Gnwr4, A29822)

RA27/3 BCH-933 ---MP-—-------------------— {Polt_Rubvns, P08563)

Therien ---------c------------------- (Poi«j*ubvt, P07566) ?

HYRHASDVLP GHWLQGGWGC YNLSDWHQGT HVCHTKHMDF MCVEHARPPP 100

7

101 ATPTPLTTAA NSTTAATPAT APAPCHAGLN DSCGGFLSGC GPMRLRHGAD 150

151 TRCGRLICGL STTAQYPPTR FGCAMRWGLP PWELWLTAR PEDGWTCRGV 200

201 PAHPGARCPE LVSPMGRATC SPASALWLAT ANALSLDHAL AAFVLSVPWV 250

251 LIFMVCRRAC RRR.263

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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3

IAPLE 1

SAMPLE ID	DCH178O	BCH463	BCH481	BCH178C BCH463	BCH178C BCH481
75	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.45	0.95
78	0.75	0.48	0.5	0.5	1.35
85	0.70	0.4	0.4	0.45	1.05
144	0.45	2.45	8.95	1.39	9.3
143	0.35	3.2	11.9	1.88	12.75
1025	0.3	3.74	12.35	2.45	13.05
151	0.6	1.7	6.75	1.16	6.75
1026	0.2	1.28	5.85	0.76	5.85
152	0.65	0.5	0.75	0.35	0.65
156	0.35	1.7	>14	0.66	>14
1027	0.2	1.25	>14	0.58	10.85
171	0.6	0.69	2.2	0.67	2.75
196	0.55	0.51	0.7	0.57	1.15
197	0.8	0.48	0.6	0.63	1.2
279	0.65	1.01	4.1	0.54	3.75
330	0.35	0.7	2.15	0.68	2.1
333	0.75	0.88	4.0	0.655	4.5

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TABLE 3

Other taste	BioChem Detect-Rubella E1E2 (BCH-178C+BCH-481) Negative/Positive/Agreement
Abbott Negative Positive Diaaedix Negative Positive Behring Negative Indeterminate positive	26 2 15 433 96.4% 33 5 8 430 97.3% 34 17 1 15 6 403 95%

AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3

Claims (25)

1. WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

   1. A peptide having the formula:

   5 a - Y - b, wherein:

   -Y ie a sequence of at least six amino acids taken as a block from the amino aoid sequence of the E2 glycoprotein

   10 of a «train of rubella virus that corresponds to AAjjAA37 of the E2 glycoprotein of a strain of rubella virus, which block maintains the sequence and N terminus to C terminus direction of the native amino acid sequence and analogues thereof, the analogues resulting from

   15 conservative substitutions in or modifications to the native amino acid sequence block;

   - a is selected from the group consisting of:

   (i) an amino terminus;

   20 (ii) a sequence of one to eight amino acids;

   (iii) a substituent effective to facilitate coupling; and (iv) a substituent effective to improve the immunogenic or antigenic activity of the peptide?

   and

   - b is selected from the group consisting of:

   (i) a carboxy terminus;

   30 (ii) a sequence of one to eight amino acids;

   (iii) a substituent effective to faciliate coupling;

   and (iv) a substituent effective to improve the immunogenic or antigenic activity of the peptide.

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   AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3 ο

   Ο 25

   Ο
2. 2. The peptide according to claim l, wherein said strain of rubella is tha Therien strain.
3. 3. The peptide according to claim 2, comprising BCH463 and analogues thereof.
4. 4. The peptide according to claim 2, comprising BCH481 and analogues thereof.
5. 5. The peptide according to claim 1, wherein said e

   strain is RA 27/3.
6. 6. The peptide according to claim 5, comprising BCH933 and analogues thereof..
7. 7. A mixture or combination comprising more than one peptide according to claim 1.
8. 8. A mixture or combination comprising:

   a) at least one peptide according to claim l; and

   b) at least one of any other antigen of the rubella virus.
9. 9. The mixture or combination according to claim 8, wherein said peptide of part a) is selected from the group consisting of: BCH-463, BCH-481, BCH-933, and analogues thereof.
10. 10. The mixture or coabination according to claim 9, wherein said peptide of part a) is BCH-481 or analogues thereof.

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    AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3
11. 11. Th· mixture or combination according to claim 8, wherein said peptide of part b, is a peptide of the El protein of the following formula:

    a-X-b

    5 wherein:

    - X is a sequence of at least six amino acids taken as a block from the amino acid sequence of the El glycoprotein of a strain of rubella virus that corresponds to AA₂13 10 AA₂39 of the El glycoprotein of the Therien strain of rubella virus, which block maintains the sequence and M terminus to C terminus direction of the native amino aoid sequence and analogues thereof, the analogues resulting from conservative substitutions in or modifications to

    IS the native amino acid sequence block; and

    - λ and b are as defined in claim 1.
12. 12. The mixture or combination according to claim

    20 11, wherein at least one of said peptide of El glycoprotein is peptide BCH-178 cyclic or analogues thereof.
13. 13. The mixture or combination according to claim

    25 12, wherein said peptide of part a) is BCH-481 or analogues thereof, and said peptide of part b) is BCH-178 cyclic or analogues thereof.
14. 14. The mixture or combination according to claim

    30 12, wherein the peptide of part a) is a mixture of BCH481 and BCH-933 or analogues thereof, and the peptide of part b) is BCH-178 cyclic or analogiipR thereof.
15. 15. A method for detecting the presence of

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    AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 3 antibodies to a rubella antigen in an analyte comprising the step of contacting an aliquot of the analyte with a peptido aooording to any one of claims 1 to 6 or a coabination or mixture according to any one of claim* 7 to 14.

    Γ

    Ο ²⁵ Ο
16. 16. The method according to claim IS, selected from the group consisting oft EIA, RIA, FI A, hemagglutination, latex agglutination, single-dot and multi-dot immunoassay methods.
17. 17. An antibody immunologically reactive with a peptide according to claim 1.
18. 18. The antibody according to claim 17, wherein said antibody is selected from the group consisting of: polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies.
19. 19. A mixture comprising more than one antibody according to claim 18.
20. 20. A method for detecting the presence of rubella antigens in an analyte comprising the step of contacting an aliquot of the analyte with an antibody according to claim 17.
21. 21. A pharmaceutically acceptable composition coaprising:

    a) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and

    b) at lear.t one peptide according to any one of claim l to 6, in an amount effective to raise antibodies in a mammal treated with said composition, wherein said antibodies are sufficient to protectsaid treated mammal

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    AP 0 0 0 4 5 3

    IAF-7 CIP from rubella viral infections and to prevent rubella associated arthritis.
22. 22. The composition according to claim 21, adapted 5 to treat humans.
23. 23. The composition according to claim 21, further comprising an adjuvant or enhancer of the immune response.
24. 24. The composition according to claim 21, further comprising a second antigen, said second antigen being present in an amount effective to raise antibodies sufficient to protect the treated mammal from infection

    15 by a pathogen other than rubella virus.
25. 25. A method of protecting a mammal from rubella virus infections or to prevent rubella associated arthritis, comprising the step of treating said mammal

    20 with a composition according to any one of claims 21 to