AP256A - Explosive composition. - Google Patents
Explosive composition. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AP256A AP256A APAP/P/1991/000342A AP9100342A AP256A AP 256 A AP256 A AP 256A AP 9100342 A AP9100342 A AP 9100342A AP 256 A AP256 A AP 256A
- Authority
- AP
- ARIPO
- Prior art keywords
- protein
- composition
- gas bubbles
- undenatured
- guar
- Prior art date
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 108010082495 Dietary Plant Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- WPHINMYYTFDPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-O methylazanium;nitrate Chemical group [NH3+]C.[O-][N+]([O-])=O WPHINMYYTFDPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 244000007835 Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Species 0.000 claims 4
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 46
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 30
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 11
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 244000303965 Cyamopsis psoralioides Species 0.000 description 9
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 8
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 108010000912 Egg Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102000002322 Egg Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 5
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- UCXOJWUKTTTYFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony;heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Sb].[Sb] UCXOJWUKTTTYFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- -1 halide salt Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108010088751 Albumins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000009027 Albumins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000010933 acylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005917 acylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009435 amidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007112 amidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000591 gum Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 2
- OMDQUFIYNPYJFM-XKDAHURESA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(2r,3s,4r,5s,6r)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-[(2s,3s,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1OC[C@@H]1[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)O1 OMDQUFIYNPYJFM-XKDAHURESA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCVGEOXPDFCNHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-oxazolidine-3-carboxamide Chemical compound CC1(C)OC(=O)N(C(N)=O)C1=O QCVGEOXPDFCNHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000926 Galactomannan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102000006395 Globulins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010044091 Globulins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090000942 Lactalbumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004407 Lactalbumin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000008192 Lactoglobulins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010060630 Lactoglobulins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000161 Locust bean gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102000014171 Milk Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010011756 Milk Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010058846 Ovalbumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DVARTQFDIMZBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium nitrate Chemical class [NH4+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O DVARTQFDIMZBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002817 coal dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014103 egg white Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000000969 egg white Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002314 glycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006193 liquid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000711 locust bean gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010420 locust bean gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021239 milk protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940092253 ovalbumin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003019 stabilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
- C06B23/002—Sensitisers or density reducing agents, foam stabilisers, crystal habit modifiers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
- C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Air Bags (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
Abstract
An aqueous explosive composition, particularly ta water gel explosive composition which contains chemically generated gas bubbles, contains an amount of a protein, preferably an undenatured vegetable protein, to stabilize the gas bubbles against migration and agglomeration.
Description
This invention relates to aqueous explosive compositions containing chemically generated gas bubbles which include an amount of a protein to stabilize the gas bubbles against migration and agglomeration.
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AP000256
In many aqueous explosive compositions it is necessary to provide a means of voiding in order to make the explosive sufficiently sensitive to detonation by means of conventional primers or boosters. Over the years many systems have been used to provide the necessary degree of voiding in the final product. Techniques have varied from chemical gassing or mechanical air entrainment to the addition of void containing particles to the mixture. Examples of the latter are Perlite and glass or plastic microballoons. Where chemical gassing and mechanical air entrainment are used, the coalescence of the very small bubbles into larger ones has a marked desensitizing effect, and where this method has been used in the past, a technique has been either partially or completely to solidify the mass shortly after gassing to ensure minimum migration and agglomeration of the gas bubbles. One area of particular interest is in water gel explosives where it is desirable to provide a means of stabilising void spaces against migration and agglomeration.
The following patents indicate the importance of including small gas bubbles in explosive compositions.
United States Patent No 3,400,026 to E I du Pont De Nemours & Company discloses a water bearing explosive composition containing an inorganic oxidising salt, a fuel, a thickener and water and a proteinaceous material which is soluble in the aqueous explosive composition of pH 3 to 10 and, preferably, foamable therein. The explosive composition containing this proteinaceous material is rendered soft and pliable and consistently sensitive to detonation by means of a primer at low temperatures. It is preferable that the proteinaceous material is also foamable so that the result is the incorporation of small gas bubbles in the gel structure when the mixture is sufficiently agitated thus providing further sensitivity to the explosive composition. It is stated that the proteinaceous material is any protein or protein derivative such as those obtained by hydrolysis, bad original
APO00256 amidation, acylation or other chemical reaction applied to a protein. Representative proteinaceous materials that can be used in the explosive composition include proteins, conjugated proteins and protein derivatives,
i.e. derived proteins, namely products formed by the action of heat or other physical forces or by hydrolytic agents such as denatured proteins or peptides. The preferred proteins are albumins such as ovalbumin and lactalbumin, globulins such as ovoglobulin and lactoglobulin, conjugatedproteins, such as the glycoprotein mucin, protein derivatives such as: partially hydrolized milk protein and extracted collagen derivatives.
United States Patent No 3,678,140 to Ε I Du Pont De Nemours & Company teaches passing a thickened protein-containing water-bearing blasting agent through a plurality of orifices at a pressure from about 40 to 160 psi to create a vacuum in the area where the blasting agent exits from the orifice, incorporating air or other gas in the blasting agent and, thereafter, reducing the velocity of the blasting agent to provide a foamed product. The proteinaceous material contained in the explosive is any protein or protein derivative as disclosed in US Patent No 3,400,026. The amount of proteinaceous material in the blasting agent to be formed can be varied within a wide range, generally it contains about 0.01% to 10% by weight proteinaceous material.
United States Patent No 3,582,411 to Ireco Chemicals discloses the use of a foam promoting agent, in an explosive blasting slurry, which is effective substantially to entrap and retain fine gas bubbles produced by the intimate blending of a liquid solution with a gas. The foam promoting agent contained in the explosive may comprise a small amount of gel forming thickener, a salt water foamer or a foam promoting gum such as a guar gum to which hydroxyl groups have been added by some treatment.
United States Patent No 3,886,010 to Ireco Chemicals discloses a blasting composition of the aqueous gel or slurry type employing a decomposable nitrite gassing agent and containing an oxidizer salt, fuel, water and a
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thickener as well as thiourea which is used to accelerate the decomposition of the nitrite gassing agent while concomitantly stabilizing the thickening effectiveness of the galactomannan thickener.
It is desirable for a water gel explosive to contain evenly distributed gas bubbles of an average size (diameter) in the range 10-40 microns, and to have bubbles of relatively uniform size. It has been found that mechanical air entrainment does not result in the desired fine bubble structure required to yield optimum sensitivity. However the optimum size of the bubbles and the desired distribution can be attained by selecting the appropriate pH and catalyst content, thereby controlling the rate of the chemical gassing reaction. Once generated the optimally sized bubbles have to be stabilised against migration or agglomeration. It is often necessary that the gas bubbles be sufficiently stabilised, such that neither prolonged agitation of the explosive mixture, nor prolonged standing prior to crosslinking, results in the loss of the optimal bubble dispersion.
The precise aggregate of bubbles required varies with each explosive formulation and the required function and application of the explosive. The total bubble content is inversely proportional to the density of a particular formulation. A greater requirement for sensitivity to detonation can usually be satisfied by the formulation having a lower density. However, without proper stabilisation, the lower density (i.e. greater quantity of gas bubbles) usually encourages the undesired agglomeration of the bubbles as a result of their proximity to one another, thereby reducing the sensitivity. Thus for optimum sensitivity efficient stabilisation is necessary.
It should be noted that the use of monomethylammonium nitrate (MMAN) increases the tendency of the migration and agglomeration of the gas bubbles. The use of proteinaceous material in explosive compositions including MMAN without the use of a gassing agent, allows the incorporation of very fine gas bubbles, however the use of a standard
AP Ο Ο Ο 2 5 6 turbine mixer does not allow sufficient gas incorporation for cap sensitivity, unconfined in small diameters and at low temperatures. Alternatively, the use of a nitrite gassing agent in the absence of proteinaceous material yields sufficient gas incorporation and may even attain the correct density, but it does not prevent the agglomeration and migration of said bubbles and the required sensitivity is not achieved; the density also increases with time unless the composition is immediately cross-linked, thereby also losing sensitivity with time. The use of a modified guar gum with hydroxyl groups, either with or without the use of a nitrite gassing agent, allows sufficient gas incorporation to attain the desired density, but again does not sufficiently prevent the agglomeration and migration of said bubbles, with time, to achieve cap sensitivity under the desired conditions.
Thus, the prior art has taught that in an aqueous explosive composition, a foam promoting agent or a proteinaceous material may be incorporated to entrap and retain gas bubbles produced by agitation or blending of the explosive composition or a solution thereof. The prior art has also taught the use of a nitrite gassing agent and a thiourea for the aeration of a blasting slurry. It is an object of the present invention to provide an aqueous explosive composition which contains a chemical gassing agent as well as an amount of a protein to stabilize the gas bubbles formed by the chemical gassing agent, against migration and agglomeration.
According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided the use, in an aqueous explosive composition containing chemically generated gas bubbles, of an amount of a protein to stabilize the gas bubbles against migration and agglomeration.
The aqueous explosive composition may be a water gel explosive composition.
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Thus according to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a water gel explosive composition which comprises one or more oxidizing salts at least partially dissolved in water, a fuel and a thickener and which contains chemically generated gas bubbles which is characterized in that it includes 0,03 to 0,5% by weight of the composition of a protein.
The protein is preferably an undenatured protein, more preferably an undenatured vegetable protein. Most preferably, the thickener is a bean gum, for example guar gum, and the protein is bean protein, for example guar protein.
Preferably, the water gel explosive composition of the invention contains 12% or more, more preferably 15% or more by weight of the composition of monomethylammonium nitrate (MMAN) and, as a chemical gassing agent, sodium nitrite and thiourea as a catalyst. It has been found that the addition of an amount of a protein to such a composition stabilizes the gas bubbles generated by the chemical gassing agent against migration and agglomeration sufficiently to render the composition sensitive to detonation by a standard detonator (strength No 6), unconflned, in diameters from 15 mm at temperatures from 0°C.
The crux of the invention is the use of a protein in an aqueous explosive composition to stabilize chemically generated gas bubbles contained in the composition against migration and agglomeration, so that the composition is sensitive to initiation using a standard detonator (strength No 6).
The aqueous explosive composition may be a water gel explosive composition consisting of one or more oxidizing salts partially or completely dissolved in water, one or more fuels and a thickener as well as other optional ingredients such as a metallic fuel, e.g. pigment flake aluminium, or a halide salt, as well as a plurality of gas bubbles.
AP Ο Ο Ο 2 5 6
The oxidizing salt or salts, usually comprising about 30 to 90% by weight of the total composition, can be any of the salts conventionally used in water gel explosive compositions such as alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium nitrates or perchlorates or mixtures of two or more thereof.
The fuel may be for example the nitrate or perchlorate salts of amine< Other examples are alcohols, glycols, glycerols and the like.
The thickener may be any thickener conventionally used in water gel explosive compositions such as guar gum, locust bean gum, polyacrylamide and xanthan gum.
The water gel explosive composition may also contain additional ingredients such as a metallic fuel, e.g. atomised aluminium or pigment flake aluminium, a halide salt, carbohydrates, ground rubber, coal dust and the like.
The water gel explosive composition also contains reagents designed to generate gas bubbles in situ such as sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide or preferably sodium nitrite. It may be desired to add a catalyst for the chemical gassing reaction such as urea or preferably thiourea.
The water gel explosive composition of the invention is characterised in that it also includes 0,03% to 0,5% by weight of the composition of a protein which may be any protein or protein derivative such as those obtained by hydrolysis, amidation, acylation or other chemical reaction applied to a protein. The protein which may be used in the explosive composition of the invention includes simple proteins, conjugated proteins and protein derivatives such as denatured proteins. Both animal and vegetable proteins can be used for example egg white, soya protein or guar protein.
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The preferred water gel explosive composition of the invention includes guar gum as the thickener and guar protein, preferably undenatured guar protein in an amount of 0,03% or more by weight of the total composition.
Further preferably, the water gel explosive composition of the invention contains 12% or more, preferably 15% or more by weight of the composition of MMAN as well as sodium nitrite as the gassing agent and thiourea as the catalyst. The presence of the protein in this composition stabilizes the gas bubbles against migration and agglomeration sufficiently to render the composition sensitive to detonation by a standard detonator (strength No 6), unconfined, in diameters as small as 15 mm at temperatures as low as 0°C. This is in spite of the fact that the use of MMAN increases the tendency of the migration and agglomeration of the gas bubbles. With the use of both a chemical gassing agent and a protein, large quantities of very fine gas bubbles are not only entrapped in the water gel explosive composition but stabilized as such to the extent where the explosive composition retains sensitivity even if kept un*crosslinked for prolonged periods, even greater than 24 hours. No special mixing technique or equipment need be used to result in efficient sensitisation, and any mixer which will adequately combine the reagents can be used, such as a standard turbine mixer.
The water gel explosive composition may also include a crosslinking agent.
The water gel explosive composition may be made as follows:
The one or more oxidizing salts and any soluble fuel are partially or completely dissolved in water and charged into a suitable mixer. The catalyst of the chemical gassing reaction and any additional ingredients, e.g. other fuels, are added to the mixer and agitated. The thickener and the protein are added to the mixture and the mass is allowed to develop an adequate viscosity. If it is desired, optional ingredients such as pigment flake aluminium and/or a halide salt can be added to the mixture at this stage. Thereafter, there is added to the mixture a gassing agent or
AP Ο Ο Ο 2 5 6 a solution thereof for the generation of gas bubbles in situ, followed by the addition of a crosslinking agent.
Examples of water gel explosive compositions of the invention will now be given.
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Various explosive compositions were prepared containing the components set out in the following Tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1
| Formulation No | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Ammonium Nitrate | 46.51 | 50.47 | 5325 | 3929 | 41.76 |
| Sodium Nitrate | 6.0 | 725 | 42 | 10.1 | 13.0 |
| Monomethyiammonium Nitrate | 28.95 | 24.18 | 22.46 | 23.62 | 272 |
| Atomised Aluminium | 2.84 | 1.7 | 32 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Pigment Flake Aluminium | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 12 | 0.0 |
| Ground Rubber | 0.0 | 0.91 | 1.0 | 02 | 1.4 |
| Adipic Acid | 02 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 02 | 02 |
| Thiourea | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| Guar Gum | 12 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | u |
| Guar Protein | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 1 |
| Potassium Chloride | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.0 | 0.0 |
| Sodium Chloride | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 |
| Sodium Nitrite | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.08 |
| Stearic Acid | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| Water | 14.06 | 1328 | 1328 | 10.66 | 11.88 |
| Density (gem'3) | 1.06 | 120 | 120 | 1.15 | 1.00 |
| Critical Diameter | 25 | 25 | 25 | 29 | 29 |
AP ο Ο Ο 2 5 6
TABLE 2
| Formulation No | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Ammonium Nitrate | 24.00 | 53.11 | 5923 | 43.6 | 48.7 |
| Sodium Nitrate | 26.9 | 720 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 6.4 |
| Monomethylammonium Nitrate | 26.60 | 23.51 | 17.85 | 23.51 | 24.92 |
| Atomised Aluminium | 10.00 | 1.0 | 2.02 | 0.0 | 3.0 |
| Pigment Flake Aluminium | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
| Ground Rubber | 0.0 | 120 | 2.09 | 1.0 | 0.0 |
| Adipic Acid | 02 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 02 | 02 |
| Thiourea | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
| Guar Gum | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Guar Protein | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| Calcium Carbonate | 036 | 036 | 036 | 036 | 036 |
| Sodium Chloride | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 0.0 |
| Sodium Nitrite | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
| Stearic Acid | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| Water | 10.69 | 11.57 | 1035 | 11.51 | 13.6 |
| Density (gem'3) | 130 | 120 | 120 | 1.15 | 0.95 |
| Critical Diameter | 50 | 25 | 80 | 29 | 15 == |
The critical diameter is the critical diameter for detonation at O°C with a No 6 cap in mm.
All the formulations contain 0,01% by weight of the formulation of a crosslinking agent, the active component of which is potassium pyroantimonate.
The formulations were prepared as follows:
Into a turbine mixer was placed the ammonium nitrate and the monomethyiammonium nitrate, both in solution form. Thiourea and stearic acid, where present, were added and the whole mass was agitated with cooling. At a suitable temperature the guar gum, the guar protein and the adipic acid premixed with the sodium nitrate or with solid ammonium nitrate were added. Alter allowing the guar sufficient time to thicken, the pigment aluminium and the sodium nitrite were added, followed by the ground rubber and the atomised aluminium. Sodium chloride (where it was used) was then added.
The calcium carbonate, where present, was added followed by the crosslinking agent (potassium pyroantimonate). After these were thoroughly mixed, the product was packed into plastic tubing.
The formulations Nos 1 to 10 set out above all contain guar protein as the protein material. Various explosive compositions were also prepared containing other types of protein and the components of these compositions are set out in the following Tables 3 and 4.
AP Ο Ο Ο 2 5 6
TABLE 3
| Formulation No | 11 | 12 |
| Ammonium Nitrate | 46.51 | 46.51 |
| Sodium Nitrate | 6.0 | 6.0 |
| Monomethylammonium Nitrate | 28J5 | 28.95 |
| Atomised Aluminium | 2.84 | 2.84 |
| Pigment Flake Aluminium | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Ground Rubber | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Adipic Acid | 02 | 02 |
| Thiourea | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| Guar Gum | 12 | 12 |
| Egg White Protein | 02 | 02 |
| Potassium Chloride | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Sodium Chloride | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Sodium Nitrite | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| Water | 14.06 | 14.06 |
| Density (gem'3) | 1.04 | 1.04 |
| Critical Diameter | 32 | 32 |
TABLE 4
| Formulation No | 13 | 14 |
| Ammonium Nitrate | 48.5 | 39.0 |
| Sodium Nitrate | 5.5 | 10.0 |
| Monomethylammonium Nitrate | 28.63 | 34.8 |
| Atomised Aluminium | 1J | 0.0 |
| Pigment Flake N Aluminium | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Ground Rubber | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Adipic Acid | 02 | 02 |
| Thiourea | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| Guar Gum | 12 | 0.4 |
| Egg White Protein | 02 | 025 |
| Polyacrylamide | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| Calcium Carbonate | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Sodium Nitrite | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| Water | 13.79 | 14.50 |
| Density (gem'3) | 1.04 | 1.15 |
| Critical Diameter | 25 | 32 |
Formulations 11, 13 and 14 contained powdered egg white protein or albumin while formulation 12 contained fresh egg white protein.
All the formulations contain 0,01% by weight of the formulation of a cross* linking agent, the active component of which is potassium pyroantimonate.
AP Ο 0 fl 2 5 6
The formulations were prepared as described above.
It is important to note that all the formulations 1 to 14 could be left for more than twenty four hours in an un-crosslinked state without any apparent gas bubble migration at all. This was demonstrated by the fact that the formulations retained the required density and sensitivity.
Claims (11)
- Claims:1.An aqueous explosive composition containing chemically generated gas bubbles is characterized in that it contains an amount of an undenatured protein to stabilize the gas bubbles against migration and agglomeration.
- 2.A water gel explosive composition which comprises one or more oxidising salts at least partially dissolved in water, a fuel and a thickener and which contains chemically generated gas bubbles includes 0,03 to 0,5% by weight of the composition of an undenatured protein to stabilize the gas bubbles against migration and agglomeration.
- 3.A composition according to either of claims 1 or 2 wherein the undenatured protein is an undenatured vegetable protein.
- 4.A composition according to claim 2 wherein the thickener is a bean gum and the protein is a bean protein.
- 5.A composition according to claim 4 wherein the bean gum is guar gum and the bean protein is guar protein.
- 6.A composition according to claim 5 wherein the guar protein is undenatured guar protein.AP Ο Ο Ο 2 5 6
- 7.A water gel explosive composition comprising one or more oxidizing salts at least partially dissolved in water, 12% or more by weight of the composition of monomethylammonium nitrate, optionally another fuel, a thickener, sodium nitrite as a chemical gassing agent to generate gas bubbles, and thiourea as a catalyst for the sodium nitrite includes 0,03 to 0,5% by weight of the composition of an undenatured protein.
- 8.A composition according to claim 7 which contains 15% or more by weight of the composition of monomethylammonium nitrate.
- 9.A composition according to claim 7 wherein the undenatured protein is an undenatured vegetable protein.
- 10.A composition according to claim 9 wherein the thickener is a bean gum and the protein is a bean protein.
- 11.A composition according to claim 10 wherein the bean gum is guar gum and the bean protein is guar protein.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA909892 | 1990-12-10 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AP9100342A0 AP9100342A0 (en) | 1992-01-31 |
| AP256A true AP256A (en) | 1993-05-17 |
Family
ID=25580435
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| APAP/P/1991/000342A AP256A (en) | 1990-12-10 | 1991-12-10 | Explosive composition. |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AP (1) | AP256A (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ284231B6 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE4140619A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2051183B1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2670203B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2252313B (en) |
| PL (1) | PL168530B1 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT99753A (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA919516B (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DK167938B1 (en) * | 1991-12-04 | 1994-01-03 | Ulrich Oppenhejm | TREATMENT PROVIDED WITH A DECORATION OF REFLECTIVE MATERIAL AND PROCEDURES FOR PRODUCING THEREOF |
| CN114699985B (en) * | 2022-03-31 | 2023-06-13 | 神华准格尔能源有限责任公司 | Aqueous solution configuration method, apparatus, and computer-readable storage medium |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4130449A (en) * | 1977-06-23 | 1978-12-19 | Canadian Industries Limited | Thickened aqueous slurry explosive compositions |
| DE2829559A1 (en) * | 1977-07-05 | 1979-01-25 | Canadian Ind | SLUDGE EXPLOSIVE |
| DE2826589A1 (en) * | 1978-06-19 | 1980-01-03 | Atlas Powder Co | Gel explosives sensitised with aluminium and amine nitrate - detonate at low temps. and have a high air gap sensitivity |
| GB2120228A (en) * | 1982-05-12 | 1983-11-30 | Union Explosivos Rio Tinto | Composition and process for the production of emulsion explosives |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3400026A (en) * | 1967-01-16 | 1968-09-03 | Du Pont | Thickened aqueous inorganic oxidizer salt explosive composition containing dissolvedproteinaceous material |
| US3617402A (en) * | 1968-12-24 | 1971-11-02 | Hercules Inc | Aqueous slurry blasting composition containing an aliphatic amine salt and a water soluble inorganic perchlorate |
| US3586553A (en) * | 1969-04-11 | 1971-06-22 | Du Pont | Water-bearing explosive containing proten and nitrogen-base salt |
| DE1930503A1 (en) * | 1969-06-16 | 1971-01-14 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Explosive foam |
| US3678140A (en) * | 1969-12-03 | 1972-07-18 | Du Pont | Process for foaming aqueous protein-containing blasting agents |
| US3711345A (en) * | 1970-08-18 | 1973-01-16 | Du Pont | Chemical foaming of water-bearing explosives |
| US3787254A (en) * | 1971-06-01 | 1974-01-22 | Ireco Chemicals | Explosive compositions containing calcium nitrate |
| US3886010A (en) * | 1972-07-24 | 1975-05-27 | Ireco Chemicals | Stabilized and aerated blasting slurry containing thiourea and a nitrite gassing agent |
| US4084994A (en) * | 1975-03-14 | 1978-04-18 | Dyno Industrier A.S. | Aqueous hydrocarbon oil-soluble lignosulphonate explosive composition |
| US4008110A (en) * | 1975-07-07 | 1977-02-15 | Atlas Powder Company | Water gel explosives |
| ZA76430B (en) * | 1976-01-27 | 1977-09-28 | Aeci Ltd | Improvements in and relating to explosive compositions |
| AU578460B2 (en) * | 1984-04-19 | 1988-10-27 | Ici Australia Limited | Water in oil emulsion explosives and stabilizers therefor |
| ES2009381A6 (en) * | 1987-11-18 | 1989-09-16 | Cbs Explosives | Binding additive for explosive compositions |
-
1991
- 1991-12-03 ZA ZA919516A patent/ZA919516B/en unknown
- 1991-12-10 ES ES09102753A patent/ES2051183B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-12-10 FR FR919115304A patent/FR2670203B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-12-10 CZ CS913741A patent/CZ284231B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-12-10 PL PL91292703A patent/PL168530B1/en unknown
- 1991-12-10 AP APAP/P/1991/000342A patent/AP256A/en active
- 1991-12-10 GB GB9126215A patent/GB2252313B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-12-10 PT PT99753A patent/PT99753A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-12-10 DE DE4140619A patent/DE4140619A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4130449A (en) * | 1977-06-23 | 1978-12-19 | Canadian Industries Limited | Thickened aqueous slurry explosive compositions |
| DE2829559A1 (en) * | 1977-07-05 | 1979-01-25 | Canadian Ind | SLUDGE EXPLOSIVE |
| DE2826589A1 (en) * | 1978-06-19 | 1980-01-03 | Atlas Powder Co | Gel explosives sensitised with aluminium and amine nitrate - detonate at low temps. and have a high air gap sensitivity |
| GB2120228A (en) * | 1982-05-12 | 1983-11-30 | Union Explosivos Rio Tinto | Composition and process for the production of emulsion explosives |
| DE3313246C2 (en) * | 1982-05-12 | 1988-01-07 | Union Explosivos Rio Tinto S.A., Madrid, Es |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2252313A (en) | 1992-08-05 |
| PT99753A (en) | 1993-01-29 |
| AU8892591A (en) | 1992-06-11 |
| PL168530B1 (en) | 1996-02-29 |
| DE4140619A1 (en) | 1992-06-11 |
| GB9126215D0 (en) | 1992-02-12 |
| FR2670203B1 (en) | 1994-08-05 |
| FR2670203A1 (en) | 1992-06-12 |
| PL292703A1 (en) | 1992-08-10 |
| ZA919516B (en) | 1993-06-03 |
| ES2051183A1 (en) | 1994-06-01 |
| ES2051183B1 (en) | 1994-12-01 |
| AU644497B2 (en) | 1993-12-09 |
| CZ284231B6 (en) | 1998-09-16 |
| CS374191A3 (en) | 1992-07-15 |
| AP9100342A0 (en) | 1992-01-31 |
| GB2252313B (en) | 1994-05-18 |
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