WO2024081736A2 - Compositions and methods of using cell-penetrating antibodies - Google Patents
Compositions and methods of using cell-penetrating antibodies Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2024081736A2 WO2024081736A2 PCT/US2023/076605 US2023076605W WO2024081736A2 WO 2024081736 A2 WO2024081736 A2 WO 2024081736A2 US 2023076605 W US2023076605 W US 2023076605W WO 2024081736 A2 WO2024081736 A2 WO 2024081736A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- nucleic acid
- seq
- cells
- combination
- composition
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 168
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 161
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 279
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 263
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 263
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 108
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 99
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 90
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 102100031256 Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 102100039390 Toll-like receptor 7 Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 102000027596 immune receptors Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 108091008915 immune receptors Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 101710118064 Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase Proteins 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 101000669402 Homo sapiens Toll-like receptor 7 Proteins 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 218
- 108020004414 DNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 88
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 claims description 68
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 claims description 66
- 125000003275 alpha amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000013598 vector Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 108010019670 Chimeric Antigen Receptors Proteins 0.000 claims description 46
- 210000001744 T-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 108091028043 Nucleic acid sequence Proteins 0.000 claims description 38
- 108020004459 Small interfering RNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 244000309459 oncolytic virus Species 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 229940123309 Immune checkpoint modulator Drugs 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000028993 immune response Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 102100040678 Programmed cell death protein 1 Human genes 0.000 claims description 22
- 101710089372 Programmed cell death protein 1 Proteins 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000000692 anti-sense effect Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 108091023037 Aptamer Proteins 0.000 claims description 15
- 108090000994 Catalytic RNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 15
- 102000053642 Catalytic RNA Human genes 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000003308 immunostimulating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 102000007863 pattern recognition receptors Human genes 0.000 claims description 15
- 108010089193 pattern recognition receptors Proteins 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 108091092562 ribozyme Proteins 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000013612 plasmid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 108091008324 binding proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 12
- 210000002865 immune cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 11
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 claims description 11
- 108020005004 Guide RNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000009368 gene silencing by RNA Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229940044665 STING agonist Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002679 microRNA Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 108010051109 Cell-Penetrating Peptides Proteins 0.000 claims description 6
- 102000020313 Cell-Penetrating Peptides Human genes 0.000 claims description 6
- 102100025244 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 Human genes 0.000 claims description 6
- 102000002689 Toll-like receptor Human genes 0.000 claims description 5
- 108020000411 Toll-like receptor Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 108010042407 Endonucleases Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000026350 Inborn Genetic disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000016361 genetic disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940045513 CTLA4 antagonist Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 102100031780 Endonuclease Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 108091092724 Noncoding DNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000003958 hematopoietic stem cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960005475 antiinfective agent Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002246 antineoplastic agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940127089 cytotoxic agent Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001959 radiotherapy Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 102000023732 binding proteins Human genes 0.000 claims 3
- 108010032595 Antibody Binding Sites Proteins 0.000 claims 2
- 101001007348 Arachis hypogaea Galactose-binding lectin Proteins 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002771 cell marker Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 230000008938 immune dysregulation Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 208000035473 Communicable disease Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 108091030071 RNAI Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 230000035876 healing Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 108091070501 miRNA Proteins 0.000 claims 1
- 201000006417 multiple sclerosis Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 229940124856 vaccine component Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 111
- 108091033409 CRISPR Proteins 0.000 description 78
- 108010047041 Complementarity Determining Regions Proteins 0.000 description 70
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 57
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 53
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical group 0.000 description 52
- 125000003729 nucleotide group Chemical group 0.000 description 52
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 description 51
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 48
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 48
- 239000002773 nucleotide Substances 0.000 description 45
- 102000040430 polynucleotide Human genes 0.000 description 44
- 108091033319 polynucleotide Proteins 0.000 description 44
- 239000002157 polynucleotide Substances 0.000 description 44
- -1 but not limited to Chemical class 0.000 description 43
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 43
- 108091034117 Oligonucleotide Proteins 0.000 description 42
- 238000010354 CRISPR gene editing Methods 0.000 description 39
- 238000012384 transportation and delivery Methods 0.000 description 39
- 102000037865 fusion proteins Human genes 0.000 description 38
- 108020001507 fusion proteins Proteins 0.000 description 38
- 101100519207 Mus musculus Pdcd1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 37
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 description 37
- 108030002637 Cyclic GMP-AMP synthases Proteins 0.000 description 33
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 29
- 108060003951 Immunoglobulin Proteins 0.000 description 26
- 102000018358 immunoglobulin Human genes 0.000 description 26
- NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N Guanosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)NC(N)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 24
- UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N guanine Chemical compound O=C1NC(N)=NC2=C1N=CN2 UYTPUPDQBNUYGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 24
- 102000040650 (ribonucleotides)n+m Human genes 0.000 description 23
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 22
- JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-[[5-(2-amino-6-oxo-1H-purin-9-yl)-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-5-(4-amino-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl [5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl] hydrogen phosphate Polymers Cc1cn(C2CC(OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3OP(O)(=O)OCC3OC(CC3O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)C(COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3COP(O)(=O)OC3CC(OC3CO)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3ccc(N)nc3=O)n3cc(C)c(=O)[nH]c3=O)n3cnc4c3nc(N)[nH]c4=O)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)n3cnc4c(N)ncnc34)O2)c(=O)[nH]c1=O JLCPHMBAVCMARE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 238000001415 gene therapy Methods 0.000 description 20
- 108020004705 Codon Proteins 0.000 description 19
- 238000010362 genome editing Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 18
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 18
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 18
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 18
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 17
- 102100037435 Antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I Human genes 0.000 description 16
- 108091026890 Coding region Proteins 0.000 description 16
- 101000952099 Homo sapiens Antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I Proteins 0.000 description 16
- 108010060825 Toll-Like Receptor 7 Proteins 0.000 description 16
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 16
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229940029575 guanosine Drugs 0.000 description 16
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 16
- 108091093037 Peptide nucleic acid Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000010453 CRISPR/Cas method Methods 0.000 description 14
- MIKUYHXYGGJMLM-GIMIYPNGSA-N Crotonoside Natural products C1=NC2=C(N)NC(=O)N=C2N1[C@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O MIKUYHXYGGJMLM-GIMIYPNGSA-N 0.000 description 14
- NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-guanosine Natural products C1=2NC(N)=NC(=O)C=2N=CN1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1O NYHBQMYGNKIUIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000013604 expression vector Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000013518 transcription Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000001262 western blot Methods 0.000 description 14
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 13
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 13
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 13
- 101710163270 Nuclease Proteins 0.000 description 13
- 102100024216 Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 Human genes 0.000 description 13
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 13
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000002777 nucleoside Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000019491 signal transduction Effects 0.000 description 13
- 208000032612 Glial tumor Diseases 0.000 description 12
- 206010018338 Glioma Diseases 0.000 description 12
- 102000008394 Immunoglobulin Fragments Human genes 0.000 description 12
- ISAKRJDGNUQOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Uracil Chemical compound O=C1C=CNC(=O)N1 ISAKRJDGNUQOIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 12
- OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cytosine Chemical compound NC=1C=CNC(=O)N=1 OPTASPLRGRRNAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000001086 cytosolic effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 108020003589 5' Untranslated Regions Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 102000053602 DNA Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 108010021625 Immunoglobulin Fragments Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 102100027353 Interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 108010002350 Interleukin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 11
- 102000000588 Interleukin-2 Human genes 0.000 description 11
- 238000010459 TALEN Methods 0.000 description 11
- HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N cholesterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 HVYWMOMLDIMFJA-DPAQBDIFSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000003833 nucleoside derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 241000701161 unidentified adenovirus Species 0.000 description 11
- 108020005345 3' Untranslated Regions Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 101000643024 Homo sapiens Stimulator of interferon genes protein Proteins 0.000 description 10
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-tyrosine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 102100035533 Stimulator of interferon genes protein Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 108091008874 T cell receptors Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 102000016266 T-Cell Antigen Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 108091028113 Trans-activating crRNA Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 10
- RWQNBRDOKXIBIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N thymine Chemical compound CC1=CNC(=O)NC1=O RWQNBRDOKXIBIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 102000014914 Carrier Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 9
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 241000829100 Macaca mulatta polyomavirus 1 Species 0.000 description 9
- 125000000539 amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 210000003719 b-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 229940121354 immunomodulator Drugs 0.000 description 9
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 108700030875 Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 238000012228 RNA interference-mediated gene silencing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 210000000805 cytoplasm Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 230000005782 double-strand break Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 210000003527 eukaryotic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000012642 immune effector Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 125000004573 morpholin-4-yl group Chemical group N1(CCOCC1)* 0.000 description 8
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-K thiophosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=S RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 8
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 8
- GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adenine Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2 GFFGJBXGBJISGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 108700018351 Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 101100407308 Mus musculus Pdcd1lg2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 102100024213 Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 Human genes 0.000 description 7
- RFCBNSCSPXMEBK-INFSMZHSSA-N c-GMP-AMP Chemical compound C([C@H]1O2)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]3[C@@H](O)[C@H](N4C5=NC=NC(N)=C5N=C4)O[C@@H]3COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2N1C(N=C(NC2=O)N)=C2N=C1 RFCBNSCSPXMEBK-INFSMZHSSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000034431 double-strand break repair via homologous recombination Effects 0.000 description 7
- 208000005017 glioblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 239000002502 liposome Substances 0.000 description 7
- 201000001441 melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 210000004940 nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000020382 suppression by virus of host antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 7
- KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7H-purine Chemical compound N1=CNC2=NC=NC2=C1 KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229930024421 Adenine Natural products 0.000 description 6
- 102000004127 Cytokines Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108090000695 Cytokines Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 230000007018 DNA scission Effects 0.000 description 6
- 101000914324 Homo sapiens Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 101000914321 Homo sapiens Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 7 Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 108010002586 Interleukin-7 Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 102000000704 Interleukin-7 Human genes 0.000 description 6
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-lysine Chemical compound NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241000713666 Lentivirus Species 0.000 description 6
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 108700011259 MicroRNAs Proteins 0.000 description 6
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 108010043645 Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 108020004566 Transfer RNA Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 108010017070 Zinc Finger Nucleases Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229960000643 adenine Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 6
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 230000005907 cancer growth Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- CTMZLDSMFCVUNX-VMIOUTBZSA-N cytidylyl-(3'->5')-guanosine Chemical class O=C1N=C(N)C=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O2)N2C3=C(C(N=C(N)N3)=O)N=C2)O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CTMZLDSMFCVUNX-VMIOUTBZSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229940104302 cytosine Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 210000000987 immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 229940100994 interleukin-7 Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 210000004962 mammalian cell Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000002307 prostate Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229940035893 uracil Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 108700010070 Codon Usage Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102100039498 Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 208000001490 Dengue Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 206010012310 Dengue fever Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 101000889276 Homo sapiens Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 101000914514 Homo sapiens T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N L-asparagine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 241000712079 Measles morbillivirus Species 0.000 description 5
- 108020004511 Recombinant DNA Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 description 5
- 102100027213 T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 102000008235 Toll-Like Receptor 9 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108010060818 Toll-Like Receptor 9 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 101710120037 Toxin CcdB Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 241000711975 Vesicular stomatitis virus Species 0.000 description 5
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 235000012000 cholesterol Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012217 deletion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000037430 deletion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 208000025729 dengue disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000030279 gene silencing Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001976 improved effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229940046166 oligodeoxynucleotide Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 230000002611 ovarian Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229940113082 thymine Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 102100023635 Alpha-fetoprotein Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108010074708 B7-H1 Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102100038078 CD276 antigen Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 230000004568 DNA-binding Effects 0.000 description 4
- 101710113436 GTPase KRas Proteins 0.000 description 4
- XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N Guanosine-5'-triphosphate Chemical compound C1=2NC(N)=NC(=O)C=2N=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O XKMLYUALXHKNFT-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 101000851370 Homo sapiens Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 241000725303 Human immunodeficiency virus Species 0.000 description 4
- 102000037982 Immune checkpoint proteins Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108091008036 Immune checkpoint proteins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- UGQMRVRMYYASKQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N Inosine Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(O)=C2N=C1 UGQMRVRMYYASKQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229930010555 Inosine Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 108010050904 Interferons Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 108020004684 Internal Ribosome Entry Sites Proteins 0.000 description 4
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 4
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-leucine Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 4
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-phenylalanine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 102100023727 Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 101710142315 Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 108010063954 Mucins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000048850 Neoplasm Genes Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108700019961 Neoplasm Genes Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 108091036407 Polyadenylation Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102100030086 Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108010008281 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102000007056 Recombinant Fusion Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108700008625 Reporter Genes Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 108091081024 Start codon Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 102100036856 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 241000700618 Vaccinia virus Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 4
- OIRDTQYFTABQOQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N adenosine Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O OIRDTQYFTABQOQ-KQYNXXCUSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000890 antigenic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 4
- PKFDLKSEZWEFGL-MHARETSRSA-N c-di-GMP Chemical compound C([C@H]1O2)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]3[C@@H](O)[C@H](N4C5=C(C(NC(N)=N5)=O)N=C4)O[C@@H]3COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2N1C(N=C(NC2=O)N)=C2N=C1 PKFDLKSEZWEFGL-MHARETSRSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000139 costimulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 229960003786 inosine Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000003278 mimic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 208000002761 neurofibromatosis 2 Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 208000022032 neurofibromatosis type 2 Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 229960003301 nivolumab Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 230000006780 non-homologous end joining Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229960002621 pembrolizumab Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 230000008488 polyadenylation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004055 small Interfering RNA Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 210000000952 spleen Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000001541 thymus gland Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000002103 transcriptional effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000013603 viral vector Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004475 Arginine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102100022005 B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 208000003174 Brain Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 101710185679 CD276 antigen Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101150013553 CD40 gene Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102100025221 CD70 antigen Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102100024423 Carbonic anhydrase 9 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108091007741 Chimeric antigen receptor T cells Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000709687 Coxsackievirus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000701022 Cytomegalovirus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000702421 Dependoparvovirus Species 0.000 description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102100041003 Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000711549 Hepacivirus C Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 3
- 101000897405 Homo sapiens B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101000934356 Homo sapiens CD70 antigen Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101000892862 Homo sapiens Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101001082073 Homo sapiens Interferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101001133056 Homo sapiens Mucin-1 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101001012157 Homo sapiens Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101000851376 Homo sapiens Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 208000032578 Inherited retinal disease Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 108010014726 Interferon Type I Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000002227 Interferon Type I Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102000014150 Interferons Human genes 0.000 description 3
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P L-argininium(2+) Chemical compound NC(=[NH2+])NCCC[C@H]([NH3+])C(O)=O ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-BYPYZUCNSA-P 0.000 description 3
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N L-isoleucine Chemical compound CC[C@H](C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 108060001084 Luciferase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 239000005089 Luciferase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 201000005505 Measles Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 102000018697 Membrane Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010052285 Membrane Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102100034256 Mucin-1 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 3
- 108700006140 Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000046234 Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108091007491 NSP3 Papain-like protease domains Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 206010029260 Neuroblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 3
- 108091005685 RIG-I-like receptors Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000702263 Reovirus sp. Species 0.000 description 3
- 206010039491 Sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000700584 Simplexvirus Species 0.000 description 3
- 108091027967 Small hairpin RNA Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000193996 Streptococcus pyogenes Species 0.000 description 3
- 108010073062 Transcription Activator-Like Effectors Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102100040245 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102100036857 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valine Natural products CC(C)C(N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000035508 accumulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002424 anti-apoptotic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N arginine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCCNC(N)=N ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229950002916 avelumab Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 108700000711 bcl-X Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000055104 bcl-X Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000001072 colon Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013270 controlled release Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000004443 dendritic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000008121 dextrose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- IZEKFCXSFNUWAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipyridamole Chemical compound C=12N=C(N(CCO)CCO)N=C(N3CCCCC3)C2=NC(N(CCO)CCO)=NC=1N1CCCCC1 IZEKFCXSFNUWAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229960002768 dipyridamole Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000009510 drug design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 241001493065 dsRNA viruses Species 0.000 description 3
- 229950009791 durvalumab Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000012636 effector Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000002889 endothelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 108010087914 epidermal growth factor receptor VIII Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013613 expression plasmid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000017 hydrogel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003018 immunoassay Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940072221 immunoglobulins Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 206010022000 influenza Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004068 intracellular signaling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229960005386 ipilimumab Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001325 log-rank test Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006166 lysate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010172 mouse model Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000030648 nucleus localization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000000174 oncolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000004713 phosphodiesters Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229920001481 poly(stearyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229940115272 polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002685 pulmonary effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 102000016914 ras Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010014186 ras Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 229940044551 receptor antagonist Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000002464 receptor antagonist Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000009870 specific binding Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013268 sustained release Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tyrosine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241001529453 unidentified herpesvirus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241001430294 unidentified retrovirus Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000002255 vaccination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- XRILCFTWUCUKJR-INFSMZHSSA-N 2'-3'-cGAMP Chemical compound C([C@H]([C@H]1O)O2)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]3[C@@H](O)[C@H](N4C5=NC=NC(N)=C5N=C4)O[C@@H]3COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]2N1C=NC2=C1NC(N)=NC2=O XRILCFTWUCUKJR-INFSMZHSSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ICSNLGPSRYBMBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminopyridine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=N1 ICSNLGPSRYBMBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100030310 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710163881 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- RGKBRPAAQSHTED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-oxoadenine Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC2=C1NC(=O)N2 RGKBRPAAQSHTED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000007469 Actins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010085238 Actins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229920000936 Agarose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 101710085003 Alpha-tubulin N-acetyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710085461 Alpha-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Asparagine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000023275 Autoimmune disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000711404 Avian avulavirus 1 Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100038080 B-cell receptor CD22 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100024222 B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108060000903 Beta-catenin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000015735 Beta-catenin Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 239000002126 C01EB10 - Adenosine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108700012439 CA9 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100032912 CD44 antigen Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 210000001266 CD8-positive T-lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 241001678559 COVID-19 virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 108091079001 CRISPR RNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108090000565 Capsid Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100025064 Cellular tumor antigen p53 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100023321 Ceruloplasmin Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091092236 Chimeric RNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000498849 Chlamydiales Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000033810 Choroidal dystrophy Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101800004419 Cleaved form Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091035707 Consensus sequence Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000711573 Coronaviridae Species 0.000 description 2
- 102220605874 Cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunit 2_D10A_mutation Human genes 0.000 description 2
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N D-ribofuranose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-SOOFDHNKSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010008532 Deoxyribonuclease I Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000007260 Deoxyribonuclease I Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102000001301 EGF receptor Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108060006698 EGF receptor Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004533 Endonucleases Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000709661 Enterovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000991587 Enterovirus C Species 0.000 description 2
- 108010066687 Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000018651 Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000206602 Eukaryota Species 0.000 description 2
- 108700024394 Exon Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108060002716 Exonuclease Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000272186 Falco columbarius Species 0.000 description 2
- 108010087819 Fc receptors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000009109 Fc receptors Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091006027 G proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000531123 GB virus C Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000030782 GTP binding Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091000058 GTP-Binding Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010064571 Gene mutation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108700028146 Genetic Enhancer Elements Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000053187 Glucuronidase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010060309 Glucuronidase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000941423 Grom virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 108010074032 HLA-A2 Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000025850 HLA-A2 Antigen Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710154606 Hemagglutinin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100031573 Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100034458 Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710083479 Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 homolog Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000724675 Hepatitis E virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000724709 Hepatitis delta virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000709721 Hepatovirus A Species 0.000 description 2
- 108091027305 Heteroduplex Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000884305 Homo sapiens B-cell receptor CD22 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000980825 Homo sapiens B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000868273 Homo sapiens CD44 antigen Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000777663 Homo sapiens Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001103039 Homo sapiens Inactive tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001056180 Homo sapiens Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001043807 Homo sapiens Interleukin-7 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001137987 Homo sapiens Lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000934338 Homo sapiens Myeloid cell surface antigen CD33 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001109501 Homo sapiens NKG2-D type II integral membrane protein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001103036 Homo sapiens Nuclear receptor ROR-alpha Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101001136592 Homo sapiens Prostate stem cell antigen Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000831007 Homo sapiens T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000801234 Homo sapiens Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000666896 Homo sapiens V-type immunoglobulin domain-containing suppressor of T-cell activation Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000700588 Human alphaherpesvirus 1 Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000701044 Human gammaherpesvirus 4 Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000701806 Human papillomavirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 108010054477 Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000001706 Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100039615 Inactive tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100026539 Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100026720 Interferon beta Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000467 Interferon-beta Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108090001005 Interleukin-6 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000002698 KIR Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010043610 KIR Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical compound CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N L-tryptophane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 2
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-valine Chemical compound CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000017578 LAG3 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100026517 Lamin-B1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 201000003533 Leber congenital amaurosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Leucine Natural products CC(C)CC(N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108090001030 Lipoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004895 Lipoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 206010058467 Lung neoplasm malignant Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001529936 Murinae Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100025243 Myeloid cell surface antigen CD33 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010057466 NF-kappa B Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000003945 NF-kappa B Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100022680 NKG2-D type II integral membrane protein Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710093908 Outer capsid protein VP4 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710135467 Outer capsid protein sigma-1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229940124060 PD-1 antagonist Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 201000005702 Pertussis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 101710179684 Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100023712 Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710124239 Poly(A) polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229920000776 Poly(Adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002732 Polyanhydride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 102100022019 Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 2 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Proline Natural products OC(=O)C1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102100036735 Prostate stem cell antigen Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710176177 Protein A56 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010029485 Protein Isoforms Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000001708 Protein Isoforms Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241000125945 Protoparvovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108091034057 RNA (poly(A)) Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010057163 Ribonuclease III Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000003661 Ribonuclease III Human genes 0.000 description 2
- PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N Ribose Natural products OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O PYMYPHUHKUWMLA-LMVFSUKVSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000606701 Rickettsia Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000702670 Rotavirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100038192 Serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710106944 Serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108020004682 Single-Stranded DNA Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000194017 Streptococcus Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000006044 T cell activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005867 T cell response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940126547 T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 102100024834 T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains Human genes 0.000 description 2
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Threonine Natural products CC(O)C(N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004473 Threonine Substances 0.000 description 2
- IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-XLPZGREQSA-N Thymidine Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C1 IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-XLPZGREQSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000006601 Thymidine Kinase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108020004440 Thymidine kinase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100024324 Toll-like receptor 3 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tryptophan Natural products C1=CC=C2C(CC(N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108060008682 Tumor Necrosis Factor Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100033728 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102100022153 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710165473 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101710175714 Tyrosine aminotransferase Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108091023045 Untranslated Region Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100038282 V-type immunoglobulin domain-containing suppressor of T-cell activation Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010053099 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100033177 Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 201000001408 X-linked juvenile retinoschisis 1 Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000017441 X-linked retinoschisis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101710185494 Zinc finger protein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100023597 Zinc finger protein 816 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 208000037919 acquired disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960005305 adenosine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000556 agonist Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000004279 alanine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000003295 alanine group Chemical group N[C@@H](C)C(=O)* 0.000 description 2
- HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-D-Furanose-Ribose Natural products OCC1OC(O)C(O)C1O HMFHBZSHGGEWLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000259 anti-tumor effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000001367 artery Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229960001230 asparagine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000009582 asparagine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940009098 aspartate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229960003852 atezolizumab Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002988 biodegradable polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004621 biodegradable polymer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008499 blood brain barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001218 blood-brain barrier Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004899 c-terminal region Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003855 cell nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000004663 cell proliferation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004700 cellular uptake Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000003571 choroideremia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000002759 chromosomal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000349 chromosome Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010293 colony formation assay Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010668 complexation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000562 conjugate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- PDXMFTWFFKBFIN-XPWFQUROSA-N cyclic di-AMP Chemical compound C([C@H]1O2)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]3[C@@H](O)[C@H](N4C5=NC=NC(N)=C5N=C4)O[C@@H]3COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2N1C(N=CN=C2N)=C2N=C1 PDXMFTWFFKBFIN-XPWFQUROSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cysteine Natural products SCC(N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000018417 cysteine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 2
- IUNMPGNGSSIWFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminopropylamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCCN IUNMPGNGSSIWFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012377 drug delivery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002158 endotoxin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000017188 evasion or tolerance of host immune response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 102000013165 exonuclease Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 210000003754 fetus Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000002950 fibroblast Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- IJJVMEJXYNJXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluquinconazole Chemical compound C=1C=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=1N1C(=O)C2=CC(F)=CC=C2N=C1N1C=NC=N1 IJJVMEJXYNJXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012239 gene modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012226 gene silencing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229930195712 glutamate Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000005090 green fluorescent protein Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000185 hemagglutinin Substances 0.000 description 2
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N histidine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002519 immonomodulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009169 immunotherapy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015788 innate immune response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940079322 interferon Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960000310 isoleucine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoleucine Natural products CCC(C)C(N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010052263 lamin B1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920006008 lipopolysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 201000005202 lung cancer Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000005265 lung cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 208000020816 lung neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010025135 lupus erythematosus Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000004698 lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930182817 methionine Natural products 0.000 description 2
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl undecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009126 molecular therapy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000004877 mucosa Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 201000006938 muscular dystrophy Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000009826 neoplastic cell growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000002154 non-small cell lung carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000000346 nonvolatile oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005937 nuclear translocation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000045947 parasite Species 0.000 description 2
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 2
- 210000003819 peripheral blood mononuclear cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylalanine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000026731 phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006366 phosphorylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001308 poly(aminoacid) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001610 polycaprolactone Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003259 recombinant expression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000003289 regulatory T cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 108091008146 restriction endonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 210000001525 retina Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000002207 retinal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 201000007714 retinoschisis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000000250 revascularization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000005783 single-strand break Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 201000000596 systemic lupus erythematosus Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101150047061 tag-72 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000765 toxin Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 108700012359 toxins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010044412 transitional cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000014621 translational initiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000029729 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 11 Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000003171 tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 241000701447 unidentified baculovirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000023747 urothelial carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000012646 vaccine adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940124931 vaccine adjuvant Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000004474 valine Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N α-D-glucopyranosyl-α-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-1,3-Butanediol Chemical compound CC(O)CCO PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DIGQNXIGRZPYDK-WKSCXVIASA-N (2R)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R,3S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[(2-amino-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1,5-dihydroxy-5-iminopentylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxybutylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulfanylpropylidene]amino]-1-hydroxyethylidene]amino]hexanoic acid Chemical compound C[C@@H]([C@@H](C(=N[C@@H](CS)C(=N[C@@H](C)C(=N[C@@H](CO)C(=NCC(=N[C@@H](CCC(=N)O)C(=NC(CS)C(=N[C@H]([C@H](C)O)C(=N[C@H](CS)C(=N[C@H](CO)C(=NCC(=N[C@H](CS)C(=NCC(=N[C@H](CCCCN)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)N=C([C@H](CS)N=C([C@H](CO)N=C([C@H](CO)N=C([C@H](C)N=C(CN=C([C@H](CO)N=C([C@H](CS)N=C(CN=C(C(CS)N=C(C(CC(=O)O)N=C(CN)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O DIGQNXIGRZPYDK-WKSCXVIASA-N 0.000 description 1
- DMWMUMWKGKGSNW-OPMCLZTFSA-N (2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-amino-3-[(2R)-2,3-di(hexadecanoyloxy)propyl]sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](CSC[C@H](N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(O)=O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DMWMUMWKGKGSNW-OPMCLZTFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HKZAAJSTFUZYTO-LURJTMIESA-N (2s)-2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoic acid Chemical compound NCC(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(O)=O HKZAAJSTFUZYTO-LURJTMIESA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASWBNKHCZGQVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-hexadecanoyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl) 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C ASWBNKHCZGQVJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TZCPCKNHXULUIY-RGULYWFUSA-N 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP(O)(=O)OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC TZCPCKNHXULUIY-RGULYWFUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJHCYTJNPVGSBZ-YXSASFKJSA-N 1-[4-[6-amino-5-[(Z)-methoxyiminomethyl]pyrimidin-4-yl]oxy-2-chlorophenyl]-3-ethylurea Chemical compound CCNC(=O)Nc1ccc(Oc2ncnc(N)c2\C=N/OC)cc1Cl BJHCYTJNPVGSBZ-YXSASFKJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFBJCMHMOXMLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dinitrophenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O UFBJCMHMOXMLKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PIINGYXNCHTJTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-azaniumylethylamino)acetate Chemical group NCCNCC(O)=O PIINGYXNCHTJTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUVRGYVESPRHSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-azaniumylethoxy)ethoxy]acetate Chemical compound NCCOCCOCC(O)=O RUVRGYVESPRHSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASJSAQIRZKANQN-CRCLSJGQSA-N 2-deoxy-D-ribose Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CC=O ASJSAQIRZKANQN-CRCLSJGQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOOGRGPOEVQQDX-UUOKFMHZSA-N 3',5'-cyclic GMP Chemical compound C([C@H]1O2)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2N1C(N=C(NC2=O)N)=C2N=C1 ZOOGRGPOEVQQDX-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CXURGFRDGROIKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane Chemical compound ClCC1(CCl)COC1 CXURGFRDGROIKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LKKMLIBUAXYLOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1C=C(N)N=C2C LKKMLIBUAXYLOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WEVYNIUIFUYDGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)anilino]-4-pyrimidinyl]benzamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C=2N=CN=C(NC=3C=CC(OC(F)(F)F)=CC=3)C=2)=C1 WEVYNIUIFUYDGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RHKWIGHJGOEUSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3h-imidazo[4,5-h]quinoline Chemical class C1=CN=C2C(N=CN3)=C3C=CC2=C1 RHKWIGHJGOEUSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4',6-Diamino-2-phenylindol Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=N)N)=CC=C1C1=CC2=CC=C(C(N)=N)C=C2N1 FWBHETKCLVMNFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MHCMWGPPLOSCJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-$l^{1}-azanylmorpholine Chemical compound [N]N1CCOCC1 MHCMWGPPLOSCJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108020005029 5' Flanking Region Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710163573 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- LRSASMSXMSNRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methylcytosine Chemical compound CC1=CNC(=O)N=C1N LRSASMSXMSNRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UJBCLAXPPIDQEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-prop-1-ynyl-1h-pyrimidine-2,4-dione Chemical compound CC#CC1=CNC(=O)NC1=O UJBCLAXPPIDQEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KDOPAZIWBAHVJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5h-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=NC=C2NC=CC2=N1 KDOPAZIWBAHVJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QNNARSZPGNJZIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-amino-5-prop-1-ynyl-1h-pyrimidin-2-one Chemical compound CC#CC1=CNC(=O)N=C1N QNNARSZPGNJZIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAUKGFJQZRGECT-UUOKFMHZSA-N 8-Azaadenosine Chemical compound N1=NC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O OAUKGFJQZRGECT-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100030840 AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 4B Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020005176 AU Rich Elements Proteins 0.000 description 1
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical class CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000186046 Actinomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- IPWKGIFRRBGCJO-IMJSIDKUSA-N Ala-Ser Chemical compound C[C@H]([NH3+])C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C([O-])=O IPWKGIFRRBGCJO-IMJSIDKUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000002260 Alkaline Phosphatase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004774 Alkaline Phosphatase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100032959 Alpha-actinin-4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710115256 Alpha-actinin-4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101800002011 Amphipathic peptide Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000192542 Anabaena Species 0.000 description 1
- 108700031308 Antennapedia Homeodomain Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020000948 Antisense Oligonucleotides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150019028 Antp gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000710189 Aphthovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003911 Arachis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000712892 Arenaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001533362 Astroviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000972773 Aulopiformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090001008 Avidin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100035526 B melanoma antigen 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020003591 B-Form DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000003950 B-cell lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010035053 B7-1 Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000038504 B7-1 Antigen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000193830 Bacillus <bacterium> Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000035143 Bacterial infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000606125 Bacteroides Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100021663 Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000701412 Baculoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000701513 Badnavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001533460 Barnaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000051485 Bcl-2 family Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700038897 Bcl-2 family Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000604933 Bdellovibrio Species 0.000 description 1
- DWRXFEITVBNRMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Beta-D-1-Arabinofuranosylthymine Natural products O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1C1C(O)C(O)C(CO)O1 DWRXFEITVBNRMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000702628 Birnaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010005003 Bladder cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000588807 Bordetella Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589968 Borrelia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001533462 Bromoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100031650 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100024217 CAMPATH-1 antigen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000011357 CAR T-cell therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000001902 CC Chemokines Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010040471 CC Chemokines Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100027207 CD27 antigen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010065524 CD52 Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000025721 COVID-19 Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101150018129 CSF2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150069031 CSN2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010021064 CTLA-4 Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000008203 CTLA-4 Antigen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101100005789 Caenorhabditis elegans cdk-4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000714198 Caliciviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589876 Campylobacter Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100025570 Cancer/testis antigen 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000222122 Candida albicans Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000222178 Candida tropicalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000710011 Capillovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000005623 Carcinogenesis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000009030 Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000710175 Carlavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100026548 Caspase-8 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000011727 Caspases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010076667 Caspases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000701459 Caulimovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000863012 Caulobacter Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000606161 Chlamydia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000191366 Chlorobium Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100034927 Cholecystokinin receptor type A Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100028757 Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010008761 Choriomeningitis lymphocytic Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000190831 Chromatium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001533399 Circoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710117490 Circumsporozoite protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000710151 Closterovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193403 Clostridium Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100035167 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 54 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000701520 Corticoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186216 Corynebacterium Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091029430 CpG site Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010051219 Cre recombinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000007336 Cryptococcosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000221204 Cryptococcus neoformans Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010025464 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100036252 Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010072210 Cyclophilin C Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000003883 Cystic fibrosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000702221 Cystoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100030497 Cytochrome c Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010075031 Cytochromes c Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010050685 Cytokine storm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000605056 Cytophaga Species 0.000 description 1
- LXJXRIRHZLFYRP-VKHMYHEASA-N D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Chemical compound O=C[C@H](O)COP(O)(O)=O LXJXRIRHZLFYRP-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008836 DNA modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108010008286 DNA nucleotidylexotransferase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000007023 DNA restriction-modification system Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000450599 DNA viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100029764 DNA-directed DNA/RNA polymerase mu Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000626 DNA-directed RNA polymerases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004163 DNA-directed RNA polymerases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000192093 Deinococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001533413 Deltavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000725619 Dengue virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000710827 Dengue virus 1 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000710815 Dengue virus 2 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000710872 Dengue virus 3 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000710844 Dengue virus 4 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000723672 Dianthovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004338 Dichlorodifluoromethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101100216227 Dictyostelium discoideum anapc3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen disulfide Chemical compound SS BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010059866 Drug resistance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010013801 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010069091 Dystrophin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000001039 Dystrophin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000002965 ELISA Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241001115402 Ebolavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Elaidinsaeure-aethylester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000723747 Enamovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010014596 Encephalitis Japanese B Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000224432 Entamoeba histolytica Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710204837 Envelope small membrane protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010055196 EphA2 Receptor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100030340 Ephrin type-A receptor 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100031940 Epithelial cell adhesion molecule Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000000832 Equine Encephalomyelitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000588722 Escherichia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000010834 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010037362 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100028072 Fibroblast growth factor 4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100028073 Fibroblast growth factor 5 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000380 Fibroblast growth factor 5 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000711950 Filoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010040721 Flagellin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000710781 Flaviviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589601 Francisella Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100039717 G antigen 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- QGWNDRXFNXRZMB-UUOKFMHZSA-K GDP(3-) Chemical compound C1=NC=2C(=O)NC(N)=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O QGWNDRXFNXRZMB-UUOKFMHZSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 102100039788 GTPase NRas Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100040510 Galectin-3-binding protein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710197901 Galectin-3-binding protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700007698 Genetic Terminator Regions Proteins 0.000 description 1
- CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N Gentamicin Chemical compound O1[C@H](C(C)NC)CC[C@@H](N)[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](NC)[C@@](C)(O)CO2)O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1N CEAZRRDELHUEMR-URQXQFDESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930182566 Gentamicin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- BCCRXDTUTZHDEU-VKHMYHEASA-N Gly-Ser Chemical compound NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(O)=O BCCRXDTUTZHDEU-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZWZWYGMENQVNFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerophosphorylserin Natural products OC(=O)C(N)COP(O)(=O)OCC(O)CO ZWZWYGMENQVNFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930186217 Glycolipid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 102000003886 Glycoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000288 Glycoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920002683 Glycosaminoglycan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010043121 Green Fluorescent Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004144 Green Fluorescent Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100030595 HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010035452 HLA-A1 Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010036972 HLA-A11 Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000606790 Haemophilus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000205062 Halobacterium Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000002812 Heat-Shock Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010004889 Heat-Shock Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000002250 Hematologic Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000031220 Hemophilia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009292 Hemophilia A Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000700739 Hepadnaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700721 Hepatitis B virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000005176 Hepatitis C Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000005331 Hepatitis D Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037262 Hepatitis delta Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000709715 Hepatovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000028782 Hereditary disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009889 Herpes Simplex Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007514 Herpes zoster Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000700586 Herpesviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710094396 Hexon protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000228404 Histoplasma capsulatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 101000792935 Homo sapiens AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 4B Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000874316 Homo sapiens B melanoma antigen 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000922348 Homo sapiens C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000914511 Homo sapiens CD27 antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000884279 Homo sapiens CD276 antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000856237 Homo sapiens Cancer/testis antigen 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000946804 Homo sapiens Cholecystokinin receptor type A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000916489 Homo sapiens Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000737052 Homo sapiens Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 54 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000725401 Homo sapiens Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000866749 Homo sapiens Elongation factor 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000920667 Homo sapiens Epithelial cell adhesion molecule Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001060274 Homo sapiens Fibroblast growth factor 4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000886137 Homo sapiens G antigen 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000744505 Homo sapiens GTPase NRas Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001082627 Homo sapiens HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000959820 Homo sapiens Interferon alpha-1/13 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001011382 Homo sapiens Interferon regulatory factor 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001002657 Homo sapiens Interleukin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000878605 Homo sapiens Low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000934372 Homo sapiens Macrosialin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001005728 Homo sapiens Melanoma-associated antigen 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001036406 Homo sapiens Melanoma-associated antigen C1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001057131 Homo sapiens Melanoma-associated antigen D4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000623901 Homo sapiens Mucin-16 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000610208 Homo sapiens Poly(A) polymerase gamma Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000617725 Homo sapiens Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001117312 Homo sapiens Programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000605127 Homo sapiens Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001062222 Homo sapiens Receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000591201 Homo sapiens Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001073409 Homo sapiens Retrotransposon-derived protein PEG10 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000973629 Homo sapiens Ribosome quality control complex subunit NEMF Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000824971 Homo sapiens Sperm surface protein Sp17 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000831496 Homo sapiens Toll-like receptor 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000904152 Homo sapiens Transcription factor E2F1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000671653 Homo sapiens U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 14 homolog A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000955067 Homo sapiens WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101001104102 Homo sapiens X-linked retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010070875 Human Immunodeficiency Virus tat Gene Products Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000701109 Human adenovirus 2 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000701085 Human alphaherpesvirus 3 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000701024 Human betaherpesvirus 5 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000701027 Human herpesvirus 6 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000711920 Human orthopneumovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100321817 Human parvovirus B19 (strain HV) 7.5K gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010052919 Hydroxyethylthiazole kinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010027436 Hydroxymethylpyrimidine kinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000862974 Hyphomicrobium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001533448 Hypoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010044240 IFIH1 Interferon-Induced Helicase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229940076838 Immune checkpoint inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 102000037978 Immune checkpoint receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091008028 Immune checkpoint receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000009786 Immunoglobulin Constant Regions Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010009817 Immunoglobulin Constant Regions Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000012745 Immunoglobulin Subunits Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010079585 Immunoglobulin Subunits Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010061218 Inflammation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001500351 Influenzavirus A Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001500350 Influenzavirus B Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000037984 Inhibitory immune checkpoint proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091008026 Inhibitory immune checkpoint proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020005350 Initiator Codon Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710090028 Inositol-3-phosphate synthase 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010017642 Integrin alpha2beta1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010030506 Integrin alpha6beta4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010064593 Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100037877 Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100040019 Interferon alpha-1/13 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100029843 Interferon regulatory factor 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010047761 Interferon-alpha Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000006992 Interferon-alpha Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010002352 Interleukin-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010065805 Interleukin-12 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100020793 Interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710112634 Interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000003812 Interleukin-15 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000172 Interleukin-15 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108090000978 Interleukin-4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010002616 Interleukin-5 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000015696 Interleukins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010063738 Interleukins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000701377 Iridoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150008942 J gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000005807 Japanese encephalitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000710842 Japanese encephalitis virus Species 0.000 description 1
- LEVWYRKDKASIDU-IMJSIDKUSA-N L-cystine Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)[C@@H]([NH3+])CSSC[C@H]([NH3+])C([O-])=O LEVWYRKDKASIDU-IMJSIDKUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100031413 L-dopachrome tautomerase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710093778 L-dopachrome tautomerase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- FBOZXECLQNJBKD-ZDUSSCGKSA-N L-methotrexate Chemical compound C=1N=C2N=C(N)N=C(N)C2=NC=1CN(C)C1=CC=C(C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C=C1 FBOZXECLQNJBKD-ZDUSSCGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003798 L-tyrosyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])[C@]([H])(C(=O)[*])C([H])([H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O[H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 108090001090 Lectins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004856 Lectins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000589248 Legionella Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000007764 Legionnaires' Disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000714210 Leviviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000701365 Lipothrixviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000186781 Listeria Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100038007 Low affinity immunoglobulin epsilon Fc receptor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000016604 Lyme disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010025323 Lymphomas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000015439 Lysosomal storage disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000019149 MAP kinase activity proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108040008097 MAP kinase activity proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010010995 MART-1 Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000016200 MART-1 Antigen Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010046938 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007651 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100025136 Macrosialin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010031099 Mannose Receptor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001372913 Maraba virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001115401 Marburgvirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710085938 Matrix protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100025050 Melanoma-associated antigen 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100039447 Melanoma-associated antigen C1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710127721 Membrane protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000002030 Merkel cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000003735 Mesothelin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000015 Mesothelin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010027406 Mesothelioma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000003792 Metallothionein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000157 Metallothionein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000202974 Methanobacterium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000192041 Micrococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000702318 Microviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100023123 Mucin-16 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000005647 Mumps Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000711386 Mumps virus Species 0.000 description 1
- MSFSPUZXLOGKHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Muraminsaeure Natural products OC(=O)C(C)OC1C(N)C(O)OC(CO)C1O MSFSPUZXLOGKHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000699660 Mus musculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100494762 Mus musculus Nedd9 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000204031 Mycoplasma Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000202934 Mycoplasma pneumoniae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000003505 Myosin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108060008487 Myosin Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 241000863420 Myxococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- TWOFBVMVSYSAFW-UFUGHDFUSA-N N'-(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(2R)-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=N.NC(N)=N.NCCCCNCCCN.C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 TWOFBVMVSYSAFW-UFUGHDFUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJKRXEBLWJVYJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N'-diethylethylenediamine Chemical compound CCNCCNCC CJKRXEBLWJVYJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000588653 Neisseria Species 0.000 description 1
- 229930193140 Neomycin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 108010069196 Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100027347 Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100024964 Neural cell adhesion molecule L1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010029266 Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010085839 Neurofibromin 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007517 Neurofibromin 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101100385413 Neurospora crassa (strain ATCC 24698 / 74-OR23-1A / CBS 708.71 / DSM 1257 / FGSC 987) csm-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010029350 Neurotoxicity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000605159 Nitrobacter Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000187678 Nocardia asteroides Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000043276 Oncogene Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700020796 Oncogene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000712464 Orthomyxoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000192497 Oscillatoria Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000012270 PD-1 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012668 PD-1-inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012271 PD-L1 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108060006580 PRAME Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000036673 PRAME Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241001631646 Papillomaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000711504 Paramyxoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000002606 Paramyxoviridae Infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000701945 Parvoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019483 Peanut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 101710173835 Penton protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010088535 Pep-1 peptide Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010013639 Peptidoglycan Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100024968 Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase C Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000150350 Peribunyaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000009328 Perro Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100021768 Phosphoserine aminotransferase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000709664 Picornaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000223960 Plasmodium falciparum Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000035109 Pneumococcal Infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000474 Poliomyelitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100029740 Poliovirus receptor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102100040153 Poly(A) polymerase gamma Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000805 Polyaspartic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010020346 Polyglutamic Acid Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000954 Polyglycolide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010039918 Polylysine Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920001710 Polyorthoester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000700625 Poxviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000288906 Primates Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091000054 Prion Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000029797 Prion Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000192141 Prochloron Species 0.000 description 1
- WDVSHHCDHLJJJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Proflavine Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC2=NC3=CC(N)=CC=C3C=C21 WDVSHHCDHLJJJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100038280 Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010072866 Prostate-Specific Antigen Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010067787 Proteoglycans Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000588769 Proteus <enterobacteria> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589516 Pseudomonas Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000004409 RNA Helicases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000009572 RNA Polymerase II Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010009460 RNA Polymerase II Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000014450 RNA Polymerase III Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010078067 RNA Polymerase III Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108020005067 RNA Splice Sites Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010092799 RNA-directed DNA polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000711798 Rabies lyssavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710100968 Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100029165 Receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100034089 Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000702247 Reoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710088839 Replication initiation protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000725643 Respiratory syncytial virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000007014 Retinitis pigmentosa Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100023606 Retinoic acid receptor alpha Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100035844 Retrotransposon-derived protein PEG10 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000712907 Retroviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000711931 Rhabdoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090000621 Ribonuclease P Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004167 Ribonuclease P Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100022213 Ribosome quality control complex subunit NEMF Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000606726 Rickettsia typhi Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000000705 Rift Valley Fever Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000710799 Rubella virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000315672 SARS coronavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010017324 STAT3 Transcription Factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000001712 STAT5 Transcription Factor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010029477 STAT5 Transcription Factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607142 Salmonella Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000242680 Schistosoma mansoni Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000961587 Secoviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000837158 Senecavirus A Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010034546 Serratia marcescens nuclease Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000607768 Shigella Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710173693 Short transient receptor potential channel 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710173694 Short transient receptor potential channel 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100024040 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000710960 Sindbis virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010003723 Single-Domain Antibodies Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004584 Somatomedin Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010017622 Somatomedin Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000251131 Sphyrna Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000605008 Spirillum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000589973 Spirochaeta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000191940 Staphylococcus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000027073 Stargardt disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229930182558 Sterol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 208000005718 Stomach Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000187747 Streptomyces Species 0.000 description 1
- 108091027544 Subgenomic mRNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000205101 Sulfolobus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101800001271 Surface protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010002687 Survivin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100036234 Synaptonemal complex protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710143177 Synaptonemal complex protein 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108700019889 TEL-AML1 fusion Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150031162 TM4SF1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150056647 TNFRSF4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010017842 Telomerase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010043376 Tetanus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004098 Tetracycline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102100032802 Tetraspanin-8 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000204667 Thermoplasma Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000605118 Thiobacillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090000190 Thrombin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000723873 Tobacco mosaic virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000710924 Togaviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010060752 Toll-Like Receptor 8 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010060885 Toll-like receptor 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100033110 Toll-like receptor 8 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000710915 Totiviridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010044221 Toxic encephalopathy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000223997 Toxoplasma gondii Species 0.000 description 1
- 108700009124 Transcription Initiation Site Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000040945 Transcription factor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091023040 Transcription factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100024026 Transcription factor E2F1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700019146 Transgenes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100034902 Transmembrane 4 L6 family member 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100023935 Transmembrane glycoprotein NMB Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710170091 Transmembrane glycoprotein NMB Proteins 0.000 description 1
- HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-WSWWMNSNSA-N Trehalose Natural products O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-WSWWMNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000589886 Treponema Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000224527 Trichomonas vaginalis Species 0.000 description 1
- LVTKHGUGBGNBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trp-P-1 Chemical compound N1C2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1C(C)=C(N)N=C2C LVTKHGUGBGNBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000223105 Trypanosoma brucei Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100040247 Tumor necrosis factor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000018594 Tumour necrosis factor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050007852 Tumour necrosis factor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000003425 Tyrosinase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108060008724 Tyrosinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100040099 U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 14 homolog A Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010075653 Utrophin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000011856 Utrophin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010046865 Vaccinia virus infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000700647 Variola virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010053096 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100033178 Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000251539 Vertebrata <Metazoa> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000607598 Vibrio Species 0.000 description 1
- 108020000999 Viral RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100038965 WAP four-disulfide core domain protein 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100040092 X-linked retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100036976 X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 6 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710124907 X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 6 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000006083 Xeroderma Pigmentosum Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003152 Yellow Fever Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000607734 Yersinia <bacteria> Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010084455 Zeocin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000392 Zymosan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FHHZHGZBHYYWTG-INFSMZHSSA-N [(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(2-amino-7-methyl-6-oxo-3h-purin-9-ium-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl [[[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-5-(2-amino-6-oxo-3h-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphate Chemical compound N1C(N)=NC(=O)C2=C1[N+]([C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]3[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O3)N3C4=C(C(N=C(N)N4)=O)N=C3)O)O1)O)=CN2C FHHZHGZBHYYWTG-INFSMZHSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002679 ablation Methods 0.000 description 1
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetaldehyde Diethyl Acetal Natural products CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001241 acetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001251 acridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000033289 adaptive immune response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000035181 adaptor proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091005764 adaptor proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150063416 add gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 150000003838 adenosines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012382 advanced drug delivery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002152 alkylating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000026935 allergic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007815 allergy Effects 0.000 description 1
- HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-LIZSDCNHSA-N alpha,alpha-trehalose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 HDTRYLNUVZCQOY-LIZSDCNHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010026331 alpha-Fetoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 159000000013 aluminium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960000723 ampicillin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N ampicillin Chemical compound C1([C@@H](N)C(=O)N[C@H]2[C@H]3SC([C@@H](N3C2=O)C(O)=O)(C)C)=CC=CC=C1 AVKUERGKIZMTKX-NJBDSQKTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003042 antagnostic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003172 anti-dna Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005809 anti-tumor immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000030741 antigen processing and presentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014102 antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000612 antigen-presenting cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000074 antisense oligonucleotide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012230 antisense oligonucleotides Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940027998 antiseptic and disinfectant acridine derivative Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008365 aqueous carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011717 athymic nude mouse Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229950009579 axicabtagene ciloleucel Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000022362 bacterial infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000000005 bacterial plant pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000003287 bathing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000004441 bcr-abl Fusion Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010056708 bcr-abl Fusion Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-L-thymidine Natural products O=C1NC(=O)C(C)=CN1C1OC(CO)C(O)C1 IQFYYKKMVGJFEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035587 bioadhesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000227 bioadhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008827 biological function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000001531 bladder carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006172 buffering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108010025307 buforin II Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BPKIGYQJPYCAOW-FFJTTWKXSA-I calcium;potassium;disodium;(2s)-2-hydroxypropanoate;dichloride;dihydroxide;hydrate Chemical compound O.[OH-].[OH-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[Cl-].[K+].[Ca+2].C[C@H](O)C([O-])=O BPKIGYQJPYCAOW-FFJTTWKXSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 230000036952 cancer formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002619 cancer immunotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940095731 candida albicans Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000504 carcinogenesis Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000013130 cardiovascular surgery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108020001778 catalytic domains Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001364 causal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000024245 cell differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013592 cell lysate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000005859 cell recognition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003833 cell viability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940121420 cemiplimab Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000003169 central nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- UKVZSPHYQJNTOU-IVBHRGSNSA-N chembl1240717 Chemical compound C([C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)[C@H](C)O)CC(C)C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(O)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 UKVZSPHYQJNTOU-IVBHRGSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OGEBRHQLRGFBNV-RZDIXWSQSA-N chembl2036808 Chemical class C12=NC(NCCCC)=NC=C2C(C=2C=CC(F)=CC=2)=NN1C[C@H]1CC[C@H](N)CC1 OGEBRHQLRGFBNV-RZDIXWSQSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012412 chemical coupling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003636 chemical group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 210000000038 chest Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000001840 cholesterol esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001684 chronic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010367 cloning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004186 co-expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003240 coconut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019864 coconut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001447 compensatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007891 compressed tablet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 101150055601 cops2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 210000004351 coronary vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004748 cultured cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000017763 cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960003067 cystine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 102000003675 cytokine receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010057085 cytokine receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010052015 cytokine release syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108091092330 cytoplasmic RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000007711 cytoplasmic localization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000172 cytosol Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005860 defense response to virus Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003405 delayed action preparation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000412 dendrimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000736 dendritic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Cl PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019404 dichlorodifluoromethane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001177 diphosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011180 diphosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003828 downregulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000005069 ears Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000009982 effect on human Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001163 endosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012407 engineering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940007078 entamoeba histolytica Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001952 enzyme assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N ethyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940093471 ethyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000002744 extracellular matrix Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001508 eye Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHMNJMPURVTYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Chemical compound O1C(=O)C2=CC(N=C=S)=CC=C2C21C1=CC=C(O)C=C1OC1=CC(O)=CC=C21 MHMNJMPURVTYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001943 fluorescence-activated cell sorting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108091006047 fluorescent proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000034287 fluorescent proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020005243 folate receptor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000006815 folate receptor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000005714 functional activity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010017758 gastric cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012246 gene addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003198 gene knock in Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003209 gene knockout Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007274 generation of a signal involved in cell-cell signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010353 genetic engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N glutamine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002333 glycines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000024908 graft versus host disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003102 growth factor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- RQFCJASXJCIDSX-UUOKFMHZSA-N guanosine 5'-monophosphate Chemical compound C1=2NC(N)=NC(=O)C=2N=CN1[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O RQFCJASXJCIDSX-UUOKFMHZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000006454 hepatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000283 hepatitis Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 208000005252 hepatitis A Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002672 hepatitis B Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000029570 hepatitis D virus infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000171 higher toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 210000003630 histaminocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 102000055277 human IL2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102000052622 human IL7 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 210000005260 human cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004408 hybridoma Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001600 hydrophobic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 206010020718 hyperplasia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- HOPZBJPSUKPLDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazo[4,5-h]quinolin-2-one Chemical class C1=CN=C2C3=NC(=O)N=C3C=CC2=C1 HOPZBJPSUKPLDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007124 immune defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008102 immune modulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012274 immune-checkpoint protein inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940127121 immunoconjugate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002163 immunogen Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003364 immunohistochemistry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002955 immunomodulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012744 immunostaining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960001438 immunostimulant agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003022 immunostimulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000099 in vitro assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005414 inactive ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012678 infectious agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004054 inflammatory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108010044426 integrins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000006495 integrins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229940047124 interferons Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940047122 interleukins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010255 intramuscular injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007927 intramuscular injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007912 intraperitoneal administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002601 intratumoral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000034727 intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960000318 kanamycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SBUJHOSQTJFQJX-NOAMYHISSA-N kanamycin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CN)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)[C@H](N)C[C@@H]1N SBUJHOSQTJFQJX-NOAMYHISSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930027917 kanamycin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229930182823 kanamycin A Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 108010045069 keyhole-limpet hemocyanin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000002147 killing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002605 large molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002523 lectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000265 leukocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229940121459 lisocabtagene maraleucel Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SMEROWZSTRWXGI-HVATVPOCSA-N lithocholic acid Chemical class C([C@H]1CC2)[C@H](O)CC[C@]1(C)[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H]2CC[C@H]([C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C)[C@@]2(C)CC1 SMEROWZSTRWXGI-HVATVPOCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000001419 lymphocytic choriomeningitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000003712 lysosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001868 lysosomic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002101 lytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108010051618 macrophage stimulatory lipopeptide 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000415 mammalian chromosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003071 memory t lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003936 merozoite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001394 metastastic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010061289 metastatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229960000485 methotrexate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003470 mitochondria Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002438 mitochondrial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001616 monocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003232 mucoadhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000010805 mumps infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 125000001446 muramyl group Chemical group N[C@@H](C=O)[C@@H](O[C@@H](C(=O)*)C)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO 0.000 description 1
- 231100000219 mutagenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003505 mutagenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000066 myeloid cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000009091 myxoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PUPNJSIFIXXJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(1,1,3-trioxo-1,2-benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1NC(=O)CN1S(=O)(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C1=O PUPNJSIFIXXJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHDXDNUPVVYWOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methyl-1-(2-naphthalen-1-ylsulfanylphenyl)methanamine Chemical compound CNCC1=CC=CC=C1SC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12 OHDXDNUPVVYWOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AEMBWNDIEFEPTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-tert-butyl-n-ethylnitrous amide Chemical compound CCN(N=O)C(C)(C)C AEMBWNDIEFEPTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002539 nanocarrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000822 natural killer cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006199 nebulizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004927 neomycin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007857 nested PCR Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007135 neurotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000228 neurotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 108091027963 non-coding RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000042567 non-coding RNA Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 239000012457 nonaqueous media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003835 nucleoside group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000011580 nude mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000011275 oncology therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000027450 oncoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091008819 oncoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002895 organic esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 201000008968 osteosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002638 palliative care Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000496 pancreas Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229960005489 paracetamol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008289 pathophysiological mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940121655 pd-1 inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940121656 pd-l1 inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000312 peanut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005547 pelareorep Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 108010043655 penetratin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- MCYTYTUNNNZWOK-LCLOTLQISA-N penetratin Chemical compound C([C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCCNC(N)=N)[C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(N)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MCYTYTUNNNZWOK-LCLOTLQISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000863 peptide conjugate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000014187 peptide receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010011903 peptide receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000010647 peptide synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001539 phagocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009522 phase III clinical trial Methods 0.000 description 1
- CWCMIVBLVUHDHK-ZSNHEYEWSA-N phleomycin D1 Chemical compound N([C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@H](O)C)C(=O)NCCC=1SC[C@@H](N=1)C=1SC=C(N=1)C(=O)NCCCCNC(N)=N)[C@@H](O[C@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](CO)O1)O[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](OC(N)=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1)O)C=1N=CNC=1)C(=O)C1=NC([C@H](CC(N)=O)NC[C@H](N)C(N)=O)=NC(N)=C1C CWCMIVBLVUHDHK-ZSNHEYEWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008300 phosphoramidites Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229950010773 pidilizumab Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000005134 plasmacytoid dendritic cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108010048507 poliovirus receptor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000724 poly(L-arginine) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005014 poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001306 poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002627 poly(phosphazenes) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108010011110 polyarginine Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010064470 polyaspartate Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920006149 polyester-amide block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002643 polyglutamic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000656 polylysine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000056 polyoxyethylene ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940051841 polyoxyethylene ether Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032361 posttranscriptional gene silencing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001686 pro-survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000286 proflavine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000770 proinflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002062 proliferating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000069 prophylactic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000006308 propyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZCCUUQDIBDJBTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N psoralen Chemical class C1=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=CC2=C1OC=C2 ZCCUUQDIBDJBTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005180 public health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010379 pull-down assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001397 quillaja saponaria molina bark Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011127 radiochemotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008707 rearrangement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009256 replacement therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003362 replicative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108091008726 retinoic acid receptors α Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000009410 rhabdomyosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000005404 rubella Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000019515 salmon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930182490 saponin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000007949 saponins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 108010078070 scavenger receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000014452 scavenger receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010187 selection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006152 selective media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008159 sesame oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011803 sesame oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000260 silastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003584 silencer Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000329 smooth muscle myocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229950007213 spartalizumab Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003046 sporozoite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010473 stable expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000130 stem cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000003431 steroids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003432 sterols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000003702 sterols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000011549 stomach cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003265 stomatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003319 supportive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012730 sustained-release form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007910 systemic administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940066453 tecentriq Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960002180 tetracycline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930101283 tetracycline Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000019364 tetracycline Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003522 tetracyclines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004072 thrombin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940104230 thymidine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241001147422 tick-borne encephalitis virus group Species 0.000 description 1
- 229950007137 tisagenlecleucel Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 108010078373 tisagenlecleucel Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005030 transcription termination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010361 transduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000026683 transduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001890 transfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102000035160 transmembrane proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091005703 transmembrane proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010062760 transportan Proteins 0.000 description 1
- PBKWZFANFUTEPS-CWUSWOHSSA-N transportan Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(N)=O)[C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)NC(=O)CN)[C@@H](C)O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 PBKWZFANFUTEPS-CWUSWOHSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010020589 trehalose-6-phosphate synthase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229950007217 tremelimumab Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001226 triphosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011178 triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O UNXRWKVEANCORM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004614 tumor growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000003390 tumor necrosis factor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000013042 tunel staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002525 ultrasonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003606 umbilical vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 241001515965 unidentified phage Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000010570 urinary bladder carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002485 urinary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004291 uterus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000007089 vaccinia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- XGOYIMQSIKSOBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N vadimezan Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=C(C)C(C)=C3OC2=C1CC(O)=O XGOYIMQSIKSOBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950008737 vadimezan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000019553 vascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000005166 vasculature Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000005925 vesicular stomatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108700026220 vif Genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000277 virosome Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003442 weekly effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108091005957 yellow fluorescent proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/44—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material not provided for elsewhere, e.g. haptens, metals, DNA, RNA, amino acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
- A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
- A61K39/3955—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against proteinaceous materials, e.g. enzymes, hormones, lymphokines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/2896—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against molecules with a "CD"-designation, not provided for elsewhere
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
- C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
- C07K2317/31—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency multispecific
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/60—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments
- C07K2317/62—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments comprising only variable region components
- C07K2317/622—Single chain antibody (scFv)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
- C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
- C07K2317/75—Agonist effect on antigen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
- C07K2317/77—Internalization into the cell
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/80—Immunoglobulins specific features remaining in the (producing) cell, i.e. intracellular antibodies or intrabodies
- C07K2317/82—Immunoglobulins specific features remaining in the (producing) cell, i.e. intracellular antibodies or intrabodies functional in the cytoplasm, the inner aspect of the cell membrane, the nucleus or the mitochondria
Abstract
Compositions and methods of use thereof for delivering nucleic acid cargo into cells are provided. The compositions typically include (a) a 4H2 monoclonal antibody or an antigen binding, cell-penetrating fragment thereof; a monovalent, divalent, or multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv); or a diabody; or humanized form or variant thereof, and (b) a nucleic acid cargo including, for example, a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, a functional nucleic acid, a nucleic acid encoding a functional nucleic acid, or a combination thereof. Elements (a) and (b) are typically non-covalently linked to form a complex. Compositions and methods of increasing activation of immune receptors such as cGAS and TLR7 in cells of a subject are also provided. The methods typically include administering an effective amount of a 4H2 antibody to the subject. The subject can be healthy or can have a disease or disorder such cancer or an infection.
Description
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USING CELL- PENETRATING ANTIBODIES CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.68/379,121 filed on October 11, 2022, and U.S. Provisional Application No.68/379,123 filed on October 11, 2022, the contents of each of which are specifically incorporated herein in their entireties. REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING The Sequence Listing submitted as a text file named “YU8475PCT.xml” created on October 11, 2023, and having a size of 27,711 bytes is hereby incorporated by reference pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.52(e)(5). FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention is generally related to the field of intracellular delivery of nucleic acids, for application including, but not limited to in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo gene therapy and gene editing and/or enhancing immune responses, particularly through the modulation of immune receptors, and applications thereof including, but not limited to, treatment of cancer and infections and improving vaccinations. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Gene Therapy Gene therapy includes a spectrum of applications ranging from gene replacement and knockdown for genetic or acquired diseases such as cancer, to vaccination. Viral vectors and synthetic liposomes have emerged as the vehicles of choice for many applications today, but both have limitations and risks, including complexity of production, limited packaging capacity, and unfavorable immunological features, which restrict gene therapy applications and hold back the potential for preventive gene therapy (Seow and Wood, Mol Ther.17(5): 767–777 (2009). In vivo uptake and distribution of nucleotide in cells and tissues has been observed (Huang, et al., FEBS Lett., 558(1-3):69-73 (2004)). Further,
although, for example, Nyce, et al. have shown that antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) when inhaled bind to endogenous surfactant (a lipid produced by lung cells) and are taken up by lung cells without a need for additional carrier lipids (Nyce, et al., Nature, 385:721-725 (1997)), small nucleic acids are taken up into T24 bladder carcinoma tissue culture cells (Ma, et al., Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 8:415-426 (1998)), there remains a need for improved nucleic acid transfection technology, particularly for in vivo applications. AAV9, still the viral vector typically used in people was discovered in 2003 (Robbins, “Gene therapy pioneer says the field is behind – and that delivery technology is embarrassing,” Stat, November, 2019). Thus, it is an object of the invention to provided compositions and methods of use thereof for improved delivery of nucleic acids into cells. Modulating Immune Responses GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates innate immune responses through production of the second messenger cGAMP. In turn, cGAMP activates the adaptor STING (Chen, et al., Nat Immunol (2016) 17(10):1142–9.10.1038/ni.3558). The cGAS-STING pathway not only mediates protective immune defense against infection by a large variety of DNA-containing pathogens (e.g., microbial DNA) but also detects tumor-derived DNA and generates intrinsic antitumor immunity. The STING pathway, and its role in immune modulation and cancer develop are reviewed in, for example, Corrales, et al., Cell Res (2017) 27(1):96– 108.10.1038/cr.2016; Corrales, et al., J Clin Invest (2016) 126(7):2404– 11.10.1172/JCI86892; Rivera Vargas, et al., Eur J Cancer (2017) 75:86– 97.10.1016/j.ejca.2016.1; Qiao, et al., Curr Opin Immunol (2017) 45:16– 20.10.1016/j.coi.2016.12.005; He, et al., Cancer Lett (2017) 402:203– 12.10.1016/j.canlet.2017.05.026 For example, in the tumor microenvironment, T cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, stimulated with STING agonists ex vivo produce type-I IFNs (Corrales, et al., Cell Rep (2015) 11(7):1018– 30.10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.031). By contrast, most studies indicated that
tumor cells can inhibit STING pathway activation, potentially leading to immune evasion during carcinogenesis (He, et al., Cancer Lett (2017) 402:203–12.10.1016/j.canlet.2017.05.026; Xia, et al., Cancer Res (2016) 76(22):6747–59.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-1404). For example, evidence shows that activation of the STING pathway correlates with the induction of a spontaneous antitumor T-cell response involving the expression of type-I IFN genes (Chen, et al., Nat Immunol (2016) 17(10):1142–9.10.1038/ni.3558; Barber, et al., Nat Rev Immunol (2015) 15(12):760–70.10.1038/nri3921; Woo, et al., Immunity (2014) 41(5):830–42.10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.017). Furthermore, host STING pathway is required for efficient cross-priming of tumor-Ag specific CD8+ T cells mediated by DCs (Woo, et al., Immunity (2014) 41(5):830–42.10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.017; Deng, et al., Immunity (2014) 41(5):843–52.10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.019). Based on these results, direct pharmacologic stimulation of the STING pathway has been explored as a cancer therapy. Beyond cancer, the development of STING agonists has been proposed for a number of different therapeutic purposes, including use as a vaccine adjuvant and for chronic viral or bacterial infections. With an expanding range of clinical applications, improved compositions and methods for modulating the cGAS-STING pathway and other immune response receptor signaling pathways are increasingly desirable. Thus, it is also an object of the present disclosure of the invention to provide improved compositions and methods of use thereof for increasing the activity of immune receptors such as cGAS and Pattern Recognition Receptors (PPRs) including toll-like receptors (e.g., TLR7). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Compositions and methods of use thereof for delivering nucleic acid cargo into cells are provided. The compositions typically include (a) a 4H2 monoclonal antibody or a cell-penetrating fragment thereof; a monovalent, divalent, or multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv); or a diabody;
or humanized form or variant thereof, and (b) a nucleic acid cargo including, for example, a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, a functional nucleic acid, a nucleic acid encoding a functional nucleic acid, or a combination thereof. Elements (a) and (b) are typically non-covalently linked to form a complex. Exemplary 4H2 antibodies and fragments and fusion protein thereof include those having (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1 (optionally SEQ ID NOS:2-4) in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 (optionally SEQ ID NOS:6-8); (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs selected from SEQ ID NO:1 (optionally SEQ ID NOS:2-4) in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs selected from SEQ ID NO:5 (optionally SEQ ID NOS:5- 8); (iii) a humanized forms of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain having an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; (v) a humanized form of (iv). In some embodiments, the antibody or fragment or fusion protein can be bispecific, and can, for example, include a binding sequence that targets a cell type, tissue, or organ of interest. The nucleic acid cargo can be composed of DNA, RNA, modified nucleic acids, including but not limited to, PNA, or a combination thereof. 4H2 binds to guanosine. Thus, the cargo typically includes one or more guanine nucleobases, preferably one or more guanosine nucleosides. The nucleic acid cargo is typically a functional cargo, such as a functional nucleic (e.g., an inhibitory RNA), an mRNA, or a vector, for example an expression vector. The nucleic acid cargo, including vectors, can include a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest operably linked to expression control sequence. The vector can be, for example, a plasmid. Typically the cargo is not, for example, randomly sheared or fragment genomic DNA. In some embodiments, the cargo includes or consists of a nucleic acid encoding a Cas endonuclease, a gRNA, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the cargo includes or consists of a nucleic acid encoding a chimeric antigen receptor polypeptide. In some embodiments, the cargo is a
functional nucleic acid such as antisense molecules, siRNA, microRNA (miRNA), aptamers, ribozymes, RNAi, or external guide sequences, or a nucleic acid construct encoding the same. The cargo can include or consist of a plurality of a single nucleic acid molecule, or a plurality of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more different nucleic acid molecules. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules of cargo includes or consists of nucleic acid molecules between about 1 and about 25,000 nucleobases in length. The cargo can be single stranded nucleic acids, double stranded nucleic acids, or a combination thereof. Pharmaceutical compositions including the complexes and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient are also provided. In some embodiments, the complexes are encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles. A targeting moiety, a cell-penetrating peptide, or a combination thereof can be associated with, linked, conjugated, or otherwise attached directly or indirectly to the nanoparticle. Methods of delivering nucleic acid cargo into cells by contacting the cells with an effective amount of the complexes alone or encapsulated in nanoparticles are also provided. The contacting can occur in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. In some embodiments, an effective amount of ex vivo treated cells are administered to a subject in need thereof, e.g., in an effective amount to treat one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the contacting occurs in vivo following administration to a subject in need thereof. The subject can have a disease or disorder, such as a genetic disorder or cancer. The compositions can be administered to the subject, for example by injection or infusion, in an effective amount to reduce one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder in the subject. Applications of the compositions and methods are also provided, and include, but are not limited to, gene therapy and CAR T cell manufacture/formation/therapy. Compositions and methods of increasing activation of cGAS and/or other immune receptors (e.g., Pattern Recognition Receptors such as TLR7)
in cells of a subject in need thereof are also provided. The methods typically include administering an effective amount of a 4H2 antibody to the subject. Exemplary 4H2 antibody forms include, but are not limited to, intact monoclonal antibodies and cell-penetrating fragments thereof, such as monovalent, divalent, or multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv), diabodies, etc. The antibody can be humanized form, chimeric form, or variant thereof. Exemplary 4H2 antibodies and fragments and fusion protein thereof include, e.g., those having (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1 (optionally SEQ ID NOS:2-4) in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 (optionally SEQ ID NOS:6-8); (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs selected from SEQ ID NO:1 (optionally SEQ ID NOS:2-4) in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs selected from SEQ ID NO:5 (optionally SEQ ID NOS:5-8); (iii) a humanized forms of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain having an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain having an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; (v) a humanized form of (iv). In some embodiments, the subject has cancer or an infection. In some embodiments, the subject does not have cancer. Thus, method of treating subjects for cancer and infections are also provided. In some embodiments, the subject is a healthy subject. In some embodiments, the compositions and/or the methods include administering the subject, an additional agent. In some embodiments, the additional agent is a nucleic acid cargo, an immunostimulatory nucleic acid, one or more vaccine components, an immune checkpoint modulator that induces, increases, or enhances an immune response, and a combination thereof. In a particular embodiment, a method of treating cancer or an infection includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the combination of a 4H2 antibody and an immune checkpoint modulator that induces, increases, or enhances an immune response.
Immune checkpoint modulator typically induces an immune response against the cancer or infection. The immune checkpoint modulator can, for example, reduces an immune inhibitory pathway such as the PD-1 pathway. Thus, the modulator can be a PD-1 antagonist, PD-1 ligand antagonist, or CTLA4 antagonist. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint modulator increases an immune activating pathway. The immune checkpoint modulator can be, for example, a small molecule, an antibody, a CAR-T cell, or an oncolytic virus. In another particular embodiment, a method of treating cancer or an infection includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the combination of a 4H2 monoclonal antibody and an immunostimulatory nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the immunostimulatory nucleic acid is a STING agonist. In another particular embodiment, a method of vaccinating a subject includes administrating the subject a 4H2 antibody and one or more vaccine components. The one or more vaccine components can include, for example, an antigen, a nucleic acid encoding an antigen, an adjuvant, a nucleic acid encoding an adjuvant, or a combination thereof. The antigen can be derived from, for example, a bacteria or virus. In some embodiments, administration of the combination 4H2 and additional agent to the subject results in an additive or a more than additive increase in immune response and/or reduction in one or more symptoms of cancer or infection compared to that achieved by administering either one alone in the absence of the other. In some embodiments, 4H2 antibody is administered to the subject 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, or 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or any combination thereof prior to administration of the additional agent. In other embodiments, the additional agent is administered to the subject 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, or 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or any combination thereof prior to administration of 4H2 antibody.
Any of the methods can further therapeutic agents or interventions such as chemotherapeutic agents, anti-infective agents, surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination thereof. A nucleic acid cargo or nucleotide, nucleoside, or nucleobase may increase cell penetration and/or activation of cGAS, and/or another Pattern Recognition Receptor such TLR7, by 4H2 antibody. Thus, any of the disclosed compositions and methods can further include a nucleic acid cargo or nucleotide, nucleoside, or nucleobase cargo. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid cargo or nucleotide, nucleoside, or nucleobase cargo is the additional agent. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid cargo or nucleotide, nucleoside, or nucleobase cargo is not the additional agent (i.e., is administered in further combination with the additional agent). In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid cargo or nucleotide, nucleoside, or nucleobase cargo is in a complex with the 4H2 antibody. In preferred embodiments, the nucleic acid cargo or nucleotide, nucleoside, or nucleobase cargo contains guanine or guanosine and is in a complex with the 4H2 antibody. The nucleic acid cargo can be composed of, for example, DNA, RNA, PNA, phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO), or other modified nucleic acids, nucleic acid analogs, or modified nucleotide, nucleoside, or nucleobase analogs, or a combination thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figures 1A-1C show 4H2 is a DP-sensitive, cell-penetrating anti- GUO autoantibody. Figure 1A is an image showing lysates of Cal12T cells treated with 0-1 mg/mL 4H2 for 24 hours analyzed by western blot probed with primary actin antibody for loading control and an anti-mouse secondary antibody to detect the actin primary and 4H2 (both murine).4H2 HC and LC ran at their expected MWs, showing the antibody is not significantly degraded 24 hours after cellular penetration. Figure 1B is an image showing lysates of Cal12T cells treated with control media, IgG control, or 4H2 for 24 hours were analyzed by total and pERK1/2 western blot. IgG control had no effect on total or pERK1/2, while 4H2 reduced pERK1/2 but not total ERK1/2. Figure 1C is a dot plot showing ImageJ quantification of 4H2
fluorescence in Cal12T cells (cellular penetration) with or without DP treatment. Figures 2A-2D show 4H2 penetrates glioma cells in a GUO- responsive manner and crosses a transwell model of the BBB. Figures 2A- 2C are plots showing the effect of supplementation of cell media with ADE or GUO on efficiency of cellular penetration into GSCs evaluated by ImageJ quantification of DX1 or 4H2 fluorescence signal. ADE enhanced DX1 penetration (Fig.2A) but had no effect on 4H2 (Fig.2B). GUO significantly enhanced 4H2 cellular penetration (Fig.2C). Figure 2D is a graph showing the results of a transwell model of the BBB using hCMEC/D3 BECs and NHAs used to evaluate 4H2 transit across the barrier from apical to basolateral chambers.4H2 crossed the barrier, and transport was suppressed by the nucleoside transport inhibitor DP. Figures 3A-3B show 4H2 localizes to orthotopic brain tumor and prolongs survival in GBM models. Figure 3A is a Kaplan-Meier survival plot of mice with GSC-derived orthotopic GBM tumors treated with IgG control (N=4) or 4H2 (N=5).4H2 increased median survival by 66% compared to mice treated with IgG control (**P<0.01, log-rank test), and survival to study completion was 40% in the group treated with 4H2 and 0% in the IgG control group. Figure 3B is a Kaplan-Meier survival plot of mice with GL261-derived orthotopic GBM tumors treated with IgG control (N=6), 4H2 (N=6), anti-PD1 (N=6), anti-PD1 + IgG control (N=7), or anti-PD1 + 4H2 (N=7).4H2 increased median survival 32% compared to IgG control (*P=0.03, log-rank test) and when combined with anti-PD1 increased median survival by 50% compared to anti-PD1 + IgG control (*P=0.02, log-rank test).4H2 alone or 4H2 + anti-PD1 yielded 33% and 29% survival to study completion, respectively, compared to 0% in all other groups. Figure 4A is a bar graph showing quantification of TUNEL staining by ImageJ showing a relative fold increase in TUNEL signal of 4.5±0.6 in mice treated with 4H2 compared to IgG control (**P<0.01). Figure 4B is a bar graph showing relative CD8 cell counts per high power field (HPF) based on ani-CD8 immunostaining of sections from GBM brain tumors in
mice after treatment with IgG control or 4H2.4H2 increased CD8 content in tumors by ~53%, with relative counts of 1.53±0.15 in 4H2-treated mice compared to 1.00±0.04 in mice treated with IgG control (*P<0.03). These data demonstrate 4H2-mediated stimulation of T-cell infiltration into the GBM tumors. Figures 4C and 4D show 4H2 does not improve survival in an immunodeficient orthotopic GBM model. Kaplan-Meier survival plots of athymic nude mice with PPQ orthotopic GBM brain tumors treated with once (Fig.4C) or twice weekly (Fig.4D) cycles of IgG control (N=4 and 6, respectively) or 4H2 (N=4 and 6, respectively) are shown.4H2 did not significantly impact median survival compared to IgG control in this immunodeficient model, demonstrating the importance of a functional immune system to the 4H2 effect on survival. Figures 5A-5D are images of western blots showing 4H2 binds cGAS. Antibody content and bound proteins were isolated from IgG control or 4H2-treated GSCs using protein G beads. Western blots of input and protein G pulldown were probed for the G-proteins Ras and cGAS. No binding by IgG control or 4H2 to Ras was observed (Figure 5A), but 4H2 showed an apparent association with cGAS that was greater than background signal detected with IgG control (Figure 5B). Purified cGAS ± nucleic acid was incubated with IgG control or 4H2, and antibodies and bound protein then pulled down by protein G.4H2 showed greater binding to cGAS compared to background IgG control binding. Presence of nucleic acid reduced 4H2 binding to cGAS but did not impact nonspecific association of IgG control and cGAS (Figure 5C). Equivalent IgG control and 4H2 content in pulldown samples was confirmed by anti-IgG western blot (Figure 5D). Figures 5E and 5G are images of western blots and Figure 5F is a bar graph showing 4H2 interacts with cGAS in a nucleic acid dependent manner. Purified recombinant cGAS was incubated with IgG control or 4H2 +/- nuclease (benzonase). Antibodies and bound protein were then isolated over protein G beads, and cGAS pulldown visualized by western blot and quantified by ImageJ. In the absence of nuclease, 4H2 interaction with cGAS was demonstrated by an increase in cGAS pulldown of ~6-fold compared to
IgG control (***P<0.001), while addition of nuclease eliminated this interaction. Figures 6A-6D show 4H2 enhances cGAS activity. Figure 6A is a line graph showing 4H2 causes a dose-dependent increase in cGAS activity. cGAS activity was assayed by measuring relative production of cGAMP from ATP and GTP in the presence of IgG control or 4H2. Figure 6B is an image of blot showing 4H2 induces nuclear translocation of NF-kB in GSCs. Cytoplasmic and nuclear contents of GSCs treated with IgG control or 4H2 were separated and analyzed by western blot probed NF-kB and Lamin B1 for loading control. GSCs transfected with control or cGAS siRNA were treated with IgG control or 4H2. Figure 6C is an image of a cGAS western blot confirming successful knockdown. Figure 6D is a line graph showing the results of a colony formation assay demonstrating cGAS-dependent toxicity of 4H2 to the GSCs. Figure 6E is a bar graph showing 4H2 induces nuclear translocation of NF-ĸB. Cytoplasmic and nuclear contents of PPQ cells treated with IgG control or 4H2 were analyzed by western blot probed for NF-ĸB, and Lamin B1 for loading control. Relative NF-ĸB nuclear content was quantified by ImageJ.4H2 increased relative nuclear NF-ĸB by a factor of 2.2±0.2 (*P<0.05). Figure 6F is a bar graph showing surviving fractions determined by colony formation assays in Cal12T lung cancer cells (D) transfected with control or cGAS siRNA and treated with IgG control or 4H2 demonstrated cGAS-dependent toxicity of 4H2. (*P<0.05). Figures 7A-7B show 4H2 binds DNA and RNA. Figure 7A is an image showing binding by 4H2 to circular and linearized pcDNA3 plasmid DNA evaluated by 1% agarose EMSA.4H2 but not IgG control shifted both forms of DNA consistent with binding. Figure 7B is an image showing binding by 4H2 to total and mRNA evaluated by 1% agarose EMSA.4H2 but not IgG control shifted both forms of RNA consistent with binding. Figures 8A-8B are bar graphs showing 4H2 delivers DNA and mRNA to glioma cells. pGL4.13 (luc2/SV40) complexed with DX1 or 4H2 was added to U87 glioma cells, and luciferase activity assayed 24 hours later (Figure 8A). Luc mRNA complexed with DX1 or 4H2 or encapsulated into
MC3-LNP lipid nanoparticles was added to U87 glioma cells, and luciferase activity assayed 24 hours later (Figure 8B). Figures 9A-9B are images showing 4H2 mediates local gene therapy in the CNS.4H2/Cre mRNA was injected into the brain of Ai9 Cre reporter mice, and Cre recombinase activity evaluated by RFP fluorescence twenty- four hours later. RFP signal was visualized in the local area of the injection track (Fig.9A). Ai9 Cre reporter mice treated with intraocular injection of 4H2/Cre mRNA were evaluated for RFP signal after twenty-four hours. RFP signal visualized in the retina demonstrated 4H2-mediated retinal gene therapy (Fig.9B). Figures 10A-10B are images showing 4H2 delivers mRNA in vivo. Nude mice bearing H358 flank tumors received a single intratumoral injection of a mixture of DX1 or 4H2 with Luc mRNA (w/w = 3). Luc expression was evaluated by IVIS at 6, 24, and 72 hours.4H2/Luc mRNA successfully mediated Luc expression, while minimal signal was detected in tumors injected with DX1/Luc mRNA (Fig.10A). C57/BL6 mice received intramuscular injection of 4H2/Luc mRNA (left quadriceps w/w = 3, right quadriceps w/w =1). Luc expression was evaluated by IVIS at 6 and 24 hours.4H2/Luc mRNA successfully mediated Luc expression (Fig.10B). Figures 11A-11B are a series of representative IVIS images (Fig. 11A) and a corresponding bar graph (Fig.11B) of luminescence for untreated mice, and mice treated with 4H2 only, 4H2+NF2 DNA, or 4H2+NF2 mRNA in a luciferase-expressing HEI193 xenograph model. Figure 12A is a schematic showing design of the 4H2-CD5 bispecific antibody. Figures 12B and 12C are a series of representative FACS plots (Fig.12B) and corresponding bar graph (Fig.12C) showing expression of DeRed tumor cells isolated from a Ai9 mouse model bearing MC38 tumors. Figures 13A and 13B are an image of western blot and corresponding graph (determined by ImageJ) showing the results of cell lysates from glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) treated with IgG control or 4H2 and probed for TLR7. Figure 13C is an image of a western blot. Antibodies
and bound proteins were pulled down from lysates of GSCs treated with IgG control or 4H2 by protein G beads and then analyzed for TLR7 western blot. Blot is representative of two independent experiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Definitions As used herein, the term “single chain Fv” or “scFv” as used herein means a single chain variable fragment that includes a light chain variable region (VL) and a heavy chain variable region (VH) in a single polypeptide chain joined by a linker which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding (i.e., for the VH and VL of the single polypeptide chain to associate with one another to form a Fv). The VL and VH regions may be derived from the parent antibody or may be chemically or recombinantly synthesized. As used herein, the term “variable region” is intended to distinguish such domain of the immunoglobulin from domains that are broadly shared by antibodies (such as an antibody Fc domain). The variable region includes a “hypervariable region” whose residues are responsible for antigen binding. The hypervariable region includes amino acid residues from a “Complementarity Determining Region” or “CDR” (i.e., typically at approximately residues 24-34 (L1), 50-56 (L2) and 89-97 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and at approximately residues 27-35 (H1), 50-65 (H2) and 95-102 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain; Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. (1991)) and/or those residues from a “hypervariable loop” (i.e., residues 26-32 (L1), 50-52 (L2) and 91-96 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and 26-32 (H1), 53-55 (H2) and 96- 101 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain; Chothia and Lesk, 1987, J. Mol. Biol.196:901-917). As used herein, the term “Framework Region” or “FR” residues are those variable domain residues other than the hypervariable region residues as herein defined.
As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to natural or synthetic antibodies that bind a target antigen. The term includes polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In addition to intact immunoglobulin molecules, also included in the term “antibodies” are binding proteins, fragments, and polymers of those immunoglobulin molecules, and human or humanized versions of immunoglobulin molecules that bind the target antigen. As used herein, the term “cell-penetrating antibody” refers to an immunoglobulin protein, fragment, variant thereof, or fusion protein based thereon that is transported into the cytoplasm of living mammalian cells. As used herein, the term “cell-penetrating anti-guanosine antibody” refers to an antibody, or antigen binding fragment or molecule thereof that is transported into the cytoplasm of living mammalian cells and binds to guanosine. In some embodiments, the antibody is transported into the cytoplasm of the cells without the aid of a carrier or conjugate. In other embodiments, the antibody is conjugated to a cell-penetrating moiety, such as a cell penetrating peptide. In addition to intact immunoglobulin molecules, also included in the term “antibodies” are fragments, binding proteins, and polymers of immunoglobulin molecules, chimeric antibodies containing sequences from more than one species, class, or subclass of immunoglobulin, such as human or humanized antibodies, and recombinant proteins containing a least the idiotype of an immunoglobulin that specifically binds DNA. The antibodies can be tested for their desired activity using the in vitro assays described herein, or by analogous methods, after which their in vivo therapeutic activities are tested according to known clinical testing methods. As used herein, the term “variant” refers to a polypeptide or polynucleotide that differs from a reference polypeptide or polynucleotide, but retains essential properties. A typical variant of a polypeptide differs in amino acid sequence from another, reference polypeptide. Generally, differences are limited so that the sequences of the reference polypeptide and the variant are closely similar overall and, in many regions, identical. A variant and reference polypeptide may differ in amino acid sequence by one
or more modifications (e.g., substitutions, additions, and/or deletions). A substituted or inserted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code. A variant of a polypeptide may be naturally occurring such as an allelic variant, or it may be a variant that is not known to occur naturally. Modifications and changes can be made in the structure of the polypeptides of in disclosure and still obtain a molecule having similar characteristics as the polypeptide (e.g., a conservative amino acid substitution). For example, certain amino acids can be substituted for other amino acids in a sequence without appreciable loss of activity. Because it is the interactive capacity and nature of a polypeptide that defines that polypeptide’s biological functional activity, certain amino acid sequence substitutions can be made in a polypeptide sequence and nevertheless obtain a polypeptide with like properties. In making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids can be considered. The importance of the hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biologic function on a polypeptide is generally understood in the art. It is known that certain amino acids can be substituted for other amino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score and still result in a polypeptide with similar biological activity. Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics. Those indices are: isoleucine (+4.5); valine (+4.2); leucine (+3.8); phenylalanine (+2.8); cysteine/cystine (+2.5); methionine (+1.9); alanine (+1.8); glycine (-0.4); threonine (-0.7); serine (-0.8); tryptophan (-0.9); tyrosine (-1.3); proline (-1.6); histidine (-3.2); glutamate (- 3.5); glutamine (-3.5); aspartate (-3.5); asparagine (-3.5); lysine (-3.9); and arginine (-4.5). It is believed that the relative hydropathic character of the amino acid determines the secondary structure of the resultant polypeptide, which in turn defines the interaction of the polypeptide with other molecules, such as enzymes, substrates, receptors, antibodies, antigens, and cofactors. It is known in the art that an amino acid can be substituted by another amino acid
having a similar hydropathic index and still obtain a functionally equivalent polypeptide. In such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydropathic indices are within ± 2 is preferred, those within ± 1 are particularly preferred, and those within ± 0.5 are even more particularly preferred. Substitution of like amino acids can also be made on the basis of hydrophilicity, particularly where the biological functional equivalent polypeptide or peptide thereby created is intended for use in immunological embodiments. The following hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartate (+3.0 ± 1); glutamate (+3.0 ± 1); serine (+0.3); asparagine (+0.2); glutamnine (+0.2); glycine (0); proline (-0.5 ± 1); threonine (-0.4); alanine (-0.5); histidine (- 0.5); cysteine (-1.0); methionine (-1.3); valine (-1.5); leucine (-1.8); isoleucine (-1.8); tyrosine (-2.3); phenylalanine (-2.5); tryptophan (-3.4). It is understood that an amino acid can be substituted for another having a similar hydrophilicity value and still obtain a biologically equivalent, and in particular, an immunologically equivalent polypeptide. In such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values are within ± 2 is preferred, those within ± 1 are particularly preferred, and those within ± 0.5 are even more particularly preferred. As outlined above, amino acid substitutions are generally based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and the like. Exemplary substitutions that take various of the foregoing characteristics into consideration are well known to those of skill in the art and include (original residue: exemplary substitution): (Ala: Gly, Ser), (Arg: Lys), (Asn: Gln, His), (Asp: Glu, Cys, Ser), (Gln: Asn), (Glu: Asp), (Gly: Ala), (His: Asn, Gln), (Ile: Leu, Val), (Leu: Ile, Val), (Lys: Arg), (Met: Leu, Tyr), (Ser: Thr), (Thr: Ser), (Tip: Tyr), (Tyr: Trp, Phe), and (Val: Ile, Leu). Embodiments of this disclosure thus contemplate functional or biological equivalents of a polypeptide as set forth above. In particular, embodiments of the polypeptides can include variants having about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%,
95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more sequence identity to the polypeptide of interest. As used herein, the term “percent (%) sequence identity” is defined as the percentage of nucleotides or amino acids in a candidate sequence that are identical with the nucleotides or amino acids in a reference nucleic acid sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN, ALIGN-2 or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full- length of the sequences being compared can be determined by known methods. As used herein, the term “specifically binds” refers to the binding of an antibody to its cognate antigen (for example, guanosine) while not significantly binding to other antigens. Specific binding of an antibody to a target under such conditions requires the antibody be selected for its specificity to the target. A variety of immunoassay formats may be used to select antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a particular protein. For example, solid-phase ELISA immunoassays are routinely used to select monoclonal antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a protein. See, e.g., Harlow and Lane (1988) Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York, for a description of immunoassay formats and conditions that can be used to determine specific immunoreactivity. Preferably, an antibody “specifically binds” to an antigen with an affinity constant (Ka) greater than about 105 mol–1 (e.g., 106 mol–1, 107 mol–1, 108 mol–1, 109 mol–1, 1010 mol–1, 1011 mol–1, and 1012 mol–1 or more) with that second molecule. As used herein, the term “monoclonal antibody” or “MAb” refers to an antibody obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies within the population are identical
except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in a small subset of the antibody molecules. As used herein, the term “subject” means any individual who is the target of administration. The subject can be a vertebrate, for example, a mammal. Thus, the subject can be a human. The term does not denote a particular age or sex. As used herein, the term “effective amount” means that the amount of the composition used is of sufficient quantity to ameliorate one or more causes or symptoms of a disease or disorder. Such amelioration only requires a reduction or alteration, not necessarily elimination. The precise dosage will vary according to a variety of factors such as subject-dependent variables (e.g., age, immune system health, etc.), the disease or disorder being treated, as well as the route of administration and the pharmacokinetics of the agent being administered. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a material that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may be administered to a subject without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition in which it is contained. As used herein, the term “carrier” or “excipient” refers to an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic inactive ingredient in a formulation, with which one or more active ingredients are combined. The carrier or excipient would naturally be selected to minimize any degradation of the active ingredient and to minimize any adverse side effects in the subject, as would be well known to one of skill in the art. As used herein, the term “treat” refers to the medical management of a patient with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder. This term includes active treatment, that is, treatment directed specifically toward the improvement of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, and also includes causal treatment, that is, treatment directed toward removal of the cause of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder. In addition, this term includes palliative
treatment, that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disease, pathological condition, or disorder; preventative treatment, that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially or completely inhibiting the development of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder; and supportive treatment, that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder. As used herein, “targeting moiety” is a substance which can direct a particle or molecule to a receptor site on a selected cell or tissue type, can serve as an attachment molecule, or serve to couple or attach another molecule. As used herein, “direct” refers to causing a molecule to preferentially attach to a selected cell or tissue type. This can be used to direct cellular materials, molecules, or drugs, as discussed below. As used herein, the term “inhibit” or “reduce” means to decrease an activity, response, condition, disease, or other biological parameter. This can include, but is not limited to, the complete ablation of the activity, response, condition, or disease. This may also include, for example, a 10% reduction in the activity, response, condition, or disease as compared to the native or control level. Thus, the reduction can be a 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100%, or any amount of reduction in between as compared to native or control levels. As used herein, a “fusion protein” refers to a polypeptide formed by the joining of two or more polypeptides through a peptide bond formed between the amino terminus of one polypeptide and the carboxyl terminus of another polypeptide. The fusion protein can be formed by the chemical coupling of the constituent polypeptides or it can be expressed as a single polypeptide from a nucleic acid sequence encoding the single contiguous fusion protein. A single chain fusion protein is a fusion protein having a single contiguous polypeptide backbone. Fusion proteins can be prepared using conventional techniques in molecular biology to join the two genes in frame into a single nucleic acid sequence, and then expressing the nucleic
acid in an appropriate host cell under conditions in which the fusion protein is produced. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. Use of the term “about” is intended to describe values either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/- 10%; in other embodiments the values may range in value either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/- 5%; in other embodiments the values may range in value either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/- 2%; in other embodiments the values may range in value either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/- 1%. The preceding ranges are intended to be made clear by context, and no further limitation is implied. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the embodiments and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the embodiments unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. Disclosed are materials, compositions, and components that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are products of the disclosed method and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a ligand is disclosed and discussed and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of molecules including the ligand are discussed, each and every combination and permutation of ligand and the modifications that are
possible are specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combination molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited, each is individually and collectively contemplated. Thus, in this example, each of the combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Further, each of the materials, compositions, components, etc. contemplated and disclosed as above can also be specifically and independently included or excluded from any group, subgroup, list, set, etc. of such materials. These concepts apply to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the embodiments and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the embodiments unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
II. Compositions It has been discovered that 4H2 antibody helps deliver nucleic acids across the plasma membrane and into cell cytoplasm. Thus, compositions and methods for using 4H2 to enhance delivery of nucleic acid constructs are provided. Typically an effective amount of 4H2 antibody is contacted with a nucleic acid whose delivery into cells is desired. Typically, the contacting occurs for a sufficient amount to time for the 4H2 and the nucleic acid cargo to form a non-covalent complex. The complexes are contacted with cells for a sufficient amount of time for the nucleic acid cargo to be delivered into the cells. The cargo may accumulate in a greater quantity, greater quality (e.g., more intact, functional, etc.), or a faster rate, or combination thereof, than if the cells were contacted with the nucleic acid cargo in the absence of the antibody. Because the antibody serves as the delivery means, the delivery systems are typically non-viral. Multiple cell-penetrating anti-DNA autoantibodies have been isolated from murine models of SLE. While most of these antibodies penetrate live cell nuclei, the anti-GUO autoantibody 4H2 is distinguished by its cytoplasmic localization. The epitope on GUO to which 4H2 binds maps to the site to which G-proteins bind, matching reports on anti-GUO autoantibody binding in human SLE patient serum (Colburn, et al., Journal of Rheumatology 30(5): 993-97 (2003)). Additionally, 4H2 penetrates and reduces cAMP concentrations in cultured cells, consistent with interference with G-protein signaling (Colburn & Green, Clin Chim Acta 370: 9-16 (2006)). The results presented below show that 4H2 cytoplasmic penetration is linked to nucleoside transport, and that 4H2 binds and mediates delivery of nucleic acids, and binds and enhances the activity of cGAS to cause cGAS- dependent toxicity to tumor cells. Results also show that 4H2 causes activation of TLR7 as seen by induction of TLR7 by 4H2 (it is the cleaved form of TLR7 that is active). Further, pulldown assay shows that 4H2 binds that cleaved form of TLR7. Thus, compositions and methods of modulating cGAS and other Pattern Recognition Receptors such as TLR7 are also provided.
A. 4H2 Antibodies Although generally referred to herein as “4H2,” “4H2 antibody,” or “4H2 antibodies,” it will be appreciated that unless otherwise specified (e.g., the experimental examples) not only whole immunoglobulins, but also fragments and binding proteins, including antigen-binding fragments, variants, and fusion proteins such as scFv, di-scFv, tri-scFv, and other single chain variable fragments, chimeric and humanized forms, and other cell- penetrating, nucleic acid transporting molecules disclosed herein are encompassed by the phrase “4H2”, “4H2 antibody,” and “4H2 antibodies,” and are also expressly provided for use in the compositions and methods disclosed herein. The antibodies are also referred to herein as cell- penetrating and binding proteins. In preferred embodiments, the 4H2 antibody is transported into the cytoplasm of the cells without the aid of a carrier or conjugate. Antibodies that can be used in the compositions and methods include whole immunoglobulin (i.e., an intact antibody) of any class, fragments thereof, and synthetic proteins containing at least the antigen binding variable domain of an antibody. The variable domains differ in sequence among antibodies and are used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. However, the variability is not usually evenly distributed through the variable domains of antibodies. It is typically concentrated in three segments called complementarity determining regions (CDRs) or hypervariable regions both in the light chain and the heavy chain variable domains. The more highly conserved portions of the variable domains are called the framework (FR). The variable domains of native heavy and light chains each comprise four FR regions, largely adopting a beta-sheet configuration, connected by three CDRs, which form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the beta-sheet structure. The CDRs in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FR regions and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen binding site of antibodies. Therefore, the antibodies typically contain at least the CDRs necessary to maintain guanosine binding.
A 4H2 hybridoma was previously generated from the MRLmpj/lpr lupus mouse model. 4H2 does not localize to lysosomes or endosomes, where cargo molecules often get destroyed in the case of other delivery vehicles like TAT peptide. 4H2 is a cell-penetrating lupus anti-guanosine antibody that can reduce phosphorylation of ERK and Akt in cells, is toxic to cancer cells harboring a range of mutations in the small GTPase K-Ras and is not significantly toxic to cells with WT K-Ras. See published International Application WO 2015/134607 and WO 2017/218824, each of which are specifically incorporated by references in their entireties. The 4H2 antibody is typically a monoclonal 4H2, or a variant, derivative, fragment, fusion, or humanized form thereof that binds the same or different epitope(s) as 4H2. 1. Antibody Sequences a. 4H2 Light Chain Variable Region An amino acid sequence for the kappa light chain variable region (VL) of mAb 4H2 is: DIVLTQSPATLSVTPGDRVSLSCRASQSISNYLHWYQQKSHESPRLLIKYA SQSISGIPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLSIISVETEDFGMYFCQQSNSWPLTFGAGT KLELK (SEQ ID NO:1). The complementarity determining regions (CDRs) are shown with underlining, including CDR L1:RASQSISNYLH (SEQ ID NO:2); CDR L2: YASQSIS (SEQ ID NO:3); CDR L3: QQSNSWPLT (SEQ ID NO:4). b. 4H2 Heavy Chain Variable Region An amino acid sequence for the heavy chain variable region (VH) of mAb 4H2 is: EVQLQQSGPELVKPGASVKMSCKASGYTFTDYYMNWVKQSHGKSLEWIGRV NPSNGGISYNQKFKGKATLTVDKSLSTAYMQLNSLTSEDSAVYYCARGPYT MYYWGQGTSVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:5). The complementarity determining regions (CDRs) are shown with underlining, including CDR H1 : DYYMN (SEQ ID NO:6); CDR H2: RVNPSNGGISYNQKFKG (SEQ ID NO:7); CDR H3: GPYTMYY (SEQ ID NO:8).
2. Form of the Antibody Exemplary antibodies that can be used include whole immunoglobulin (i.e., an intact antibody) of any class, fragments thereof, and synthetic proteins containing at least the antigen binding variable domain of an antibody. The variable domains differ in sequence among antibodies and are used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. However, the variability is not usually evenly distributed through the variable domains of antibodies. It is typically concentrated in three segments called complementarity determining regions (CDRs) or hypervariable regions both in the light chain and the heavy chain variable domains. The more highly conserved portions of the variable domains are called the framework (FR). The variable domains of native heavy and light chains each include four FR regions, largely adopting a beta-sheet configuration, connected by three CDRs, which form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the beta-sheet structure. The CDRs in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FR regions and, with the CDRs from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen binding site of antibodies. Therefore, the antibodies can contain the components of the CDRs necessary to penetrate cells and bind guanosine. The antibody can be a humanized or chimeric antibody, or a fragment, variant, or fusion protein thereof. Methods for humanizing non- human antibodies are well known in the art. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source that is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Antibody humanization techniques generally involve the use of recombinant DNA technology to manipulate the DNA sequence encoding one or more polypeptide chains of an antibody molecule. The 4H2 antibody can be composed of an antibody fragment or fusion protein that includes one or more CDR(s) that is at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100%
identical to the amino acid sequence of the CDR(s) of 4H2 or a variant or humanized form thereof (e.g., CDR(s) of any of SEQ ID NOS:1 and 5 such as SEQ ID NOS:2-4 and 6-8. respectively). The determination of percent identity of two amino acid sequences can be determined by BLAST protein comparison. In some embodiments, the antibody includes one, two, three, four, five, or all six of the CDRs of the above-described preferred variable domains (e.g., SEQ ID NOS:1 and 5), without any changes, or with up to 0 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 changes per CDR (i.e., independently selected per CDR) or total across all CDRs. The 4H2 antibody can be composed of an antibody fragment or fusion protein including an amino acid sequence of a variable heavy chain and/or variable light chain that is at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of the variable heavy chain and/or light chain of 4H2 or a humanized form thereof (e.g., SEQ ID NOS:5 and 1). Preferably, the antibody includes a heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 in combination with a light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3. Thus, in some embodiments, the cell-penetrating antibody contains the CDRs, or the entire heavy and light chain variable regions, of SEQ ID NOS:5 and 1; or a humanized form thereof. Many non-human antibodies (e.g., those derived from mice, rats, or rabbits) are naturally antigenic in humans, and thus can give rise to undesirable immune responses when administered to humans. Therefore, humanized 4H2 antibodies, antibody fragments and fusions are provided. The humanized antigen binding molecules may lessen the chance that the antibodies or antibody fragments or scFv will evoke an undesirable immune response when administered to a human. Humanized forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies include chimeric immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains or fragments thereof which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. Humanized antibodies include human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody)
in which residues from a complementarity determining region (CDR) of the recipient antibody are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity. In some instances, Fv framework residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues. Humanized antibodies may also contain residues that are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences. In general, the humanized antibody will contain substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence. A humanized antibody can optimally contain at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the art. Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source that is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain. Antibody humanization techniques generally involve the use of recombinant DNA technology to manipulate the DNA sequence encoding one or more polypeptide chains of an antibody molecule. Humanization can be essentially performed by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. Accordingly, a humanized form of a non-human antibody (or a fragment thereof) is a chimeric antibody or fragment, wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies. The choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be used in making the humanized antibodies is very important in order to reduce
antigenicity. According to the “best-fit” method, the sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable domain sequences. The human sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is then accepted as the human framework (FR) for the humanized antibody. Another method uses a particular framework derived from the consensus sequence of all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chains. The same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies. It is further important that antibodies be humanized with retention of high affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties. To achieve this goal, humanized antibodies are preferably prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from the consensus and import sequence so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved. In general, the CDR residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding. Also included are fragments of antibodies which have bioactivity. The fragments, whether attached to other sequences or not, include insertions, deletions, substitutions, or other selected modifications of particular regions or specific amino acids residues, provided the activity of the fragment is not significantly altered or impaired compared to the nonmodified antibody or antibody fragment.
Techniques can also be adapted for the production of single-chain antibodies specific to an antigenic protein of the present disclosure. Methods for the production of single-chain antibodies are well known to those of skill in the art. A single chain antibody can be created by fusing together the variable domains of the heavy and light chains using a short peptide linker, thereby reconstituting an antigen binding site on a single molecule. Single- chain antibody variable fragments (scFvs) in which the C-terminus of one variable domain is tethered to the N-terminus of the other variable domain via e.g., a 15 to 25 amino acid peptide or linker have been developed without significantly disrupting antigen binding or specificity of the binding. The linker is chosen to permit the heavy chain and light chain to bind together in their proper conformational orientation. The 4H2 antibodies can be modified to improve their therapeutic potential. For example, in some embodiments, the cell-penetrating 4H2 antibody is conjugated to another antibody specific for a second e.g., therapeutic target in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a target cell. For example, the cell-penetrating 4H2 antibody can be a fusion protein containing 4H2 Fv and a single chain variable fragment of a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds the second target. In other embodiments, the cell-penetrating 4H2 antibody is a bispecific antibody having a first heavy chain and a first light chain from 4H2 and a second heavy chain and a second light chain from a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds the second target. In some embodiments, the second target is specific for a target cell- type, tissue, organ etc. Thus, the second heavy chain and second light chain can serve as a targeting moiety that targets the complex to the target cell- type, tissue, organ. In some embodiments, the second heavy chain and second light chain target hematopoietic stem cells, CD34+ cells, T cells, cancer or infected cells, or any another preferred cell type, e.g., by targeting a receptor or ligand expressed on the preferred cell type. In some embodiments, the second heavy chain and second light chain target the thymus, spleen, or cancer cells.
In some embodiments, particularly those for targeting T cell in vivo, for example, for in vivo production of CAR T cells, immune cell or T cell markers such as CD3, CD5, CD7, or CD8 can be targeted. For example, anti-CD8 antibodies and anti-CD3 Fab fragments have both been used to target T cells in vivo (Pfeiffer, et al., EMBO Mol Med., 10(11) (2018). pii: e9158. doi: 10.15252/emmm.201809158., Smith, et al., Nat Nanotechnol., 12(8):813-820 (2017). doi: 10.1038/nnano.2017.57). Thus, in some embodiments, the 4H2 antibody or antigen binding fragment or fusion protein is a bispecific antibody part of which can bind specifically to CD3, CD5, CD7, CD8, or another immune cell (e.g., T cell) marker, or a marker for a specific tissue such as the thymus, spleen, or liver. Exemplary fragments and fusions include, but are not limited to, single chain antibodies, single chain variable fragments (scFv), di-scFv, tri- scFv, diabody, triabody, tetrabody, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv), Fab', F(ab')2, Fv, and single domain antibody fragments (sdAb). For example, divalent single-chain variable fragments (di-scFvs) can be engineered by linking two scFvs. This can be done by producing a single peptide chain with two VH and two VL regions, yielding tandem scFvs. ScFvs can also be designed with linker peptides that are too short for the two variable regions to fold together (about five amino acids), forcing scFvs to dimerize. This type is known as diabodies. Diabodies have been shown to have dissociation constants up to 40-fold lower than corresponding scFvs, meaning that they have a much higher affinity to their target. Still shorter linkers (one or two amino acids) lead to the formation of trimers (triabodies or tribodies). Tetrabodies have also been produced. They exhibit an even higher affinity to their targets than diabodies. In some embodiments, the 4H2 antibody may contain two or more linked single chain variable fragments of 4H2 (e.g., 4H2 di-scFv, 4H2 tri-scFv), or conservative variants thereof. In some embodiments, the 4H2 antibody is a diabody or triabody (e.g., 4H2 diabody, 4H2 triabody). In some embodiments, the antibody is conjugated or fused to a cell- penetrating moiety, such as a cell-penetrating peptide, to facilitate entry into
the cell. Examples of cell-penetrating peptides include, but are not limited to, Polyarginine (e.g., R9), Antennapedia sequences, TAT, HIV-Tat, Penetratin, Antp-3A (Antp mutant), Buforin II, Transportan, MAP (model amphipathic peptide), K-FGF, Ku70, Prion, pVEC, Pep-1, SynB1, Pep-7, HN-1, BGSC (Bis-Guanidinium-Spermidine-Cholesterol, and BGTC (Bis-Guanidinium- Tren-Cholesterol). In other embodiments, the antibody is modified using TransMabs™ technology (InNexus Biotech., Inc., Vancouver, BC). The function of the antibody may be enhanced by coupling the antibody or a fragment thereof with a therapeutic agent. Such coupling of the antibody or fragment with the therapeutic agent can be achieved by making an immunoconjugate or by making a fusion protein, or by linking the antibody or fragment to a nucleic acid such as DNA or RNA (e.g., siRNA), comprising the antibody or antibody fragment and the therapeutic agent. A recombinant fusion protein is a protein created through genetic engineering of a fusion gene. This typically involves removing the stop codon from a cDNA sequence coding for the first protein, then appending the cDNA sequence of the second protein in frame through ligation or overlap extension PCR. The DNA sequence will then be expressed by a cell as a single protein. The protein can be engineered to include the full sequence of both original proteins, or only a portion of either. If the two entities are proteins, often linker (or “spacer”) peptides are also added which make it more likely that the proteins fold independently and behave as expected. In some embodiments, the cell-penetrating antibody is modified to alter its half-life. In some embodiments, it is desirable to increase the half- life of the antibody so that it is present in the circulation or at the site of treatment for longer periods of time. For example, it may be desirable to maintain titers of the antibody in the circulation or in the location to be treated for extended periods of time. In other embodiments, the half-life of the 4H2 antibody is decreased to reduce potential side effects. Antibody fragments, such as 4H2Fv may have a shorter half-life than full size antibodies. Other methods of altering half-life are known and can be used in
the described methods. For example, antibodies can be engineered with Fc variants that extend half-life, e.g., using Xtend™ antibody half-life prolongation technology (Xencor, Monrovia, CA). a. Linkers The term “linker” as used herein includes, without limitation, peptide linkers. The peptide linker can be any size provided it does not interfere with the binding of the epitope by the variable regions. In some embodiments, the linker includes one or more glycine and/or serine amino acid residues. Monovalent single-chain antibody variable fragments (scFvs) in which the C-terminus of one variable domain are typically tethered to the N-terminus of the other variable domain via a 15 to 25 amino acid peptide or linker. The linker is chosen to permit the heavy chain and light chain to bind together in their proper conformational orientation. Linkers in diabodies, triabodies, etc., typically include a shorter linker than that of a monovalent scFv as discussed above. Di-, tri-, and other multivalent scFvs typically include three or more linkers. The linkers can be the same, or different, in length and/or amino acid composition. Therefore, the number of linkers, composition of the linker(s), and length of the linker(s) can be determined based on the desired valency of the scFv as is known in the art. The linker(s) can allow for or drive formation of a di-, tri-, and other multivalent scFv. For example, a linker can include 4-8 amino acids. In a particular embodiment, a linker includes the amino acid sequenceGQSSRSS (SEQ ID NO:10). In another embodiment, a linker includes 15-20 amino acids, for example, 18 amino acids. In a particular embodiment, the linker includes the amino acid sequenceGQSSRSSSGGGSSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:11). Other flexible linkers include, but are not limited to, the amino acid sequences Gly- Ser, Gly-Ser-Gly-Ser (SEQ ID NO:12), Ala-Ser, Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser (SEQ ID NO:13), (Gly4-Ser)2 (SEQ ID NO:14) and (Gly4-Ser)4 (SEQ ID NO:15), and (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)3 (SEQ ID NO:16).
Other exemplary linkers include, for example, RADAAPGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO:17) and ASTKGPSVFPLAPLESSGS (SEQ ID NO:18). b. Exemplary 4H2 scFv Sequences One of skill in the art will appreciate that the exemplary fusion proteins, or domains thereof, can be utilized to construct fusion proteins discussed in more detail above. For example, in some embodiments, the scFv includes an scFv including a Vk variable region (SEQ ID NO:1, or a functional variant or fragment thereof), linked to a VH variable domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO:5, or a functional variant or fragment thereof). In some embodiments, the di-scFv includes a first scFv including a Vk variable region (SEQ ID NO:1, or a functional variant or fragment thereof), linked to a VH variable domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO:5, or a functional variant or fragment thereof), linked to a second scFv including a Vk variable region (e.g., SEQ ID NO:1, or a functional variant or fragment thereof), linked to a VH variable domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO:5, or a functional variant or fragment thereof). In some embodiments, a tri-scFv includes a di-scFv linked to a third scFv domain including a Vk variable region (e.g., SEQ ID NO:1, or a functional variant or fragment thereof), linked to a VH variable domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO:5, or a functional variant or fragment thereof). The Vk variable regions can be linked to VH variable domains by, for example, a linker (e.g., (GGGGS)3 (SEQ ID NO:19) alone or in combination with a (6 aa) of light chain CH1 (e.g., RADAAP (SEQ ID NO:20)). Other suitable linkers are discussed above and known in the art. scFv can be linked by a linker (e.g., human IgG CH1 initial 13 amino acids (e.g.,ASTKGPSVFPLAP (SEQ ID NO:21)) alone or in combination with a swivel sequence (e.g., LESSGS (SEQ ID NO:22)). Other suitable linkers are discussed above and known in the art. In some embodiments, the fusion proteins include additional domains. For example, in some embodiments, the fusion proteins include sequences that enhance solubility. In some embodiments that fusion proteins include one or more domains that enhance purification, isolation, capture,
identification, separation, etc., of the fusion protein. Exemplary domains include, for example, Myc tag and/or a His tag. Other substitutable domains and additional domains are discussed in more detail above. Exemplary scFv molecules are also provided. DIVLTQSPATLSVTPGDRVSLSCRASQSISNYLHWYQQKSHESPRLLIKYA SQSISGIPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLSIISVETEDFGMYFCQQSNSWPLTFGAGT
of SEQ ID NO:9, or the C-terminus of the 4H2 VH sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 linked to the N-terminal sequence of the 4H2 VL of SEQ ID NO:9. The linker of SEQ ID NO:9 can be substituted with an alternative linker including, but not limited to, the alternative linkers disclosed herein. Typically, the linker is about 10 to about 25 amino acids and is typically includes glycines. The His6 tag of SEQ ID NO:9 can be replaced with another tag, moved to the N-terminus of the scFv, or deleted completely. In some embodiments, the 4H2 VL, the 4H2 VH, or a combination thereof are variants or humanized forms of the 4H2 VL and/or 4H2 VH of SEQ ID NO:9. In some embodiments, the 4H2 VL and/or 4H2 VH domains are truncated at the N-terminal end, the C-terminal end of both compared to the 4H2 VL and/or 4H2 VH of SEQ ID NO:9. The scFv can includes the 3 CDRs of the 4H2 VL and/or 4H2 VH of SEQ ID NO:9, or humanized forms thereof. In some embodiments the antibody, or fragment, or fusion thereof has at least 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:9. In some embodiments, the antibody, or fragment,
or fusion thereof has a VL domain at least 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity to the 4H2 VL domain of SEQ ID NO:9. In some embodiments, the antibody, or fragment, or fusion thereof has a VH domain at least 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity to the 4H2 VH domain of SEQ ID NO:9. The SEQ ID NO:9 and humanized form and variants thereof can be used in any of the compositions and methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:9, or a humanized form or variant thereof is used in a therapeutic method, such as the methods disclosed herein, without being conjugated to a nanocarrier or therapeutic agent. Thus, in some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:9, or a humanized form or variant thereof is only therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO:9, or a humanized form or variant thereof is not a therapeutic agent (e.g., only a targeting moiety), or is one of two or more therapeutic agents. c. Exemplary 4H2 Bispecific Antibodies An exemplary bispecific antibody is utilized in Example 13 below. The antibody has the format according to Figure 12A and the heavy and light chain variable region sequences: 4H2 sequences VL: DIVLTQSPATLSVTPGDRVSLSCRASQSISNYLHWYQQKSHESPRLLIKYA SQSISGIPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLSIISVETEDFGMYFCQQSNSWPLTFGAGT KLELK (SEQ ID NO:1) VH: EVQLQQSGPELVKPGASVKMSCKASGYTFTDYYMNWVKQSHGKSLEWIGRV NPSNGGISYNQKFKGKATLTVDKSLSTAYMQLNSLTSEDSAVYYCARGPYT MYYWGQGTSVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:5) CD5 sequences VL: NIVMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCQASQDVGTAVAWYOQKPDQSPKLLIYWT STRHTGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLTISSLOPEDIATYFCHQYNSYNTFGSGTK LEIK (SEQ ID NO:23)
VH: QVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTFSGFSLSTSGMGVGWIRQAPGKGLEWVA HIWWDDDVYYNPSLKSRLTITKDASKDQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCVRRRA TGTGFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:24) This antibody is only exemplary, and it will be appreciated that other formats, alternative sequences, particularly the framework sequences, and even other second-arm binding domain that target antigens other than CD5 are also expressly provided. For example, in some embodiments, the CDRs of SEQ ID NOS:1, 5, 23, and 24, or humanized forms thereof (e.g., with 1, 2, 3, mutations, e.g., conservative substitutions per CDR or in total) are also provided as a chimeric or humanized bispecific antibody with human heavy and light chain variable region frameworks and optionally constant domains. The predicted CDRs for 4H2 are underlined and expressly provided above. The predicted CDRs for anti-CD5 are underlined above and expressly provided as: CDR L1 : QASQDVGTAVA (SEQ ID NO:25); CDR L2: YWTSTRHT (SEQ ID NO:26); HQYNSYNT CDR L3: (SEQ ID NO:27). CDR H1 : TFSGFSLSTSGMGVG (SEQ ID NO:28); CDR H2: HIWWDDDVY (SEQ ID NO:29); CDR H3: RRATGTGFDY (SEQ ID NO:30). For example, the 4H2-CD5 bispecific antibody can be composed of an antibody fragment or fusion protein that includes one or more CDR(s) that is at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of the CDR(s) of 4H2 or a variant or humanized form thereof (e.g., CDR(s) of any of SEQ ID NOS:1 and 5 such as SEQ ID NOS:2-4 and 6-8, respectively) in combination with an anti-CD5 antibody fragment or fusion protein or a variant or humanized form thereof (e.g., CDR(s) of any of SEQ ID NOS:23 and 24 such as SEQ ID NOS:25-27 and 28-30, respectively). The determination of percent identity of two amino acid sequences can be determined by BLAST protein comparison. In some embodiments, the antibody includes one, two, three, four, five, or all six of the CDRs of the above-described preferred
variable domains (e.g., SEQ ID NOS:1 and 5 and/or 23 and 24), without any changes, or with up to 01, 2, 3, 4, or 5 changes per CDR (i.e., independently selected per CDR) or total across all CDRs. The 4H2-CD5 bispecific antibody can be composed of an antibody fragment or fusion protein including an amino acid sequence of a variable heavy chain and/or variable light chain that is at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of the variable heavy chain and/or light chain of 4H2 or a humanized form thereof (e.g., SEQ ID NOS:5 and 1) and variable heavy chain and/or light chain of anti-CD5 or a humanized form thereof (e.g., SEQ ID NOS:24 and 23). Preferably, the bispecific antibody includes a heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 in combination with a light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of each of 4H2 in combination with those of anti-CD5. Thus, in some embodiments, the cell-penetrating bispecific antibody contains the CDRs, or the entire heavy and light chain variable regions, of SEQ ID NOS:5 and 1 and 24 and 23; or a humanized form thereof. B. Additional Agents Results below show that extracellular nucleic acids promote cellular penetration by 4H2. Furthermore, cGAS activation by cytosolic DNA leads to endogenous generation of cyclic GMP–AMP, a unique second messenger, which binds to stimulator of interferon genes (STING), leading to activation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IRF3, resulting in the transcription of genes encoding type I interferons (Pesiridis and Fitzgerald, Nature Reviews Genetics volume 20, pages 657–674 (2019)). The experimental results below show that 4H2 activates cGAS and other Pattern Recognition Receptor (PPR) such as TLR7. Such activation may be by direct binding and activation by 4H2 or indirect binding through simultaneous interactions between the immune receptor, 4H2, and cytoplasmic nucleic acid and/or GTP.
Thus, the disclosed compositions can be used to facilitate delivery of nucleic acid cargo. Additionally or alternatively, 4H2 antibodies can be used to modulate immune responses with or without the assistance of nucleic acid cargo. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions and methods include nucleic acids and/or GTP (also referred to as nucleic acid cargo) to facilitate 4H2 cellular penetration and/or activation of cGAS and/or another PRR such as TLR7. Additionally, STING agonists has been proposed for a number of different therapeutic purposes, including use for the treatment of cancer, infections, and as a vaccine adjuvant. See, e.g., Pesiridis and Fitzgerald, Nature Reviews Genetics volume 20, pages 657–674 (2019), which is specifically incorporated by reference herein it its entirety. Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosed compositions and methods include an additional agent to further these applications. Non-limiting examples of additional agents included, but are not limited to, additional STING agonists, vaccine compositions, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, each of which is discussed in more detail below. In some embodiments, the additional agent are nucleic acids (e.g., immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, nucleic acids encoding vaccine components such as peptide antigens, etc.). Such nucleic acid additional agents can be nucleic acid cargo, or additionally or alternatively separately administered to the subject. Thus, any of the additional agents can be in the same or different admixture as the 4H2 antibody, and can be administered at the same or a different time from the 4H2 antibody. In some embodiments, such as where the additional agent is a nucleic acid cargo, the additional agent and 4H2 antibody are contacted and form a complex prior to administration to the subject. The interaction between the antibody and the nucleic acid cargo is non-covalent. In such embodiments, the complex can be administered to the subject. Although referred to as cargo, as disclosed herein the cargo nucleic acids can also be separately administered and thus are not necessarily cargo of 4H2 antibodies under these conditions.
1. Cargo Nucleic acid cargos are also provided. As discussed in more detail below, the disclosed 4H2 antibodies can be used to deliver nucleic acid cargos to cells for any purpose. In particular embodiments, cargo can also be used to increase cell penetration of 4H2 antibodies and/or increase activation of cGAS and/or another PRR such as TLR7. As used in the methods of nucleic acid delivery provided herein, the 4H2 is typically contacted with cells in complex with a nucleic acid cargo. The interaction between the antibody or binding protein and the nucleic acid cargo is non-covalent. Nucleic acid cargos can be single stranded or double stranded, or a single nucleotide, nucleoside, or nucleobase, or a plurality thereof. In some embodiments, the cargo is GTP, GDP, GMP, cGAMP, or cGMP. The nucleic acid cargo can be or include DNA, RNA, nucleic acid analogs, or a combination thereof. As discussed in more detail below, nucleic acid analogs can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone. Such modification can improve, for example, stability, hybridization, or solubility of the nucleic acid. 4H2 binds to guanosine. Thus, the cargo typically includes one or more guanine nucleobases, preferably one or more guanosine nucleosides. The nucleic acid cargo can be functional in the sense that is or encodes an agent that is biologically active once delivered into cells, or can be non-functional and merely facilitate delivery of 4H2 into the cytoplasm and/or its activation of cGAS and/or another PRR such as TLR7. Exemplary cargo is discussed in more detail below, but includes, for example, mRNA or DNA encoding polypeptides of interest including, for example expression constructs and vectors, inhibitory nucleic acids such as siRNA, or nucleic acid encoding the inhibitory nucleic acid including, for example expression constructs and vectors, or non-coding RNA or DNA. The disclosed compositions can include a plurality of a single nucleic acid cargo molecule. In some embodiments, the compositions include a plurality of a multiplicity (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 910, or more) of different nucleic acid molecules.
In some embodiments, the cargo molecules are 0.001, 0.01, 1, 10’s 100’s, 1,000’s, 10,000’s, and/or 100,000’s of kilobases in length. In some embodiments, e.g., the cargo may be between 0.001 kb and 100 kb, or between 0.001 kb kb and 50 kb, or between 0.001 kb kb and 25 kb, or between 0.001 kb and 12.5 kb, or between 0.001 kb and 10 kb, or between 0.001 kb and 8 kb, or 0.001 kb and 5 kb, or between 0.001 kb and 2.5 kb, or between 0.001 kb and 1 kb, or between 0.01 kb and 100 kb, or between 0.01 kb kb and 50 kb, or between 0.01 kb kb and 25 kb, or between 0.01 kb and 12.5 kb, or between 0.01 kb and 10 kb, or between 0.01 kb and 8 kb, or 0.01 kb and 5 kb, or between 0.01 kb and 2.5 kb, or between 0.01 kb and 1 kb, or between 0.1 kb and 100 kb, or between 0.1 kb kb and 50 kb, or between 0.1 kb kb and 25 kb, or between 0.1 kb and 12.5 kb, or between 0.1 kb and 10 kb, or between 0.1 kb and 8 kb, or 0.1 kb and 5 kb, or between 0.1 kb and 2.5 kb, or between 0.1 kb and 1 kb, or between 1 kb and 100 kb, or between 1 kb kb and 50 kb, or between 1 kb kb and 25 kb, or between 1 kb and 12.5 kb, or between 1 kb and 10 kb, or between 1 kb and 8 kb, or 1 kb and 5 kb, or between 1 kb and 2.5 kb, each inclusive. In some embodiments, e.g., the cargo may be between 0.2 kb and 10 kb, or between 0.2 kb and 5 kb, or between 0.2 kb and 2.5 kb, or between 0.2 kb and 1 kb, or between 0.2 kb and 0.5 kb, or between 0.2 kb and 0.25 kb, or between 0.5 kb and 10 kb, or between 0.5 kb and 5 kb, or between 1 kb and 5 kb, or between 1 kb and 3 kb, or between 2 kb and 10 kb, or between 3 kb and 5 kb. It will be appreciated that for specific application the nucleic acid cargo may be one or more discrete lengths that, for example, falls within one of the foregoing ranges (inclusive), the specific values for each are expressly disclosed. For example, the size can be as small as a single nucleotide or nucleobase. In an exemplary application the cargo is a cyclic dinucleotide like cGAMP, which is a STING agonist. In other embodiments, the cargo is a short oligomer. For example, oligomers as short as 8-mers can be used for anti-sense or splice switching. Slightly longer ones (e.g., 18 to 20 mers) can be used for gene editing.
a. Forms of the Cargo The nucleic acid cargo is a nucleic acid and can be an isolated nucleic acid composition. As used herein, “isolated nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid that is separated from other nucleic acid molecules that are present in a mammalian genome, including nucleic acids that normally flank one or both sides of the nucleic acid in a mammalian genome. The term “isolated” as used herein with respect to nucleic acids also includes the combination with any non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid sequence, since such non-naturally- occurring sequences are not found in nature and do not have immediately contiguous sequences in a naturally-occurring genome. An isolated nucleic acid can be, for example, a DNA molecule, provided one of the nucleic acid sequences normally found immediately flanking that DNA molecule in a naturally-occurring genome is removed or absent. Thus, an isolated nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA molecule that exists as a separate molecule independent of other sequences (e.g., a chemically synthesized nucleic acid, or a cDNA or genomic DNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease treatment), as well as recombinant DNA that is incorporated into a vector, an autonomously replicating plasmid, a virus (e.g., a retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, or herpes virus), or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote. In addition, an isolated nucleic acid can include an engineered nucleic acid such as a recombinant DNA molecule that is part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acid. A nucleic acid existing among hundreds to millions of other nucleic acids within, for example, a cDNA library or a genomic library, or a gel slice containing a genomic DNA restriction digest, is not to be considered an isolated nucleic acid. The nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides include genomic sequences. Also disclosed are mRNA/cDNA sequence wherein the exons have been deleted. Other nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides, such polypeptides that include the above-identified amino acid sequences and fragments and variants thereof, are also disclosed. Nucleic acids encoding polypeptides may be optimized for expression in the expression
host of choice. Codons may be substituted with alternative codons encoding the same amino acid to account for differences in codon usage between the organism from which the nucleic acid sequence is derived and the expression host. In this manner, the nucleic acids may be synthesized using expression host-preferred codons. Nucleic acids can be in sense or antisense orientation, or can be, for example, complementary to a reference sequence encoding a polypeptide. i. Vectors The cargo can be a vector, for example, a vector encoding a polypeptide(s) and/or functional nucleic acid(s). Nucleic acids, such as those described above, can be inserted into vectors for expression in cells. As used herein, a “vector” is a replicon, such as a plasmid, phage, virus or cosmid, into which another DNA segment may be inserted so as to bring about the replication of the inserted segment. Vectors can be expression vectors. An “expression vector” is a vector that includes one or more expression control sequences, and an “expression control sequence” is a DNA sequence that controls and regulates the transcription and/or translation of another DNA sequence. Nucleic acids in vectors can be operably linked to one or more expression control sequences. For example, the control sequence can be incorporated into a genetic construct so that expression control sequences effectively control expression of a coding sequence of interest. Examples of expression control sequences include promoters, enhancers, and transcription terminating regions. A promoter is an expression control sequence composed of a region of a DNA molecule, typically within 100 nucleotides upstream of the point at which transcription starts (generally near the initiation site for RNA polymerase II). To bring a coding sequence under the control of a promoter, it is necessary to position the translation initiation site of the translational reading frame of the polypeptide between one and about fifty nucleotides downstream of the promoter. Enhancers provide expression specificity in terms of time, location, and level. Unlike promoters, enhancers can function when located at various distances from the transcription site.
An enhancer also can be located downstream from the transcription initiation site. A coding sequence is “operably linked” and “under the control” of expression control sequences in a cell when RNA polymerase is able to transcribe the coding sequence into mRNA, which then can be translated into the protein encoded by the coding sequence. Suitable expression vectors include, without limitation, plasmids, cosmids, and viral vectors derived from, for example, bacteriophage, baculoviruses, tobacco mosaic virus, herpes viruses, cytomegalo virus, retroviruses, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses. Numerous vectors and expression systems are commercially available from such corporations as Novagen (Madison, WI), Clontech (Palo Alto, CA), Stratagene (La Jolla, CA), and Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA). In some embodiments, the cargo is delivered into the cell and remains extrachromosomal. In some embodiments, the cargo is introduced into a host cell and is integrated into the host cell’s genome. As discussed in more detail below, the compositions can be used in methods of gene therapy. Methods of gene therapy can include the introduction into the cell of a polynucleotide that alters the genotype of the cell. Introduction of the polynucleotide can correct, replace, or otherwise alter the endogenous gene via genetic recombination. Methods can include introduction of an entire replacement copy of a defective gene, a heterologous gene, or a small nucleic acid molecule such as an oligonucleotide. For example, a corrective gene can be introduced into a non-specific location within the host’s genome. In some embodiments, the cargo is a vector. Methods to construct expression vectors containing genetic sequences and appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements are well known in the art. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. Expression vectors generally contain regulatory sequences and necessary elements for the translation and/or transcription of the inserted coding sequence, which can be, for example, the polynucleotide of interest. The coding sequence can be operably linked to a promoter and/or enhancer to help control the expression
of the desired gene product. Promoters used in biotechnology are of different types according to the intended type of control of gene expression. They can be generally divided into constitutive promoters, tissue-specific or development-stage-specific promoters, inducible promoters, and synthetic promoters. For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide of interest is operably linked to a promoter or other regulatory elements known in the art. Thus, the cargo can be a vector such as an expression vector. The engineering of polynucleotides for expression in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic system may be performed by techniques generally known to those of skill in recombinant expression. An expression vector typically includes one of the disclosed compositions under the control of one or more promoters. To bring a coding sequence “under the control of” a promoter, one positions the 5' end of the translational initiation site of the reading frame generally between about 1 and 50 nucleotides “downstream” of (i.e., 3' of) the chosen promoter. The “upstream” promoter stimulates transcription of the inserted DNA and promotes expression of the encoded recombinant protein or functional nucleic acid. This is the meaning of “recombinant expression” in the context used here. Many standard techniques are available to construct expression vectors containing the appropriate nucleic acids and transcriptional/translational control sequences in order to achieve protein or peptide or functional nucleic acid expression in a variety of host-expression systems. Expression vectors for use in mammalian cells ordinarily include an origin of replication (as necessary), a promoter located in front of the gene to be expressed, along with any necessary ribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation site, and transcriptional terminator sequences. The origin of replication may be provided either by construction of the vector to include an exogenous origin, such as may be derived from SV40 or other viral (e.g., Polyoma, Adeno, VSV, BPV) source, or may be provided by the
host cell chromosomal replication mechanism. If the vector is integrated into the host cell chromosome, the latter is often sufficient. The promoters may be derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter). Further, it is also possible, and may be desirable, to utilize promoter or control sequences normally associated with the desired gene sequence, provided such control sequences are compatible with the host cell systems. A number of viral based expression systems may be utilized, for example, commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, Adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus and Simian Virus 40 (SV40). The early and late promoters of SV40 virus are useful because both are obtained easily from the virus as a fragment which also contains the SV40 viral origin of replication. Smaller or larger SV40 fragments may also be used, provided there is included the approximately 250 bp sequence extending from the HindIII site toward the BglI site located in the viral origin of replication. In cases where an adenovirus is used as an expression vector, the coding sequences may be ligated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex, e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This chimeric gene may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in vitro or in vivo recombination. Insertion in a non-essential region of the viral genome (e.g., region E1 or E3) will result in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing proteins in infected hosts. Specific initiation signals may also be required for efficient translation of the disclosed compositions. These signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. Exogenous translational control signals, including the ATG initiation codon, may additionally need to be provided. One of ordinary skill in the art would readily be capable of determining this need and providing the necessary signals. It is well known that the initiation codon must be in-frame (or in-phase) with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert. These exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons
can be of a variety of origins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of appropriate transcription enhancer elements or transcription terminators. In eukaryotic expression, one will also typically desire to incorporate into the transcriptional unit an appropriate polyadenylation site if one was not contained within the original cloned segment. Typically, the poly A addition site is placed about 30 to 2000 nucleotides “downstream” of the termination site of the protein at a position prior to transcription termination. For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines that stably express constructs encoding proteins may be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors that contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with vectors controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of foreign DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched medium, and then are switched to a selective medium. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci, which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. ii. mRNAs The cargo can be mRNA. Chemical structures with the ability to promote stability and/or translation efficiency may also be used. For example, the RNA can have 5’ and 3’ UTRs. The length of the 3’ UTR can, for example, exceed 100 nucleotides. In some embodiments the 3’ UTR sequence is between 100 and 5000 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the 5’ UTR is between zero and 3000 nucleotides in length. The length of 5’ and 3’ UTR sequences to be added to the coding region can be altered by different methods, including, but not limited to, designing primers for PCR that anneal to different regions of the UTRs. Using this approach, one of ordinary skill in the art can modify
the 5’ and 3’ UTR lengths required to achieve optimal translation efficiency following delivery of the transcribed RNA. The 5’ and 3’ UTRs can be the naturally occurring, endogenous 5’ and 3’ UTRs for the gene of interest. Alternatively, UTR sequences that are not endogenous to the gene of interest can be added by incorporating the UTR sequences into the forward and reverse primers or by any other modifications of the template. The use of UTR sequences that are not endogenous to the gene of interest can be useful for modifying the stability and/or translation efficiency of the RNA. For example, it is known that AU- rich elements in 3’ UTR sequences can decrease the stability of mRNA. Therefore, 3’ UTRs can be selected or designed to increase the stability of the transcribed RNA based on properties of UTRs that are well known in the art. In some embodiments, the 5’ UTR contains the Kozak sequence of the endogenous gene. Alternatively, when a 5’ UTR that is not endogenous to the gene of interest is being added by PCR as described above, a consensus Kozak sequence can be redesigned by adding the 5’ UTR sequence. Kozak sequences can increase the efficiency of translation of some RNA transcripts, but does not appear to be required for all RNAs to enable efficient translation. The requirement for Kozak sequences for many mRNAs is known in the art. In other embodiments the 5’ UTR can be derived from an RNA virus whose RNA genome is stable in cells. In other embodiments various nucleotide analogues can be used in the 3’ or 5’ UTR to impede exonuclease degradation of the mRNA. In some embodiments, the mRNA has a cap on the 5' end, a 3' poly(A) tail, or a combination thereof which determine ribosome binding, initiation of translation and stability mRNA in the cell. 5’caps provide stability to RNA molecules. The 5' cap may, for example, be m7G(5')ppp(5')G, m7G(5')ppp(5')A, G(5')ppp(5')G or G(5')ppp(5')A cap analogs, which are all commercially available. The 5’ cap can also be an anti-reverse-cap-analog (ARCA) (Stepinski, et al., RNA, 7:1468-95 (2001)) or any other suitable analog. The 5’ cap can be
incorporated using techniques known in the art (Cougot, et al., Trends in Biochem. Sci., 29:436-444 (2001); Stepinski, et al., RNA, 7:1468-95 (2001); Elango, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun., 330:958-966 (2005)). The RNAs can also contain an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence. The IRES sequence may be any viral, chromosomal or artificially designed sequence which initiates cap-independent ribosome binding to mRNA and facilitates the initiation of translation. Generally, the length of a poly(A) tail positively correlates with the stability of the transcribed RNA. In one embodiment, the poly(A) tail is between 100 and 5000 adenosines. A polyA segment can be produced during PCR by using a reverse primer containing a polyT tail, such as 100T tail (size can be, e.g., 50-5000 T), or after PCR by any other method, including, but not limited to, DNA ligation or in vitro recombination. Poly(A) tails also provide stability to RNAs and reduce their degradation. Poly(A) tails of RNAs can additionally or alternatively be extended following in vitro transcription with the use of a poly(A) polymerase, such as E. coli polyA polymerase (E-PAP). Additionally, the attachment of different chemical groups to the 3' end can increase mRNA stability. Such attachment can contain modified/artificial nucleotides, aptamers and other compounds. For example, ATP analogs can be incorporated into the poly(A) tail using poly(A) polymerase. ATP analogs can further increase the stability of the RNA. Suitable ATP analogs include, but are not limited to, cordiocipin and 8- azaadenosine. b. Sequence of the Cargo i. Polypeptide of Interest The cargo can encode one or more proteins. The cargo can be a polynucleotide that can be monocistronic or polycistronic. In some embodiments, polynucleotide is multigenic. The polynucleotide can be, for example, an mRNA or a expression construct such as a vector. The cargo can encode one or more polypeptides of interest. The polypeptide can be any polypeptide. For example, the polypeptide encoded
by the polynucleotide can be a polypeptide that provides a therapeutic or prophylactic effect to an organism or that can be used to diagnose a disease or disorder in an organism. For example, for treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders, parasitic, viral, bacterial, fungal or other infections, the polynucleotide(s) to be expressed may encode a polypeptide that functions as a ligand or receptor for cells of the immune system, or can function to stimulate or inhibit the immune system of an organism. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide supplements or replaces a polynucleotide that is defective in the organism. In particular embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes dystrophin, utrophin, or a combination thereof. Such compositions may be administered in an effective amount to treat a subject from a dystrophy, particularly a muscular dystrophy, for example, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. In another particular embodiment, the polynucleotide encodes antigen, e.g., an antigen that can be utilized in a vaccine formulation and associated methods. In a particular embodiment, polynucleotide encodes a viral antigen(s), for example, a SARS-CoV-2 antigen(s). Thus, compositions and methods of use thereof for protection against, and the treatment of, SARS-CoV-2 virus and viral infections and disease associate therewith including COVID19 are provided. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes a selectable marker, for example, a selectable marker that is effective in a eukaryotic cell, such as a drug resistance selection marker. This selectable marker gene can encode a factor necessary for the survival or growth of transformed host cells grown in a selective culture medium. Typical selection genes encode proteins that confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e.g., ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, kanamycin, gentamycin, Zeocin, or tetracycline, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients withheld from the media. In the working Example 12 below, a nucleic acid (i.e., NF2) that encodes wildtype Merlin, a protein mutated in Neurofibromatosis type 2, reduces tumor growth. Thus, in some embodiments, the nucleic acid
encodes a wildtype or other compensatory variant of an oncogenic protein such as Merlin. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide includes a reporter gene. Reporter genes are typically genes that are not present or expressed in the host cell. The reporter gene typically encodes a protein which provides for some phenotypic change or enzymatic property. Examples of such genes are provided in Weising et al. Ann. Rev. Genetics, 22, 421 (1988). Preferred reporter genes include glucuronidase (GUS) gene and GFP genes. ii. Functional Nucleic Acids The cargo can be or encode a functional nucleic acid. Functional nucleic acids are nucleic acid molecules that have a specific function, such as binding a target molecule or catalyzing a specific reaction. As discussed in more detail below, functional nucleic acid molecules can be divided into the following non-limiting categories: antisense molecules, siRNA, miRNA, aptamers, ribozymes, RNAi, and external guide sequences, and cyclic dinucleotides. The functional nucleic acid molecules can act as effectors, inhibitors, modulators, and stimulators of a specific activity possessed by a target molecule, or the functional nucleic acid molecules can possess a de novo activity independent of any other molecules. Functional nucleic acid molecules can interact with any macromolecule, such as DNA, RNA, polypeptides, or carbohydrate chains. Thus, functional nucleic acids can interact with the mRNA or the genomic DNA of a target polypeptide or they can interact with the polypeptide itself. Often functional nucleic acids are designed to interact with other nucleic acids based on sequence homology between the target molecule and the functional nucleic acid molecule. In other situations, the specific recognition between the functional nucleic acid molecule and the target molecule is not based on sequence homology between the functional nucleic acid molecule and the target molecule, but rather is based on the formation of tertiary structure that allows specific recognition to take place. Therefore the compositions can include one or more functional nucleic acids designed to reduce expression of a gene, or a gene product
thereof. For example, the functional nucleic acid or polypeptide can be designed to target and reduce or inhibit expression or translation of an mRNA; or to reduce or inhibit expression, reduce activity, or increase degradation of a protein. In some embodiments, the composition includes a vector suitable for in vivo expression of the functional nucleic acid. (1) Antisense The functional nucleic acids can be or encode antisense molecules. Antisense molecules are designed to interact with a target nucleic acid molecule through either canonical or non-canonical base pairing. The interaction of the antisense molecule and the target molecule is designed to promote the destruction of the target molecule through, for example, RNAse H mediated RNA-DNA hybrid degradation. Alternatively the antisense molecule is designed to interrupt a processing function that normally would take place on the target molecule, such as transcription or replication. Antisense molecules can be designed based on the sequence of the target molecule. There are numerous methods for optimization of antisense efficiency by finding the most accessible regions of the target molecule. Exemplary methods include in vitro selection experiments and DNA modification studies using DMS and DEPC. It is preferred that antisense molecules bind the target molecule with a dissociation constant (Kd) less than or equal to 10-6, 10-8, 10-10, or 10-12. (2) RNA Interference In some embodiments, the functional nucleic acids induce gene silencing through RNA interference. Gene expression can also be effectively silenced in a highly specific manner through RNA interference (RNAi). This silencing was originally observed with the addition of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) (Fire, et al. (1998) Nature, 391:806-11; Napoli, et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:279-89; Hannon, (2002) Nature, 418:244-51). Once dsRNA enters a cell, it is cleaved by an RNase III –like enzyme, Dicer, into double stranded small interfering RNAs (siRNA) 21-23 nucleotides in length that contains 2 nucleotide overhangs on the 3’ ends (Elbashir, et al. (2001) Genes Dev., 15:188-200; Bernstein, et al. (2001) Nature, 409:363-6; Hammond, et al.
(2000) Nature, 404:293-6). In an ATP dependent step, the siRNAs become integrated into a multi-subunit protein complex, commonly known as the RNAi induced silencing complex (RISC), which guides the siRNAs to the target RNA sequence (Nykanen, et al. (2001) Cell, 107:309-21). At some point the siRNA duplex unwinds, and it appears that the antisense strand remains bound to RISC and directs degradation of the complementary mRNA sequence by a combination of endo and exonucleases (Martinez, et al. (2002) Cell, 110:563-74). However, the effect of iRNA or siRNA or their use is not limited to any type of mechanism. Short Interfering RNA (siRNA) is a double-stranded RNA that can induce sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing, thereby decreasing or even inhibiting gene expression. In one example, a siRNA triggers the specific degradation of homologous RNA molecules, such as mRNAs, within the region of sequence identity between both the siRNA and the target RNA. For example, WO 02/44321 discloses siRNAs capable of sequence-specific degradation of target mRNAs when base-paired with 3' overhanging ends, herein incorporated by reference for the method of making these siRNAs. Sequence specific gene silencing can be achieved in mammalian cells using synthetic, short double-stranded RNAs that mimic the siRNAs produced by the enzyme dicer (Elbashir, et al. (2001) Nature, 411:494498) (Ui-Tei, et al. (2000) FEBS Lett 479:79-82). siRNA can be chemically or in vitro-synthesized or can be the result of short double-stranded hairpin-like RNAs (shRNAs) that are processed into siRNAs inside the cell. Synthetic siRNAs are generally designed using algorithms and a conventional DNA/RNA synthesizer. Suppliers include Ambion (Austin, Texas), ChemGenes (Ashland, Massachusetts), Dharmacon (Lafayette, Colorado), Glen Research (Sterling, Virginia), MWB Biotech (Esbersberg, Germany), Proligo (Boulder, Colorado), and Qiagen (Vento, The Netherlands). siRNA can also be synthesized in vitro using kits such as Ambion’s SILENCER® siRNA Construction Kit.
The production of siRNA from a vector is more commonly done through the transcription of a short hairpin RNAse (shRNAs). Kits for the production of vectors having shRNA are available, such as, for example, Imgenex’s GENESUPPRESSOR™ Construction Kits and Invitrogen’s BLOCK-IT™ inducible RNAi plasmid and lentivirus vectors. In some embodiment, the functional nucleic acid is siRNA, shRNA, miRNA. In some embodiments, the composition includes a vector expressing the functional nucleic acid. (3) Aptamers The functional nucleic acids can be or encode an aptamer. Aptamers are molecules that interact with a target molecule, preferably in a specific way. Typically aptamers are small nucleic acids ranging from 15-50 bases in length that fold into defined secondary and tertiary structures, such as stem- loops or G-quartets. Aptamers can bind small molecules, such as ATP and theophiline, as well as large molecules, such as reverse transcriptase and thrombin. Aptamers can bind very tightly with Kd’s from the target molecule of less than 10-12 M. It is preferred that the aptamers bind the target molecule with a Kd less than10-6, 10-8, 10-10, or 10-12. Aptamers can bind the target molecule with a very high degree of specificity. For example, aptamers have been isolated that have greater than a 10,000 fold difference in binding affinities between the target molecule and another molecule that differ at only a single position on the molecule. It is preferred that the aptamer have a Kd with the target molecule at least 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, or 100,000 fold lower than the Kd with a background binding molecule. It is preferred when doing the comparison for a molecule such as a polypeptide, that the background molecule be a different polypeptide. (4) Ribozymes The functional nucleic acids can be or encode ribozymes. Ribozymes are nucleic acid molecules that are capable of catalyzing a chemical reaction, either intramolecularly or intermolecularly. It is preferred that the ribozymes catalyze intermolecular reactions. There are a number of different types of ribozymes that catalyze nuclease or nucleic acid polymerase type reactions
which are based on ribozymes found in natural systems, such as hammerhead ribozymes. There are also a number of ribozymes that are not found in natural systems, but which have been engineered to catalyze specific reactions de novo. Preferred ribozymes cleave RNA or DNA substrates, and more preferably cleave RNA substrates. Ribozymes typically cleave nucleic acid substrates through recognition and binding of the target substrate with subsequent cleavage. This recognition is often based mostly on canonical or non-canonical base pair interactions. This property makes ribozymes particularly good candidates for target specific cleavage of nucleic acids because recognition of the target substrate is based on the target substrates sequence. (5) External Guide Sequences The functional nucleic acids can be or encode external guide sequences. External guide sequences (EGSs) are molecules that bind a target nucleic acid molecule forming a complex, which is recognized by RNase P, which then cleaves the target molecule. EGSs can be designed to specifically target a RNA molecule of choice. RNAse P aids in processing transfer RNA (tRNA) within a cell. Bacterial RNAse P can be recruited to cleave virtually any RNA sequence by using an EGS that causes the target RNA:EGS complex to mimic the natural tRNA substrate. Similarly, eukaryotic EGS/RNAse P-directed cleavage of RNA can be utilized to cleave desired targets within eukaryotic cells. Representative examples of how to make and use EGS molecules to facilitate cleavage of a variety of different target molecules are known in the art. Methods of making and using vectors for in vivo expression of functional nucleic acids such as antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, EGSs, ribozymes, and aptamers are known in the art. (6) Cyclic Dinucleotides In some embodiments, the 4H2 antibody is co-administered in combination with an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide. The immunostimulatory oligonucleotide can be cargo, and thus administered in
complex with the antibody, or separately administered. In some embodiments, the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide is cyclic dinucleotide. The functional nucleic acids can be or encode a cyclic dinucleotide. Cyclic dinucleotides bind directly to the STING adaptor protein, resulting in production of IFN-β (Zhang, et al., Mol Cell., 51(2):226-35 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.05.022.). Several canonical and noncanonical dinucleotides are known in the art, and include, but are not limited to, GMP– AMP (cGAS), 2'3'-cGAMP , 2'3'-cGAMP , 3'3'-cGAMP, c-di-GMP, 2’2’- cGAMP, 2’3’-cGAM(PS)2 (Rp/Sp), 3'3'-cGAMP Fluorinated, c-di-GMP Fluorinated, or 2’3’-c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, c-di-GMP, cAIMP (CL592), cAIMP Difluor (CL614), cAIM(PS)2 Difluor (Rp/Sp) (CL656), c-di-AMP Fluorinated, 2'3'-c-di-AMP, 2’3’-c-di-AM(PS)2 (Rp,Rp), 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 (Rp,Rp), c-di-GMP Fluorinated, 2’3’-c-di-GMP, c-di-IMP, and DMXAA. (7) Immunostimulatory Oligonucleotides In some embodiments, the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide is or encodes an oligonucleotide ligand. Examples include, but are not limited to, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ligands. Examples of PRRs include the Toll-like family of signaling molecules that play a role in the initiation of innate immune responses and also influence the later and more antigen specific adaptive immune responses. Therefore, the oligonucleotide can serve as a ligand for a Toll- like family signaling molecule, such as Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9). For example, unmethylated CpG sites can be detected by TLR9 on plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells in humans (Zaida, et al., Infection and Immunity, 76(5):2123-2129, (2008)). Therefore, the sequence of oligonucleotide can include one or more unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CG or CpG, used interchangeably) dinucleotide motifs. The ‘p’ refers to the phosphodiester backbone of DNA, however, in some embodiments, oligonucleotides including CG can have a modified backbone, for example a phosphorothioate (PS) backbone.
In some embodiments, an oligonucleotide can contain more than one CG dinucleotide, arranged either contiguously or separated by intervening nucleotide(s). The CpG motif(s) can be in the interior of the oligonucleotide sequence. Numerous nucleotide sequences stimulate TLR9 with variations in the number and location of CG dinucleotide(s), as well as the precise base sequences flanking the CG dimers. Typically, CG ODNs are classified based on their sequence, secondary structures, and effect on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The five classes are Class A (Type D), Class B (Type K), Class C, Class P, and Class S (Vollmer, J & Krieg, AM, Advanced drug delivery reviews 61(3): 195–204 (2009), incorporated herein by reference). CG ODNs can stimulate the production of Type I interferons (e.g., IFNα) and induce the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). Some classes of ODNs are also strong activators of natural killer (NK) cells through indirect cytokine signaling. Some classes are strong stimulators of human B cell and monocyte maturation (Weiner, GL, PNAS USA 94(20): 10833-7 (1997); Dalpke, AH, Immunology 106(1): 102-12 (2002); Hartmann, G, J of Immun. 164(3):1617-2 (2000), each of which is incorporated herein by reference). Other PRR Toll-like receptors include TLR3, and TLR7 which may recognize double-stranded RNA, single-stranded and short double-stranded RNAs, respectively, and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors, namely RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), which are best known as RNA-sensing receptors in the cytosol. RIG-I (retinoic-acid-inducible protein 1, also known as Ddx58) and MDA-5 (melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5, also known as Ifih1 or Helicard) are cytoplasmic RNA helicases that belong to the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) family and are critical for host antiviral responses. RIG-I and MDA-5 sense double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a replication intermediate for RNA viruses, and signal through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein MAVS (also known as IPS-1, VISA or Cardif), leading to production of type-I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β).
RIG-I detects viral RNA that exhibit an uncapped 5’-di/triphosphate end and a short blunt-ended double stranded potion, two essential features facilitating discrimination from self-RNAs. The features of MDA-5 physiological ligands have not been fully characterized yet. However, it is admitted that RIG-I and MDA-5 exhibit a different dependency for the length of dsRNAs: RIG-I selectively binds short dsRNA while MDA-5 selectively binds long dsRNA. Consistent with this, RIG-I and MDA-5 bind Poly(I:C), a synthetic dsRNA analog, with different length predilection. Under some circumstances, RIG-I can also sense dsDNA indirectly. Viral dsDNA can be transcribed by the RNA polymerase III into dsRNA with a 5’-triphosphate moiety. Poly(dA:dT), a synthetic analog of B-form DNA, thus constitutes another RIG-I ligand. Exemplary RIG-I ligands include, but are not limited to, 5'ppp- dsRNA, a specific agonist of RIG-I; 3p-hpRNA, a specific agonist of RIG-I; Poly(I:C)/LyoVec complexes that are recognized by RIG-I and/or MDA-5 depending of the size of poly(I:C); Poly(dA:dT)/LyoVec complexes that are indirectly recognized by RIG-I. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide contains a functional ligand for TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, or RIG-I-like receptors, or combinations thereof. Examples of immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, and methods of making them are known in the art and commercially available, see for example, Bodera, P. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov.5(1):87-93 (2011), incorporated herein by reference. c. Composition of the Cargo The disclosed nucleic acid cargo can be or include DNA or RNA nucleotides which typically include a heterocyclic base (nucleic acid base), a sugar moiety attached to the heterocyclic base, and a phosphate moiety which esterifies a hydroxyl function of the sugar moiety. The principal naturally-occurring nucleotides include uracil, thymine, cytosine, adenine and guanine as the heterocyclic bases, and ribose or deoxyribose sugar linked by phosphodiester bonds.
In some embodiments, the cargo includes or is composed of nucleotide analogs that have been chemically modified to improve stability, half-life, or specificity or affinity for a target receptor, relative to a DNA or RNA counterpart. The chemical modifications include chemical modification of nucleobases, sugar moieties, nucleotide linkages, or combinations thereof. As used herein ‘modified nucleotide” or “chemically modified nucleotide” defines a nucleotide that has a chemical modification of one or more of the heterocyclic base, sugar moiety or phosphate moiety constituents. In some embodiments, the charge of the modified nucleotide is reduced compared to DNA or RNA of the same nucleobase sequence. For example, the oligonucleotide can have low negative charge, no charge, or positive charge. Typically, nucleoside analogs support bases capable of hydrogen bonding by Watson-Crick base pairing to standard polynucleotide bases, where the analog backbone presents the bases in a manner to permit such hydrogen bonding in a sequence-specific fashion between the oligonucleotide analog molecule and bases in a standard polynucleotide (e.g., single-stranded RNA or single-stranded DNA). In some embodiments, the analogs have a substantially uncharged, phosphorus containing backbone. i. Heterocyclic Bases The principal naturally-occurring nucleotides include uracil, thymine, cytosine, adenine and guanine as the heterocyclic bases. The cargo can include chemical modifications to their nucleobase constituents. Chemical modifications of heterocyclic bases or heterocyclic base analogs may be effective to increase the binding affinity or stability in binding a target sequence. Chemically-modified heterocyclic bases include, but are not limited to, inosine, 5-(1-propynyl) uracil (pU), 5-(1-propynyl) cytosine (pC), 5-methylcytosine, 8-oxo-adenine, pseudocytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5 and 2-amino-5-(2'-deoxy-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl)pyridine (2-aminopyridine), and various pyrrolo- and pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives.
ii. Sugar Modifications Cargo can also contain nucleotides with modified sugar moieties or sugar moiety analogs. Sugar moiety modifications include, but are not limited to, 2'-O-aminoetoxy, 2'-O-amonioethyl (2'-OAE), 2'-O-methoxy, 2'- O-methyl, 2-guanidoethyl (2'-OGE), 2'-O,4'-C-methylene (LNA), 2'-O- (methoxyethyl) (2'-OME) and 2'-O-(N-(methyl)acetamido) (2'-OMA).2'-O- aminoethyl sugar moiety substitutions are especially preferred because they are protonated at neutral pH and thus suppress the charge repulsion between the TFO and the target duplex. This modification stabilizes the C3'-endo conformation of the ribose or dexyribose and also forms a bridge with the i-1 phosphate in the purine strand of the duplex. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is a morpholino oligonucleotide. Morpholino oligonucleotides are typically composed of two more morpholino monomers containing purine or pyrimidine base-pairing moieties effective to bind, by base-specific hydrogen bonding, to a base in a polynucleotide, which are linked together by phosphorus-containing linkages, one to three atoms long, joining the morpholino nitrogen of one monomer to the 5' exocyclic carbon of an adjacent monomer. The purine or pyrimidine base-pairing moiety is typically adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil or thymine. The synthesis, structures, and binding characteristics of morpholino oligomers are detailed in U.S. Patent Nos.5,698,685, 5,217,866, 5,142,047, 5,034,506, 5,166,315, 5,521,063, and 5,506,337. Important properties of the morpholino-based subunits typically include: the ability to be linked in a oligomeric form by stable, uncharged backbone linkages; the ability to support a nucleotide base (e.g. adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymidine, uracil or inosine) such that the polymer formed can hybridize with a complementary-base target nucleic acid, including target RNA, with high Tm, even with oligomers as short as 10-14 bases; the ability of the oligomer to be actively transported into mammalian cells; and the ability of an oligomer:RNA heteroduplex to resist RNAse degradation.
In some embodiments, oligonucleotides employ morpholino-based subunits bearing base-pairing moieties, joined by uncharged linkages, as described above. Morpholino oligonucleotides can be, for example, phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers. iii. Internucleotide Linkages Oligonucleotides are connected by an internucleotide bond that refers to a chemical linkage between two nucleoside moieties. Modifications to the phosphate backbone of DNA or RNA oligonucleotides may increase the binding affinity or stability oligonucleotides, or reduce the susceptibility of oligonucleotides nuclease digestion. Cationic modifications, including, but not limited to, diethyl-ethylenediamide (DEED) or dimethyl- aminopropylamine (DMAP) may be especially useful due to decrease electrostatic repulsion between the oligonucleotide and a target. Modifications of the phosphate backbone may also include the substitution of a sulfur atom for one of the non-bridging oxygens in the phosphodiester linkage. This substitution creates a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage in place of the phosphodiester linkage. Oligonucleotides containing phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages have been shown to be more stable in vivo. Examples of modified nucleotides with reduced charge include modified internucleotide linkages such as phosphate analogs having achiral and uncharged intersubunit linkages (e.g., Sterchak, E. P. et al., Organic. Chem., 52:4202, (1987)), and uncharged morpholino-based polymers having achiral intersubunit linkages (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.5,034,506), as discussed above. Some internucleotide linkage analogs include morpholidate, acetal, and polyamide-linked heterocycles. In another embodiment, the cargo are composed of locked nucleic acids. Locked nucleic acids (LNA) are modified RNA nucleotides (see, for example, Braasch, et al., Chem. Biol., 8(1):1-7 (2001)). LNAs form hybrids with DNA which are more stable than DNA/DNA hybrids, a property similar to that of peptide nucleic acid (PNA)/DNA hybrids. Therefore, LNA can be
used just as PNA molecules would be. LNA binding efficiency can be increased in some embodiments by adding positive charges to it. Commercial nucleic acid synthesizers and standard phosphoramidite chemistry are used to make LNAs. In some embodiments, the cargo are composed of peptide nucleic acids. Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are synthetic DNA mimics in which the phosphate backbone of the oligonucleotide is replaced in its entirety by repeating N-(2-aminoethyl)-glycine units and phosphodiester bonds are typically replaced by peptide bonds. The various heterocyclic bases are linked to the backbone by methylene carbonyl bonds. PNAs maintain spacing of heterocyclic bases that is similar to conventional DNA oligonucleotides, but are achiral and neutrally charged molecules. Peptide nucleic acids are composed of peptide nucleic acid monomers. Other backbone modifications include peptide and amino acid variations and modifications. Thus, the backbone constituents of oligonucleotides such as PNA may be peptide linkages, or alternatively, they may be non-peptide peptide linkages. Examples include acetyl caps, amino spacers such as 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (referred to herein as O- linkers), amino acids such as lysine are particularly useful if positive charges are desired in the PNA, and the like. Methods for the chemical assembly of PNAs are well known. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos.5,539,082, 5,527,675, 5,623,049, 5,714,331, 5,736,336, 5,773,571 and 5,786,571. Cargo optionally includes one or more terminal residues or modifications at either or both termini to increase stability, and/or affinity of the oligonucleotide for its target. Commonly used positively charged moieties include the amino acids lysine and arginine, although other positively charged moieties may also be useful. Cargo may further be modified to be end capped to prevent degradation using a propylamine group. Procedures for 3' or 5' capping oligonucleotides are well known in the art. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid can be single stranded or double stranded.
iv. Fine Tuning Binding The sequence of cargo can be modified to account for these properties and fine tune the strength of binding between the cargo and the 4H2 binding protein. 4H2 antibodies bind to guanosine, so increasing the number of guanines and/or selecting the location of guanines in the polynucleotide sequence may be used to increasing binding of the antibodies, create binding sites for the antibodies, increase the number of antibodies that bind to a single polynucleotide, and/or target the antibodies to bind to certain locations along the polynucleotide. Additionally or alternatively, decreasing the number of guanines in the polynucleotide and/or selecting the location of absence of guanines in the polynucleotide sequence may be used to increase binding of the antibodies, reduce or remove binding sites for the antibodies, decrease the number of antibodies that bind to a single polynucleotide, and/or target the antibodies to bind an alternative locations along the polynucleotide. For example, any of the disclosed cargos may include or consist of guanine (G) (e.g., mono-, di- or polyG) alone or in combination of 2, 3, 4, or more of adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U), or inosine (I). In some embodiments, a synthetic, non-coding sequence is added to the cargo to, e.g., increase or decrease binding to a 4H2 binding protein. Such sequences and can be, but need not necessarily be, at the 5’ or 3’ end of the nucleic acid cargo. The cargo can be single stranded or double stranded DNA or RNA. Additionally or alternatively, these binding properties can be accounted for in rational design of the nucleic acid sequence of the cargo using codon optimization of preferential increased binding (e.g., preference for guanine), or decrease binding (e.g., preference for adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), uracil (U), or inosine (I)). 2. Vaccine Formulations Vaccines require strong immune responses. The 4H2 antibodies described herein can be administered as a component of a vaccine to enhance
the immune response associated therewith. In some embodiments, the vaccines disclosed herein include a 4H2 antibody, an antigen(s), and optionally an adjuvant(s) of other additional agent. a. Antigens Antigens can be peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, saccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, or combinations thereof. The antigen can be derived from a transformed cell such as a cancer or leukemic cell and can be a whole cell or immunogenic component thereof. Suitable antigens are known in the art and are available from commercial government and scientific sources. The antigens can be purified or partially purified polypeptides derived from tumors or can be recombinant polypeptides produced by expressing DNA encoding the polypeptide antigen in a heterologous expression system. The antigens can be a DNA or RNA (e.g., mRNA) encoding all or part of an antigenic protein. The DNA may be in the form of vector DNA such as a viral vector or plasmid DNA. Antigens may be provided as single antigens or may be provided in combination. Antigens may also be provided as complex mixtures of polypeptides or nucleic acids. The antigen can be, for example, a tumor antigen or derived from an infectious agent or disease against which vaccination is desired, such as polio, tetanus, flu (influenza), hepatitis B, hepatitis A, hepatitis C, rubella, Hib, measles, whooping cough (pertussis), pneumococcal disease, HIV, SAR-CoV-2, or any of the other infections and diseases discussed in more detail below. i. Viral Antigens A viral antigen can be isolated from any virus including, but not limited to, a virus from any of the following viral families: Arenaviridae, Arterivirus, Astroviridae, Baculoviridae, Badnavirus, Barnaviridae, Birnaviridae, Bromoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Capillovirus, Carlavirus, Caulimovirus, Circoviridae, Closterovirus, Comoviridae, Coronaviridae (e.g., Coronavirus, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus), Corticoviridae, Cystoviridae, Deltavirus, Dianthovirus,
Enamovirus, Filoviridae (e.g., Marburg virus and Ebola virus (e.g., Zaire, Reston, Ivory Coast, or Sudan strain)), Flaviviridae, (e.g., Hepatitis C virus, Dengue virus 1, Dengue virus 2, Dengue virus 3, and Dengue virus 4), Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae (e.g., Human herpesvirus 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6, and Cytomegalovirus), Hypoviridae, Iridoviridae, Leviviridae, Lipothrixviridae, Microviridae, Orthomyxoviridae (e.g., Influenzavirus A and B and C), Papovaviridae, Paramyxoviridae (e.g., measles, mumps, and human respiratory syncytial virus), Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae (e.g., poliovirus, rhinovirus, hepatovirus, and aphthovirus), Poxviridae (e.g., vaccinia and smallpox virus), Reoviridae (e.g., rotavirus), Retroviridae (e.g., lentivirus, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 and HIV 2), Rhabdoviridae (for example, rabies virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.), Togaviridae (for example, rubella virus, dengue virus, etc.), and Totiviridae. Suitable viral antigens also include all or part of Dengue protein M, Dengue protein E, Dengue D1NS1, Dengue D1NS2, and Dengue D1NS3. Viral antigens may be derived from a particular strain, or a combination of strains, such as a SAR-CoV-2, papilloma virus, a herpes virus, i.e. herpes simplex 1 and 2; a hepatitis virus, for example, hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), the delta hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and hepatitis G virus (HGV), the tick-borne encephalitis viruses; parainfluenza, varicella-zoster, cytomeglavirus, Epstein-Barr, rotavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, coxsackieviruses, equine encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, Rift Valley fever,and lymphocytic choriomeningitis. ii. Bacterial Antigens Bacterial antigens can originate from any bacteria including, but not limited to, Actinomyces, Anabaena, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bdellovibrio, Bordetella, Borrelia, Campylobacter, Caulobacter, Chlamydia, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Cytophaga, Deinococcus, Escherichia, Francisella, Halobacterium, Heliobacter, Haemophilus, Hemophilus influenza type B (HIB), Hyphomicrobium, Legionella,
Leptspirosis, Listeria, Meningococcus A, B and C, Methanobacterium, Micrococcus, Myobacterium, Mycoplasma, Myxococcus, Neisseria, Nitrobacter, Oscillatoria, Prochloron, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Phodospirillum, Rickettsia, Salmonella, Shigella, Spirillum, Spirochaeta, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Sulfolobus, Thermoplasma, Thiobacillus, and Treponema, Vibrio, and Yersinia. iii. Parasitic Antigens Antigens of parasites can be obtained from parasites such as, but not limited to, antigens derived from Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Nocardia asteroides, Rickettsia ricketsii, Rickettsia typhi, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydial psittaci, Chlamydial trachomatis, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Schistosoma mansoni. These include Sporozoan antigens, Plasmodian antigens, such as all or part of a Circumsporozoite protein, a Sporozoite surface protein, a liver stage antigen, an apical membrane associated protein, or a Merozoite surface protein. iv. Tumor Antigens The antigen can be a tumor antigen, including a tumor-associated or tumor-specific antigen, such as, but not limited to, alpha-actinin-4, Bcr-Abl fusion protein, Casp-8, beta-catenin, cdc27, cdk4, cdkn2a, coa-1, dek-can fusion protein, EF2, ETV6-AML1 fusion protein, LDLR- fucosyltransferaseAS fusion protein, HLA-A2, HLA-A11, hsp70-2, KIAAO205, Mart2, Mum-1, 2, and 3, neo-PAP, myosin class I, OS-9, pml- RARα fusion protein, PTPRK, K-ras, N-ras, Triosephosphate isomeras, Bage-1, Gage 3,4,5,6,7, GnTV, Herv-K-mel, Lage-1, Mage- A1,2,3,4,6,10,12, Mage-C2, NA-88, NY-Eso-1/Lage-2, SP17, SSX-2, and TRP2-Int2, MelanA (MART-I), gp100 (Pmel 17), tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, BAGE, GAGE-1, GAGE-2, p15(58), CEA, RAGE, NY-ESO (LAGE), SCP-1, Hom/Mel-40, PRAME, p53, H-Ras, HER-2/neu, BCR-ABL, E2A-PRL, H4-RET, IGH-IGK, MYL-RAR, Epstein Barr virus antigens, EBNA, human papillomavirus (HPV) antigens E6 and E7, TSP-
180, MAGE-4, MAGE-5, MAGE-6, p185erbB2, p180erbB-3, c-met, nm- 23H1, PSA, TAG-72-4, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, CAM 17.1, NuMa, K-ras, β- Catenin, CDK4, Mum-1, p16, TAGE, PSMA, PSCA, CT7, telomerase, 43- 9F, 5T4, 791Tgp72, α-fetoprotein, 13HCG, BCA225, BTAA, CA 125, CA 15-3 (CA 27.29\BCAA), CA 195, CA 242, CA-50, CAM43, CD68\KP1, CO-029, FGF-5, G250, Ga733 (EpCAM), HTgp-175, M344, MA-50, MG7- Ag, MOV18, NB\70K, NY-CO-1, RCAS1, SDCCAG16, TA-90 (Mac-2 binding protein\cyclophilin C-associated protein), TAAL6, TAG72, TLP, and TPS. Tumor antigens, such as BCG, may also be used as an immunostimulant to adjuvant. b. Adjuvants Optionally, the vaccines described herein may include adjuvants. The adjuvant can be, but is not limited to, one or more of the following: oil emulsions (e.g., Freund's adjuvant); saponin formulations; virosomes and viral-like particles; bacterial and microbial derivatives; immunostimulatory oligonucleotides; ADP-ribosylating toxins and detoxified derivatives; alum; BCG; mineral-containing compositions (e.g., mineral salts, such as aluminium salts and calcium salts, hydroxides, phosphates, sulfates, etc.); bioadhesives and/or mucoadhesives; microparticles; liposomes; polyoxyethylene ether and polyoxyethylene ester formulations; polyphosphazene; muramyl peptides; imidazoquinolone compounds; and surface active substances (e.g. lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol). Adjuvants may also include immunomodulators such as cytokines, interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12, etc.), interferons (e.g., interferon-.gamma.), macrophage colony stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor. In addition to PD-1 antagonists, other co-stimulatory molecules, including other polypeptides of the B7 family, may be administered. Such proteinaceous adjuvants may be provided as the full- length polypeptide or an active fragment thereof, or in the form of RNA or DNA, such as plasmid DNA.
3. Immune Checkpoint Modulators The 4H2 antibodies can be administered in combination with an immune checkpoint modulator. Immune checkpoints can be stimulatory or inhibitory, and tumors can use these checkpoints to protect themselves from immune system attacks. Currently approved checkpoint therapies block inhibitory checkpoint receptors, but investigations into therapies that activate stimulatory checkpoints are also underway. Thus, the immune checkpoint modulator can be one that blocks an inhibitory checkpoint, or activates a stimulatory checkpoint. Typically, the immune checkpoint modulator is one that induces or otherwise activates or increases an immune response against target cells for example cancer cells or infected cells. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the immune checkpoint modulator can be a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) directed cell such as a CAR-T cell. In another embodiment, the immune checkpoint modulator can be an oncolytic virus. In preferred embodiments, the immune checkpoint modulator blocks an inhibitory checkpoint. Blockade of negative feedback signaling to immune cells thus results in an enhanced immune response against tumors. Thus, in some embodiments the immune checkpoint modulator is administered to the subject in an effective amount to block an inhibitory checkpoint. Exemplary compounds are those that block or otherwise inhibit, for example, PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA4. a. PD-1 antagonists In some embodiments, the active agents are PD-1 antagonists. Activation of T cells normally depends on an antigen-specific signal following contact of the T cell receptor (TCR) with an antigenic peptide presented via the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) while the extent of this reaction is controlled by positive and negative antigen-independent signals emanating from a variety of co-stimulatory molecules. The latter are commonly members of the CD28/B7 family. Conversely, Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) is a member of the CD28 family of receptors that delivers a negative immune response when induced on T cells. Contact between PD-1
and one of its ligands (B7-H1 or B7-DC) induces an inhibitory response that decreases T cell multiplication and/or the strength and/or duration of a T cell response. Suitable PD-1 antagonists are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 8,114,845, 8,609,089, and 8,709,416, and include compounds or agents that either bind to and block a ligand of PD-1 to interfere with or inhibit the binding of the ligand to the PD-1 receptor, or bind directly to and block the PD-1 receptor without inducing inhibitory signal transduction through the PD-1 receptor. In some embodiments, the PD-1 receptor antagonist binds directly to the PD-1 receptor without triggering inhibitory signal transduction and also binds to a ligand of the PD-1 receptor to reduce or inhibit the ligand from triggering signal transduction through the PD-1 receptor. By reducing the number and/or amount of ligands that bind to PD-1 receptor and trigger the transduction of an inhibitory signal, fewer cells are attenuated by the negative signal delivered by PD-1 signal transduction and a more robust immune response can be achieved. It is believed that PD-1 signaling is driven by binding to a PD-1 ligand (such as B7-H1 or B7-DC) in close proximity to a peptide antigen presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (see, for example, Freeman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 105:10275-10276 (2008)). Therefore, proteins, antibodies or small molecules that prevent co-ligation of PD-1 and TCR on the T cell membrane are also useful PD-1 antagonists. In preferred embodiments, the PD-1 receptor antagonists are small molecule antagonists or antibodies that reduce or interfere with PD-1 receptor signal transduction by binding to ligands of PD-1 or to PD-1 itself, especially where co-ligation of PD-1 with TCR does not follow such binding, thereby not triggering inhibitory signal transduction through the PD- 1 receptor. Other PD-1 antagonists include antibodies that bind to PD-1 or ligands of PD-1 such as PD-L1 (also known as B7-H1) and PD-L2 (also known as B7-DC), and other antibodies. Suitable anti-PD-1 antibodies include, but are not limited to, those described in the following publications:
PCT/IL03/00425 (Hardy et al., WO/2003/099196) PCT/JP2006/309606 (Korman et al., WO/2006/121168) PCT/US2008/008925 (Li et al., WO/2009/014708) PCT/JP03/08420 (Honjo et al., WO/2004/004771) PCT/JP04/00549 (Honjo et al., WO/2004/072286) PCT/IB2003/006304 (Collins et al., WO/2004/056875) PCT/US2007/088851 (Ahmed et al., WO/2008/083174) PCT/US2006/026046 (Korman et al., WO/2007/005874) PCT/US2008/084923 (Terrett et al., WO/2009/073533) Berger et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 14:30443051 (2008). A specific example of an anti-PD-1 antibody is MDX-1106 (see Kosak, US 20070166281 (pub.19 July 2007) at par.42), a human anti-PD-1 antibody, preferably administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Exemplary anti-B7-H1 antibodies include, but are not limited to, those described in the following publications: PCT/US06/022423 (WO/2006/133396, pub.14 December 2006) PCT/US07/088851 (WO/2008/083174, pub.10 July 2008) US 2006/0110383 (pub.25 May 2006) A specific example of an anti-B7-H1 antibody is MDX-1105 (WO/2007/005874, published 11 January 2007)), a human anti-B7-H1 antibody. For anti-B7-DC antibodies see 7,411,051, 7,052,694, 7,390,888, and U.S. Published Application No.2006/0099203. The antibody can be a bi-specific antibody that includes an antibody that binds to the PD-1 receptor bridged to an antibody that binds to a ligand of PD-1, such as B7-H1. In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding portion reduces or inhibits signal transduction through the PD-1 receptor. Other exemplary PD-1 receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to B7-DC polypeptides, including homologs and variants of these, as well as active fragments of any of the foregoing, and fusion proteins that incorporate any of these. In a preferred embodiment, the fusion protein
includes the soluble portion of B7-DC coupled to the Fc portion of an antibody, such as human IgG, and does not incorporate all or part of the transmembrane portion of human B7-DC. The PD-1 antagonist can also be a fragment of a mammalian B7-H1, preferably from mouse or primate, preferably human, wherein the fragment binds to and blocks PD-1 but does not result in inhibitory signal transduction through PD-1. The fragments can also be part of a fusion protein, for example an Ig fusion protein. Other useful polypeptides PD-1 antagonists include those that bind to the ligands of the PD-1 receptor. These include the PD-1 receptor protein, or soluble fragments thereof, which can bind to the PD-1 ligands, such as B7- H1 or B7-DC, and prevent binding to the endogenous PD-1 receptor, thereby preventing inhibitory signal transduction. B7-H1 has also been shown to bind the protein B7.1 (Butte et al., Immunity, Vol.27, pp.111-122, (2007)). Such fragments also include the soluble ECD portion of the PD-1 protein that includes mutations, such as the A99L mutation, that increases binding to the natural ligands (Molnar et al., PNAS, 105:10483-10488 (2008)). B7-1 or soluble fragments thereof, which can bind to the B7-H1 ligand and prevent binding to the endogenous PD-1 receptor, thereby preventing inhibitory signal transduction, are also useful. PD-1 and B7-H1 anti-sense nucleic acids, both DNA and RNA, as well as siRNA molecules can also be PD-1 antagonists. Such anti-sense molecules prevent expression of PD-1 on T cells as well as production of T cell ligands, such as B7-H1, PD-L1 and/or PD-L2. For example, siRNA (for example, of about 21 nucleotides in length, which is specific for the gene encoding PD-1, or encoding a PD-1 ligand, and which oligonucleotides can be readily purchased commercially) complexed with carriers, such as polyethyleneimine (see Cubillos-Ruiz et al., J. Clin. Invest.119(8): 2231- 2244 (2009), are readily taken up by cells that express PD-1 as well as ligands of PD-1 and reduce expression of these receptors and ligands to achieve a decrease in inhibitory signal transduction in T cells, thereby activating T cells.
Exemplary PD-1 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, • Pembrolizumab (formerly MK-3475 or lambrolizumab, Keytruda) was developed by Merck and first approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2014 for the treatment of melanoma. • Nivolumab (Opdivo) was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb and first approved by the FDA in 2014 for the treatment of melanoma. • pidilizumab, by CureTech • AMP-224, by GlaxoSmithKline and MedImmune • AMP-514, by GlaxoSmithKline and MedImmune • PDR001, by Novartis • cemiplimab, by Regeneron and Sanofi Exemplary PD-L1 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, • Atezolizumab (Tecentriq) is a fully humanised IgG1 (immunoglobulin 1 antibody developed by Roche Genentech. In 2016, the FDA approved atezolizumab for urothelial carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer. • Avelumab (Bavencio) is a fully human IgG1 antibody developed by Merck Serono and Pfizer. Avelumab is FDA approved for the treatment of metastatic merkel-cell carcinoma. It failed phase III clinical trials for gastric cancer. • Durvalumab (Imfinzi) is a fully human IgG1 antibody developed by AstraZeneca. Durvalumab is FDA approved for the treatment of urothelial carcinoma and unresectable non-small cell lung cancer after chemoradiation. • BMS-936559, by Bristol-Myers Squibb • CK-301, by Checkpoint Therapeutics See, e.g., Iwai, et al., Journal of Biomedical Science, (2017) 24:26, DOI 10.1186/s12929-017-0329-9. b. CTLA4 antagonists Other molecules useful in mediating the effects of T cells in an immune response are also contemplated as active agents. For example, in some embodiments, the molecule is an agent binds to an immune response
mediating molecule that is not PD-1. In a preferred embodiment, the molecule is an antagonist of CTLA4, for example an antagonistic anti- CTLA4 antibody. An example of an anti-CTLA4 antibody is described in PCT/US2006/043690 (Fischkoff et al., WO/2007/056539). Dosages for anti-PD-1, anti-B7-H1, and anti-CTLA4 antibody, are known in the art and can be in the range of 0.1 to 100 mg/kg, with shorter ranges of 1 to 50 mg/kg preferred and ranges of 10 to 20 mg/kg being more preferred. An appropriate dose for a human subject is between 5 and 15 mg/kg, with 10 mg/kg of antibody (for example, human anti-PD-1 antibody, like MDX-1106) most preferred. Specific examples of CTLA antagonists include Ipilimumab, also known as MDX-010 or MDX-101, a human anti-CTLA4 antibody, preferably administered at a dose of about 10 mg/kg, and Tremelimumab a human anti-CTLA4 antibody, preferably administered at a dose of about 15 mg/kg. See also Sammartino, et al., Clinical Kidney Journal, 3(2):135-137 (2010), published online December 2009. In other embodiments, the antagonist is a small molecule. A series of small organic compounds have been shown to bind to the B7-1 ligand to prevent binding to CTLA4 (see Erbe et al., J. Biol. Chem., 277:7363-7368 (2002). Such small organics could be administered alone or together with an anti-CTLA4 antibody to reduce inhibitory signal transduction of T cells. c. Chimeric Antigen Receptor directed cells The modulator can be a chimeric antigen receptor directed cell. The term “Chimeric Antigen Receptor” or alternatively a “CAR” refers to a set of polypeptides, typically two in the simplest embodiments, which when in an immune effector cell, provides the cell with specificity for a cancer cell, and with intracellular signal generation. In some embodiments, a CARincludes at least an antigen binding domain such as an extracellular binding domain, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic signaling domain (also referred to as "an intracellular signaling domain") including a functional signaling domain derived from a stimulatory molecule and/or costimulatory molecule as defined below. In one embodiment, the stimulatory molecule is a zeta
chain (“zeta stimulatory domain”) associated with a T cell receptor complex. In one embodiment, the cytoplasmic signaling domain further includes one or more functional signaling domains derived from at least one costimulatory molecule (e.g., 4-1BB (i.e., CD137), CD27 and/or CD28). In some embodiments, the CAR includes a chimeric fusion protein including an extracellular antigen binding domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular signaling domain including a functional signaling domain derived from a stimulatory molecule. In various embodiments, CARs are fusion proteins of single-chain variable fragments (scFv) fused to a CD3-zeta transmembrane domain. However, other intracellular signaling domains such as CD28, 41-BB and Ox40 may be used in various combinations to give the desired intracellular signal. In some embodiments, CARs disclosed herein include an extracellular binding domain. The term “antigen binding domain” is used in the context of the present disclosure to refer to the portion of the CAR that specifically recognizes and binds to the antigen of interest. The “antigen binding domain” may be derived from a binding protein disclosed herein such as an antibody or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the “binding domain” is a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). In certain embodiments, the “binding domain” includes the complementarity determining regions of a binding protein disclosed herein. In this embodiment, the CAR directed cell can represent the combination of a 4H2 cell-penetrating antibody (assuming it penetrates a cancer cell) that induces cGAS/STING signaling, or a combination thereof and an immune checkpoint modulator that induces, increases, or enhances an immune response. For example, the binding domain can represent the cell-penetrating antibody and the modified T-cell can represent the immune cell modulator. In another example, a CAR- directed cell disclosed herein is administered with a cell-penetrating 4H2 antibody disclosed herein. The terms “zeta” or “CD3-zeta” are used herein to define the protein provided as GenBan Acc. No. BAG36664.1, or the equivalent residues from a non- human species and a “zeta stimulatory domain” or alternatively a
“CD3-zeta stimulatory domain” is defined as the amino acid residues from the cytoplasmic domain of the zeta chain, or functional derivatives thereof, that are sufficient to functionally transmit an initial signal necessary for T cell activation. The term “immune effector cell,” is used herein to refer to a cell that is involved in an immune response (e.g. promotion of an immune effector response). Examples of immune effector cells include T cells, e.g., alpha/beta T cells and gamma/delta T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, mast cells, and myeloic-derived phagocytes. In some embodiments, the immune effector cell(s) is allogenic. In some embodiments, the immune effector cell(s) is autologous. In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint modulator is a CAR directed T cell (CAR-T cell). Exemplary CAR-T cells include Axicabtagene ciloleucel (KTE-C19, Axi-cel), Tisagenlecleucel, Lisocabtagene Maraleucel (liso-cel; JCAR017). Immune effector cells such as T cells may be activated and expanded generally using methods previously described, such as for example, as described in U.S. Patents 6,352,694; 6,534,055; 6,905,680; 6,692,964; 5,858,358; 6,887,466; 6,905,681; 7,144,575; 7,067,318; 7,172,869; 7,232,566; 7,175,843; 5,883,223; 6,905,874; 6,797,514; 6,867,041. As a general example, a population of immune effector cells e.g., T regulatory cell depleted cells, may be expanded by contact with a surface having attached thereto an agent that stimulates a CD3 complex associated signal and a ligand that stimulates a costimulatory molecule on the surface of the T cells. d. Oncolytic virus The modulator can be an oncolytic virus. The term “oncolytic virus” is used in the context of the present disclosure to refer to viruses that are able to infect and reduce growth of cancer cells. For example, oncolytic viruses can inhibit cell proliferation. In some embodiments, oncolytic viruses can kill cancer cells. In some embodiments, the oncolytic virus preferentially infects and inhibits growth of cancer cells compared with corresponding normal cells. In another embodiment, the oncolytic virus preferentially
replicates in and inhibits growth of cancer cells compared with corresponding normal cells. In some embodiments, the oncolytic virus is able to naturally infect and reduce growth of cancer cells. Examples of such viruses include Newcastle disease virus, vesicular stomatitis, myxoma, reovirus, sindbis, measles and coxsackievirus. Oncolytic viruses able to naturally infect and reduce growth of cancer cells generally target cancer cells by exploiting the cellular aberrations that occur in these cells. For example, oncolytic viruses may exploit surface attachment receptors, activated oncogenes such as Ras, Akt, p53 and/or interferon (IFN) pathway defects. In another embodiment, oncolytic viruses encompassed by the present disclosure are engineered to infect and reduce growth of cancer cells. Exemplary viruses suitable for such engineering include oncolytic DNA viruses, such as adenovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Vaccinia virus; and oncolytic RNA viruses such as Lentivirus, Reovirus, Coxsackievirus, Seneca Valley Virus, Poliovirus, Measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and parvovirus such as rodent protoparvoviruses H-1PV. In some embodiments, the oncolytic virus includes a backbone of an above referenced virus. In some embodiments, tumor specificity of an oncolytic virus can be engineered to mutate or delete gene(s) required for survival of the virus in normal cells but expendable in cancer cells. For example, the oncolytic virus can be engineered by mutating or deleting a gene that encodes thymidine kinase, an enzyme needed for nucleic acid metabolism. In this example, viruses are dependent on cellular thymidine kinase expression, which is high in proliferating cancer cells but repressed in normal cells. In another example, the oncolytic virus is engineered to include a capsid protein that binds a tumor specific cell surface molecule. In some embodiments, the capsid protein is a fibre, a penton or hexon protein. In another example, the oncolytic virus is engineered to include a tumor specific cell surface molecule for transductionally targeting a cancer cell. Exemplary tumor specific cell surface molecules can include an integrin, an EGF receptor
family member, a proteoglycan, a disialoganglioside, B7-H3, CA-125, EpCAM, ICAM-1, DAF, A21, integrin-α2β1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 , vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, CEA, a tumour associated glycoprotein, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD40, CD44, CD52, CD74, CD152, CD155, MUC1, a tumour necrosis factor receptor, an insulin-like growth factor receptor, folate receptor a, transmembrane glycoprotein NMB, a C-C chemokine receptor, PSMA, RON-receptor, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4. The oncolytic virus can be replication-competent. In some embodiments, the oncolytic viruses selectively replicate in cancer cells when compared with corresponding normal cells. Conditional replication can be achieved by, for example, the insertion of a tumor-specific promoter driving the expression of a critical gene(s). Such promoters can be identified based on differences in gene expression between tumor and corresponding surrounding tissue. Exemplary native promoters include AFP, CCKAR, CEA, erbB2, Cerb2, COX2, CXCR4, E2F1, HE4, LP, MUC1, PSA, Survivin, TRP1, STAT3, hTERT and Tyr. Exemplary composite promoters include AFP/hAFP, SV40/AFP, CEA/CEA, PSA/PSA, SV40/Tyr and Tyr/Tyr. Various viruses may be engineered as outlined in the above referenced examples. The oncolytic virus can be, for example, a modified HSV, Lentivirus, Baculovirus, Retrovirus, Adenovirus (AdV), Adeno- associated virus (AAV) or a recombinant form such as recombinant adeno- associated virus (rAAV) or a derivative thereof such as a self-complementary AAV (scAAV) or non-integrating AV. The oncolytic virus can be a modified HSVThe oncolytic virus can be a modified lentivirus. Other exemplary viruses include vaccina virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), measles virus and maraba virus. In other examples, the oncolytic virus may be one of various AV or AAV serotypes. In some embodiments, the oncolytic virus is serotype 1. In another example, the oncolytic virus is serotype 2. In other examples, the oncolytic virus is serotype 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13. In another example,
the oncolytic virus is serotype 5. In another example, the oncolytic virus is serotype 6. Exemplary oncolytic viruses include T-Vec (HSV-1; Amgen), JX- 594 (Vaccina; Sillajen), JX-594 (AdV; Cold Genesys), Reolysin (Reovirus; Oncolytics Biotech). Other examples of oncolytic viruses are disclosed in WO 2003/080083, WO 2005/086922, WO 2007/088229, WO 2008/110579, WO 2010/108931, WO 2010/128182, WO 2013/112942, WO 2013/116778, WO 2014/204814, WO 2015/077624 and WO 2015/166082, WO 2015/089280. e. Other Immune Checkpoint Modulators Other immune checkpoint targets include, but are not limited to, ICOS, OX40, GITR, 4-1BB, CD40, CD27-CD70, LAG3, TIM-3, TIGIT, VISTA, B7-H3, KIR, PARP, and others, and are being targeting for cancer treatment alone and in combination with anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, and anti- CTLA compounds. See, for example, Iwai, et al., Journal of Biomedical Science.24 (1): 26. doi:10.1186/s12929-017-0329-9; Donini, et al., J Thorac Dis.2018 May;10(Suppl 13):S1581-S1601. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.02.79. Thus, in some embodiments, a 4H2 antibody is administered in combination with a compound that targets ICOS, OX40, GITR, 4-1BB, CD40, CD27- CD70, LAG3, TIM-3, TIGIT, VISTA, B7-H3, KIR, or PARP, or a combination thereof, alone or in combination with a compound that target PD-1, PD-L1, and/or CTLA. In another embodiment, the immune checkpoint modulator is an antibody disclosed in WO 2016/013870. C. Pharmaceutical Compositions The compositions can be used therapeutically in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compositions are preferably employed for therapeutic uses in combination with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. Such compositions include an effective amount of the composition, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The compositions may be in a formulation for administration topically, locally or systemically in a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15th Edition by E. W. Martin (Mark Publishing Company, 1975), discloses typical carriers and methods of preparation. The antibodies or complexes formed therefrom may also be encapsulated in suitable biocompatible particles formed of biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymers or proteins or liposomes for targeting to cells. Such systems are well known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the antibodies or complexes formed therefrom are encapsulated in nanoparticles. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampules or in multi-dose containers, optionally with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, suspensions and emulsions, which can be isotonic with the blood of the subject in certain embodiments. Examples of nonaqueous solvents are polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oil such as olive oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, arachis oil, peanut oil, mineral oil, injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate, or fixed oils including synthetic mono or di-glycerides. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, 1,3- butandiol, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, and electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose).The materials may be in solution, emulsions, or suspension (for example, incorporated into particles, liposomes, or cells). Typically, an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt is used in the formulation to render the formulation isotonic. Trehalose, typically in the amount of 1-5%, may be added to the pharmaceutical compositions. The pH of the solution is preferably from about 5 to about 8, and more preferably from about 7 to about 7.5. Pharmaceutical compositions may include carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, and surface-active agents. Carrier formulation can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack
Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. Those of skill in the art can readily determine the various parameters for preparing and formulating the compositions without resort to undue experimentation. The compositions alone or in combination with other suitable components, can also be made into aerosol formulations (i.e., they can be "nebulized") to be administered via inhalation. Aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and air. For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant. In some embodiments, the include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers with formulation ingredients such as salts, carriers, buffering agents, emulsifiers, diluents, excipients, chelating agents, preservatives, solubilizers, or stabilizers. The nucleic acids may be conjugated to lipophilic groups like cholesterol and lauric and lithocholic acid derivatives with C32 functionality to improve cellular uptake. For example, cholesterol has been demonstrated to enhance uptake and serum stability of siRNA in vitro (Lorenz, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 14(19):4975-4977 (2004)) and in vivo (Soutschek, et al., Nature, 432(7014):173-178 (2004)). In addition, it has been shown that binding of steroid conjugated oligonucleotides to different lipoproteins in the bloodstream, such as LDL, protect integrity and facilitate biodistribution (Rump, et al., Biochem. Pharmacol., 59(11):1407-1416 (2000)). Other groups that can be attached or conjugated to the nucleic acids described above to increase cellular uptake, include acridine derivatives; cross-linkers such as psoralen derivatives, azidophenacyl, proflavin, and azidoproflavin; artificial endonucleases; metal complexes such as EDTA- Fe(II) and porphyrin-Fe(II); alkylating moieties; nucleases such as alkaline phosphatase; terminal transferases; abzymes; cholesteryl moieties; lipophilic carriers; peptide conjugates; long chain alcohols; phosphate esters; radioactive markers; non-radioactive markers; carbohydrates; and polylysine
or other polyamines. U.S. Patent No.6,919,208 to Levy, et al., also describes methods for enhanced delivery. These pharmaceutical formulations may be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes. Further carriers include sustained release preparations such as semi- permeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibodies or complexes formed therefrom, which matrices are in the form of shaped particles, e.g., films, liposomes or microparticles. Implantation includes inserting implantable drug delivery systems, e.g., microspheres, hydrogels, polymeric reservoirs, cholesterol matrixes, polymeric systems, e.g., matrix erosion and/or diffusion systems and non-polymeric systems. Inhalation includes administering the composition with an aerosol in an inhaler, either alone or attached to a carrier that can be absorbed. For systemic administration, it may be preferred that the composition is encapsulated in liposomes. The compositions may be delivered in a manner which enables tissue-specific uptake of the agent and/or nucleotide delivery system, using invasive devices such as vascular or urinary catheters, and using interventional devices such as stents having drug delivery capability and configured as expansive devices or stent grafts. The formulations may be delivered using a bioerodible implant by way of diffusion or by degradation of the polymeric matrix. In certain embodiments, the administration of the formulation may be designed to result in sequential exposures to the composition, over a certain time period, for example, hours, days, weeks, months or years. This may be accomplished, for example, by repeated administrations of a formulation or by a sustained or controlled release delivery system in which the compositions are delivered over a prolonged period without repeated administrations. Other delivery systems suitable include time-release, delayed release, sustained release, or controlled release delivery systems. Such systems may
avoid repeated administrations in many cases, increasing convenience to the subject and the physician. Many types of release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They include, for example, polymer-based systems such as polylactic and/or polyglycolic acids, polyanhydrides, polycaprolactones, copolyoxalates, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polyhydroxybutyric acid, and/or combinations of these. Microcapsules of the foregoing polymers containing nucleic acids are described in, for example, U.S. Patent No.5,075,109. Other examples include non-polymer systems that are lipid-based including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono-, di- and triglycerides; hydrogel release systems; liposome-based systems; phospholipid based-systems; silastic systems; peptide based systems; wax coatings; compressed tablets using conventional binders and excipients; or partially fused implants. The formulation may be as, for example, microspheres, hydrogels, polymeric reservoirs, cholesterol matrices, or polymeric systems. In some embodiments, the system may allow sustained or controlled release of the composition to occur, for example, through control of the diffusion or erosion/degradation rate of the formulations containing the antibodies or complexes formed therefrom. The compositions can be formulated for pulmonary or mucosal administration. The administration can include delivery of the composition to the lungs, nasal, oral (sublingual, buccal), vaginal, or rectal mucosa. The term aerosol as used herein refers to any preparation of a fine mist of particles, which can be in solution or a suspension, whether or not it is produced using a propellant. Aerosols can be produced using standard techniques, such as ultrasonication or high-pressure treatment. For administration via the upper respiratory tract, the formulation can be formulated into a solution, e.g., water or isotonic saline, buffered or un- buffered, or as a suspension, for intranasal administration as drops or as a spray. Preferably, such solutions or suspensions are isotonic relative to nasal secretions and of about the same pH, ranging e.g., from about pH 4.0 to
about pH 7.4 or, from pH 6.0 to pH 7.0. Buffers should be physiologically compatible and include, simply by way of example, phosphate buffers. The compositions can be delivered to the target cells using a particle delivery vehicle. Nanoparticles generally refers to particles in the range of between 500 nm to less than 0.5 nm, preferably having a diameter that is between 50 and 500 nm, more preferably having a diameter that is between 50 and 300 nm. Cellular internalization of polymeric particles is highly dependent upon their size, with nanoparticulate polymeric particles being internalized by cells with much higher efficiency than micoparticulate polymeric particles. For example, Desai, et al. have demonstrated that about 2.5 times more nanoparticles that are 100 nm in diameter are taken up by cultured Caco-2 cells as compared to microparticles having a diameter on 1 µM (Desai, et al., Pharm. Res., 14:1568-73 (1997)). Nanoparticles also have a greater ability to diffuse deeper into tissues in vivo. In some embodiments, the delivery vehicle is a dendrimer. Examples of preferred biodegradable polymers include synthetic polymers that degrade by hydrolysis such as poly(hydroxy acids), such as polymers and copolymers of lactic acid and glycolic acid, other degradable polyesters, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho)esters, polyesters, polyurethanes, poly(butic acid), poly(valeric acid), poly(caprolactone), poly(hydroxyalkanoates), poly(lactide-co-caprolactone), and poly(amine-co- ester) polymers, such as those described in Zhou, et al., Nature Materials, 11:82-90 (2012) and WO 2013/082529, U.S. Published Application No. 2014/0342003, and WO 2016/081621. In some embodiments, particularly those for targeting T cells in vivo, for example, for in vivo production of CAR T cells, immune cell or T cell markers such as CD3, CD7, or CD8, or markers of a target tissue such as the liver, can be targeted. For example, anti-CD8 antibodies and anti-CD3 Fab fragments have both been used to target T cells in vivo (Pfeiffer, et al., EMBO Mol Med., 10(11) (2018). pii: e9158. doi: 10.15252/emmm.201809158., Smith, et al., Nat Nanotechnol., 12(8):813-820 (2017). doi: 10.1038/nnano.2017.57). Thus, in some embodiments, the
particle or other delivery vehicle includes a targeting moiety specific for CD3, CD7, CD8, or another immune cell (e.g., T cell) marker, or a marker for a specific tissue such as the thymus, spleen, or liver. The binding moiety can be, for example, an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof. Targeting moieties can be associated with, linked, conjugated, or otherwise attached directly or indirectly to a nanoparticle or other delivery vehicle thereof. Targeting molecules can be proteins, peptides, nucleic acid molecules, saccharides or polysaccharides that bind to a receptor or other molecule on the surface of a targeted cell. The degree of specificity and the avidity of binding to the graft can be modulated through the selection of the targeting molecule. Examples of moieties include, for example, targeting moieties which provide for the delivery of molecules to specific cells, e.g., antibodies to hematopoietic stem cells, CD34+ cells, T cells or any other preferred cell type, as well as receptor and ligands expressed on the preferred cell type. Preferably, the moieties target hematopoeitic stem cells. Examples of molecules targeting extracellular matrix (“ECM”) include glycosaminoglycan (“GAG”) and collagen. In one embodiment, the external surface of polymer particles may be modified to enhance the ability of the particles to interact with selected cells or tissue. The method described above wherein an adaptor element conjugated to a targeting molecule is inserted into the particle is preferred. However, in another embodiment, the outer surface of a polymer micro- or nanoparticle having a carboxy terminus may be linked to targeting molecules that have a free amine terminus. Other useful ligands attached to polymeric micro- and nanoparticles include pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs target Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) on the surface of the cells or tissue, or signal the cells or tissue internally, thereby potentially increasing uptake. PAMPs conjugated to the particle surface or co-encapsulated may include: unmethylated CpG DNA (bacterial), double-stranded RNA (viral), lipopolysacharride (bacterial), peptidoglycan (bacterial), lipoarabinomannin (bacterial), zymosan (yeast), mycoplasmal lipoproteins such as MALP-2
(bacterial), flagellin (bacterial) poly(inosinic-cytidylic) acid (bacterial), lipoteichoic acid (bacterial) or imidazoquinolines (synthetic). In another embodiment, the outer surface of the particle may be treated using a mannose amine, thereby mannosylating the outer surface of the particle. This treatment may cause the particle to bind to the target cell or tissue at a mannose receptor on the antigen presenting cell surface. Alternatively, surface conjugation with an immunoglobulin molecule containing an Fc portion (targeting Fc receptor), heat shock protein moiety (HSP receptor), phosphatidylserine (scavenger receptors), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are additional receptor targets on cells or tissue. Lectins that can be covalently attached to micro- and nanoparticles to render them target specific to the mucin and mucosal cell layer. The choice of targeting moiety will depend on the method of administration of the nanoparticle composition and the cells or tissues to be targeted. The targeting molecule may generally increase the binding affinity of the particles for cell or tissues or may target the nanoparticle to a particular tissue in an organ or a particular cell type in a tissue. In some embodiments, the targeting moiety targets the thymus, spleen, or cancer cells. The covalent attachment of any of the natural components of mucin in either pure or partially purified form to the particles would decrease the surface tension of the bead-gut interface and increase the solubility of the bead in the mucin layer. The attachment of polyamino acids containing extra pendant carboxylic acid side groups, e.g., polyaspartic acid and polyglutamic acid, increases bioadhesiveness. Using polyamino acids in the 15,000 to 50,000 kDa molecular weight range yields chains of 120 to 425 amino acid residues attached to the surface of the particles. The polyamino chains increase bioadhesion by means of chain entanglement in mucin strands as well as by increased carboxylic charge.
III. Methods of Use A. Delivery of Nucleic Acids Methods for using 4H2 antibodies to enhance delivery of nucleic acid constructs are provided. Typically an effective amount of 4H2 antibody is first contacted with a nucleic acid cargo whose delivery into cells is desired. For example, the nucleic acid cargo and antibody can be mixed in solution for sufficient time for the nucleic acid cargo and antibody to form complexes. Next, the mixture is contacted with cells. In other embodiments, the cargo and antibody are added to a solution containing or otherwise bathing cells, and the complexes are formed in the presence of the cells. The complexes can be contacted with cells in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. Thus, in some embodiments, the solution of complexes is added to the cells in culture or injected into an animal to be treated. The treatment can be, for example, administration of a mixture of an antibody and nucleic acid cargo to a subject in need thereof by simple IV administration. The compositions and methods can include 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more different nucleic acid constructs formed of RNA, DNA, PNA or other modified nucleic acids, or a combination thereof. The effective amount or therapeutically effective amount of the composition can be a dosage sufficient to treat, inhibit, or alleviate one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder, or to otherwise provide a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect, for example, reducing, inhibiting, or reversing one or more of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying a disease or disorder. An effective amount may also be an amount effective to increase the rate, quantity, and/or quality of delivery of the nucleic acid cargo relative to administration of the cargo in the absence of the antibody. The formulation of the composition is made to suit the mode of administration. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are determined in part by the particular composition being administered, as well as by the particular method used to administer the composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety of suitable formulations of pharmaceutical compositions containing the complexes. The
precise dosage will vary according to a variety of factors such as subject- dependent variables (e.g., age, immune system health, clinical symptoms etc.). The composition can be administered or otherwise contacted with target cells once, twice, or three times daily; one, two, three, four, five, six, seven times a week, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight times a month. For example, in some embodiments, the composition is administered every two or three days, or on average about 2 to about 4 times about week. Thus, in some embodiments, the composition is administered as part of dosage regimen including two or more separate treatments. Dosage regimens include maintenance regimens, where the dosage remains the same between two or more administrations, escalation regimens where the dosage increases between two or more administrations, de- escalation regimens, where the dosage decreases between two or more administrations, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the first dose can be a low dose. Dose escalation can be continued until a satisfactory biochemical or clinical response is reached. The clinical response will depend on the disease or disorder being treated, and/or the desired outcome. In some embodiments the dosage may increase until a therapeutic effect is identified, preferably without also inducing undesired toxicity or an acceptably high amount thereof. Next, the dosages can be maintained or steadily reduced to a maintenance dose. The methods can used to standardize, optimize, or customize the dose level, dose frequency, or duration of the therapy. Generally, prior to administration, particularly for in vivo administration, antibody and nucleic acid are mixed for a period of time, e.g., at room temperature. In some embodiments, time of complexation ranges from, for example, 1 minute to 30 minutes, or 10 minutes to 20, each inclusive, with a preferred complexation time of about 15 minutes. Antibody dose can range from 0.0001 mg to 1 mg, each inclusive, with a preferred dose of about 0.1 mg. Nucleic acid dose can range from 0.001 µg to 100 µg, inclusive, with a preferred dose of 10 µg. In the experiments below,
4H2/mRNA were utilized in ratio of 1:1 w/w and 3:1 w/w, though other ratios are also contemplated. In some embodiments, antibody:nucleic acid is utilized in a ratio of e.g., 10:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, or 1:5 w/w. In some embodiments, RNA and/or DNA cargo is mixed with carrier DNA. Carrier DNA can be, for example, plasmid DNA or low molecular weight, from e.g., salmon sperm. In some embodiments, carrier DNA is non-coding DNA. Carrier DNA can be single stranded or double stranded or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, carrier DNA is composed of nucleic acids having 1-10, 1-100, 1-1,000, or 1-10,000 nucleotides in length, or any subrange or integer thereof, or combination thereof. Typically carrier DNA is not conjugated or otherwise covalently attached to the antibody. Typically carrier DNA is co-incubated with cargo nucleic acid and antibody, and co-delivered as a complex therewith. 1. In vitro and Ex vivo Methods For in vitro and ex vivo methods, cells are typically contacted with the composition while in culture. For ex vivo methods, cells may be isolated from a subject and contacted ex vivo with the composition to produce cells containing the cargo nucleic acid(s). In a preferred embodiment, the cells are isolated from the subject to be treated or from a syngeneic host. Target cells can be removed from a subject prior to contacting with composition. The antibody and cargo can be contacted with the cells together or separately, or as a pre-formed complex. 2. In vivo Methods In some embodiments, in vivo delivery of nucleic acid cargo to cells is used for gene editing and/or treatment of a disease or disorder in a subject. The composition, typically including antibody-nucleic acid cargo complex, can be administered directly to a subject for in vivo therapy. In general, methods of administering compounds, including antibodies, oligonucleotides and related molecules, are well known in the art. In particular, the routes of administration already in use for nucleic acid therapeutics, along with formulations in current use, provide preferred routes
of administration and formulation for the donor oligonucleotides described above. Preferably the composition is injected or infused into the animal. The compositions can be administered by a number of routes including, but not limited to, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraamniotic, intramuscular, subcutaneous, or topical (sublingual, rectal, intranasal, pulmonary, rectal mucosa, and vaginal), and oral (sublingual, buccal). In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for pulmonary delivery, such as intranasal administration or oral inhalation. Administration of the formulations may be accomplished by any acceptable method that allows the complexes to reach their targets. The administration may be localized (i.e., to a particular region, physiological system, tissue, organ, or cell type) or systemic, depending on the condition being treated. Compositions and methods for in vivo delivery are also discussed in WO 2017/143042. The methods can also include administering an effective amount of the antibody-nucleic acid complex composition to an embryo or fetus, or the pregnant mother thereof, in vivo. In some methods, compositions are delivered in utero by injecting and/or infusing the compositions into a vein or artery, such as the vitelline vein or the umbilical vein, or into the amniotic sac of an embryo or fetus. See, e.g., Ricciardi, et al., Nat Commun.2018 Jun 26;9(1):2481. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04894-2, and WO 2018/187493. 3. Applications Nucleic acid cargo, e.g., mRNA, functional nucleic acid, DNA expression constructs, vectors, etc., encoding a polypeptide of interest or functional nucleic acid, can be delivered into cells using a 4H2 antibody, for expression of, or inhibition of, a polypeptide in the cells. The compositions and methods can be used over a range of different applications. Non-limiting examples include CRISPR and gRNA expression vectors +/- editing DNAs, delivery of large DNAs (plasmids and expression vectors), gene replacement and gene therapy, delivery of DNAs and/or RNAs to, for example, generate CAR-T cells in vivo or ex vivo and to simplify CAR-T cell production in vivo or ex vivo, delivery of siRNAs, delivery of mRNAs, etc. Exemplary
applications related to gene therapy/gene editing and immunomodulation, particularly chimeric antigen receptor T cell production, are discussed below. a. Gene Therapy and Editing In some embodiments, the compositions are used for gene editing. For example, the methods can be especially useful to treat genetic deficiencies, disorders and diseases caused by mutations in single genes, for example, to correct genetic deficiencies, disorders and diseases caused by point mutations. If the target gene contains a mutation that is the cause of a genetic disorder, then the methods can be used for mutagenic repair that may restore the DNA sequence of the target gene to normal. The target sequence can be within the coding DNA sequence of the gene or within an intron. The target sequence can also be within DNA sequences that regulate expression of the target gene, including promoter or enhancer sequences. In the methods herein, cells that have been contacted with the complexes may be administered to a subject. The subject may have a disease or disorder such as hemophilia, muscular dystrophy, globinopathies, cystic fibrosis, xeroderma pigmentosum, or lysosomal storage diseases, or inherited or acquired diseases of the retina, eye, brain, or spine, or coronary artery or other vascular disease. In such embodiments, gene modification, gene replacement, gene addition, or a combination thereof, may occur in an effective amount to reduce one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder in the subject. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions are used in retinal gene therapy. Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are typically caused by single-gene mutations, and include, but are not limited to, Type 2 Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA), Choroideremia (CHM), Stargardt disease, Retinitis pigmentosa (e.g., mutations in RHO, USH2A, and RPGR), and X- Linked Retinoschisis (XLRS). Different routes of administration, including intravitreal, subretinal and suprachoroidal, can be used and provide different biodistribution. See also Gupta, et al., “Gene Therapy for Inherited Retinal Disease,” Review of Ophthalmology, May 10, 2022.
In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions and methods are used to induce or enhance repair of damaged endothelial cells e.g., at the time of revascularization. Thus, the disclosed compositions and methods can be used an adjunct to cardiovascular surgeries and other interventions. For example, revascularization is a procedure that can restore blood flow in blocked arteries or veins. The disclosed compositions and methods may be utilized in conjunction with such interventions to, for example, to reduce the expression or bioactivity of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, Il-8 and TNF-a, increase endothelial cell growth and proliferation, and/or reduce neointimal hyperplasia (e.g., growth, proliferation, migration, etc. of smooth muscle cells). In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions and methods include local delivery to, or adjacent to, a site in need of treatment. Such local sites include, but are not limited to, the brain, ears, and skin, where such delivery can be used to treat diseases associated therewith. In some embodiments, the cargo includes a nucleic acid encoding a nuclease, a donor oligonucleotide or nucleic acid encoding a donor oligonucleotide, or a combination thereof. 1. Gene Editing Nuclease Nucleic acid cargos include those that encode an element or elements that induce a single or a double strand break in the target cell’s genome, and optionally, but preferable in combination with other elements such as donor oligonucleotides and/or, particularly in the case of CRISPR/Cas, other elements of the system such as gRNA. The compositions can be used, for example, to reduce or otherwise modify expression of a target gene. (1). Strand Break Inducing Elements CRISPR/Cas In some embodiments, the nucleic acid cargo includes one or more elements of a CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing composition, a nucleic acid encoding one or more elements of a CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing composition, or a combination thereof. As used herein,
CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing composition refers to the elements of a CRISPR system needed to carry out CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing in a mammalian subject. As discussed in more detail below, CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing compositions typically include one or more nucleic acids encoding a crRNA, a tracrRNA (or chimeric thereof also referred to a guide RNA or single guide RNA) and a Cas enzyme, such as Cas9. The CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing composition can optionally include a donor polynucleotide that can be recombined into the target cell’s genome at or adjacent to the target site (e.g., the site of single or double stand break induced by the Cas9). The CRISPR/Cas system has been adapted for use as gene editing (silencing, enhancing or changing specific genes) for use in eukaryotes (see, for example, Cong, Science, 15:339(6121):819–823 (2013) and Jinek, et al., Science, 337(6096):816-21 (2012)). By transfecting a cell with the required elements including a cas gene and specifically designed CRISPRs, the organism's genome can be cut and modified at any desired location. Methods of preparing compositions for use in genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas systems are described in detail in WO 2013/176772 and WO 2014/018423, which are specifically incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. The methods of delivery disclosed herein are suitable for use with numerous variations on the CRISPR/Cas system. In general, “CRISPR system” refers collectively to transcripts and other elements involved in the expression of or directing the activity of CRISPR-associated (“Cas”) genes, including sequences encoding a Cas gene, a tracr (trans-activating CRISPR) sequence (e.g., tracrRNA or an active partial tracrRNA), a tracr-mate sequence (encompassing a “direct repeat” and a tracrRNA-processed partial direct repeat in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), a guide sequence (also referred to as a “spacer” in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), or other sequences and transcripts from a CRISPR locus. One or more tracr mate sequences operably linked to a guide sequence (e.g., direct repeat-spacer-
direct repeat) can also be referred to as pre-crRNA (pre-CRISPR RNA) before processing or crRNA after processing by a nuclease. As discussed in more detail below, in some embodiments, a tracrRNA and crRNA are linked and form a chimeric crRNA-tracrRNA hybrid where a mature crRNA is fused to a partial tracrRNA via a synthetic stem loop to mimic the natural crRNA:tracrRNA duplex as described in Cong, Science, 15:339(6121):819–823 (2013) and Jinek, et al., Science, 337(6096):816-21 (2012)). A single fused crRNA-tracrRNA construct is also referred to herein as a guide RNA or gRNA (or single-guide RNA (sgRNA)). Within an sgRNA, the crRNA portion can be identified as the ‘target sequence’ and the tracrRNA is often referred to as the ‘scaffold’. In some embodiments, one or more elements of a CRISPR system is derived from a type I, type II, or type III CRISPR system. In some embodiments, one or more elements of a CRISPR system is derived from a particular organism including an endogenous CRISPR system, such as Streptococcus pyogenes. In general, a CRISPR system is characterized by elements that promote the formation of a CRISPR complex at the site of a target sequence (also referred to as a protospacer in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system). In the context of formation of a CRISPR complex, “target sequence” refers to a sequence to which a guide sequence is designed to have complementarity, where hybridization between a target sequence and a guide sequence promotes the formation of a CRISPR complex. A target sequence can be any polynucleotide, such as DNA or RNA polynucleotides. In some embodiments, a target sequence is located in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a cell. In the target nucleic acid, each protospacer is associated with a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) whose recognition is specific to individual CRISPR systems. In the Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR/Cas system, the PAM is the nucleotide sequence NGG. In the Streptococcus thermophiles CRISPR/Cas system, the PAM is the nucleotide sequence is NNAGAAW. The tracrRNA duplex directs Cas to the DNA target consisting of the
protospacer and the requisite PAM via heteroduplex formation between the spacer region of the crRNA and the protospacer DNA. Typically, in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system, formation of a CRISPR complex (including a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence and complexed with one or more Cas proteins) results in cleavage of one or both strands in or near (e.g., within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, or more base pairs from) the target sequence. All or a portion of the tracr sequence may also form part of a CRISPR complex, such as by hybridization to all or a portion of a tracr mate sequence that is operably linked to the guide sequence. There are many resources available for helping practitioners determine suitable target sites once a desired DNA target sequence is identified. For example, numerous public resources, including a bioinformatically generated list of about 190,000 potential sgRNAs, targeting more than 40% of human exons, are available to aid practitioners in selecting target sites and designing the associate sgRNA to affect a nick or double strand break at the site. See also, crispr.u-psud.fr/, a tool designed to help scientists find CRISPR targeting sites in a wide range of species and generate the appropriate crRNA sequence. In some embodiments, one or more vectors driving expression of one or more elements of a CRISPR system are introduced into a target cell such that expression of the elements of the CRISPR system direct formation of a CRISPR complex at one or more target sites. For example, a Cas enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a tracr-mate sequence, and a tracr sequence could each be operably linked to separate regulatory elements on separate vectors. Alternatively, two or more of the elements expressed from the same or different regulatory elements may be combined in a single vector, with one or more additional vectors providing any components of the CRISPR system not included in the first vector. CRISPR system elements that are combined in a single vector may be arranged in any suitable orientation, such as one element located 5' with respect to (“upstream” of) or 3' with respect to (“downstream” of) a second element. The coding sequence of one element
can be located on the same or opposite strand of the coding sequence of a second element, and oriented in the same or opposite direction. In some embodiments, a single promoter drives expression of a transcript encoding a CRISPR enzyme and one or more of the guide sequence, tracr mate sequence (optionally operably linked to the guide sequence), and a tracr sequence embedded within one or more intron sequences (e.g., each in a different intron, two or more in at least one intron, or all in a single intron). In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme, guide sequence, tracr mate sequence, and tracr sequence are operably linked to and expressed from the same promoter. In some embodiments, a vector includes one or more insertion sites, such as a restriction endonuclease recognition sequence (also referred to as a “cloning site”). In some embodiments, one or more insertion sites (e.g., about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more insertion sites) are located upstream and/or downstream of one or more sequence elements of one or more vectors. In some embodiments, a vector includes an insertion site upstream of a tracr mate sequence, and optionally downstream of a regulatory element operably linked to the tracr mate sequence, such that following insertion of a guide sequence into the insertion site and upon expression the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, a vector includes two or more insertion sites, each insertion site being located between two tracr mate sequences so as to allow insertion of a guide sequence at each site. In such an arrangement, the two or more guide sequences can include two or more copies of a single guide sequence, two or more different guide sequences, or combinations of these. When multiple different guide sequences are used, a single expression construct may be used to target CRISPR activity to multiple different, corresponding target sequences within a cell. For example, a single vector can include about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20 guide sequences. In some embodiments, about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, such
guide-sequence-containing vectors may be provided, and optionally delivered to a cell. In some embodiments, a vector includes a regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme, such as a Cas protein. Non-limiting examples of Cas proteins include Casl, CaslB, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csnl and Csxl2), CaslO, Csyl, Csy2, Csy3, Csel, Cse2, Cscl, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmrl, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csbl, Csb2, Csb3, Csxl7, Csxl4, CsxlO, Csxl6, CsaX, Csx3, Csxl, Csxl5, Csfl, Csf2, Csf3, Csf4, homologues thereof, or modified versions thereof. In some embodiments, the unmodified CRISPR enzyme has DNA cleavage activity, such as Cas9. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or both strands at the location of a target sequence, such as within the target sequence and/or within the complement of the target sequence. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or both strands within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, or more base pairs from the first or last nucleotide of a target sequence. In some embodiments, a vector encodes a CRISPR enzyme that is mutated with respect to a corresponding wild-type enzyme such that the mutated CRISPR enzyme lacks the ability to cleave one or both strands of a target polynucleotide containing a target sequence. For example, an aspartate-to-alanine substitution (D10A) in the RuvC I catalytic domain of Cas9 from S. pyogenes converts Cas9 from a nuclease that cleaves both strands to a nickase (cleaves a single strand). Other examples of mutations that render Cas9 a nickase include, without limitation, H840A, N854A, and N863A. As a further example, two or more catalytic domains of Cas9 (RuvC I, RuvC II, and RuvC III) can be mutated to produce a mutated Cas9 substantially lacking all DNA cleavage activity. In some embodiments, a D10A mutation is combined with one or more of H840A, N854A, or N863A mutations to produce a Cas9 enzyme substantially lacking all DNA cleavage activity. In some embodiments, a CRISPR enzyme is considered to substantially lack all DNA cleavage activity when the DNA cleavage activity
of the mutated enzyme is less than about 25%, 10%, 5%>, 1%>, 0.1 %>, 0.01%, or lower with respect to its non-mutated form. In some embodiments, an enzyme coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme is codon optimized for expression in particular cells, such as eukaryotic cells. The eukaryotic cells can be those of or derived from a particular organism, such as a mammal, including but not limited to human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, or non-human primate. In general, codon optimization refers to a process of modifying a nucleic acid sequence for enhanced expression in the host cells of interest by replacing at least one codon (e.g., about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or more codons) of the native sequence with codons that are more frequently or most frequently used in the genes of that host cell while maintaining the native amino acid sequence. Various species exhibit particular bias for certain codons of a particular amino acid. Codon bias (differences in codon usage between organisms) often correlates with the efficiency of translation of messenger RNA (mRNA), which is in turn believed to be dependent on, among other things, the properties of the codons being translated and the availability of particular transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The predominance of selected tRNAs in a cell is generally a reflection of the codons used most frequently in peptide synthesis. Accordingly, genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression in a given organism based on codon optimization. Codon usage tables are readily available, for example, at the “Codon Usage Database”, and these tables can be adapted in a number of ways. See Nakamura, Y., et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 28:292 (2000). Computer algorithms for codon optimizing a particular sequence for expression in a particular host cell, for example Gene Forge (Aptagen; Jacobus, PA), are also available. In some embodiments, one or more codons (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or more, or all codons) in a sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme correspond to the most frequently used codon for a particular amino acid. In some embodiments, a vector encodes a CRISPR enzyme including one or more nuclear localization sequences (NLSs). When more than one
NLS is present, each may be selected independently of the others, such that a single NLS may be present in more than one copy and/or in combination with one or more other NLSs present in one or more copies. In some embodiments, an NLS is considered near the N- or C-terminus when the nearest amino acid of the NLS is within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or more amino acids along the polypeptide chain from the N-or C- terminus. In general, the one or more NLSs are of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of the CRISPR enzyme in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. In general, strength of nuclear localization activity may derive from the number of NLSs in the CRISPR enzyme, the particular NLS(s) used, or a combination of these factors. Detection of accumulation in the nucleus may be performed by any suitable technique. For example, a detectable marker may be fused to the CRISPR enzyme, such that location within a cell may be visualized, such as in combination with a means for detecting the location of the nucleus (e.g., a stain specific for the nucleus such as DAPI). Cell nuclei may also be isolated from cells, the contents of which may then be analyzed by any suitable process for detecting protein, such as immunohistochemistry, Western blot, or enzyme activity assay. Accumulation in the nucleus may also be determined indirectly, such as by an assay for the effect of CRISPR complex formation (e.g., assay for DNA cleavage or mutation at the target sequence, or assay for altered gene expression activity affected by CRISPR complex formation and/or CRISPR enzyme activity), as compared to a control no exposed to the CRISPR enzyme or complex, or exposed to a CRISPR enzyme lacking the one or more NLSs. In some embodiments, one or more of the elements of CRISPR system are under the control of an inducible promoter, which can include inducible Cas, such as Cas9. Cong, Science, 15:339(6121):819–823 (2013) reported heterologous expression of Cas9, tracrRNA, pre-crRNA (or Cas9 and sgRNA) can achieve targeted cleavage of mammalian chromosomes. Therefore, CRISPR system
utilized in the methods disclosed herein, and thus the cargo nucleic acid, be a vector system which can include one or more vectors encoding elements of the CRISPR system which can include a first regulatory element operably linked to a CRISPR/Cas system chimeric RNA (chiRNA) polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide sequence includes (a) a guide sequence capable of hybridizing to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, (b) a tracr mate sequence, and (c) a tracr sequence; and a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme which can optionally include at least one or more nuclear localization sequences. Elements (a), (b) and (c) can be arranged in a 5' to 3 orientation, wherein Cas9 and CRISPR RNA are located on the same or different vectors of the system, wherein when transcribed, the tracr mate sequence hybridizes to the tracr sequence and the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence, and wherein the CRISPR complex can include the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence, wherein the enzyme coding sequence encoding the CRISPR enzyme further encodes a heterologous functional domain. In some embodiments, one or more of the vectors also encodes a suitable Cas enzyme, for example, Cas9. The different genetic elements can be under the control of the same or different promoters. While the specifics can be varied in different engineered CRISPR systems, the overall methodology is similar. A practitioner interested in using CRISPR technology to target a DNA sequence (identified using one of the many available online tools) can insert a short DNA fragment containing the target sequence into a guide RNA expression plasmid. The sgRNA expression plasmid contains the target sequence (about 20 nucleotides), a form of the tracrRNA sequence (the scaffold) as well as a suitable promoter and necessary elements for proper processing in eukaryotic cells. Such vectors are commercially available (see, for example, Addgene). Many of the systems rely on custom, complementary oligos that are annealed to form a double stranded DNA and then cloned into the sgRNA expression plasmid.
Co-expression of the sgRNA and the appropriate Cas enzyme from the same or separate plasmids in transfected cells results in a single or double strand break (depending of the activity of the Cas enzyme) at the desired target site. (2) Zinc Finger Nucleases In some embodiments, the element that induces a single or a double strand break in the target cell’s genome is a nucleic acid construct or constructs encoding a zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs). Thus, the nucleic acid cargo can encode a ZFN. ZFNs are typically fusion proteins that include a DNA-binding domain derived from a zinc-finger protein linked to a cleavage domain. The most common cleavage domain is the Type IIS enzyme Fokl. Fok1 catalyzes double-stranded cleavage of DNA, at 9 nucleotides from its recognition site on one strand and 13 nucleotides from its recognition site on the other. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.5,356,802; 5,436, 150 and 5,487,994; as well as Li et al. Proc., Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992):4275- 4279; Li et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90:2764-2768 (1993); Kim et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.91:883-887 (1994a); Kim et al. J. Biol. Chem. 269:31 ,978-31,982 (1994b). One or more of these enzymes (or enzymatically functional fragments thereof) can be used as a source of cleavage domains. The DNA-binding domain, which can, in principle, be designed to target any genomic location of interest, can be a tandem array of Cys2His2 zinc fingers, each of which generally recognizes three to four nucleotides in the target DNA sequence. The Cys2His2 domain has a general structure: Phe (sometimes Tyr)-Cys-(2 to 4 amino acids)-Cys-(3 amino acids)- Phe(sometimes Tyr)-(5 amino acids)-Leu-(2 amino acids)-His-(3 amino acids)-His. By linking together multiple fingers (the number varies: three to six fingers have been used per monomer in published studies), ZFN pairs can be designed to bind to genomic sequences 18-36 nucleotides long. Engineering methods include, but are not limited to, rational design and various types of empirical selection methods. Rational design includes, for example, using databases including triplet (or quadruplet) nucleotide
sequences and individual zinc finger amino acid sequences, in which each triplet or quadruplet nucleotide sequence is associated with one or more amino acid sequences of zinc fingers which bind the particular triplet or quadruplet sequence. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.6, 140,081; 6,453,242; 6,534,261; 6,610,512; 6,746,838; 6,866,997; 7,067,617; U.S. Published Application Nos.2002/0165356; 2004/0197892; 2007/0154989; 2007/0213269; and International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 98/53059 and WO 2003/016496. (3). Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases In some embodiments, the element that induces a single or a double strand break in the target cell’s genome is a nucleic acid construct or constructs encoding a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN). Thus, the nucleic acid cargo can encode a TALEN. TALENs have an overall architecture similar to that of ZFNs, with the main difference that the DNA-binding domain comes from TAL effector proteins, transcription factors from plant pathogenic bacteria. The DNA- binding domain of a TALEN is a tandem array of amino acid repeats, each about 34 residues long. The repeats are very similar to each other; typically they differ principally at two positions (amino acids 12 and 13, called the repeat variable diresidue, or RVD). Each RVD specifies preferential binding to one of the four possible nucleotides, meaning that each TALEN repeat binds to a single base pair, though the NN RVD is known to bind adenines in addition to guanine. TAL effector DNA binding is mechanistically less well understood than that of zinc-finger proteins, but their seemingly simpler code could prove very beneficial for engineered-nuclease design. TALENs also cleave as dimers, have relatively long target sequences (the shortest reported so far binds 13 nucleotides per monomer) and appear to have less stringent requirements than ZFNs for the length of the spacer between binding sites. Monomeric and dimeric TALENs can include more than 10, more than 14, more than 20, or more than 24 repeats.
Methods of engineering TAL to bind to specific nucleic acids are described in Cermak, et al, Nucl. Acids Res.1-11 (2011). US Published Application No.2011/0145940, which discloses TAL effectors and methods of using them to modify DNA. Miller et al. Nature Biotechnol 29: 143 (2011) reported making TALENs for site-specific nuclease architecture by linking TAL truncation variants to the catalytic domain of Fokl nuclease. The resulting TALENs were shown to induce gene modification in immortalized human cells. General design principles for TALE binding domains can be found in, for example, WO 2011/072246. ii. Donor Polynucleotides The nuclease activity of the genome editing systems described herein cleave target DNA to produce single or double strand breaks in the target DNA. Double strand breaks can be repaired by the cell in at least two ways: non-homologous end joining, and homology- directed repair. In non- homologous end joining (NHEJ), the double-strand breaks are repaired by direct ligation of the break ends to one another. As such, no new nucleic acid material is inserted into the site, although some nucleic acid material may be lost, resulting in a deletion. In homology-directed repair (HDR), a donor polynucleotide with homology to the cleaved target DNA sequence is used as a template for repair of the cleaved target DNA sequence, resulting in the transfer of genetic information from a donor polynucleotide to the target DNA. As such, new nucleic acid material can be inserted/copied into the site. Therefore, in some embodiments, the nucleic acid cargo is or includes a donor polynucleotide. The modifications of the target DNA due to NHEJ and/or homology-directed repair can be used to induce gene correction, gene replacement, gene tagging, transgene insertion, nucleotide deletion, gene disruption, gene mutation, etc. Accordingly, cleavage of DNA by the genome editing composition can be used to delete nucleic acid material from a target DNA sequence by cleaving the target DNA sequence and allowing the cell to repair the sequence in the absence of an exogenously provided donor polynucleotide.
Alternatively, if the genome editing composition includes a donor polynucleotide sequence that includes at least a segment with homology to the target DNA sequence, the methods can be used to add, i.e., insert or replace, nucleic acid material to a target DNA sequence (e.g., to “knock in” a nucleic acid that encodes for a protein, an siRNA, an miRNA, etc.), to add a tag (e.g., 6xHis, a fluorescent protein (e.g., a green fluorescent protein; a yellow fluorescent protein, etc.), hemagglutinin (HA), FLAG, etc.), to add a regulatory sequence to a gene (e.g., promoter, polyadenylation signal, internal ribosome entry sequence (IRES), 2A peptide, start codon, stop codon, splice signal, localization signal, etc.), to modify a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., introduce a mutation), and the like. As such, the compositions can be used to modify DNA in a site- specific, i.e., “targeted”, way, for example gene knock-out, gene knock-in, gene editing, gene tagging, etc. as used in, for example, gene therapy. In applications in which it is desirable to insert a polynucleotide sequence into a target DNA sequence, a polynucleotide including a donor sequence to be inserted is also provided to the cell. By a “donor sequence” or “donor polynucleotide” or “donor oligonucleotide” it is meant a nucleic acid sequence to be inserted at the cleavage site. The donor polynucleotide typically contains sufficient homology to a genomic sequence at the cleavage site, e.g., 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% homology with the nucleotide sequences flanking the cleavage site, e.g., within about 50 bases or less of the cleavage site, e.g., within about 30 bases, within about 15 bases, within about 10 bases, within about 5 bases, or immediately flanking the cleavage site, to support homology-directed repair between it and the genomic sequence to which it bears homology. The donor sequence is typically not identical to the genomic sequence that it replaces. Rather, the donor sequence may contain at least one or more single base changes, insertions, deletions, inversions or rearrangements with respect to the genomic sequence, so long as sufficient homology is present to support homology-directed repair. In some embodiments, the donor sequence includes a non-homologous sequence flanked by two regions of homology,
such that homology-directed repair between the target DNA region and the two flanking sequences results in insertion of the non-homologous sequence at the target region. b. Immunomodulation i. CAR T Cells The disclosed compositions and methods are particularly useful in the context of preparing lymphocytes expressing immune receptors, particularly chimeric immune receptors (CIR) such as chimeric antigen receptors (CAR). Artificial immune receptors (also known and referred to herein, as chimeric T cell receptors, chimeric immunoreceptors, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), and chimeric immune receptors (CIR)) are engineered receptors, which graft a selected specificity onto a cell. Cells modified according to the discussed methods can be utilized, as discussed in more detail below, in a variety of immune therapies for treatment of cancers, infections, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. In particularly preferred embodiments, mRNA or DNA encoding a chimeric antigen receptor cargo is delivered to immune cells, such as lymphocytes. The cargo can be delivered to immune cells in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro. In preferred embodiments, the cargo is mRNA, which may allow for one or more of reduced cost, ease of manufacturing, reduced side effects (e.g., cytokine storm, neurotoxicity, graft vs. host diseases, etc.). In particular embodiments, immune cells (e.g., T cells) are harvested from a subject in need of CAR T cell therapy, the compositions and methods disclosed herein are used to deliver mRNA encoding one or more CAR T cell constructs into the harvested cells, and the cells are returned to the subject. In some embodiments, the process, from initially harvesting the cells to returning them to the subject, takes 1 week or less, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days. In particular embodiments, the process, from initially harvesting the cells to returning them to subject is carried in out in 1 or 2 days, or in less than 1 days, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, or 23 hours.
Strategies for the design and development of chimeric antigen receptors are reviewed in Dotti, et al., Immunol Rev.2014 January; 257(1): . doi:10.1111/imr.12131 (35 pages), which is a specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, as well as Dotti, Molecular Therapy, 22(5):899-890 (2014), Karlsson, et al., Cancer Gene Therapy, 20:386-93 (2013), Charo, et al., Cancer Res., 65(5):2001-8 (2005), Jensen, et al., Immunol Rev., 257(1): 127–144 (2014), Eaton, et al., Gene Therapy, 9:527- 35 (2002), Barrett, et al., Annu Rev Med., 65: 333–347 (2014), Cartellieri, et al., Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Volume 2010, Article ID 956304, 13 pages doi:10.1155/2010/956304; and U.S. Published Application Nos.2015/0017120, 2015/0283178, 2015/0290244, 2014/0050709, and 2013/0071414. CARs combine the antigen-binding property of monoclonal antibodies with the lytic capacity and self-renewal of T cells and have several advantages over conventional T cells (Ramos and Dotti, Expert Opin Biol Ther., 11:855–873 (2011), Curran, et al., J Gene Med., 14:405–415 (2012), Maher, ISRN Oncol.2012:278093 (2012)). CAR-T cells recognize and kill cancer cells independently of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Thus target cell recognition is unaffected by some of the mechanisms by which tumors evade MHC-restricted T-cell recognition, for example downregulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules and defective antigen processing. Chimeric immune receptors were initially developed in the 1980s and originally included the variable (antigen binding) regions of a monoclonal antibody and the constant regions of the T-cell receptor (TCR) α and β chains (Kuwana, et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 149:960–968 (1987)). In 1993 this design was modified to include an ectodomain, from a single chain variable fragment (scFv) from the antigen binding regions of both heavy and light chains of a monoclonal antibody, a transmembrane domain, and an endodomain with a signaling domain derived from CD3-ζ. Later CARs have generally followed a similar structural design, with a co- stimulatory signaling endodomain. Accordingly, the CAR constructs utilized
in the methods herein can include an antigen binding domain or ectodomain, a hinge domain, a transmembrane domain, an endodomain, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments the ectodomain is an scFv. The affinity of the scFv predicts CAR function (Hudecek, et al., Clin Cancer Res., 19(12):3153- 64 (2013), Chmielewski, et al., J Immunol., 173:7647–7653 (2004)). Antigen binding and subsequent activation can also be modified by adding a flexible linker sequence in the CAR, which allows for expression of two distinct scFvs that can recognize two different antigens (Grada, et al., Mol Ther Nucleic Acids, 2:e105 (2013)) (referred to as tandem CARs (TanCARs)). Tandem CARS may be more effective in killing cancers expressing low levels of each antigen individually and may also reduce the risk of tumor immune escape due by single antigen loss variants. Other ectodomains include IL13Rα2 (Kahlon, et al., Cancer Res., 64:9160–9166 (2004), Brown, et al., Clin Cancer Res., 18(8):2199-209 (2012), Kong, et al., Clin Cancer Res., 18:5949–5960 (2012), NKG2D-ligand and CD70 receptor, peptide ligands (e.g., T1E peptide ligand), and so-called “universal ectodomains” (e.g., avidin ectodomain designed to recognize targets that have been contacted with biotinylated monoclonal antibodies, or FITC- specific scFv designed to recognize targets that have been contacted with FITC-labeled monoclonal antibodies (Zhang, et al., Blood, 106:1544–1551 (2005), Barber, et al., Exp Hematol., 36:1318–1328 (2008), Shaffer , et al., Blood, 117:4304–4314 (2011), Davies, et al., Mol Med., 18:565–576 (2012), Urbanska, et al., Cancer Res., 72:1844–1852 (2012), Tamada, et al., Clin Cancer Res.,18:6436–6445 (2012)). In some embodiments, the CAR includes a hinge region. While the ectodomain is important for CAR specificity, the sequence connecting the ectodomain to the transmembrane domain (the hinge region) can also influence CAR-T-cell function by producing differences in the length and flexibility of the CAR. Hinges can include, for example, a CH2CH3 hinge, or a fragment thereof, derived from an immunoglobulin such as IgG1. For example, Hudecek et al. (Hudecek, et al., Clin Cancer Res., 19(12):3153-64
(2013)) compared the influence of a CH2-CH3 hinge [229 amino acids (AA)], CH3 hinge (119 AA), and short hinge (12AA) on the effector function of T cells expressing 3rd generation ROR1-specific CARs and found that T cells expressing ‘short hinge’ CARs had superior antitumor activity, while other investigators found that a CH2-CH3 hinge impaired epitope recognition of a 1st generation CD30-specific CAR (Hombach, et al., Gene Ther., 7:1067–1075 (2000)). Between the hinge (or ectodomain if no hinge domain) and the signaling endodomains typically lies a transmembrane domain, most typically derived from CD3-ζ, CD4, CD8, or CD28 molecules. Like hinges, the transmembrane domain can also influence CAR-T-cell effector function. Upon antigen recognition, CAR endodomains transmit activation and costimulatory signals to T cells. T-cell activation relies on the phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) present in the cytoplasmic domain to the cytoplasmic CD3-ζ domain of the TCR complex (Irving, et al., Cell, 64:891–901 (1991)). Although the majority of CAR endomains contain an activation domain derived from CD3-ζ, others can include ITAM-containing domains such as the Fc receptor for IgE-γ domain (Haynes, et al., J Immunol., 166:182–187 (2001)). The target specificity of the cell expressing a CAR is determined by the antigen recognized by the antibody/ectodomain. The disclosed compositions and methods can be used to create constructs, and cells expressing the constructs, that target any antigen. In the context of immunotherapy, particularly cancer immunotherapy, numerous antigens, and suitable ectodomains for targeting them, are well known. Unlike the native TCR, the majority of scFv-based CARs recognize target antigens expressed on the cell surface rather than internal antigens that are processed and presented by the cells’ MHC, however, CARs have the advantage over the classical TCR that they can recognize structures other than protein epitopes, including carbohydrates and glycolipids Dotti, et al., Immunol Rev.2014 January ; 257(1): . doi:10.1111/imr.12131 (35 pages) thus increasing the
pool of potential target antigens. Preferred targets include antigens that are only expressed on cancer cells or their surrounding stroma (Cheever, et al., Clin Cancer Res.,15:5323–5337 (2009)), such as the splice variant of EGFR (EGFRvIII), which is specific to glioma cells (Sampson, et al., Semin Immunol., 20(5):267-75 (2008)). However, human antigens meet this requirement, and the majority of target antigens are expressed either at low levels on normal cells (e.g. GD2, CAIX, HER2) and/or in a lineage restricted fashion (e.g. CD19, CD20). Preferred targets, and CARs that target them are known in the art (see, e.g., Dotti, et al., Immunol Rev.2014 January ; 257(1): . doi:10.1111/imr.12131 (35 pages). For example, CAR targets for hematological malignancies include, but are not limited to, CD 19 (e.g., B- cell) (Savoldo, et al., J Clin Invest., 121:1822-1826 (2011), Cooper, et al., Blood, 105:1622-1631 (2005); Jensen, et al., Biol Blood Marrow Transplant (2010), Kochenderfer, et al., Blood, 119:2709-2720 (2012), Brentjens, et al., Molecular Therapy, 17:S157 (2009), Brentjens, et al., Nat Med., 9:279-286 (2003), Brentjens, et al., Blood, 118:4817-4828 (2011), Porter, et al., N Engl J Med., 365:725-733 (2011), Kalos, et al., Sci Transl Med., 3:95ra73 (2011), Brentjens, et al., Sci Transl Med., 5:177ra38 (2013), Grupp, et al., N Engl J Med (2013)); CD20 (e.g., B-cell) (Jensen, et al., Biol Blood Marrow Transplant (2010), Till, et al., Blood, 112:2261-2271 (2008), Wang, et al., Hum Gene Ther., 18:712-725 (2007), Wang, et al., Mol Ther., 9:577-586 (2004), Jensen, et al., Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 4:75-83 (1998)); CD22 (e.g., B-cell) (Haso, et al., Blood, 121:1165-1174 (2013)); CD30 (e.g., B-cell) (Di Stasi, et al., Blood, 113:6392-6402 (2009), Savoldo, et al., Blood, 110:2620-2630 (2007), Hombach, et al., Cancer Res., 58:1116-1119 (1998)); CD33 (e.g., Myeloid) (Finney, et al., J Immunol., 161:2791-2797 (1998)); CD70 (e.g., B-cell/T-cell) (Shaffer, et al., Blood, 117:4304-4314 (2011)); CD123 (e.g., Myeloid) (Tettamanti, et al., Br J Haematol., 161:389-401 (2013)); Kappa (e.g., B-cell) (Vera, et al., Blood, 108:3890-3897 (2006)); Lewis Y (e.g., Myeloid) (Peinert, et al., Gene Ther., 17:678-686 (2010), Ritchie, et al., Mol Ther. (2013)); NKG2D ligands (e.g., Myeloid) (Barber, et
al., Exp Hematol., 36:1318-1328 (2008), Lehner, et al., PLoS One., 7:e31210 (2012), Song, et al., Hum Gene Ther., 24:295-305 (2013), Spear, et al., J Immunol.188:6389-6398 (2012)); ROR1 (e.g., B-cell) (Hudecek, et al., Clin Cancer Res. (2013)). CAR targets for solid tumors include, but are not limited to, B7H3 (e.g., sarcoma, glioma) (Cheung, et al., Hybrid Hybridomics, 22:209–218 (2003)); CAIX (e.g., kidney) (Lamers, et al., J Clin Oncol., 24:e20–e22. (2006)), Weijtens, et al., Int J Cancer, 77:181–187 (1998)); CD44 v6/v7 (e.g., cervical) (Hekele, et al., Int J Cancer, 68:232-238 (1996)), Dall, et al., Cancer Immunol Immunother, 54:51-60 (2005); CD171 (e.g., neuroblastoma) (Park, et al., Mol Ther., 15:825-833 (2007)); CEA (e.g., colon) (Nolan, et al., Clin Cancer Res., 5:3928-3941 (1999)); EGFRvIII (e.g., glioma) (Bullain, et al., J Neurooncol. (2009), Morgan, et al., Hum Gene Ther., 23:1043-1053 (2012)); EGP2 (e.g., carcinomas) (Meier, et al., Magn Reson Med., 65:756-763 (2011), Ren-Heidenreich, et al., Cancer Immunol Immunother., 51:417-423 (2002)); EGP40 (e.g., colon) (Daly, et al., Cancer Gene Ther., 7:284-291 (2000); EphA2 (e.g., glioma, lung) (Chow, et al., Mol Ther., 21:629-637 (2013)); ErbB2(HER2) (e.g., breast, lung, prostate, glioma) (Zhao, et al., J Immunol., 183:5563-5574 (2009), Morgan, et al., Mol Ther., 18:843-851 (2010), Pinthus, et al., 114:1774-1781 (2004), Teng, et al., Hum Gene Ther., 15:699-708 (2004), Stancovski, et al., J Immunol., 151:6577-6582 (1993), Ahmed, et al., Mol Ther., 17:1779-1787 (2009), Ahmed, et al., Clin Cancer Res., 16:474-485 (2010), Moritz, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A., 91:4318-4322 (1994)); ErbB receptor family (e.g., breast, lung, prostate, glioma) (Davies, et al., Mol Med., 18:565-576 (2012)); ErbB3/4 (e.g., breast, ovarian) (Muniappan, et al., Cancer Gene Ther., 7:128-134 (2000), Altenschmidt, et al., Clin Cancer Res., 2:1001-1008 (1996)); HLA-A1/MAGE1 (e.g., melanoma) (Willemsen, et al., Gene Ther., 8:1601-1608 (2001), Willemsen, et al., J Immunol., 174:7853-7858 (2005)); HLA-A2/NY-ESO-1 (e.g., sarcoma, melanoma) (Schuberth, et al., Gene Ther., 20:386-395 (2013)); FR-ɑ (e.g., ovarian) (Hwu, et al., J Exp Med., 178:361-366 (1993), Kershaw, et al., Nat Biotechnol., 20:1221-1227 (2002),
Kershaw, et al., Clin Cancer Res., 12:6106-6115 (2006), Hwu, et al., Cancer Res., 55:3369-3373 (1995)); FAP (e.g., cancer associated fibroblasts) (Kakarla, et al., Mol Ther. (2013)); FAR (e.g., rhabdomyosarcoma) (Gattenlohner, et al., Cancer Res., 66:24-28 (2006)); GD2 (e.g., neuroblastoma, sarcoma, melanoma) (Pule, et al., Nat Med., 14:1264-1270 (2008), Louis, et al., Blood, 118:6050-6056 (2011), Rossig, et al., Int J Cancer., 94:228-236 (2001)); GD3 (e.g., melanoma, lung cancer) (Yun, et al., Neoplasia., 2:449-459 (2000)); HMW-MAA (e.g., melanoma) (Burns, et al., Cancer Res., 70:3027-3033 (2010)); IL11Rɑ (e.g., osteosarcoma) (Huang, et al., Cancer Res., 72:271-281 (2012)); IL13Rɑ2 (e.g., glioma) (Kahlon, et al., Cancer Res., 64:9160-9166 (2004), Brown, et al., Clin Cancer Res. (2012), Kong, et al., Clin Cancer Res., 18:5949-5960 (2012), Yaghoubi, et al., Nat Clin Pract Oncol., 6:53-58 (2009)); Lewis Y (e.g., breast/ovarian/pancreatic) (Peinert, et al., Gene Ther., 17:678-686 (2010), Westwood, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A., 102:19051-19056 (2005), Mezzanzanica, et al., Cancer Gene Ther., 5:401-407 (1998)); Mesothelin (e.g., mesothelioma, breast, pancreas) (Lanitis, et al., Mol Ther., 20:633-643 (2012), Moon, et al., Clin Cancer Res., 17:4719-4730 (2011)); Mue1 (e.g., ovarian, breast, prostate) (Wilkie, et al., J Immunol., 180:4901-4909 (2008)); NCAM (e.g., neuroblastoma, colorectal) (Gilham, et al., J Immunother., 25:139-151 (2002)); NKG2D ligands (e.g., ovarian, sacoma) (Barber, et al., Exp Hematol., 36:1318-1328 (2008), Lehner, et al., PLoS One, 7:e31210 (2012), Song, et al., Gene Ther., 24:295-305 (2013), Spear, et al., J Immunol., 188:6389-6398 (2012)); PSCA (e.g., prostate, pancreatic) (Morgenroth, et al., Prostate, 67:1121-1131 (2007), Katari, et al., HPB, 13:643-650 (2011)); PSMA (e.g., prostate) (Maher, et al., Nat Biotechnol., 20:70-75 (2002), Gong, et al., Neoplasia., 1:123-127 (1999)); TAG72 (e.g., colon) (Hombach, et al., Gastroenterology, 113:1163-1170 (1997), McGuinness, et al., Hum Gene Ther., 10:165-173 (1999)); VEGFR-2 (e.g., tumor vasculature) (J Clin Invest., 120:3953-3968 (2010), Niederman, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A., 99:7009-7014 (2002)).
ii. Metabolic Stability In some embodiments, cells’ (e.g., CAR cells’) metabolic stability is improved by equipping them with the capacity to make the very growth factors that are limiting in vivo. In some embodiments, nucleic acid cargo encoding an anti-apoptotic factor such as BCL-XL is transiently delivered to cells. B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-XL, or BCL2-like 1 isoform 1) is a transmembrane protein in the mitochondria. It is a member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, and acts as a pro-survival protein in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by preventing the release of mitochondrial contents such as cytochrome c, which would lead to caspase activation. Both amino acid and nucleic acid sequences encoding BCL-XL are known in the art and include, for example, UniProtKB - Q07817 (B2CL1_HUMAN), Isoform Bcl-X(L) (identifier: Q07817-1) (amino acid sequence); ENA|U72398|U72398.1 Human Bcl-x beta (bcl-x) gene, complete cds (genomic nucleic acid sequences); ENA|Z23115|Z23115.1 H.sapiens bcl-XL mRNA (mRNA/cDNA nucleic acid sequences). In some embodiments, the nucleic cargo encodes a proliferation inducing factor such as IL-2. Both amino acid and nucleic acid sequences encoding IL-2 are known in the art and include, for example, UniProtKB - P60568 (IL2_HUMAN) (amino acid sequence); ENA|X00695|X00695.1 Human interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene and 5'-flanking region (genic nucleic acid sequence); and ENA|V00564|V00564.1 Human mRNA encoding interleukin- 2 (IL-2) (mRNA/cDNA nucleic acid sequence). However, the production of secreted IL-2 may have the unwanted side effect of also stimulating the proliferation of the lymphoma and Treg cells, and impairing the formation of memory T cells (Zhang, et al., Nature Medicine, 11:1238-1243 (2005)). In addition, the use of IL-2 in patients treated with Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) led to increased toxicity (Heemskerk, et al., Human Gene Therapy, 19:496-510 (2008)). To avoid this potentiality, in addition or alternative to IL-2, the nucleic acid cargo can encode a chimeric γc cytokine receptor (CγCR) such as one composed of Interleukin-7 (IL-7) tethered to IL-7Rα/CD127 that confers exogenous
cytokine independent, cell intrinsic, STAT5 cytokine signals (Hunter, et al., Molecular Immunology, 56:1-11 (2013)). The design is modular in that the IL-2Rβ/CD122 cytoplasmic chain can be exchanged for that of IL- 7Rα/CD127, to enhance Shc activity. The constructs mimic wild type IL-2 signaling in human CD8+ T cells (Hunter, et al., Molecular Immunology, 56:1-11 (2013)) and should, therefore, work similarly to the IL-2 mRNA, without the unwanted to side effects. Additionally and alternatively other antiapoptotic molecules and cytokines can be used to preserve cell viability in the native state. Exemplary factors include, but are not limited to: Myeloid Cell Leukemia 1 (MCL-1) (e.g., UniProtKB - Q07820 (MCL1_HUMAN) (amino acid sequence); ENA|AF147742|AF147742.1 Homo sapiens myeloid cell differentiation protein (MCL1) gene, promoter and complete cds (genomic nucleic acid sequence); ENA|AF118124|AF118124.1 Homo sapiens myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL1) mRNA, complete cds. (mRNA/cDNA nucleic acid sequence)) which is an antiapoptotic factor; IL-7 (e.g., UniProtKB - P13232 (IL7_HUMAN) (amino acid sequence); ENA|EF064721|EF064721.1 Homo sapiens interleukin 7 (IL7) gene, complete cds. (genomic nucleic acid sequence); ENA|J04156|J04156.1 Human interleukin 7 (IL-7) mRNA, complete cds. (mRNA/cDNA nucleic acid sequence) which is important for T cell survival and development, and IL-15 (e.g., UniProtKB - P40933 (IL15_HUMAN) (amino acid sequence); ENA|X91233|X91233.1 H.sapiens IL15 gene (genomic nucleic acid sequence); ENA|U14407|U14407.1 Human interleukin 15 (IL15) mRNA, complete cds. (mRNA/cDNA nucleic acid sequence)) which promotes T and NK cell survival (Opferman, et al., Nature, 426: 671-676 (2003); Meazza, et al., Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology, 861920, doi:10.1155/2011/861920 (2011); Michaud, et al., Journal of Immunotherapy, 33:382-390 (2010)). These cytokine mRNAs can be used either independently or in combination with BCL-XL, IL-2, and/or CγCR
mRNA. Accordingly, in some embodiments, an mRNA encoding MCL-1, IL-7, IL-15, or a combination thereof is delivered to cells. iii. Inhibitory CAR (iCAR) In some embodiments, T cell therapies are delivered to the CAR cells that have demonstrated long-term efficacy and curative potential for the treatment of some cancers, however, their use is limited by damage to non- cancerous tissues reminiscent of graft-versus-host disease after donor lymphocyte infusion. Any of the disclosed compositions and methods can be used in combination with a non-specific immunosuppression (e.g., high-dose corticosteroid therapy, which exert cytostatic or cytotoxic effects on T cells, to restrain immune responses), irreversible T cell elimination (e.g., so-called suicide gene engineering strategies), or a combination thereof. However, in some preferred embodiments, off-target effects are reduced by introducing into the CAR cell a construct encoding an inhibitory chimeric antigen receptor (iCAR). T cells with specificity for both tumor and off-target tissues can be restricted to tumor only by using an antigen-specific iCAR introduced into the T cells to protect the off-target tissue (Fedorov, et al., Science Translational Medicine, 5:215ra172 (2013)). The iCAR can include a surface antigen recognition domain combined with a powerful acute inhibitory signaling domain to limit T cell responsiveness despite concurrent engagement of an activating receptor (e.g., a CAR). In preferred embodiments, the iCAR includes a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) specific for an inhibitory antigen fused to the signaling domains of an immunoinhibitory receptor (e.g., CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, 2B4 (CD244), BTLA (CD272), KIR, TIM-3, TGF beta receptor dominant negative analog etc.) via a transmembrane region that inhibits T cell function specifically upon antigen recognition. Once the CAR cell encounters a cell (e.g., a cancer cell) that does not express the inhibitory antigen, iCAR-transduced T cells can mount a CAR-induced response against the CAR’s target antigen. A DNA iCAR using an scFv specific for PSMA with the inhibitory signaling domains of either CTLA-4 or PD-1 is discussed in (Fedorov, et al., Science Translational Medicine, 5:215ra172 (2013)).
Design considerations include that observation that PD-1 was a stronger inhibitor than CTLA-4, CTLA-4 exhibited cytoplasmic localization unless a Y165G mutant was used, and that the iCAR expression level is important. iCAR can be designed against cell type specific surface molecules. In some embodiments the iCAR is designed to prevent T cells, NK cells, or other immune cell reactivity against certain tissues or cell types. iv. Reducing Endogenous Inhibitory Signaling In some embodiments the cells are contacted with a nucleic acid cargo that reprograms the cells to prevent expression of one or more antigens. For example, in some embodiments the nucleic acid cargo is or encodes an interfering RNA that prevents expression of an mRNA encoding antigens such as CTLA-4 or PD-1. This method can be used to prepare universal donor cells. RNAs used to alter the expression of allogenic antigens may be used alone or in combination with RNAs that result in de- differentiation of the target cell. Although the section above provides compositions and methods that utilized inhibitory signaling domains e.g., from CTLA-4 or PD-1 in an artificial iCAR to restrict on-target/off-tumor cytotoxicity, additionally or alternatively overall CAR cell on-tumor effector efficiency can be increased by reducing the expression of endogenous inhibitory signaling in the CAR cells so that the CAR cells become resistant to the inhibitory signals of the hostile tumor microenvironment. CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibit T cells at different stages in activation and function. CTLA-4 regulates T cell responses to self-antigens, as knockout mice spontaneously develop organ damage due to highly active, tissue- infiltrating T cells without specific antigen exposure (Tivol, et al., Immunity, 3:541-547 (1995); Waterhouse, et al., Science, 270:985-988 (1995)). Interestingly, conditional knockout of CTLA-4 in Treg cells recapitulates the global knockout indicating that it normally functions within Tregs (Wing, et al., Science, 322:271-275 (2008)). In contrast, PD-L1 knockout mice are
autoimmune prone, but do not spontaneously develop massive inflammatory cell infiltration of normal organs, indicating that it’s major physiological function is to mediate negative feedback control of ongoing tissue inflammation in an inducible manner (Dong, et al., Immunity, 20:327-336 (2004)). Indeed, according to the “adaptive resistance” hypothesis most tumors up-regulate PD-L1 in response to IFNγ; a key cytokine released by effector T cells including CART cells (Greenwald, et al., Annu Rev Immunol, 23:515-548 (2005); Carreno, et al., Annu Rev Immunol, 20:29-53 (2002); Chen, et al., The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 125:3384-3391 (2015); Keir, et al., Annu Rev Immunol, 26:677-704 (2008); Pentcheva-Hoang, et al., Immunological Reviews, 229:67-87 (2009)). PD-L1 then delivers an inhibitory signal to T cells decreasing their proliferation, and cytokine and perforin production (Butte, et al., Immunity, 27:111-122 (2007); Chen, et al., Immunology, 4:336-347 (2004); Park, et al., Blood, 116:1291-1298 (2010); Wherry, et al., Nat Immunol, 12:492-499 (2011); Zou, et al., Immunology, 8:467-477 (2008)). In addition, reverse signaling from the T cell through B7-H1 on cancer cells induces an anti-apoptotic effect that counteracts Fas-L signaling (Azuma, et al., Blood, 111:3635-3643 (2008)). Azuma, et al., Blood, 111:3635-3643 (2008) In light of the up-regulation of B7-H1 by cancer cells and the association of its expression with cancer progression and poor clinical outcome (Flies, et al., Journal of Immunotherapy, 30:251-260 (2007); Nishimura, et al., Immunity, 11:141-151 (1999); Wang, et al., Curr Top Microbiol Immunol, 344:245-267 (2011)), antibodies antagonizing the PD-1 and CTLA-4 pathways have shown dramatic efficacy in solid tumors, particularly melanoma, with the combination of the two showing even more activity. The anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilimumab, improves overall survival in metastatic melanoma with increased T cell infiltration into tumors and increased intratumoral CD8+:Treg ratios, predominantly through inhibition of Treg cells (Hamid, et al., J Transl Med, 9:204 (2011); Ribas, et al., Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 15:6267-6276 (2009); Twyman-Saint, et al., Nature,
520:373-377 (2015)). The anti-PD-1 antibody, nivolumab, shows an overall response rate of 30-40% in metastatic melanoma (Robert, et al., The New England Journal of Medicine, 372:320-330 (2015); Topalian, et al., J Clin Oncol, 32:1020-1030 (2014)), with similar findings in early phase clinical trials for other solid tumors including metastatic renal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and relapsed Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (Ansell, et al., The New England Journal of Medicine, 372:311-319 (2015); Brahmer, et al., J Clin Oncol, 28:3167-3175 (2010); Topalian, et al., The New England Journal of Medicine, 366:2443-2454 (2012)). As resistance to anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in mouse melanoma models is due to up-regulation of PD-L181, the combination of both ipilimumab and nivolumab demonstrates further efficacy in both mouse models and human patients (Larkin, et al., The New England Journal of Medicine, 373:23-34 (2015); Spranger, et al., J Immunother Cancer, 2, 3, doi:10.1186/2051-1426-2-3 (2014); Yu, et al., Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 16:6019-6028 (2010)). Given the importance of the checkpoint inhibition pathway, it is believed that PD-1/CTLA-4 inhibition will release the brake, while the chimeric antigen receptor will push on the gas pedal. Importantly, transient delivery can be utilized to only transiently release the brake so that these cells will not lead to future autoimmune disease. (1). CRISPRi To avoid permanent genome modification and inactivation of inhibitory signals such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, the dCAS9 CRISPRi system (Larson, et al., Nat Protoc, 8:2180-2196 (2013)) can be utilized. Nucleic acids encoding the enzymatically-inactive dCAS9-KRAB-repression domain, fusion protein, and sgRNAs to the inhibitory signaling protein (e.g. CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, 2B4 (CD244), BTLA (CD272), KIR, TIM-3, TGF beta receptor dominant negative analog, etc.) can be co-delivered into the CAR cell. One or multiple sgRNA can be utilized. sgRNA can be designed to target the proximal promoter region and the coding region (nontemplate strand). An alternative approach utilizes the single-component Cpf1
CRISPR system, which is a smaller RNA to electroporate and express (Zetsche, et al., Cell, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.038 (2015)). Any of the foregoing RNA components can also be encoded by DNA expression construct such as a vector, for example a plasmid. Thus, either RNA, DNA, or a combination thereof can serve as the nucleic acid cargo. Although broad inhibition of CTLA-4 with ipilimumab results in autoimmune sequelae, it is believed these side–effects will be decreased by restricting loss to CAR cells and transient nature of the mRNA delivery. Inhibitory function will be regained in time. (2). Inhibitory RNAs Nucleic acid cargo that can be delivered to cells can be or encode a functional nucleic acid or polypeptide designed to target and reduce or inhibit expression or translation of an inhibitory signaling molecule mRNA; or to reduce or inhibit expression, reduce activity, or increase degradation of inhibitory signaling molecule protein. Suitable technologies include, but are not limited to, antisense molecules, siRNA, miRNA, aptamers, ribozymes, triplex forming molecules, RNAi, etc. In some embodiments, the mRNA encode antagonist polypeptide that reduce inhibitory signaling. In some embodiments, cargo that is or encodes functional RNAs suitable to reducing or silencing expression of CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, 2B4 (CD244), BTLA (CD272), KIR, TIM-3, TGF beta receptor dominant negative analog, etc. alone or in combination can be delivered to cells. In some embodiments, the cargo is an RNA or DNA that encodes a polypeptide that reduces bioavailability or serves as an antagonist or other negative regulator or inhibitor of CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, 2B4 (CD244), BTLA (CD272), KIR, TIM-3, TGF beta receptor dominant negative analog, or another protein in an immune inhibitory pathway. The protein can be a paracrine, endocrine, or autocrine. It can regulate the cell intracellularly. It can be secreted and regulate the expressing cell and/or other (e.g., neighboring) cells. It can be a transmembrane protein that regulates the expressing cell and/or other cells. The protein can be fusion protein, for example an Ig fusion protein.
v. Pro-apoptotic Factors Compositions and methods for activating and reactivating apoptotic pathways are also provided. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is or encodes a factor or agent that activates, reactivates, or otherwise enhances or increases the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Preferably the factor activates, reactivates, or otherwise enhances the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in cancer (e.g., tumor) cells, and is more preferably specific or targeted to the cancer cells. In some embodiments, cells, following delivery of an anti-apoptotic factor or pro-proliferation factor, such as those discussed above or otherwise known in the art, are more resistant or less sensitive to induced apoptosis than untreated cells. A pro-apoptotic factor can induce or increase apoptosis in, for example, untreated cells relative to the treated T cells, and is preferably selective for cancer cells. The regimen results in a two-pronged attack, one cellular and one molecular, against the cancer cells. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway can be activated, reactivated, or otherwise enhanced by targeting BCL-2 family members. BCL-2 family members are classified into three subgroups based on function and Bcl-2 Homology (BH) domains: multi-domain anti-apoptotic (e.g. BCL-2 or BCL- XL), multi-domain pro-apoptotic (e.g. BAX and BAK), and BH3-only pro- apoptotic (e.g. BIM) proteins. Members of the BH3-only subgroup, such as BIM, function as death sentinels that are situated throughout the cell, poised to transmit a variety of physiological and pathologic signals of cellular injury to the core apoptotic machinery located at the mitochondrion (Danial, et al., Cell, 116:205-219 (2004)). In some embodiments, the pro-apoptotic factor is a pro-apoptotic BH3-mimetic. Various pro-apoptotic BH3-mimetics can simulate the native pro-apoptotic activities of BIM and afford the ability to manipulate multiple points of the apoptotic pathway. For example, BIM SAHB (Stabilized Alpha Helix of BCL-2 domains), ABT-737, and ABT-199 are pro-apoptotic BH3- mimetics designed by structural studies of the interaction between the pro- apoptotic BH3-only helical domain and the hydrophobic groove formed by
the confluence of the BH1, BH2 and BH3 domains of anti-apoptotic proteins (Oltersdorf, et al., Nature, 435:677-681 (2005)). 4. Target Cells In some embodiments, one or more particular cell types or tissue is the target of the disclosed complexes. The target cells can be in vitro, ex vivo or in a subject (i.e., in vivo). The application discussed herein can be carried out in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. For ex vivo application, the cells can be collected or isolated and treated in culture. Ex vivo treated cells can be administered to a subject in need thereof in therapeutically effective amount. For in vivo applications, cargo can be delivered to target cells passively, e.g., based on circulation of the composition, local delivery, etc., or can be actively targeted, e.g., with the additional a cell, tissue, organ specific targeting moiety. Thus, in some embodiments, cargo is delivered to the target cells to the exclusion of other cells. In some embodiments, cargo is delivered to target cells and non-target cells. Target cells can be selected by the practitioner based on the desired treatment and therapy, and the intended effect of the nucleic acid cargo. For example, when the nucleic acid cargo is intended to induce cell death, the target cells may be cancer cells; when the nucleic acid cargo is intended to induce a genomic alteration, the target cells may be stem cells; when the nucleic acid cargo encodes a chimeric antigen receptor, the target cells may be immune cells. 4H2 penetrates into cells in a dipyridamole-sensitive manner that is enhanced by addition of GUO, indicating nucleoside transporter-dependent transport that is promoted by local nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the target cells express nucleoside transporter on their plasma membrane. Expression of nucleoside transporters is relatively ubiquitous but varies in abundance among tissues and cell types. For example, ENT2 expression has been confirmed in the brain, heart, placenta, thymus, pancreas, prostate and kidney (Griffiths, et al., Biochem J, 1997.328 (Pt 3): p.739-43, Crawford, et al., J Biol Chem, 1998.273(9): p. 5288-93). Relative to other transporters, ENT2 has one of the highest mRNA
expressions in skeletal muscle (Baldwin, et al., Pflugers Arch, 2004.447(5): p.735-43, Govindarajan, et al., Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2007.293(5): p. R1809-22). Thus, in some embodiments the target cells are brain, heart, placenta, thymus, pancreas, prostate, kidney, or skeletal muscle. Additional, non-limiting, exemplary target cells are discussed below. i. Progenitor and Stem Cells The cells can be hematopoietic progenitor or stem cells. In some embodiments, particularly those related to gene editing and gene therapy the target cells are CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), such as CD34+ cells are multipotent stem cells that give rise to all the blood cell types including erythrocytes. Stem cells can be isolated and enriched by one of skill in the art. Methods for such isolation and enrichment of CD34+ and other cells are known in the art and disclosed for example in U.S. Patent Nos.4,965,204; 4,714,680; 5,061,620; 5,643,741; 5,677,136; 5,716,827; 5,750,397 and 5,759,793. As used herein in the context of compositions enriched in hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells, “enriched” indicates a proportion of a desirable element (e.g. hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells) which is higher than that found in the natural source of the cells. A composition of cells may be enriched over a natural source of the cells by at least one order of magnitude, preferably two or three orders, and more preferably 10, 100, 200 or 1000 orders of magnitude. In humans, CD34+ cells can be recovered from cord blood, bone marrow or from blood after cytokine mobilization effected by injecting the donor with hematopoietic growth factors such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF) subcutaneously or intravenously in amounts sufficient to cause movement of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow space into the peripheral circulation. Initially, bone marrow cells may be obtained from any suitable source of bone marrow, e.g. tibiae, femora, spine, and other bone cavities. For isolation of bone marrow, an appropriate solution may be used to flush the bone, which solution will be a
balanced salt solution, conveniently supplemented with fetal calf serum or other naturally occurring factors, in conjunction with an acceptable buffer at low concentration, generally from about 5 to 25 mM. Convenient buffers include Hepes, phosphate buffers, lactate buffers, etc. Cells can be selected by positive and negative selection techniques. Cells can be selected using commercially available antibodies which bind to hematopoietic progenitor or stem cell surface antigens, e.g. CD34, using methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, the antibodies may be conjugated to magnetic beads and immunogenic procedures utilized to recover the desired cell type. Other techniques involve the use of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The CD34 antigen, which is found on progenitor cells within the hematopoietic system of non-leukemic individuals, is expressed on a population of cells recognized by the monoclonal antibody My-10 (i.e., express the CD34 antigen) and can be used to isolate stem cell for bone marrow transplantation. My-10 deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.) as HB-8483 is commercially available as anti-HPCA 1. Additionally, negative selection of differentiated and “dedicated” cells from human bone marrow can be utilized, to select against substantially any desired cell marker. For example, progenitor or stem cells, most preferably CD34+ cells, can be characterized as being any of CD3-, CD7-, CD8-, CD10-, CD14-, CD15-, CD19-, CD20-, CD33-, Class II HLA+ and Thy-1+. Once progenitor or stem cells have been isolated, they may be propagated by growing in any suitable medium. For example, progenitor or stem cells can be grown in conditioned medium from stromal cells, such as those that can be obtained from bone marrow or liver associated with the secretion of factors, or in medium including cell surface factors supporting the proliferation of stem cells. Stromal cells may be freed of hematopoietic cells employing appropriate monoclonal antibodies for removal of the undesired cells. The isolated cells are contacted ex vivo with antibody and nucleic acid cargo complexes. Cells to which cargo has been delivered can be
referred to as modified cells. A solution of the complexes may simply be added to the cells in culture. It may be desirable to synchronize the cells in S-phase. Methods for synchronizing cultured cells, for example, by double thymidine block, are known in the art (Zielke, et al., Methods Cell Biol., 8:107-121 (1974)). The modified cells can be maintained or expanded in culture prior to administration to a subject. Culture conditions are generally known in the art depending on the cell type. Conditions for the maintenance of CD34+ in particular have been well studied, and several suitable methods are available. A common approach to ex vivo multi-potential hematopoietic cell expansion is to culture purified progenitor or stem cells in the presence of early-acting cytokines such as interleukin-3. It has also been shown that inclusion, in a nutritive medium for maintaining hematopoietic progenitor cells ex vivo, of a combination of thrombopoietin (TPO), stem cell factor (SCF), and flt3 ligand (Flt-3L; i.e., the ligand of the flt3 gene product) was useful for expanding primitive (i.e., relatively non-differentiated) human hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro, and that those cells were capable of engraftment in SCID-hu mice (Luens et al., 1998, Blood 91:1206-1215). In other known methods, cells can be maintained ex vivo in a nutritive medium (e.g., for minutes, hours, or 3, 6, 9, 13, or more days) including murine prolactin-like protein E (mPLP-E) or murine prolactin-like protein F (mPIP-F; collectively mPLP- E/IF) (U.S. Patent No.6,261,841). It will be appreciated that other suitable cell culture and expansion methods can be used as well. Cells can also be grown in serum-free medium, as described in U.S. Patent No.5,945,337. In another embodiment, the modified hematopoietic stem cells are differentiated ex vivo into CD4+ cells culture using specific combinations of interleukins and growth factors prior to administration to a subject using methods well known in the art. The cells may be expanded ex vivo in large numbers, preferably at least a 5-fold, more preferably at least a 10-fold and even more preferably at least a 20-fold expansion of cells compared to the original population of isolated hematopoietic stem cells.
In another embodiment cells, can be dedifferentiated somatic cells. Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent stem-like cells that can be induced to become hematopoietic progenitor cells. The hematopoietic progenitor cells can then be treated with the compositions as described above with respect to CD34+ cells. Representative somatic cells that can be reprogrammed include, but are not limited to fibroblasts, adipocytes, and muscles cells. Hematopoietic progenitor cells from induced stem-like cells have been successfully developed in the mouse (Hanna, J. et al. Science, 318:1920-1923 (2007)). To produce hematopoietic progenitor cells from induced stem-like cells, somatic cells are harvested from a host. In a preferred embodiment, the somatic cells are autologous fibroblasts. The cells are cultured and transduced with vectors encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc transcription factors. The transduced cells are cultured and screened for embryonic stem cell (ES) morphology and ES cell markers including, but not limited to AP, SSEA1, and Nanog. The transduced ES cells are cultured and induced to produce induced stem-like cells. Cells are then screened for CD41 and c-kit markers (early hematopoietic progenitor markers) as well as markers for myeloid and erythroid differentiation. The modified hematopoietic stem cells or modified cells including, e.g., induced hematopoietic progenitor cells, are then introduced into a subject. Delivery of the cells may be affected using various methods and includes most preferably intravenous administration by infusion as well as direct depot injection into periosteal, bone marrow and/or subcutaneous sites. The subject receiving the modified cells may be treated for bone marrow conditioning to enhance engraftment of the cells. The recipient may be treated to enhance engraftment, using a radiation or chemotherapeutic treatment prior to the administration of the cells. Upon administration, the cells will generally require a period of time to engraft. Achieving significant engraftment of hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells typically takes weeks to months.
A high percentage of engraftment of modified hematopoietic stem cells may not be necessary to achieve significant prophylactic or therapeutic effect. It is believed that the engrafted cells will expand over time following engraftment to increase the percentage of modified cells. It is believed that in some cases, engraftment of only a small number or small percentage of modified hematopoietic stem cells will be required to provide a prophylactic or therapeutic effect. In preferred embodiments, the cells to be administered to a subject will be autologous, e.g. derived from the subject, or syngenic. ii. Embryos In some embodiments, the compositions and methods can be used to deliver cargo to embryonic cells in vitro. The methods typically include contacting an embryo in vitro with an effective amount of antibody-cargo DNA to improve cargo transduction into the embryo. The embryo can be a single cell zygote, however, treatment of male and female gametes prior to and during fertilization, and embryos having 2, 4, 8, or 16 cells and including not only zygotes, but also morulas and blastocytes, are also provided. In some embodiments, the embryo is contacted with the compositions on culture days 0-6 during or following in vitro fertilization. The contacting can be adding the compositions to liquid media bathing the embryo. For example, the compositions can be pipetted directly into the embryo culture media, whereupon they are taken up by the embryo. iii. Immune cells In some embodiments, the target cells are one or more types of immune cells. For example, different type of cells can be utilized or otherwise targeted for immunodulation and CAR-based therapies. The preferred targeted/engineered T cells may vary depending on the tumor and goals of the adoptive therapy. Effector T cells are typically preferred because they secreted high levels of effector cytokines and were proficient killers of tumor targets in vitro (Barrett, et al., Annu Rev Med., 65: 333–347 (2014). Two complimentary lymphocyte populations with robust CAR mediated cytotoxicity are CD3-CD56+ NK cells and CD3+CD8+ T cells.
Use of CD8+ T cells with CD4+ helper T cells leads to the increased presence of suppressive T-reg cells and dampened CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity. Since reprogrammed CD8+ T cells are pre-activated so that they act directly on tumor cells without the need for activation in the lymph node, CD4+ T cell support is not essential. Additionally, there is evidence that infusion of naive T cells (Rosenberg, et al. Adv. Cancer Res., 25:323–388 (1977)), central memory T cells (TCM cells) (Berger, et al. J. Clin. Invest., 118:294–305 (2008)), Th17 cells (Paulos, et al., Sci. Transl. Med., 2:55–78 (2010)), and T stem memory cells (Gattinoni, et al., Nat. Med., 17:1290–1297 (2012)) may all have certain advantages in certain applications due, for example, to their high replicative capacity. Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) also have certain advantages due to their antigen specificity and may be used in the delivery strategies disclosed herein. Although sometime referred to as CAR cells, CAR immune, cells, and CART cells (or CAR T cells), it will be appreciated that the CAR and other delivery strategies disclosed herein can also be carried out in other cell types, particularly different types of immune cells, including those discussed herein (e.g., lymphocytes, Natural Killer Cells, dendritic cells, B cells, antigen presenting cells, macrophage, etc.) and described elsewhere (see, e.g., Barrett, et al., Annu Rev Med., 65: 333–347 (2014)). iv. Cancer Cells and Tumors In some embodiments, the target cells are cancer cells. In such embodiments, methods of treatment are provided that may be useful in the context of cancer, including tumor therapy. Cargos that may be delivered to cancer cells include, but are not limited to, constructs for the expression of one or more pro-apoptotic factors, immunogenic factors, or tumor suppressors; gene editing compositions, inhibitory nucleic acids that target oncogenes; as well as other strategies discussed herein and elsewhere. In some embodiments, the cargo is mRNA that encodes a pro-apoptotic factor, or immunogenic factor that increases and immune response against the cells. In other embodiments, the cargo is
siRNA the reduces expression of an oncogene or other cancer-causing transcript. In a mature animal, a balance usually is maintained between cell renewal and cell death in most organs and tissues. The various types of mature cells in the body have a given life span; as these cells die, new cells are generated by the proliferation and differentiation of various types of stem cells. Under normal circumstances, the production of new cells is so regulated that the numbers of any particular type of cell remain constant. Occasionally, though, cells arise that are no longer responsive to normal growth-control mechanisms. These cells give rise to clones of cells that can expand to a considerable size, producing a tumor or neoplasm. A tumor that is not capable of indefinite growth and does not invade the healthy surrounding tissue extensively is benign. A tumor that continues to grow and becomes progressively invasive is malignant. The term cancer refers specifically to a malignant tumor. In addition to uncontrolled growth, malignant tumors exhibit metastasis. In this process, small clusters of cancerous cells dislodge from a tumor, invade the blood or lymphatic vessels, and are carried to other tissues, where they continue to proliferate. In this way a primary tumor at one site can give rise to a secondary tumor at another site. The compositions and methods described herein may be useful for treating subjects having benign or malignant tumors by delaying or inhibiting the growth of a tumor in a subject, reducing the growth or size of the tumor, inhibiting or reducing metastasis of the tumor, and/or inhibiting or reducing symptoms associated with tumor development or growth. Malignant tumors which may be treated are classified herein according to the embryonic origin of the tissue from which the tumor is derived. Carcinomas are tumors arising from endodermal or ectodermal tissues such as skin or the epithelial lining of internal organs and glands. The disclosed compositions are particularly effective in treating carcinomas. Sarcomas, which arise less frequently, are derived from mesodermal connective tissues such as bone, fat, and cartilage. The leukemias and
lymphomas are malignant tumors of hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow. Leukemias proliferate as single cells, whereas lymphomas tend to grow as tumor masses. Malignant tumors may show up at numerous organs or tissues of the body to establish a cancer. The types of cancer that can be treated with the provided compositions and methods include, but are not limited to, cancers such as vascular cancer such as multiple myeloma, adenocarcinomas and sarcomas, of bone, bladder, brain, breast, cervical, colo-rectal, esophageal, kidney, liver, lung, nasopharangeal, pancreatic, prostate, skin, stomach, and uterine. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions are used to treat multiple cancer types concurrently. The compositions can also be used to treat metastases or tumors at multiple locations. B. Methods of Modulating Immune Responses Methods of increasing immune responses are provided. The immune responses can be increased against, for example, cancer and infections. Thus, methods of treating cancer and infections in a subject, and methods of vaccinating subjects both health and sick, are also provided. The immune response is also involved in wound healing, and thus methods of promoting wound healing are also provided. Immune regulation is also involved in some autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, and thus methods of promoting immune regulation in multiple sclerosis are also provided. Thus, in some embodiments, the subject has a wound or multiple sclerosis. The methods typically include administering a subject in need thereof an effective amount of 4H2 antibody to increase activation of cGAS and/or another PRR such as TLR7. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods increase activation of cGAS and/or another PRR such as TLR7 e.g., by direct binding and activation by 4H2, or indirect binding through simultaneous interactions between the cGAS and/or other PPR, 4H2, and cytoplasmic nucleic acid and/or GTP. Activated cGAS catalyzes the formation of cGAMP from precursor molecules ATP and GTP, and cGAMP generated by cGAS promotes nuclear translocation by NF-kB. Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosed composition increases cGAMP production
and or promotes nuclear translocation by NF-kB. Typically the methods enhance an immune response through induction or enhanced signaling through the cGAS/STING pathway. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods include stimulating T cell proliferation, tumor vascular collapse and contributes to tumor cell death and apoptosis, enhanced release of tumor-associated antigens, improve antigen-specific IgG response through a mechanism dependent on a T helper 1 (TH1), TH2 and/or TH17 cell response, reduced viral or bacterial load, reduced susceptibility to a virus or bacteria, or any combination thereof. See, also Motwani and Fitzgerald, Nature Reviews Genetics volume 20, pages657–674 (2019), which is specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, and describes additional outcomes of enhancing cGAS/STING signaling. In some embodiments, the compositions and methods include increasing recruitment of tumor- infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) to tumors. Results below also show that 4H2 interacts with TLR7, and it is believed to do so in a nucleic acid-dependent manner. The TLR family plays an important role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. TLR7 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that recognizes single-stranded RNA in endosomes, which is a common feature of viral genomes which are internalized by macrophages and dendritic cells. For example, TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA of viruses such as HIV and HCV. TLR7 can recognize GU-rich single-stranded RNA. This adds another dimension to the use of 4H2 as a stimulator of immunity because results indicated that 4H2 activates at least cGAS and TLR7, and perhaps other immune response inducing receptors. Other immune receptors that may be activated by 4H2 include, but are not limited to, other PPRs such as RIG-I-like receptors and other toll-like receptors including but not limited to TLR3, TLR8, TLR9, etc. Other receptors
include, but are not limited to, those whose ligands are mentioned as cargo and/or adjuvants. In certain embodiments, the methods include administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of 4H2 antibody in combination with one or more additional agents such as a nucleic acid cargo, an immunostimulatory nucleic acid, vaccine component(s), an immune checkpoint modulator, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, 4H2 antibody and additional agent can be used in combination to provide enhance cGAS/STING and/or another immune receptor such as a PPR (e.g., TLR7) signaling to greater degree than the use of either agent alone. For example, in some embodiments, e.g., the treatment of cancer the enhance activity is greater antitumor activity. The 4H2 antibody, and/or immune checkpoint modulator can be administered locally or systemically to the subject, or coated or incorporated onto, or into a device. The disclosed monotherapies and combination therapies and treatment regimens typically include treatment of a disease or symptom thereof, or a method for achieving a desired physiological change, including administering to an animal, such as a mammal, especially a human being, an effective amount of 4H2 antibody to treat a disease such as cancer or infection or symptom thereof, or to produce the physiological change. When administered in combination with an additional agent, the 4H2 antibody and additional agent can be administered together, such as part of the same composition, or administered separately and independently at the same time or at different times (i.e., administration of the 4H2 antibody and immune checkpoint modulator is separated by a finite period of time from each other). Therefore, the term “combination” or “combined” is used to refer to either concomitant, simultaneous, or sequential administration of two agents. The combinations can be administered either concomitantly (e.g., as an admixture), separately but simultaneously (e.g., via separate intravenous lines into the same subject; one agent is given orally while the other agent is given by infusion or injection, etc.,), or sequentially (e.g., one agent is given
first followed by the second). In some embodiments, the result achieved by the combination is partially or completely additive of the results achieved by the individual components alone. In some embodiments, the result achieved by the combination is more than additive of the results achieved by the individual components alone. In some embodiments, the effective amount of one or both agents used in combination is lower than the effective amount of each agent when administered separately. In some embodiments, the amount of one or both agents when used in the combination therapy is sub-therapeutic when used alone. The effect of the combination therapy, or individual agents thereof can depend on the disease or condition to be treated or progression thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the combination expands the subjects (e.g., the types of cancer or infection) that can be treated relative the each of the agents alone. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the effect of the combination on a cancer or infection can compared to the effect of the individual agents alone on the cancer or infection. A treatment regimen of monotherapies and combination therapies can include one or multiple administrations of a 4H2 antibody. A treatment regimen of the combination therapy can include one or multiple administrations of an additional agent. In some embodiments 4H2 antibody and additional agent are administered sequentially, for example, in two or more different pharmaceutical compositions. In certain embodiments, the 4H2 antibody is administered prior to the first administration of the additional agent. In other embodiments, the additional agent is administered prior to the first administration of the 4H2 antibody. For example, the 4H2 antibody and additional agent can be administered to a subject on the same day. Alternatively, the 4H2 antibody and additional agent can be administered to the subject on different days. The 4H2 antibody can be administered at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 24 or 30 hours or days prior to or after administering of the additional agent.
Alternatively, the immune checkpoint modulator can be administered at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 24 or 30 hours or days prior to or after administering of the 4H2 antibody. In certain embodiments, additive or more than additive effects of the 4H2 antibody and additional agent is evident after one day, two days, three days, four days, five days, six days, one week, or more than one week following administration. Dosage regimens or cycles of the agents can be completely or partially overlapping, or can be sequential. For example, in some embodiments, all such administration(s) of the 4H2 antibody occur before or after administration of the additional agent. Alternatively, administration of one or more doses of the 4H2 antibody can be temporally staggered with the administration of additional agent to form a uniform or non-uniform course of treatment whereby one or more doses of 4H2 antibody are administered, followed by one or more doses of the additional agent, followed by one or more doses of the 4H2 antibody; or one or more doses of additional agent are administered, followed by one or more doses of 4H2 antibody, followed by one or more doses of additional agent; etc., all according to whatever schedule is selected or desired by the researcher or clinician administering the therapy. An effective amount of each of the agents can be administered as a single unit dosage (e.g., as dosage unit), or sub-therapeutic doses that are administered over a finite time interval. Such unit doses may be administered on a daily basis for a finite time period, such as up to 3 days, or up to 5 days, or up to 7 days, or up to 10 days, or up to 15 days or up to 20 days or up to 25 days, are all specifically contemplated. 1. Treatment of Cancer The therapies disclosed herein can be used to treat, reduce, and/or prevent cancer in a subject. Therefore, the compositions can be administered in an effective amount to treat, reduce, and/or prevent cancer in a subject. The effective amount or therapeutically effective amount to treat cancer or a tumor thereof is typically a dosage sufficient to reduce or prevent a least one symptom of the cancer, or to otherwise provide a desired pharmacologic
and/or physiologic effect. The symptom may be physical, such as tumor burden, or biological such as reducing proliferation or increasing death of cancer cells. In some embodiments, the amount is effective to kill tumor cells or reduce or inhibit proliferation or metastasis of the tumor cells. In some embodiments, the amount is effective to reduce tumor burden. In some embodiments, the amount is effective to reduce or prevent at least one comorbidity of the cancer. In a mature animal, a balance usually is maintained between cell renewal and cell death in most organs and tissues. The various types of mature cells in the body have a given life span; as these cells die, new cells are generated by the proliferation and differentiation of various types of stem cells. Under normal circumstances, the production of new cells is so regulated that the numbers of any particular type of cell remain constant. Occasionally, though, cells arise that are no longer responsive to normal growth-control mechanisms. These cells give rise to clones of cells that can expand to a considerable size, producing a tumor or neoplasm. A tumor that is not capable of indefinite growth and does not invade the healthy surrounding tissue extensively is benign. A tumor that continues to grow and becomes progressively invasive is malignant. The term cancer typically refers to a malignant tumor. In addition to uncontrolled growth, malignant tumors exhibit metastasis. In this process, small clusters of cancerous cells dislodge from a tumor, invade the blood or lymphatic vessels, and are carried to other tissues, where they continue to proliferate. In this way a primary tumor at one site can give rise to a secondary tumor at another site. The compositions and methods described herein are useful for treating subjects having benign or malignant tumors by delaying or inhibiting the growth of a tumor in a subject, reducing the growth or size of the tumor, inhibiting or reducing metastasis of the tumor, and/or inhibiting or reducing symptoms associated with tumor development or growth. Malignant tumors which may be treated can be classified according to the embryonic origin of the tissue from which the tumor is derived. Carcinomas are tumors arising from endodermal or ectodermal tissues such
as skin or the epithelial lining of internal organs and glands. The disclosed compositions are particularly effective in treating carcinomas. Sarcomas, which arise less frequently, are derived from mesodermal connective tissues such as bone, fat, and cartilage. The leukemias and lymphomas are malignant tumors of hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow. Leukemias proliferate as single cells, whereas lymphomas tend to grow as tumor masses. Malignant tumors may show up at numerous organs or tissues of the body to establish a cancer. The disclosed antigen binding molecules can be used to treat cells undergoing unregulated growth, invasion, or metastasis. Cancer cells characterized by mutation of one or more Ras genes or mutation of genes encoding other components of Ras/MAPK signaling pathways are particularly good targets for the disclosed compositions. Cancerous cells can develop as a result of somatic, gain-of-function mutations in Ras genes, resulting in activating mutations in small GTPase Ras enzymes. Oncogenic mutations of the H-Ras, N-Ras, or K-Ras genes are most frequently associated with malignancies in humans. In certain embodiments, the cells express a mutant form of the small GTPase Ras family, such as K-Ras. In certain embodiments the cells do not express the wild type Ras genes. Oncogenic mutations have also been identified in other upstream or downstream components of the Ras intracellular signaling pathways, including cytosolic kinases and membrane RTKs (Ras/MAPK pathways). Oncogenic mutations in the K-Ras gene can result in constitutive activation of the out-coming Ras proteins. Exemplary mutations include mutations in codons 12, 13, and/or 61 that result in any changes in the amino acids occurring at positions 12, 13, or 61 of the K-ras protein. This includes for example but is not limited to K-ras amino acid 12 (changing glycine to aspartic acid, cysteine, serine, threonine, arginine, or valine) and amino acid 13 and 61 (changing glutamine to lysine, arginine, leucine, or aspartic acid). Another way of describing these K-Ras mutations that are exemplary in this context is G12A, G12C, G12D, G12S, G12I, G12R, G12V, G13C, G13D,
G13S, Q61L, Q61R. Again, any change in amino acid content at positions 12, 13, 61 are considered exemplary mutations. A representative but non-limiting list of cancers that the compositions can be used to treat include cancers of the blood and lymphatic system (including leukemias, Hodgkin’s lymphomas, non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, solitary plasmacytoma, multiple myeloma), cancers of the genitourinary system (including prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, urethral cancer, penile cancer, testicular cancer,), cancers of the nervous system (including meningiomas, gliomas, glioblastomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, oligoastrocytomas, ependymomas) cancers of the head and neck (including squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, nasal cavity, nasopharyngeal cavity, oropharyngeal cavity, larynx, and paranasal sinuses), lung cancers (including small cell and non-small cell lung cancer), gynecologic cancers (including cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer ovarian and fallopian tube cancer), gastrointestinal cancers (including gastric, small bowel, colorectal, liver, hepatobiliary, and pancreatic cancers), skin cancers (including melanoma, squamous cell carcinomas, and basal cell carcinomas), breast cancer (including ductal and lobular cancer and triple negative breast cancers), and pediatric cancers (including neuroblastoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, Wilms tumor, medulloblastoma). Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a method of treating breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, lung, brain, skin, liver, stomach, pancreatic or blood based cancer. In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to treating glioblastoma. Any of the disclosed methods can be used in used in further combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy (e.g., antineoplastic drug), or a combination thereof, to treat any cancer, including carcinomas, gliomas, sarcomas, or lymphomas. Examples of antineoplastic drugs that can be combined with the disclosed antigen binding molecules include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents (such as temozolomide, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, dacarbazine, lomustine, carmustine, procarbazine, chlorambucil and
ifosfamide), antimetabolites (such as fluorouracil, gemcitabine, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, fludarabine, and floxuridine), some antimitotics, and vinca alkaloids such as vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, and vindesine), anthracyclines (including doxorubicin, daunorubicin, valrubicin, idarubicin, and epirubicin, as well as actinomycins such as actinomycin D), cytotoxic antibiotics (including mitomycin, plicamycin, and bleomycin), and topoisomerase inhibitors (including camptothecins such as irinotecan and topotecan and derivatives of epipodophyllotoxins such as amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, and teniposide). Strategies that combine STING immunotherapy with other immunomodulatory agents are being explored. The antitumor efficacy of cGAMP administered by i.t. injection into B16.F10 tumors was enhanced when combined with anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T- lymphocyte associated-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies (Demaria, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2015) 112(50):15408–13.10.1073/pnas.1512832112). In other studies, CDNs together with anti-PD-1 incited much stronger antitumor effects than monotherapy in a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma model as well as of melanoma (Gadkaree, et al., Head Neck (2017) 39(6):1086–94.10.1002/hed.24704; Wang, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2017) 114(7):1637–42.10.1073/pnas.1621363114). Luo et al. showed encouraging results by combining a STING-activating nanovaccine and an anti-PD1 antibody, which lead to generation of long-term antitumor memory in TC-1 tumor model (Luo, et al., Nat Nanotechnol (2017) 12(7):648– 54.10.1038/nnano.2017.52). Thus, a particularly preferred method of treating cancer includes administering a subject a combination of 4H2 antibody and a checkpoint modulator. 2. Infections and Virally Transformed Cells In some embodiments, the compositions can be used to treat or prevent infection of cells with, for example, a bacteria or virus such as an oncovirus. Thus, the compositions can be administered for the treatment of local or systemic infections.
Representative infections that can be treated, include but are not limited to infections cause by microoganisms including, but not limited to, Actinomyces, Anabaena, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bdellovibrio, Bordetella, Borrelia, Campylobacter, Caulobacter, Chlamydia, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Cytophaga, Deinococcus, Escherichia, Francisella, Halobacterium, Heliobacter, Haemophilus, Hemophilus influenza type B (HIB), Histoplasma, Hyphomicrobium, Legionella, Leishmania, Leptspirosis, Listeria, Meningococcus A, B and C, Methanobacterium, Micrococcus, Myobacterium (e.g., Tuberculosis), Mycoplasma, Myxococcus, Neisseria, Nitrobacter, Oscillatoria, Prochloron, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Phodospirillum, Rickettsia, Salmonella, Shigella, Spirillum, Spirochaeta, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Sulfolobus, Thermoplasma, Thiobacillus, and Treponema, Vibrio, Yersinia, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Nocardia asteroides, Rickettsia ricketsii, Rickettsia typhi, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydial psittaci, Chlamydial trachomatis, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Trypanosoma brucei, Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis and Schistosoma mansoni. Exemplary viruses that can be affected by disclosed compositions include Human papillomaviruses (HPV), Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV), Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8), Merkel cell polyomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), including, but not limited to, immunodeficiency (e.g., HIV), papilloma (e.g., HPV), herpes (e.g., HSV), encephalitis, influenza (e.g., human influenza virus A), common cold (e.g., human rhinovirus), coronavirus (e.g., SARS-CoV-2), Zika virus, Dengue virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) viral infections. For example, the compositions can be administered topically to treat viral skin diseases such as herpes lesions or shingles, or genital warts. The composition can also be administered to treat systemic viral diseases,
including, but not limited to, AIDS, influenza, the common cold, or encephalitis. Other viral diseases that may be affected by administration of the compositions include Colorado Tick Fever (caused by Coltivirus, RNA virus), West Nile Fever (encephalitis, caused by a flavivirus that primarily occurs in the Middle East and Africa), Yellow Fever, Rabies (caused by a number of different strains of neurotropic viruses of the family Rhabdoviridae), viral hepatitis, gastroenteritis (viral)-acute viral gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses, rotaviruses, caliciviruses, and astroviruses, poliomyelitis, influenza (flu), caused by orthomyxoviruses that can undergo frequent antigenic variation, measles (rubella), paramyxoviridae, mumps, respiratory syndromes including viral pneumonia and acute respiratory syndromes including croup caused by a variety of viruses collectively referred to as acute respiratory viruses, and respiratory illness caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, the most dangerous cause of respiratory infection in young children). In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions are used to treat or prevent a viral infection or the spread or worsening of a viral infection. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions are used to treat or prevent a viral infection or the spread or worsening of a viral infection in a subject that has been exposed to or is at risk of being exposed to a virus, such as those discussed herein. 3. Vaccination The compositions can be administered prior to, concurrently with, or after the administration of a vaccine. In one embodiment the 4H2 antibody composition is administered at the same time as administration of a vaccine. The disclosed compositions may be administered in conjunction with prophylactic vaccines, or therapeutic vaccines, which can be used to initiate or enhance a subject’s immune response to a pre-existing antigen, such as a tumor antigen in a subject with cancer. The desired outcome of a prophylactic, therapeutic or de-sensitized immune response may vary according to the disease, according to principles
well known in the art. Similarly, immune responses against cancer, allergens or infectious agents may completely treat a disease, may alleviate symptoms, or may be one facet in an overall therapeutic intervention against a disease. For example, the stimulation of an immune response against a cancer may be coupled with surgical, chemotherapeutic, radiologic, hormonal and other immunologic approaches in order to affect treatment. STING agonists can enhance antitumor responses when combined with tumor vaccines. For example, CDN ligands formulated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-producing cellular cancer vaccines, termed STINGVAX, showed strong in vivo therapeutic efficacy in several established cancer models (Fu, et al., Sci Transl Med (2015) 7(283):283ra52.10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa4306), and STING agonists in combination with traditional chemotherapeutic agents or radiotherapy can trigger an antitumor response (Xia, et al., Cancer Res (2016) 76(22):6747– 59.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-1404; Baird, et al., Cancer Res (2016) 76(1):50–61.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-3619). Thus, a particularly preferred method of treating a subject in need thereof includes administering a subject a combination of 4H2 antibody and one or more components of a vaccine. The vaccine can against, for example, cancer or an infectious disease-causing agent. 4. Wound Healing In some embodiments, the compositions can be used to promote wound healing. Activation of STING by cGAMP increases cutaneous wound healing (Mizutani et al., J Dermatol Sci 202097(10: 21-29). Representative wounds in which healing can be promoted by the compositions include skin wounds sustained from trauma or surgery, ocular wounds sustained from trauma or surgery, and internal organ wounds sustained from trauma or surgery. For example, the compositions can be administered topically to treat skin or ocular wounds sustained from trauma or surgery, or by local injection to treat skin or ocular or internal organ wounds sustained from trauma or surgery.
5. Immune Regulation for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis In some embodiments, the compositions can be used to promote immune regulation to treat autoimmune and/or diseases of immune dysregulation such as multiple sclerosis. Activation of STING by cGAMP suppresses disease in a model of multiple sclerosis (Johnson et al., J Immunol 2021206(9):2015-28). For example, the compositions can be administered systemically to treat multiple sclerosis. 6. Neurofibromatosis (NF) Neurofibromatosis (NF), a type of phakomatosis or syndrome with neurological and cutaneous manifestations, is a rare genetic disorder that typically causes benign tumors of the nerves and growths in other parts of the body, including the skin. Neurofibromatosis type 2 is a disorder characterized by the growth of noncancerous tumors in the nervous system cause by mutations in the NF2 gene (which encodes the protein Merlin). The most common tumors associated with neurofibromatosis type 2 are called vestibular schwannomas. These growths develop along the nerve that carries information from the inner ear to the brain (the auditory nerve). Tumors that form on the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord (meninges) are also common in neurofibromatosis type 2. These tumors are called meningiomas. Tumors can also occur on other nerves or tissues in the brain or spinal cord in people with this condition. In some embodiments, the methods include delivery of nucleic acids encoding NF2 (e.g., mRNA). The results below show that 4H2 can mediate gene delivery to NF2 mRNA and effect NF2 tumors in vivo. Thus, in some embodiments, the subject has neurofibromatosis, e.g., Neurofibromatosis type 2. In some embodiments, the compositions are used to treat subjects with schwannomas and/or meningiomas. The invention can be further understood by the following numbered paragraphs:
1. A composition including or consisting of (a) an intact 4H2 monoclonal antibody or a cell- penetrating fragment thereof, optionally selected from a monovalent, divalent, or multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv), or a diabody; or humanized form, chimeric form, or variant thereof; and (b) a nucleic acid cargo including a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, a functional nucleic acid, a nucleic acid encoding a functional nucleic acid, or a combination thereof. 2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein (a) includes: (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:6-8, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2-4, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; or (v) a humanized form of (iv). 3. The composition of paragraphs 1 or 2, wherein (a) includes the same or different epitope specificity as monoclonal antibody 4H2. 4. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-3, wherein (a) is a recombinant antibody having the paratope of monoclonal antibody 4H2. 5. A composition including (a) a binding protein including (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:6-8, respectively in combination with first, second and third light
chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2-4, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; or (v) a humanized form of (iv), and (b) a nucleic acid cargo including a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, a functional nucleic acid, a nucleic acid encoding a functional nucleic acid, or a combination thereof. 6. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-5, wherein (a) is bispecific. 7. The composition of paragraph 6, wherein (a) targets a cell type of interest. 8. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-7, wherein (a) and (b) are non-covalently linked or associated. 9. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-8, wherein (a) and (b) are in a complex. 10. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-9 wherein (b) includes DNA, RNA, PNA or other modified nucleic acids, or nucleic acid analogs, or a combination thereof. 11. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-10, wherein (b) includes mRNA. 12. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-11, wherein (b) includes a vector. 13. The composition of paragraph 12, wherein the vector includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest operably linked to expression control sequence.
14. The composition of paragraph 13, wherein the vector is a plasmid. 15. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-14, wherein (b) includes a nucleic acid encoding a Cas endonuclease, a gRNA, or a combination thereof. 16. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-15, wherein (b) includes a nucleic acid encoding a chimeric antigen receptor polypeptide. 17. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-16, wherein (b) includes a functional nucleic acid. 18. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-17, wherein (b) includes a nucleic acid encoding a functional nucleic acid. 19. The composition of paragraphs 17 or 18, wherein the functional nucleic acid is antisense molecules, siRNA, miRNA, aptamers, ribozymes, RNAi, or external guide sequences. 20. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-19, wherein (b) includes a plurality of a single nucleic acid molecules. 21. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-19, wherein (b) includes a plurality of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more different nucleic acid molecules. 22. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-21, wherein (b) includes or consists of nucleic acid molecules between about 1 and 25,000 nucleobases in length. 23. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-22, wherein (b) includes or consists of single stranded nucleic acids, double stranded nucleic acids, or a combination thereof. 24. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-23, further including carrier DNA. 25. The composition of paragraph 24, wherein the carrier DNA is non-coding DNA. 26. The composition of paragraphs 24 or 25, wherein (b) is composed of RNA.
27. A pharmaceutical composition including the composition of any one of paragraphs 1-26 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 28. The composition of paragraph 27 further including polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating a complex of (a) and (b). 29. The composition of paragraph 28, wherein a targeting moiety, a cell penetrating peptide, or a combination thereof is associated with, linked, conjugated, or otherwise attached directly or indirectly to the nanoparticle. 30. A method of delivering a nucleic acid cargo to a cell including contacting the cell with an effective amount of the composition of any one of paragraphs 1-29. 31. The method of paragraph 30, wherein the contacting occurs ex vivo. 32. The method of paragraph 31, wherein the cells are hematopoietic stem cells, or T cells. 33. The method of any one of paragraphs 30-32, further including administering the cells to a subject in need thereof. 34. The method of paragraph 33, wherein the cells are administered to the subject in an effective amount to treat one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder. 35. The method of paragraph 30 wherein the contacting occurs in vivo following administration to a subject in need thereof. 36. The method of any one of paragraphs 33-35, wherein the subject has a disease or disorder. 37. The method of paragraph 36, wherein the disease or disorder is a genetic disorder, cancer, or an infection or infectious disease. 38. The method of paragraphs 36 or 37, wherein (b) is delivered into cells of the subject in an effective amount to reduce one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder in the subject. 39. A method of making the composition of any one of paragraphs 1-29 including incubating and/or mixing of (a) and (b) for an effective amount of time and at a suitable temperature to form complexes of (a) and (b), prior to contact with cells.
40. A method of making the composition of any one of paragraphs 1-29, including incubating and/or mixing of (a) and (b) for between about 1 min and about 30 min, about 10 min and about 20 min, or about 15 min, optionally at room temperature or 37 degrees Celsius. 41. The composition or method of any one of the foregoing paragraphs wherein the ratio of (a):(b) is between 1:3 and 5:1, optionally wherein the ratio is 1:1 or 3:1. 42. A method of increasing activation of an immune receptor in cells of a subject in need thereof including administering an effective amount of (a) an intact 4H2 monoclonal antibody or a cell-penetrating fragment thereof, optionally selected from a monovalent, divalent, or multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv), or a diabody; or humanized form, chimeric form, or variant thereof, optionally wherein the immune receptor is cGAS or another Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) optionally a toll-like receptor optionally TLR7. 43. The method of paragraph 42, wherein the subject has cancer or an infection. 44. The method of paragraphs 42 or 43, wherein the subject does not have cancer. 45. The method of any one of paragraphs 42-44, wherein the subject has a wound that needs healing. 46. The method of any one of paragraphs 42-44, wherein the subject has an immune dysregulation, optionally wherein the immune dysregulation is multiple sclerosis. 47. The method of any one of paragraphs 42-46, further including administering the subject (b) an additional agent. 48. The method of paragraph 47, wherein (b) is selected from a nucleic acid cargo, immunostimulatory nucleic acids, one or more vaccine component, an immune checkpoint modulator that induces, increases, or enhances an immune response, and combinations thereof.
49. A method of treating cancer or an infection including administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the combination of (a) an intact 4H2 monoclonal antibody or a cell-penetrating fragment thereof, optionally selected from a monovalent, divalent, or multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv), or a diabody; or humanized form, chimeric form, or variant thereof; and (b) an immune checkpoint modulator that induces, increases, or enhances an immune response. 50. The method of any one of paragraphs 48-49, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator induces an immune response against the cancer or infection. 51. The method of any one of paragraphs 48-50, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator reduces an immune inhibitory pathway. 52. The method of paragraph 51, wherein the immune inhibitory pathway is the PD-1 pathway. 53. The method of any one of paragraphs 48-52, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator is selected from the group consisting of PD-1 antagonists, PD-1 ligand antagonists, and CTLA4 antagonists. 54. The method of any one of paragraphs 48-50, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator increases an immune activating pathway. 55. The method of any one of paragraphs 48-54, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator is an antibody. 56. The method of any one of paragraphs 48-54, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator is a CAR-T cell. 57. The method of any one of paragraphs 48-54, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator is an oncolytic virus. 58. A method of treating cancer or an infection including administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the combination of (a) an intact 4H2 monoclonal antibody or a cell-penetrating fragment thereof, optionally selected from a monovalent, divalent, or
multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv), or a diabody; or humanized form, chimeric form, or variant thereof; and (b) an immunostimulatory nucleic acid. 59. The method of paragraphs 48 or 58, wherein the immunostimulatory nucleic acid is a STING agonist. 60. A method of vaccinating a subject including administrating the subject (a) an intact 4H2 monoclonal antibody or a cell-penetrating fragment thereof, optionally selected from a monovalent, divalent, or multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv), or a diabody; or humanized form, chimeric form, or variant thereof; and (b) one or more vaccine components. 61. The method of paragraphs 48 or 60, wherein the one or more vaccine components include an antigen, a nucleic acid encoding an antigen, an adjuvant, a nucleic acid encoding an adjuvant, or a combination thereof. 62. The method of paragraph 61, wherein the antigen is derived from a bacteria or virus. 63. The method of any one of paragraphs 48-62, wherein administration of the combination (a) and (b) to the results in a more than additive reduction in one or more symptoms of cancer or infection compared to the reduction achieved by administering (a) or (b) in the absence of the other. 64. The method of any one of paragraphs 48-63, wherein (a) is administered to the subject 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, or 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or any combination thereof prior to administration of (b) to the subject. 65. The method of any one of paragraphs 48-63 wherein (b) is administered to the subject 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, or 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or any combination thereof prior to administration of (a) to the subject. 66. The method any one of paragraphs 42-65 further including administering to the subject one or more additional active agents selected
from the group consisting of a chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-infective agent, and combinations thereof. 67. The method of any one of paragraphs 42-66 further including surgery or radiation therapy. 68. The method of any one of paragraphs 42-67 including a nucleic acid cargo. 69. The method of paragraph 68, wherein the (a) and the nucleic acid cargo are in a complex. 70. The method of paragraphs 68 or 69, wherein (b) is the nucleic acid cargo, optionally wherein the nucleic acid cargo is composed of includes DNA, RNA, PNA, PMO, or other modified nucleic acids, or nucleic acid analogs, or a combination thereof. 71. The method of paragraphs 68 or 69, wherein (b) is not the nucleic acid cargo. 72. The method of any one of paragraphs 42-71, wherein (a) includes: (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:6-8, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2-4, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; or (v) a humanized form of (iv). 73. The method of any one of paragraphs 42-72, wherein (a) includes the same or different epitope specificity as monoclonal antibody 4H2.
74. The method of any one of paragraphs 42-73, wherein (a) is a recombinant antibody having the paratope of monoclonal antibody 4H2. 75. The method of any one of paragraphs 42-74, wherein (a) include: (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:6-8, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2-4, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; or (v) a humanized form of (iv) 76. The method of any one of paragraphs 42-75, wherein (a) is bispecific. 77. The method of paragraph 76, wherein (a) targets a cell type of interest. 78. A pharmaceutical composition including (a) and (b) of any one of paragraphs 48-77 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 79. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 78 including a nucleic acid cargo. 80. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 79, wherein (b) is the nucleic acid cargo. 81. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 79, wherein (b) is not the nucleic acid cargo. 82. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of paragraphs 79- 81, wherein (a) and nucleic acid cargo are in a complex.
83. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 82 further including polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating (a), (b), the nucleic acid cargo, or a combination thereof. 84. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of paragraphs 78- 83, wherein a targeting moiety, a cell penetrating peptide, or a combination thereof is associated with, linked, fused, conjugated, or otherwise attached directly or indirectly to (a), (b), the nucleic acid cargo, the nanoparticle, or a combination thereof. 85. A composition including (a) a bispecific binding protein including (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:6-8, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2-4, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (ai) or (aii); (iv) a heavy chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; or (v) a humanized form of (iv), and a binding domain that binds to an immune cell marker. 86. The composition of paragraph 85, wherein the immune cell marker is CD5. 87. The composition of paragraph 86, wherein the binding domain that binds to CD5 includes (vi) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:24 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:23;
(vii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:25-27, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:28-30, respectively; (viii) a humanized form of (iv) or (iiv); (ix) a heavy chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:24 in combination with a light chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:23; or (x) a humanized form of (ix). 88. The composition of any one of paragraphs 85-87 including (b) a nucleic acid cargo including a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, a functional nucleic acid, a nucleic acid encoding a functional nucleic acid, or a combination thereof. 89. A method of increasing an immune response in a subject in need thereof including administering the subject an effective amount of the composition of any one of paragraphs 85-88. 90. The method of claim 89, wherein the subject has cancer or an infection. 91. A binding protein optionally an antibody including (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:24 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:23; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:25-27, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs including the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:28-30, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:24 in
combination with a light chain including an amino acid sequence including at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:23; or (v) a humanized form of (iv). Examples Autoantibodies reactive against host DNA contribute to the inflammation and type I interferon signature associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (Nehar-Belaid, et la., Nat Immunol 2(9): 1094-1106 (2020), Li, et al., Clin Exp Immunol 159(3): 281-291 (2010)). Some anti- DNA autoantibodies penetrate live cells, avoid lysosomal degradation, and traffic into the nucleus or the cytoplasm (Hansen, et al., J Biol Chem.282: 20790-20793 (2007), Noble, et al., Nat Rev Rheumatol 12(7): 429-34 (2016)). The cGAS cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensor causes activation of the STING/interferon pathway in a central mechanism of innate immunity (Wan, et al., Front Immunol.13: 826880 (2022)), and it is presently unknown if there is an interplay between cytoplasmic-localizing anti-DNA autoantibodies and cGAS activity. Anti-DNA autoantibodies exhibit a diverse repertoire of nucleic acid binding specificities, with some recognizing multiple conformations and sequences of DNA (Shoenfeld, et al., N Engl J Med.308(8): 414-420 (1983)) and others exhibiting fine specificity for individual nucleosides (Weisbar, et al., Clin Immunol and Immunopathol.27: 403-11 (1983), Yee & Weisbart, Clin Immunol and Immunopathol.36: 161-67 (1985)). Guanosine (GUO) is the most immunogenic nucleoside, and anti-GUO autoantibody titers correlate better with SLE disease than other anti-DNA autoantibodies (Stollar & Borel, J Immunol 117: 1308-1313 (1976), Colburn, et al., Lupus 10: 410-7 (2001), Weisbar, et al., Clin Immunol and Immunopathol.27: 403- 11 (1983)). Remarkably, anti-GUO autoantibodies in SLE patient serum bind the same epitope on GUO as G-proteins (Colburn, et al., Journal of Rheumatology 30(5): 993-97 (2003), Pai, et al., Nature 341: 209-14 (1989)), and cell-penetrating anti-GUO autoantibodies are thought to perturb G-
protein mediated cell signaling (Colburn & Green, Clin Chim Acta 370: 9-16 (2006)). Multiple cell-penetrating anti-DNA autoantibodies have been isolated from murine models of SLE. While most of these antibodies penetrate live cell nuclei, the anti-GUO autoantibody 4H2 is distinguished by its cytoplasmic localization. The epitope on GUO to which 4H2 binds maps to the site to which G-proteins bind, matching reports on anti-GUO autoantibody binding in human SLE patient serum (Colburn, et al., Journal of Rheumatology 30(5): 993-97 (2003)). Additionally, 4H2 penetrates and reduces cAMP concentrations in cultured cells, consistent with interference with G-protein signaling (Colburn & Green, Clin Chim Acta 370: 9-16 (2006)). The results presented below show that 4H2 cytoplasmic penetration is linked to nucleoside transport, and that 4H2 binds and mediates delivery of nucleic acids, and binds and enhances the activity of cGAS to cause cGAS- dependent toxicity to tumor cells. Example 1: 4H2 localizes to the cytoplasm of cancer cells and avoids endosomes and lysosomes. Materials and Methods Hybridomas and cell lines. The 4H2 hybridoma was obtained under MTA with the University of California, Los Angeles. The hybridoma was maintained and antibody was purified from supernatants as previously described (Noble, et al., Sci Rep 4: 5958 (2014)). IgG control is murine monoclonal IgG2a. A humanized, deimmunized, and CDR-optimized di-scFv fragment of 3E10, referred to as Deoxymab-1 (“DX1”), was purified from CHO cell media as previously described (Rattray, et al., JCI Insight 6(14): e145875 (2021)), which is specifically incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Cal12T cells were obtained from Horizon Discovery Ltd (Cambridge, UK). U87, A549, and H358 cells were obtained from the ATCC. hCMEC/D3 cells were purchased MilliporeSigma (SCC066). NHA were purchased from Lonza. Murine GSCs syngeneic with C57/BL6 mice were obtained from MD
Anderson Cancer Center. Cells were grown in culture 10% FBS supplemented RPMI 1640 and maintained at 37oC/5% CO2. Cell penetration and co-localization immunofluorescence assays. Live Cal12T cells were grown on glass coverslips and treated with control media or media containing 0.5 mg/mL 4H2 for one hour. Cells were then washed and fixed, and intracellular location of 4H2 was detected by immunostaining with an Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG antibody (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA) as previously described (Chang, et al., Acta neuropathol Commun 9: 112 (2021)). For co-localization studies, the fixed cells were also probed overnight with separate rabbit primary antibodies to detect endosomes (C45B10 anti-EEA1 antibody, Cell Signaling), lysosomes (D2D11 anti-LAMP1 antibody, Cell Signaling), endoplasmic reticulum (C81H6 anti-PDI antibody, Cell Signaling), Golgi apparatus (D2B6N anti-RCAS1 antibody, Cell Signaling), mitochondria (3E11 anti-COX IV, Cell Signaling), after which they were washed with PBS and incubated with an Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Cell Signaling) at room temperature for one hour. After a final series of washes, cells were treated with Prolong Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI (Cell Signaling) and imaged using an EVOS fl digital fluorescence microscope (Advanced Microscopy Group, Bothell, WA) under light, DAPI, GFP, or RFP filters. Fluorescence images were merged using ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD). For DP studies, cells were pre-treated with control media or media containing 100 mM DP (MilliporeSigma, D9766) for thirty minutes, followed by addition of 1 mg/mL 4H2 for one hour, and then evaluated for cellular penetration as described above.4H2 fluorescence intensity from a minimum of 30 cells was quantified using ImageJ. FITC-labeling of 4H2 and live cell imaging. Purified 4H2 was labeled with FITC using the Pierce FITC Antibody Labeling Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). For the live cell penetration assays Cal12T and A549 cells were treated with FITC-labeled 4H2 at 0.5 mg/mL overnight, and then treated with 500 nM MitoTracker Red
FM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 45 minutes followed by 1 µg/mL Hoechst 33342 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 15 minutes. Cells were then washed with PBS and imaged using the EVOS fl digital fluorescence microscope. Western blotting. Cells were treated with media containing specified amounts of IgG control or 4H2 overnight, after which cell lysates were prepared, subjected to 4-15% SDS-PAGE, and nitrocellulose transfer. Membranes blocked with 5% milk in TBST were incubated with relevant primary antibodies overnight at 4oC, washed and incubated with HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit or mouse IgG secondary antibodies (Cell Signaling) for one hour at room temperature. After additional washing, bands were detected by Lumiglo (Cell Signaling Technologies). Primary antibodies used include rabbit anti-p-ERK1/2 (T202/Y204) (Cell Signaling), rabbit anti-pan-ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling), or mouse anti-β-actin (Ambion, Austin, TX), NF-kB p65 rabbit antibody (Cell Signaling, #8242). Statistical analysis. Graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism version 9.4.1. P values were determined by Student’s t-test or log-rank test for in vivo studies. Error bars represent SEM. Results Previous work with 4H2 reported on its penetration into lymphocytes and thyroid epithelial cells (13). Experiments were designed to test penetration by 4H2 into cancer cells from solid tumors.4H2 purified from hybridoma supernatant migrated as expected on SDS-PAGE and penetrated cultured non-small cell lung cancer Cal12T cells and exhibited distinct cytoplasmic localization. Analysis of cell lysates twenty-four hours after treatment with 4H2 by western blot probed with anti-actin primary and anti- mouse IgG secondary antibodies revealed 4H2 heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) at their expected MW (Fig.1A). This demonstrated retention of intact antibody chains twenty-four hours after penetrating cells. Any contribution of fixation artifact was ruled out by live cell imaging of non- small cell lung cancer cells (A549 and Cal12T) treated with FITC-labeled
4H2 and counterstained with MitoTracker Red FM and Hoechst 33342 (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Overlay of FITC, Hoechst, and MitoTracker images showed an absence of 4H2 FITC signal in the nuclei and confirmed overlap with MitoTracker consistent with previous reports (Colburn & Green, Clin Chim Acta 370: 9-16 (2006)). Antibody endocytosis and degradation in lysosomes is common, but 4H2 remained intact 24 hours after penetrating cells (Fig.1A). Fluorescence co-localization studies probed the intracellular location of 4H2. Cal12T cells treated with 4H2 were immunostained with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti- mouse IgG antibody to detect 4H2 and rabbit primary antibodies to detect markers of early endosomes (EEA1), lysosomes (LAMP1), Golgi (RASC1), endoplasmic reticulum (PDI), and mitochondria (COX IV), followed by Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody and DAPI nuclear counterstain (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA).4H2 did not co- localize with any of the organelles tested, including endosomes or lysosomes. Example 2: 4H2 reduces ERK1/2 activation. 4H2 was previously reported to reduce cAMP content in rat epithelial cells, indicative of interference with G-protein mediated signaling (Colburn & Green, Clin Chim Acta 370: 9-16 (2006)). Measurement of ERK1/2 phosphorylation that is downstream of Ras provides an alternate method for evaluating G-protein activity. Lysates of Cal12T cells treated with control media or 1 mg/mL IgG control or 4H2 were probed for total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 content by western blot.4H2 did not impact total ERK1/2 content but reduced its phosphorylation, while IgG control had no effect on total or pERK1/2 (Fig.1B). These results are consistent with interference with G-protein signaling by 4H2. Example 3: 4H2 penetrates live cells through a nucleoside transporter- dependent mechanism. The lack of early degradation and the avoidance of endosomes/lysosomes by 4H2 observed here indicates a non-endocytic mechanism of cellular penetration. Previous work has shown that 3E10, a
nuclear-penetrating anti-DNA autoantibody isolated from the same lupus model that yielded 4H2, uses an equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) to traverse membranes and to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) (Hansen, et al., J Biol Chem.282: 20790-20793 (2007), Rattray, et al., JCI Insight 6(14): e145875 (2021)). Preliminary data reported in a meeting abstract showed a similar role for nucleoside transporters in 4H2 uptake into Jurkat cells (Andersen, et al., J Investig Med.57(1): 168 (2009)). Experiments were designed to probe the dependence of 4H2 transport on nucleoside transport by treating Cal12T cells with the transport inhibitor dipyridamole (DP) and examine its effect on subsequent efficiency of cellular penetration by 4H2. 4H2 penetration was reduced to 0.29±0.03 (P<0.0001) in the presence of DP relative to its absence (images quantified by ImageJ in Fig.1C). This indicates 4H2, like 3E10, uses a nucleoside transporter-dependent mechanism of transport into cells. Example 4: 4H2 binds RNA in cells 3E10 and 4H2 are anti-DNA antibodies isolated from the same lupus model, and both use nucleoside transport to penetrate cells. However, they exhibit disparate patterns of intracellular localization (3E10: nuclear, 4H2: cytoplasmic). It was initially believed that 4H2 is simply unable to traverse the nuclear envelope, and that 4H2 would bind nuclear DNA if it was able to access to it. If correct, comparisons between 4H2 and 3E10 might then facilitate further elucidation of the mechanism by which 3E10 crosses the nuclear membrane. EO771 cells, pre-fixed with chilled ethanol to expose both cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens, were probed with IgG control, 3E10 in IgG1 Deoxymab format also referred to herein as “Deoxymab-3” and “DX3” (Shirali, et al., DNA-targeting and cell-penetrating antibody-drug conjugate. bioRxiv. doi: doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.12.536500)), or 4H2. IgG control showed minimal binding to the cells, and DX3 showed specific nuclear binding. However, 4H2 signal was still primarily in the cytoplasm despite its access to the exposed nuclear contents yielded by pre-fixation in ethanol.
An important difference between images of live and pre-fixed EO771 cells treated with 4H2 indicate an alternative explanation for 4H2 cytoplasmic rather than nuclear localization in live cells. No 4H2 signal was detectable in the nuclei of the live treated cells but discrete packets of 4H2 signal were observed in the nucleus of the fixed cells. These focal areas of 4H2 signal in the nucleus are consistent with 4H2 binding of nucleoli (Pederson, et al., Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol.3, a000638 (2011)). Binding by 4H2 to cytoplasm and nucleoli raised the possibility that 4H2 preferentially binds RNA rather than DNA in cells. Consistent with this, the binding pattern of an anti-RNA IgG to pre-fixed EO771 cells closely matched the observed 4H2 pattern. To confirm 4H2 binds RNA in cells, EO771 cells were pre-fixed in chilled ethanol and incubated with IgG control or the anti-RNA IgG antibody (to block RNA binding sites) followed by incubation with FITC-labeled 4H2. Anti-RNA IgG, but not IgG control, interfered with 4H2-FITC binding to the cytoplasm and nucleoli, which confirmed that 4H2 binds to RNA in cells. Based on these findings, it is believed that RNA binding by 4H2 contributes to its sequestration in the cytoplasm. Example 5: GUO enhances cellular penetration by 4H2. Extracellular DNA/nucleosides promotes cellular penetration by 3E10 (Weisbart, et al., Sci Rep 5:12022 (2015), Chen, et al., Oncotarget 7(37): 59965-59975 (2016)) and drives its localization into necrotic tumors where DNA is released. This trait combined with its ability to cross the BBB underly the rationale for ongoing efforts to develop enhanced 3E10 fragments (e.g., DX1) for use in brain tumor therapy (Rattray, et al., JCI Insight 6(14): e145875 (2021)). After recognizing that 4H2 uses a similar mechanism of cellular penetration as 3E10 experiments were designed to determine if the addition of nucleoside, specifically GUO based on the known binding epitope of 4H2, would enhance 4H2 cellular penetration. Human U87 glioma and murine glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) were treated with control PBS, IgG control, DX1, or 4H2 and probed for antibody penetration by immunofluorescence. DX1 localized to nuclei and 4H2 to
cytoplasm of both U87 and GSCs. IgG control did not markedly penetrate any cells. Addition of adenosine (ADE) enhanced nuclear penetration by DX1 into the GSCs to 1.7±0.01 compared to its penetration in media lacking ADE (P<0.0001) (Fig.2A). In contrast, ADE did not improve 4H2 penetration, with observed penetration ratio of 0.97±0.16 relative to the absence of ADE (ns) (Fig.2B). However, addition of GUO increased 4H2 penetration to 3.2±0.3 (P<0.0001) relative to its transit in the absence of GUO (Fig.2C). These findings are consistent with a nucleoside transporter- dependent and GUO-responsive mechanism of cellular penetration by 4H2. Example 6: 4H2 crosses a transwell model of the BBB in a nucleoside transporter-dependent manner. Materials and Methods Transwell model of the BBB. The ability of 4H2 to cross a transwell model of the BBB was tested using a previously described protocol (Rattray, et al., JCI Insight 6(14): e145875 (2021)). Briefly, hCMEC/D3 brain endothelial cells and normal human astrocytes (NHA) were respectively adhered to apical and basolateral sides of cell culture inserts (MilliporeSigma 353095) coated with fibronectin (MilliporeSigma F1141) and poly-L-lysine (MilliporeSigma P4832). Formation of a functional barrier was confirmed as previously described (REF), and BBB models treated with control buffer or 50 mM DP for 30 minutes followed by 5 mM 4H2 ± 50 mM DP. Relative 4H2 crossing of the barrier at 15 and 30 minutes in the presence or absence of DP was evaluated by ImageJ quantification of anti-mouse IgG dot blots on basolateral chamber contents. Results Nucleoside transport facilitates BBB crossing and brain tumor localization by 3E10 (Rattray, et al., JCI Insight 6(14): e145875 (2021)). Given similarities in mechanism of cellular penetration experiments were designed to determine if 4H2 would also cross the BBB and penetrate brain tumors. Consistent with this, 4H2 successfully crossed a transwell model of the BBB to move from apical to basolateral chambers. Treatment of the BBB
with the nucleoside transport inhibitor dipyridamole (DP) prior to application of 4H2 reduced antibody transport, indicating nucleoside transport- dependent crossing (Fig.2D). Example 7: 4H2 localizes into orthotopic GBM, increases recruitment of TILs, and prolongs survival in vivo. Materials and Methods Orthotopic GBM studies. Studies were conducted under a Yale University IACUC approved protocol. Orthotopic GBM tumors were established in female C57/BL6 mice age 5-6 weeks by stereotactic injection of 50,000 cells (GSCs or GL261 engineered to express luciferase) using a previously described method (Rattray, et al., JCI Insight 6(14): e145875 (2021)). Mice with tumor formation confirmed by IVIS were randomized to treatment with tail vein injection of IgG control (40 mg/kg tail vein) or 4H2 (40 mg/kg tail vein) once per week for three weeks in the GSC study, and IgG control (40 mg/kg tail vein), 4H2 (40 mg/kg tail vein), anti-PD1 (5 mg/kg IP), and combinations thereof as described in the results in the GL261 study. Mice were closely monitored throughout and after treatment and were humanely euthanized for endpoints of neurologic change or weight loss. Kaplan Meier survival plots and median survivals were generated using GraphPad Prism version 9.4.1. For antibody localization studies, tumors and normal tissues were harvested 24 hours after a single tqil vein injection of IgG control or 4H2 (40 mg/kg), fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, and paraffin embedded. Presence of antibody was examined by IHC probed with anti- mouse IgG-HRP at 1:50 using a previously described protocols (Rattray, et al., JCI Insight 6(14): e145875 (2021)). Signal was developed with DAB and methylgreen counterstain. Results Mice with orthotopic GSC-derived brain tumors confirmed by IVIS were treated with a single dose of IgG control or 4H2 at 40 mg/kg by tail vein injection. Tumors and normal tissues were harvested after twenty-four hours and presence of antibody evaluated by IHC. Significant antibody
staining was detected in the cytoplasm of GBM tumor cells after treatment with 4H2, but not IgG control. No antibody stain was detected in normal brain tissue remote from the tumors in mice treated with IgG control or 4H2. In normal tissues, 4H2 showed an increased localization to kidney compared to IgG control, but otherwise similar distribution of antibodies was seen in skeletal muscle. Mice bearing orthotopic GSC-derived GBM tumors were randomized to treatment with IgG control (N=4) or 4H2 (N=5) at 40 mg/kg by tail vein injection weekly for three weeks and monitored for toxicity and survival. No adverse effects were observed.4H2 increased median survival by 66% compared to mice treated with IgG control (**P<0.01, log-rank test). Survival to study completion was 40% in the group treated with 4H2 and 0% in the IgG control group (Fig.3A, Table 1). Table 1: Median and percentage of survival at study completion in C57/BL6 mice with GSC-derived orthotopic GBM tumors treated with IgG control or 4H2.
BM tumors randomized to weekly treatment for three weeks with IgG control (N=6), 4H2 (N=6), anti-PD1 (N=6), anti-PD1 + IgG control (N=7), and anti- PD1 + 4H2 (N=7) were monitored for toxicity and survival. No adverse effects were observed.4H2 yielded a 32% increase in median survival compared to IgG control (*P=0.03, log-rank test). When combined with anti- PD1, 4H2 increased median survival by 50% compared to anti-PD1 + IgG control (*P=0.02, log-rank test). Groups treated with 4H2 alone or 4H2 + anti-PD1 showed 33% and 29% survival to study completion, respectively, compared to 0% in all other groups (Fig.3B, Table 2). These findings
demonstrate efficacy of 4H2 as a single agent and in combination with anti- PD1 against GL261 GBM tumors. Table 2: Median and percentage of survival at study completion in C57/BL6 mice with GL261-derived orthotopic GBM tumors treated with combinations of IgG control, 4H2, or anti-PD1. survival caused
by 4H2 could be a consequence of cGAS-mediated senescence/toxicity to GBM tumor cells, cGAS-mediated enhancement of immune response, or a combination thereof. Tumors from mice meeting criteria for euthanasia (N=4 and 3 for IgG control and 4H2 groups, respectively) were evaluated by TUNEL and CD8+ T cell staining.4H2 was associated with an increase in tumor TUNEL signal and CD8+ T cell content by factors of 4.5±0.6 and 1.5±0.2, respectively, as compared to tumors in mice treated with IgG control (P<0.05) (Fig.4A, 4B). Treatment with 4H2 was associated with an increase in CD8 content in tumors by 53%, with relative content of 1.53±0.15 compared to IgG control (*P<0.03) (Fig.4B). This demonstrates an increase in TILs caused by 4H2, and point to an immune mediated component of response to 4H2. To test the importance of the immune system in mediating the anti- tumor effect of 4H2, athymic nude mice bearing intracranial PPQ GBM tumors were randomized to treatment once or twice weekly with IgG control (N=4 and 6, respectively) or 4H2 (N=4 and 6, respectively) and survival measured. No adverse effects of 4H2 were observed.4H2 did not yield any
significant improvement in median survival compared to IgG control, and survival to study completion was 0% in all groups (Fig.4C, 4D, Tables 3, 4). These results indicate that the anti-tumor effect of 4H2 in vivo is dependent on T cells in a functional immune system. Table 3: Median and percentage survival at study completion in athymic nude mice with PPQ orthotopic GBM tumors treated with weekly IgG control or 4H2.4H2 did not change survival compared to IgG control (P=ns, log-rank test).
Table 4: Median and percentage survival at study completion in athymic nude mice with PPQ orthotopic GBM tumors treated with twice weekly IgG control or 4H2.4H2 did not change survival compared to IgG control (P=ns, log-rank test).
Example 8: 4H2 associates with cGAS in nucleic acid dependent manner. Materials and Methods GSC pulldown assay. GSCs treated with 1 mg/mL IgG control or 4H2 for one hour were washed and contents harvested using NE-PERTM Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Kit (Thermo Fisher, #78833).50 mL 50% protein G bead slurry was added to the 500 mL final extraction volume for incubation at 4oC with rotation for 1.5 hours. Beads were washed, and remaining bound proteins eluted in 40 ml SDS loading sample buffer. Samples were analyzed by western blot probed for Ras or cGAS with rabbit anti-mouse cGAS (Cell Signaling #31659) at 1:1000 and secondary goat anti-rabbit HRP (abcam ab205718) at 1:5000. cGAS binding studies. 2 mg recombinant human cGAS (Cayman) was incubated with 8 mg IgG control or 4H2 ± nucleic acid (1.25 mg PvuII-digested pcDNA3 and 50 mM GTP) in a volume of 500 mL PBS with 0.01% Triton X-100 for one hour at 4oC with rotation.50 mL of 50% protein G bead slurry was added to the reaction and incubation continued for one hour at 4oC with rotation. Beads were removed, washed five times in PBS + 0.05% Triton X100, and bound protein eluted in 50 mL gentle elution buffer (fisher). Samples were analyzed by western blot probed with rabbit monoclonal antibody against human cGAS (Cell Signaling, #15102) or HRP-linked horse anti-mouse IgG (Cell Signaling, #7076). Results Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensor that plays a central role in innate immunity. When activated, cGAS produces cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) to promote stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling and a type I interferon response (18). Leading theories on mechanisms responsible for the survival benefit afforded by 4H2 in the GBM models centered on perturbation of cell signaling and on enhanced immune response. An antibody pulldown assay was performed in
GSCs after treatment with IgG control or 4H2 to probe for interactions between 4H2 and Ras or cGAS. Ras was chosen as a target based on its role as a key G-protein in cell signaling, and cGAS for its function as a cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensor that catalyzes cGAMP formation from GTP. No 4H2-Ras interaction was observed (Fig.5A), but cGAS yielded a hit with greater pulldown by 4H2 compared to IgG control (Fig.5B).4H2-cGAS binding was further evaluated by incubating purified cGAS with IgG control or 4H2 and testing for competitive inhibition of binding by addition of nucleic acid.4H2 binding to cGAS was confirmed and was reduced in the presence of nucleic acid, consistent with competitive inhibition. Background nonspecific cGAS binding by IgG control was not impacted by the presence of nucleic acid (Fig.5C, 5D). This result indicates that 4H2 may interact with cGAS in the cytoplasm of cells through binding to intermediary nucleic acids such as intrinsic mRNA or nucleic acids ferried into the cell bound to 4H2. Purified recombinant cGAS was incubated with IgG control or 4H2 +/- the nuclease benzonase to degrade any nucleic acid bound to 4H2, and antibodies and their interacting proteins were isolated using protein G.4H2 showed greater association with purified cGAS compared to protein G/IgG control, and addition of nuclease reduced the 4H2-cGAS interaction but not the nonspecific protein G/IgG control-cGAS association (Figs.5D-5F). These findings indicate a 4H2- cGAS interface that is dependent on the presence of nucleic acid. Example 9: 4H2 enhances cGAS activity. Materials and Methods cGAS activity assay. The effect of IgG control or 4H2 (0-160 mg) on relative cGAMP production was assayed using the cGAS Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit (#701930, Cayman) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. NF-kB assay. GSCs were treated with 1 mg/ml IgG control IgG or 4H2 for 18 hours in growth medium (DMEM+10% FBS). Cytoplasmic and nuclear
fractions were harvested using with NE-PERTM Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Kit (Thermo Fisher, #78833) and evaluated by NF-kB (Cell Signaling, #8242) western blot with Lamin B1 for loading control. cGAS knockdown and colony formation assays. GSCs grown in 6-well plates were transfected with 100 nM control or cGAS siRNA (Dharmacon) by RNAiMax (Thermo Fisher). cGAS knockdown was confirmed by western blot two days later. Cells were treated with IgG control or 4H2 (0-1.6 mM) and evaluated for clonogenic survival by colony formation assay. Results Activated cGAS catalyzes the formation of cGAMP from precursor molecules ATP and GTP. The impact of 4H2 on cGAS activity in vitro was evaluated by measuring relative cGAMP production by cGAS in the presence of IgG control or 4H2. Compared to IgG control, 4H2 increased cGAMP production up to 83%±18 (Fig.6A). cGAMP generated by cGAS promotes nuclear translocation by NF-kB, and experiments were designed to investigate the effect of 4H2 on NF-kB nuclear content in GSCs after treatment with IgG control or 4H2 by western blot. NF-kB nuclear content was increased in cells treated with 4H2 compared to IgG control (Fig.6B). Finally, GSCs were subjected to cGAS knockdown by siRNA, confirmed by western blot (Fig.6C). Control and cGAS-knockdown GSCs were treated with IgG control or 4H2 (0-1.6 mM) and evaluated by colony formation assay. cGAS knockdown significantly reduced sensitivity of the GSCs to 4H2, indicating cGAS-dependent toxicity (Fig.6D). Surviving fractions were 0.16±0.09 and 0.46±0.07 in control or cGAS-knockdown PPQ cells treated with 1.6 µM 4H2, respectively (P<0.05) (Fig.6D). cGAS- knockdown similarly diminished 4H2 impact on Cal12T cell survival (Fig. 6F). Western blots of cytoplasmic and nuclear contents of PPQ cells also revealed an increase in NF-ĸB nuclear content by a factor of 2.2±0.2 in 4H2 compared to IgG control-treated cells (P<0.05) (Fig.6E), consistent with 4H2-mediated cGAS activation.
Example 10: 4H2 delivers nucleic acids to cells. Materials and Methods DNA binding assay. 0.5 mg circular or linearized pcDNA3 plasmid DNA (5.4 kb) was incubated with 10 mg IgG control or 4H2 in 50 ml buffer (PBS or binding buffer containing 10 mM Mg or 1 mM EDTA) for one hour at room temperature. Samples were evaluated by EMSA on 1% agarose gels stained with SYBRTM Green I (Thermo Fisher). RNA binding assay. 0.2 mg total RNA or GFP mRNA was incubated with IgG control or 4H2 (0-4 mg) for one hour at room temperature. Samples were evaluated by EMSA on 1% agarose gels stained with SYBRTM Green I (Thermo Fisher). Results cGAS is a cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensor that initiates an innate immune response. The findings above indicate that 4H2 interacts with cGAS and promotes its activity. The specifics of this interaction are unknown and may include direct binding or alternatively an indirect association through common binding to GUO-containing nucleic acid carried into the cytoplasm by 4H2. In considering this possibility, experiments were designed to explore the ability of 4H2 to carry exogenous DNA and RNA into cells.4H2 binding to circular and linearized plasmid DNA and to total and mRNA was confirmed by EMSA (Fig.7A, 7B). A luciferase expression plasmid mixed with 4H2 or DX1 was added to U87 glioma cells in culture, and luciferase signal measured after twenty-four hours. Minimal luciferase signal was seen in cells treated with DX1 + plasmid, while 4H2 + plasmid yielded a much stronger signal (Fig.8A). Luciferase mRNA was encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles (MC3-LNP) or mixed with DX1 or 4H2 and added to U87 glioma cells in culture, and luciferase signal measured after twenty-four hours.4H2 + mRNA and mRNA loaded MC3-LNPs yielded similar luciferase signal, while DX1 + mRNA showed no apparent signal (Fig.8B).
Example 11: 4H2 mediates local gene delivery in vivo. Materials and Methods Nucleic acid delivery assays. For DNA, pGL4.13 (luc2/SV40) plasmid was incubated with DX1 or 4H2 and added to U87 glioma cells in culture. Luciferase activity was assayed after 24 hours. For RNA, Luc mRNA was incubated with DX1 or 4H2 or was encapsulated into MC3-LNP lipid nanoparticles. Samples were added to U87 glioma cells in culture. Luciferase activity was assayed after 24 hours. mRNA delivery to brain and retina. Studies were conducted under a Yale University IACUC approved protocol. Female Ai9 Cre reporter mice ages 5-6 weeks (The Jackson Laboratory) were treated with intracranial or intraocular injection of 4H2/Cre mRNA (w/w 3). Brains and eyes were harvested after twenty-four hours and sectioned for immunofluorescence. Functional Cre recombinase activity is detected by visualizing RFP fluorescence. mRNA delivery to tumors. Studies were conducted under a Yale University IACUC approved protocol. H358 tumors were generated by subcutaneous injection into the flanks of female nude mice ages 5-6 weeks using a previously described protocol (Chen, et al., Oncotarget 7(37): 59965-59975 (2016)). Tumor formation was followed by caliper measurement. Once tumors reached ~100 mm3 mice were administered intratumoral injection of mixtures of luciferase (Luc) mRNA with DX1 or 4H2 at w/w of 3. Luciferase signal was visualized by IVIS as previously described (Rattray, et al., JCI Insight 6(14): e145875 (2021)). mRNA delivery to skeletal muscle. Studies were conducted under a Yale University IACUC approved protocol. Female C57/BL6 mice ages 5-6 weeks were treated with intramuscular injection of mixtures of luciferase (Luc) mRNA with DX1 or 4H2 at w/w of 3 (left quadriceps) or 1 (right quadriceps). Luciferase signal
was visualized by IVIS as previously described (Rattray, et al., JCI Insight 6(14): e145875 (2021)). Results Systemically administered 4H2 showed increased localization to orthotopic brain tumors compared to IgG control, but not to normal brain (Fig.3A, 3B). This is believed to reflect DNA/nucleoside release by necrotic GBM tumors promoting tumor localization by 4H2 through nucleoside transporters. Nucleoside transporters are expressed in normal brain (Chang, et al., Acta neuropathol Commun 9: 112 (2021)), and experiments were designed to test if direct injection of a mix of 4H2 and nucleic acid would promote uptake to yield local gene expression. Ai9 mice engineered to generate RFP in tissues upon expression of Cre recombinase were used to examine 4H2-mediated gene delivery in the brain. Mice were treated by injection of 4H2 + Cre mRNA into the brain, and RFP signal measured after twenty-four hours. RFP signal reflecting Cre activity was detected along the injection track in the brain (Fig.9A). In a separate experiment, Ai9 mice were treated by intraocular injection of 4H2 + Cre mRNA, and visualization of RFP signal twenty-four hours later revealed strong Cre activity in the retina, consistent with known expression of retinal nucleoside transporters (Dos Santos-Rodrigues, et al., Vitam Horm 98: 487-523 (2015)) and demonstrating retinal gene therapy mediated by 4H2 (Fig.9B). 4H2 delivery of mRNA to extracranial tissues was evaluated in tumors and skeletal muscle known to abundantly express nucleoside transporters. Nude mice with subcutaneous H358 flank tumors treated with intratumoral injection of DX1 + luciferase mRNA or 4H2 + luciferase mRNA were monitored for luciferase expression by serial IVIS. No signal was detected in tumors treated with DX1 + luciferase mRNA, but 4H2 + luciferase mRNA yielded strong and durable signal in tumors at 6, 24, and 72 hours (Fig.10A). No significant signal outside of tumors was observed. In a separate experiment, non-tumor bearing C57/BL6 mice that were treated by quadriceps injection of 4H2 + luciferase mRNA exhibited luciferase signal at 6 and 24 hours, localized to the injected muscles (Fig.10B).
Example 12: 4H2 as a gene delivery carrier for treatment of NF2 Mouse xenografts were established through inoculation of luciferase- expressing HEI193 cells in the sciatic nerve.17 days later, the mice were imaged using IVIS. Based on the luciferase expression, the mice were grouped into 4 groups, which were treated with saline, 4H2 alone, 4H2 with plasmid carrying NF2 cDNA, and 4H2 mRNA through direct injection. The second treatment was given on day 42 after tumor inoculation. The growth of tumors was monitored by IVIS. Representative IVIS images (Fig.11A) and plot (Fig.11B) of luminescence over time are shown.4H2+DNA and 4H2+mRNA reduced tumor growth relative to untreated control and 4H2 alone, and further illustrates that ability of 4H2 to treat disease by delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. Example 13: 4H2-CD5 bispecific antibody for targeted gene delivery to T cells. Figures 12A-12C exemplify the design and use of a 4H2-CD5 bispecific antibody for targeted gene delivery to T cells. 4H2 sequences VL: DIVLTQSPATLSVTPGDRVSLSCRASQSISNYLHWYQQKSHESPRLLIKYA SQSISGIPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLSIISVETEDFGMYFCQQSNSWPLTFGAGT KLELK (SEQ ID NO:1) VH: EVQLQQSGPELVKPGASVKMSCKASGYTFTDYYMNWVKQSHGKSLEWIGRV NPSNGGISYNQKFKGKATLTVDKSLSTAYMQLNSLTSEDSAVYYCARGPYT MYYWGQGTSVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:5) CD5 sequences VL: NIVMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCQASQDVGTAVAWYOQKPDQSPKLLIYWT STRHTGVPDRFTGSGSGTDFTLTISSLOPEDIATYFCHQYNSYNTFGSGTK LEIK (SEQ ID NO:23)
VH: QVTLKESGPVLVKPTETLTLTCTFSGFSLSTSGMGVGWIRQAPGKGLEWVA HIWWDDDVYYNPSLKSRLTITKDASKDQVSLKLSSVTAADTAVYYCVRRRA TGTGFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO:24) Fig.12A is a schematic showing design of the 4H2-CD5 bispecific antibody. The Ai9 mouse model allows measurement of delivery of Cre recombinase through detection of DeRed expression. Ai9 mice bearing MC38 tumors were treated with control, 4H2 + Cre mRNA, or 4H2-CD5 bispecific antibody + Cre mRNA through intratumoral injection. After 48 hours, the mice were euthanized. The tumors were isolated and dissociated into single cells. T cells within the tumors were analyzed by flow cytometry for expression of DeRed. T cells in tumors treated with 4H2-CD5 + Cre mRNA showed increased DeRed signal compared to control or 4H2 + Cre mRNA. Representative FACS plots are shown in Fig.12B and combined analysis in Fig.12C. These experiments exemplify 4H2-based bispecific antibodies for use in strategies of nucleic acid delivery to specific cells based on the cell-penetrating and nucleic acid binding of 4H2 combined with the homing specificity provided by the second antibody component, in this case CD5 for T cells. Example 14: 4H2 binds and activates toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) TLR7 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that recognizes RNA and initiates an innate immune response. TLR7 responds particularly well to GU-rich RNA.4H2 is an anti-G autoantibody. Experiment were designed to determine if 4H2 interacts with TLR7 in a nucleic acid- dependent manner similar to results found for the 4H2-cGAS interaction as exemplifed above. Cell lysates from glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) treated with IgG control or 4H2 were probed for TLR7 by western blot. The band representing activated cleaved TLR7 was significantly increased in cells treated with 4H2. Representative blot is shown in (Fig.13A) and cleaved TLR7 content relative to IgG control determined by ImageJ in (Fig.13B). These results indicate that 4H2 induces cleavage of TLR7.
Antibodies and bound proteins were pulled down from lysates of GSCs treated with IgG control or 4H2 by protein G beads and then analyzed by TLR7 western blot (Fig.13C).4H2, but not IgG control, showed strong binding to cleaved TLR7 demonstrated by its pulldown with 4H2 in this assay. Blot is representative of two independent experiments. These results indicate that 4H2 binds cleaved TLR7. This adds another dimension to the use of 4H2 as a stimulator of immunity because 4H2 activates both cGAS and TLR7. TLR7 agonists have been sought for use in immunotherapy, but the combined activation of cGAS and TLR7 distinguishes 4H2 from other agonists that activate either TLR7 or cGAS, but not both. Summary This study reveals a previously unknown interaction between a lupus anti-GUO autoantibody and cGAS. Specifically, the cell-penetrating lupus anti-GUO autoantibody 4H2 localizes to cytoplasm and avoids endosomes, binds nucleic acid and delivers it to cells and tissues, activates cGAS, and causes cGAS-dependent toxicity to glioma cells and increases survival in orthotopic GBM models. These findings indicate opportunities to deploy anti-GUO autoantibodies in biotechnology and raise the possibility that such antibodies contribute to cGAS activation and the type I interferon signature associated with SLE. Nucleoside transporter-dependent cellular penetration by 4H2 is indicated by the inhibitory effects of the nucleoside transport inhibitor DP and the enhancement of 4H2 penetration by free GUO. Consistent with this, systemically administered 4H2 localized to brain tumors where DNA/nucleosides are released, but not to normal brain tissue. However, 4H2 was able to mediate gene delivery to normal brain when directly injected as a complex with mRNA. Similarly, 4H2/mRNA yielded local gene expression in the retina after intraocular injection and in extracranial target tissues including tumors and skeletal muscle. Taken together these findings link cellular penetration by 4H2 to nucleoside transport and establish 4H2 as a non-covalent cytoplasmic delivery ligand for nucleic acids.
4H2 and 3E10 were isolated from the same lupus model, and it is intriguing that they appear to share a nucleoside transporter-dependent mechanism of penetrating cells and crossing the BBB but at the same time they localize to completely different cellular compartments. Both avoid endosomes and lysosomes, but 3E10 localizes into nuclei and 4H2 to cytoplasm. The reason for the difference is presently unknown, but it may explain the greater ability of 4H2 to deliver functional mRNA to cells compared to 3E10 found here, because mRNA translation occurs in the cytoplasm and not the nucleus. The precise mechanism by which 4H2 activates cGAS and TLR7 is unknown. Possibilities include direct binding and activation by 4H2 or indirect binding through simultaneous interactions between cGAS and TLR7, 4H2, and cytoplasmic nucleic acid and/or GTP. Overall, with a nucleoside transporter-dependent method of cytoplasmic penetration and an ability to deliver nucleic acids to cells and activate cGAS and TLR7, 4H2 is a compelling agent for use in oncology as a stimulator of immunity, in gene therapy as a non-covalent cytoplasmic delivery ligand for nucleic acids, and in vaccine design for simultaneous gene delivery and activation of immune receptors such as cGAS and TLR7 to potentiate response. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the disclosed invention belongs. Publications cited herein and the materials for which they are cited are specifically incorporated by reference. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
Claims
We claim: 1. A composition comprising or consisting of (a) an intact 4H2 monoclonal antibody or a cell- penetrating fragment thereof, optionally selected from a monovalent, divalent, or multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv), or a diabody; or humanized form, chimeric form, or variant thereof; and (b) a nucleic acid cargo comprising a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, a functional nucleic acid, a nucleic acid encoding a functional nucleic acid, or a combination thereof.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein (a) comprises: (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:6-8, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2-4, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; or (v) a humanized form of (iv).
3. The composition of claims 1 or 2, wherein (a) comprises the same or different epitope specificity as monoclonal antibody 4H2.
4. The composition of any one of claims 1-3, wherein (a) is a recombinant antibody having the paratope of monoclonal antibody 4H2.
5. A composition comprising (a) a binding protein comprising (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:6-8,
respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2-4, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; or (v) a humanized form of (iv), and (b) a nucleic acid cargo comprising a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, a functional nucleic acid, a nucleic acid encoding a functional nucleic acid, or a combination thereof.
6. The composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein (a) is bispecific.
7. The composition of claim 6, wherein (a) targets a cell type of interest.
8. The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein (a) and (b) are non-covalently linked or associated.
9. The composition of any one of claims 1-8, wherein (a) and (b) are in a complex.
10. The composition of any one of claims 1-9 wherein (b) comprises DNA, RNA, PNA or other modified nucleic acids, or nucleic acid analogs, or a combination thereof.
11. The composition of any one of claims 1-10, wherein (b) comprises mRNA.
12. The composition of any one of claims 1-11, wherein (b) comprises a vector.
13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide of interest operably linked to expression control sequence.
14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the vector is a plasmid.
15. The composition of any one of claims 1-14, wherein (b) comprises a nucleic acid encoding a Cas endonuclease, a gRNA, or a combination thereof.
16. The composition of any one of claims 1-15, wherein (b) comprises a nucleic acid encoding a chimeric antigen receptor polypeptide.
17. The composition of any one of claims 1-16, wherein (b) comprises a functional nucleic acid.
18. The composition of any one of claims 1-17, wherein (b) comprises a nucleic acid encoding a functional nucleic acid.
19. The composition of claims 17 or 18, wherein the functional nucleic acid is antisense molecules, siRNA, miRNA, aptamers, ribozymes, RNAi, or external guide sequences.
20. The composition of any one of claims 1-19, wherein (b) comprises a plurality of a single nucleic acid molecules.
21. The composition of any one of claims 1-19, wherein (b) comprises a plurality of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more different nucleic acid molecules.
22. The composition of any one of claims 1-21, wherein (b) comprises or consists of nucleic acid molecules between about 1 and 25,000 nucleobases in length.
23. The composition of any one of claims 1-22, wherein (b) comprises or consists of single stranded nucleic acids, double stranded nucleic acids, or a combination thereof.
24. The composition of any one of claims 1-23, further comprising carrier DNA.
25. The composition of claim 24, wherein the carrier DNA is non-coding DNA.
26. The composition of claims 24 or 25, wherein (b) is composed of RNA.
27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition of any one of claims 1-26 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
28. The composition of claim 27 further comprising polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating a complex of (a) and (b).
29. The composition of claim 28, wherein a targeting moiety, a cell penetrating peptide, or a combination thereof is associated with, linked, conjugated, or otherwise attached directly or indirectly to the nanoparticle.
30. A method of delivering a nucleic acid cargo to a cell comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of the composition of any one of claims 1-29.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the contacting occurs ex vivo.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the cells are hematopoietic stem cells, or T cells.
33. The method of any one of claims 30-32, further comprising administering the cells to a subject in need thereof.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the cells are administered to the subject in an effective amount to treat one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder.
35. The method of claim 30 wherein the contacting occurs in vivo following administration to a subject in need thereof.
36. The method of any one of claims 33-35, wherein the subject has a disease or disorder.
37. The method of claim 36, wherein the disease or disorder is a genetic disorder, cancer, or an infection or infectious disease.
38. The method of claims 36 or 37, wherein (b) is delivered into cells of the subject in an effective amount to reduce one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder in the subject.
39. A method of making the composition of any one of claims 1- 29 comprising incubating and/or mixing of (a) and (b) for an effective amount of time and at a suitable temperature to form complexes of (a) and (b), prior to contact with cells.
40. A method of making the composition of any one of claims 1- 29, comprising incubating and/or mixing of (a) and (b) for between about 1 min and about 30 min, about 10 min and about 20 min, or about 15 min, optionally at room temperature or 37 degrees Celsius.
41. The composition or method of any one of foregoing claims wherein the ratio of (a):(b) is between 1:3 and 5:1, optionally wherein the ratio is 1:1 or 3:1.
42. A method of increasing activation of an immune receptor in cells of a subject in need thereof comprising administering an effective amount of (a) an intact 4H2 monoclonal antibody or a cell-penetrating fragment thereof, optionally selected from a monovalent, divalent, or multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv), or a diabody; or humanized form, chimeric form, or variant thereof, optionally wherein the immune receptor is cGAS or another Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) optionally a toll-like receptor optionally TLR7.
43. The method of claim 42, wherein the subject has cancer or an infection.
44. The method of claims 42 or 43, wherein the subject does not have cancer.
45. The method of any one of claims 42-44, wherein the subject has a wound that needs healing.
46. The method of any one of claims 42-44, wherein the subject has an immune dysregulation, optionally wherein the immune dysregulation is multiple sclerosis.
47. The method of any one of claims 42-46, further comprising administering the subject (b) an additional agent.
48. The method of claim 47, wherein (b) is selected from a nucleic acid cargo, immunostimulatory nucleic acids, one or more vaccine component, an immune checkpoint modulator that induces, increases, or enhances an immune response, and combinations thereof.
49. A method of treating cancer or an infection comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the combination of (a) an intact 4H2 monoclonal antibody or a cell-penetrating fragment thereof, optionally selected from a monovalent, divalent, or multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv), or a diabody; or humanized form, chimeric form, or variant thereof; and (b) an immune checkpoint modulator that induces, increases, or enhances an immune response.
50. The method of any one of claims 48-49, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator induces an immune response against the cancer or infection.
51. The method of any one of claims 48-50, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator reduces an immune inhibitory pathway.
52. The method of claim 51, wherein the immune inhibitory pathway is the PD-1 pathway.
53. The method of any one of claims 48-52, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator is selected from the group consisting of PD-1 antagonists, PD-1 ligand antagonists, and CTLA4 antagonists.
54. The method of any one of claims 48-50, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator increases an immune activating pathway.
55. The method of any one of claims 48-54, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator is an antibody.
56. The method of any one of claims 48-54, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator is a CAR-T cell.
57. The method of any one of claims 48-54, wherein the immune checkpoint modulator is an oncolytic virus.
58. A method of treating cancer or an infection comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the combination of (a) an intact 4H2 monoclonal antibody or a cell-penetrating fragment thereof, optionally selected from a monovalent, divalent, or
multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv), or a diabody; or humanized form, chimeric form, or variant thereof; and (b) an immunostimulatory nucleic acid.
59. The method of claims 48 or 58, wherein the immunostimulatory nucleic acid is a STING agonist.
60. A method of vaccinating a subject comprising administrating the subject (a) an intact 4H2 monoclonal antibody or a cell-penetrating fragment thereof, optionally selected from a monovalent, divalent, or multivalent single chain variable fragment (scFv), or a diabody; or humanized form, chimeric form, or variant thereof; and (b) one or more vaccine components.
61. The method of claims 48 or 60, wherein the one or more vaccine components include an antigen, a nucleic acid encoding an antigen, an adjuvant, a nucleic acid encoding an adjuvant, or a combination thereof.
62. The method of claim 61, wherein the antigen is derived from a bacteria or virus.
63. The method of any one of claims 48-62, wherein administration of the combination (a) and (b) to the results in a more than additive reduction in one or more symptoms of cancer or infection compared to the reduction achieved by administering (a) or (b) in the absence of the other.
64. The method of any one of claims 48-63, wherein (a) is administered to the subject 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, or 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or any combination thereof prior to administration of (b) to the subject.
65. The method of any one of claims 48-63 wherein (b) is administered to the subject 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, or 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or any combination thereof prior to administration of (a) to the subject.
66. The method any one of claims 42-65 further comprising administering to the subject one or more additional active agents selected
from the group consisting of a chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-infective agent, and combinations thereof.
67. The method of any one of claims 42-66 further comprising surgery or radiation therapy.
68. The method of any one of claims 42-67 comprising a nucleic acid cargo.
69. The method of claims 68, wherein the (a) and the nucleic acid cargo are in a complex.
70. The method of claims 68 or 69, wherein (b) is the nucleic acid cargo, optionally wherein the nucleic acid cargo is composed of comprises DNA, RNA, PNA, PMO, or other modified nucleic acids, or nucleic acid analogs, or a combination thereof.
71. The method of claims 68 or 69, wherein (b) is not the nucleic acid cargo.
72. The method of any one of claims 42-71, wherein (a) comprises: (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:6-8, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2-4, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; or (v) a humanized form of (iv).
73. The method of claims any one of claims 42-72, wherein (a) comprises the same or different epitope specificity as monoclonal antibody 4H2.
74. The method of any one of claims 42-73, wherein (a) is a recombinant antibody having the paratope of monoclonal antibody 4H2.
75. The method of any one of claims 42-74, wherein (a) comprise: (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:6-8, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2-4, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; or (v) a humanized form of (iv)
76. The method of any one of claims 42-75, wherein (a) is bispecific.
77. The method of claim 76, wherein (a) targets a cell type of interest.
78. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) and (b) of any one of claims 48-77 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
79. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 78 comprising a nucleic acid cargo.
80. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 79, wherein (b) is the nucleic acid cargo.
81. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 79, wherein (b) is not the nucleic acid cargo.
82. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 79-81, wherein (a) and nucleic acid cargo are in a complex.
83. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 82 further comprising polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating (a), (b), the nucleic acid cargo, or a combination thereof.
84. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 78-83, wherein a targeting moiety, a cell penetrating peptide, or a combination thereof is associated with, linked, fused, conjugated, or otherwise attached directly or indirectly to (a), (b), the nucleic acid cargo, the nanoparticle, or a combination thereof.
85. A composition comprising (a) a bispecific binding protein comprising (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:1; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:6-8, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2-4, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (ai) or (aii); (iv) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 in combination with a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1; or (v) a humanized form of (iv), and a binding domain that binds to an immune cell marker.
86. The composition of claim 85, wherein the immune cell marker is CD5.
87. The composition of claim 86, wherein the binding domain that binds to CD5 comprises (vi) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:24 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:23;
(vii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:25-27, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:28-30, respectively; (viii) a humanized form of (iv) or (iiv); (ix) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:24 in combination with a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:23; or (x) a humanized form of (ix).
88. The composition of any one of claims 85-87 comprising (b) a nucleic acid cargo comprising a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide, a functional nucleic acid, a nucleic acid encoding a functional nucleic acid, or a combination thereof.
89. A method of increasing an immune response in a subject in need thereof comprising administering the subject an effective amount of the composition of any one of claims 85-88.
90. The method of claim 89, wherein the subject has cancer or an infection.
91. A binding protein optionally an antibody comprising (i) the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:24 in combination with the CDRs of SEQ ID NO:23; (ii) first, second, and third heavy chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:25-27, respectively in combination with first, second and third light chain CDRs comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:28-30, respectively; (iii) a humanized form of (i) or (ii); (iv) a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:24
in combination with a light chain comprising an amino acid sequence comprising at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:23; or (v) a humanized form of (iv).
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202263379121P | 2022-10-11 | 2022-10-11 | |
US202263379123P | 2022-10-11 | 2022-10-11 | |
US63/379,123 | 2022-10-11 | ||
US63/379,121 | 2022-10-11 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2024081736A2 true WO2024081736A2 (en) | 2024-04-18 |
WO2024081736A3 WO2024081736A3 (en) | 2024-05-16 |
Family
ID=88697780
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2023/076605 WO2024081736A2 (en) | 2022-10-11 | 2023-10-11 | Compositions and methods of using cell-penetrating antibodies |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
WO (1) | WO2024081736A2 (en) |
Citations (88)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US150A (en) | 1837-03-25 | Island | ||
US5436A (en) | 1848-02-08 | Air-heating furnace | ||
US4714680A (en) | 1984-02-06 | 1987-12-22 | The Johns Hopkins University | Human stem cells |
US4965204A (en) | 1984-02-06 | 1990-10-23 | The Johns Hopkins University | Human stem cells and monoclonal antibodies |
US5034506A (en) | 1985-03-15 | 1991-07-23 | Anti-Gene Development Group | Uncharged morpholino-based polymers having achiral intersubunit linkages |
US5061620A (en) | 1990-03-30 | 1991-10-29 | Systemix, Inc. | Human hematopoietic stem cell |
US5070914A (en) | 1987-11-30 | 1991-12-10 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Triaxial fabric of interlaced oblique yarns |
US5075109A (en) | 1986-10-24 | 1991-12-24 | Southern Research Institute | Method of potentiating an immune response |
US5142047A (en) | 1985-03-15 | 1992-08-25 | Anti-Gene Development Group | Uncharged polynucleotide-binding polymers |
US5166315A (en) | 1989-12-20 | 1992-11-24 | Anti-Gene Development Group | Sequence-specific binding polymers for duplex nucleic acids |
US5217866A (en) | 1985-03-15 | 1993-06-08 | Anti-Gene Development Group | Polynucleotide assay reagent and method |
US5356802A (en) | 1992-04-03 | 1994-10-18 | The Johns Hopkins University | Functional domains in flavobacterium okeanokoites (FokI) restriction endonuclease |
US5487994A (en) | 1992-04-03 | 1996-01-30 | The Johns Hopkins University | Insertion and deletion mutants of FokI restriction endonuclease |
US5506337A (en) | 1985-03-15 | 1996-04-09 | Antivirals Inc. | Morpholino-subunit combinatorial library and method |
US5521063A (en) | 1985-03-15 | 1996-05-28 | Antivirals Inc. | Polynucleotide reagent containing chiral subunits and methods of use |
US5527675A (en) | 1993-08-20 | 1996-06-18 | Millipore Corporation | Method for degradation and sequencing of polymers which sequentially eliminate terminal residues |
US5539082A (en) | 1993-04-26 | 1996-07-23 | Nielsen; Peter E. | Peptide nucleic acids |
US5623049A (en) | 1993-09-13 | 1997-04-22 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Nucleic acid-binding oligomers possessing N-branching for therapy and diagnostics |
US5677136A (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1997-10-14 | Systemix, Inc. | Methods of obtaining compositions enriched for hematopoietic stem cells, compositions derived therefrom and methods of use thereof |
US5714331A (en) | 1991-05-24 | 1998-02-03 | Buchardt, Deceased; Ole | Peptide nucleic acids having enhanced binding affinity, sequence specificity and solubility |
US5759793A (en) | 1993-09-30 | 1998-06-02 | Systemix, Inc. | Method for mammalian cell separation from a mixture of cell populations |
US5786571A (en) | 1997-05-09 | 1998-07-28 | Lexmark International, Inc. | Wrapped temperature sensing assembly |
WO1998053059A1 (en) | 1997-05-23 | 1998-11-26 | Medical Research Council | Nucleic acid binding proteins |
US5858358A (en) | 1992-04-07 | 1999-01-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Methods for selectively stimulating proliferation of T cells |
US5945337A (en) | 1996-10-18 | 1999-08-31 | Quality Biological, Inc. | Method for culturing CD34+ cells in a serum-free medium |
US6140081A (en) | 1998-10-16 | 2000-10-31 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger binding domains for GNN |
US6261841B1 (en) | 1999-06-25 | 2001-07-17 | The Board Of Trustees Of Northwestern University | Compositions, kits, and methods for modulating survival and differentiation of multi-potential hematopoietic progenitor cells |
US6352694B1 (en) | 1994-06-03 | 2002-03-05 | Genetics Institute, Inc. | Methods for inducing a population of T cells to proliferate using agents which recognize TCR/CD3 and ligands which stimulate an accessory molecule on the surface of the T cells |
WO2002044321A2 (en) | 2000-12-01 | 2002-06-06 | MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | Rna interference mediating small rna molecules |
US6453242B1 (en) | 1999-01-12 | 2002-09-17 | Sangamo Biosciences, Inc. | Selection of sites for targeting by zinc finger proteins and methods of designing zinc finger proteins to bind to preselected sites |
US20020165356A1 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2002-11-07 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger binding domains for nucleotide sequence ANN |
WO2003006304A1 (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2003-01-23 | Volvo Wheel Loaders Ab | Cap suspension device |
WO2003016496A2 (en) | 2001-08-20 | 2003-02-27 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger binding domains for cnn |
US6534055B1 (en) | 1988-11-23 | 2003-03-18 | Genetics Institute, Inc. | Methods for selectively stimulating proliferation of T cells |
US6534261B1 (en) | 1999-01-12 | 2003-03-18 | Sangamo Biosciences, Inc. | Regulation of endogenous gene expression in cells using zinc finger proteins |
WO2003080083A1 (en) | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-02 | Oncolytics Biotech Inc. | Use of adenoviruses mutated in the va genes for cancer treatment |
WO2003099196A2 (en) | 2002-05-23 | 2003-12-04 | Cure Tech Ltd. | Humanized immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of neoplastic disease or immunodeficiency |
WO2004004771A1 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2004-01-15 | Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Immunopotentiating compositions |
US6692964B1 (en) | 1995-05-04 | 2004-02-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Methods for transfecting T cells |
US6746838B1 (en) | 1997-05-23 | 2004-06-08 | Gendaq Limited | Nucleic acid binding proteins |
WO2004056875A1 (en) | 2002-12-23 | 2004-07-08 | Wyeth | Antibodies against pd-1 and uses therefor |
WO2004072286A1 (en) | 2003-01-23 | 2004-08-26 | Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Substance specific to human pd-1 |
US6797514B2 (en) | 2000-02-24 | 2004-09-28 | Xcyte Therapies, Inc. | Simultaneous stimulation and concentration of cells |
US20040197892A1 (en) | 2001-04-04 | 2004-10-07 | Michael Moore | Composition binding polypeptides |
US6867041B2 (en) | 2000-02-24 | 2005-03-15 | Xcyte Therapies, Inc. | Simultaneous stimulation and concentration of cells |
US6905680B2 (en) | 1988-11-23 | 2005-06-14 | Genetics Institute, Inc. | Methods of treating HIV infected subjects |
US6905874B2 (en) | 2000-02-24 | 2005-06-14 | Xcyte Therapies, Inc. | Simultaneous stimulation and concentration of cells |
US6919208B2 (en) | 2000-05-22 | 2005-07-19 | The Children's Hospital Of Philadelphia | Methods and compositions for enhancing the delivery of a nucleic acid to a cell |
WO2005086922A2 (en) | 2004-03-10 | 2005-09-22 | Board Of Regents, University Of Texas System | Oncolytic adenovirus armed with therapeutic genes |
US20060099203A1 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2006-05-11 | Pease Larry R | B7-DC binding antibody |
US7067318B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2006-06-27 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Methods for transfecting T cells |
WO2006121168A1 (en) | 2005-05-09 | 2006-11-16 | Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Human monoclonal antibodies to programmed death 1(pd-1) and methods for treating cancer using anti-pd-1 antibodies alone or in combination with other immunotherapeutics |
WO2006133396A2 (en) | 2005-06-08 | 2006-12-14 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute | Methods and compositions for the treatment of persistent infections and cancer by inhibiting the programmed cell death 1 (pd-1) pathway |
WO2007005874A2 (en) | 2005-07-01 | 2007-01-11 | Medarex, Inc. | Human monoclonal antibodies to programmed death ligand 1 (pd-l1) |
US7175843B2 (en) | 1994-06-03 | 2007-02-13 | Genetics Institute, Llc | Methods for selectively stimulating proliferation of T cells |
WO2007056539A2 (en) | 2005-11-08 | 2007-05-18 | Medarex, Inc. | Prophylaxis and treatment of enterocolitis associated with anti-ctla-4 antibody therapy |
US20070154989A1 (en) | 2006-01-03 | 2007-07-05 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger domains specifically binding agc |
US20070166281A1 (en) | 2004-08-21 | 2007-07-19 | Kosak Kenneth M | Chloroquine coupled antibodies and other proteins with methods for their synthesis |
WO2007088229A1 (en) | 2006-02-01 | 2007-08-09 | Dnatrix Inc. | Oncolytic adenoviruses for the treatment of cancer |
US20070213269A1 (en) | 2005-11-28 | 2007-09-13 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger binding domains for tnn |
WO2008083174A2 (en) | 2006-12-27 | 2008-07-10 | Emory University | Compositions and methods for the treatment of infections and tumors |
WO2008110579A2 (en) | 2007-03-14 | 2008-09-18 | Institut Català D'oncologia | Adenovirus with mutations in the endoplasmic reticulum retention domain of the e3-19k protein and their use in cancer treatment. |
WO2009014708A2 (en) | 2007-07-23 | 2009-01-29 | Cell Genesys, Inc. | Pd-1 antibodies in combination with a cytokine-secreting cell and methods of use thereof |
WO2009073533A2 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2009-06-11 | Medarex, Inc. | Anti-b7h4 monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate and methods of use |
WO2010108931A1 (en) | 2009-03-24 | 2010-09-30 | Fundació Privada Institut D'investigació Biomèdica De Bellvitge (Idibell) | Combination of an oncolytic adenovirus and a calcium channel blocker and its use for the treatment of cancer |
WO2010128182A1 (en) | 2009-05-06 | 2010-11-11 | Fundació Privada Institut D'investigació Biomèdica De Bellvitge | Oncolytic adenoviruses for treating cancer |
US20110145940A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 | 2011-06-16 | Voytas Daniel F | Tal effector-mediated dna modification |
US8114845B2 (en) | 2008-08-25 | 2012-02-14 | Amplimmune, Inc. | Compositions of PD-1 antagonists and methods of use |
US20130071414A1 (en) | 2011-04-27 | 2013-03-21 | Gianpietro Dotti | Engineered cd19-specific t lymphocytes that coexpress il-15 and an inducible caspase-9 based suicide gene for the treatment of b-cell malignancies |
WO2013082529A1 (en) | 2011-12-02 | 2013-06-06 | Yale University | Enzymatic synthesis of poly(amine-co-esters) and methods of use thereof for gene delivery |
WO2013112942A1 (en) | 2012-01-25 | 2013-08-01 | Dna Trix, Inc. | Biomarkers and combination therapies using oncolytic virus and immunomodulation |
WO2013116778A2 (en) | 2012-02-02 | 2013-08-08 | Board Of Regents | Immunogenic adenovirus |
WO2013176772A1 (en) | 2012-05-25 | 2013-11-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Methods and compositions for rna-directed target dna modification and for rna-directed modulation of transcription |
WO2014018423A2 (en) | 2012-07-25 | 2014-01-30 | The Broad Institute, Inc. | Inducible dna binding proteins and genome perturbation tools and applications thereof |
US20140342003A1 (en) | 2011-12-02 | 2014-11-20 | Yale University | Enzymatic synthesis of poly(amine-co-esters) and methods of use thereof for gene delivery |
WO2014204814A1 (en) | 2013-06-18 | 2014-12-24 | Dnatrix, Inc. | Treatment of brain cancer with oncolytic adenovirus |
US20150017120A1 (en) | 2013-06-13 | 2015-01-15 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Synergistic tumor treatment with extended-pk il-2 and adoptive cell therapy |
WO2015077624A1 (en) | 2013-11-22 | 2015-05-28 | Dnatrix, Inc. | Adenovirus expressing immune cell stimulatory receptor agonist(s) |
WO2015089280A1 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2015-06-18 | The General Hospital Corporation | Stem cell delivered oncolytic herpes simplex virus and methods for treating brain tumors |
WO2015134607A1 (en) | 2014-03-04 | 2015-09-11 | Yale University | Cell penetrating anti-guanosine antibody based therapy for cancers with ras mutations |
US20150283178A1 (en) | 2014-04-07 | 2015-10-08 | Carl H. June | Treatment of cancer using anti-cd19 chimeric antigen receptor |
US20150290244A1 (en) | 2012-07-13 | 2015-10-15 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Use of cart19 to deplete normal b cells to induce tolerance |
WO2015166082A1 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2015-11-05 | Institut D'investigació Biomèdica De Bellvitge (Idibell) | Adenovirus comprising an albumin-binding moiety |
WO2016013870A1 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2016-01-28 | 아주대학교산학협력단 | Method for positioning, in cytoplasm, antibody having complete immunoglobulin form by penetrating antibody through cell membrane, and use for same |
WO2016081621A1 (en) | 2014-11-18 | 2016-05-26 | Yale University | Formulations for targeted release of agents under low ph conditions and methods of use thereof |
WO2017143042A2 (en) | 2016-02-16 | 2017-08-24 | Yale University | Compositions for enhancing targeted gene editing and methods of use thereof |
WO2017218824A1 (en) | 2016-06-15 | 2017-12-21 | Yale University | Anti-guanosine antibody as a molecular delivery vehicle |
WO2018187493A1 (en) | 2017-04-04 | 2018-10-11 | Yale University | Compositions and methods for in utero delivery |
-
2023
- 2023-10-11 WO PCT/US2023/076605 patent/WO2024081736A2/en unknown
Patent Citations (108)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5436A (en) | 1848-02-08 | Air-heating furnace | ||
US150A (en) | 1837-03-25 | Island | ||
US4714680B1 (en) | 1984-02-06 | 1995-06-27 | Univ Johns Hopkins | Human stem cells |
US4714680A (en) | 1984-02-06 | 1987-12-22 | The Johns Hopkins University | Human stem cells |
US4965204A (en) | 1984-02-06 | 1990-10-23 | The Johns Hopkins University | Human stem cells and monoclonal antibodies |
US5698685A (en) | 1985-03-15 | 1997-12-16 | Antivirals Inc. | Morpholino-subunit combinatorial library and method |
US5506337A (en) | 1985-03-15 | 1996-04-09 | Antivirals Inc. | Morpholino-subunit combinatorial library and method |
US5142047A (en) | 1985-03-15 | 1992-08-25 | Anti-Gene Development Group | Uncharged polynucleotide-binding polymers |
US5217866A (en) | 1985-03-15 | 1993-06-08 | Anti-Gene Development Group | Polynucleotide assay reagent and method |
US5034506A (en) | 1985-03-15 | 1991-07-23 | Anti-Gene Development Group | Uncharged morpholino-based polymers having achiral intersubunit linkages |
US5521063A (en) | 1985-03-15 | 1996-05-28 | Antivirals Inc. | Polynucleotide reagent containing chiral subunits and methods of use |
US5075109A (en) | 1986-10-24 | 1991-12-24 | Southern Research Institute | Method of potentiating an immune response |
US5070914A (en) | 1987-11-30 | 1991-12-10 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Triaxial fabric of interlaced oblique yarns |
US7232566B2 (en) | 1988-11-23 | 2007-06-19 | The United States As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Methods for treating HIV infected subjects |
US6905680B2 (en) | 1988-11-23 | 2005-06-14 | Genetics Institute, Inc. | Methods of treating HIV infected subjects |
US5883223A (en) | 1988-11-23 | 1999-03-16 | Gray; Gary S. | CD9 antigen peptides and antibodies thereto |
US7144575B2 (en) | 1988-11-23 | 2006-12-05 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Methods for selectively stimulating proliferation of T cells |
US6534055B1 (en) | 1988-11-23 | 2003-03-18 | Genetics Institute, Inc. | Methods for selectively stimulating proliferation of T cells |
US6887466B2 (en) | 1988-11-23 | 2005-05-03 | Genetics Institute, Inc. | Methods for selectively stimulating proliferation of T cells |
US5166315A (en) | 1989-12-20 | 1992-11-24 | Anti-Gene Development Group | Sequence-specific binding polymers for duplex nucleic acids |
US5643741A (en) | 1990-03-30 | 1997-07-01 | Systemix, Inc. | Identification and isolation of human hematopoietic stem cells |
US5716827A (en) | 1990-03-30 | 1998-02-10 | Systemix, Inc. | Human hematopoietic stem cell |
US5750397A (en) | 1990-03-30 | 1998-05-12 | Systemix, Inc. | Human hematopoietic stem cell |
US5061620A (en) | 1990-03-30 | 1991-10-29 | Systemix, Inc. | Human hematopoietic stem cell |
US5714331A (en) | 1991-05-24 | 1998-02-03 | Buchardt, Deceased; Ole | Peptide nucleic acids having enhanced binding affinity, sequence specificity and solubility |
US5736336A (en) | 1991-05-24 | 1998-04-07 | Buchardt, Deceased; Ole | Peptide nucleic acids having enhanced binding affinity, sequence specificity and solubility |
US5773571A (en) | 1991-05-24 | 1998-06-30 | Nielsen; Peter E. | Peptide nucleic acids |
US5487994A (en) | 1992-04-03 | 1996-01-30 | The Johns Hopkins University | Insertion and deletion mutants of FokI restriction endonuclease |
US5356802A (en) | 1992-04-03 | 1994-10-18 | The Johns Hopkins University | Functional domains in flavobacterium okeanokoites (FokI) restriction endonuclease |
US5858358A (en) | 1992-04-07 | 1999-01-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Methods for selectively stimulating proliferation of T cells |
US5539082A (en) | 1993-04-26 | 1996-07-23 | Nielsen; Peter E. | Peptide nucleic acids |
US5527675A (en) | 1993-08-20 | 1996-06-18 | Millipore Corporation | Method for degradation and sequencing of polymers which sequentially eliminate terminal residues |
US5623049A (en) | 1993-09-13 | 1997-04-22 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Nucleic acid-binding oligomers possessing N-branching for therapy and diagnostics |
US5759793A (en) | 1993-09-30 | 1998-06-02 | Systemix, Inc. | Method for mammalian cell separation from a mixture of cell populations |
US7175843B2 (en) | 1994-06-03 | 2007-02-13 | Genetics Institute, Llc | Methods for selectively stimulating proliferation of T cells |
US6352694B1 (en) | 1994-06-03 | 2002-03-05 | Genetics Institute, Inc. | Methods for inducing a population of T cells to proliferate using agents which recognize TCR/CD3 and ligands which stimulate an accessory molecule on the surface of the T cells |
US6905681B1 (en) | 1994-06-03 | 2005-06-14 | Genetics Institute, Inc. | Methods for selectively stimulating proliferation of T cells |
US5677136A (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1997-10-14 | Systemix, Inc. | Methods of obtaining compositions enriched for hematopoietic stem cells, compositions derived therefrom and methods of use thereof |
US7172869B2 (en) | 1995-05-04 | 2007-02-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Methods for transfecting T cells |
US6692964B1 (en) | 1995-05-04 | 2004-02-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Methods for transfecting T cells |
US7067318B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 2006-06-27 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Methods for transfecting T cells |
US5945337A (en) | 1996-10-18 | 1999-08-31 | Quality Biological, Inc. | Method for culturing CD34+ cells in a serum-free medium |
US5786571A (en) | 1997-05-09 | 1998-07-28 | Lexmark International, Inc. | Wrapped temperature sensing assembly |
US6866997B1 (en) | 1997-05-23 | 2005-03-15 | Gendaq Limited | Nucleic acid binding proteins |
US6746838B1 (en) | 1997-05-23 | 2004-06-08 | Gendaq Limited | Nucleic acid binding proteins |
WO1998053059A1 (en) | 1997-05-23 | 1998-11-26 | Medical Research Council | Nucleic acid binding proteins |
US6140081A (en) | 1998-10-16 | 2000-10-31 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger binding domains for GNN |
US6610512B1 (en) | 1998-10-16 | 2003-08-26 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger binding domains for GNN |
US6453242B1 (en) | 1999-01-12 | 2002-09-17 | Sangamo Biosciences, Inc. | Selection of sites for targeting by zinc finger proteins and methods of designing zinc finger proteins to bind to preselected sites |
US6534261B1 (en) | 1999-01-12 | 2003-03-18 | Sangamo Biosciences, Inc. | Regulation of endogenous gene expression in cells using zinc finger proteins |
US6261841B1 (en) | 1999-06-25 | 2001-07-17 | The Board Of Trustees Of Northwestern University | Compositions, kits, and methods for modulating survival and differentiation of multi-potential hematopoietic progenitor cells |
US6867041B2 (en) | 2000-02-24 | 2005-03-15 | Xcyte Therapies, Inc. | Simultaneous stimulation and concentration of cells |
US6797514B2 (en) | 2000-02-24 | 2004-09-28 | Xcyte Therapies, Inc. | Simultaneous stimulation and concentration of cells |
US6905874B2 (en) | 2000-02-24 | 2005-06-14 | Xcyte Therapies, Inc. | Simultaneous stimulation and concentration of cells |
US6919208B2 (en) | 2000-05-22 | 2005-07-19 | The Children's Hospital Of Philadelphia | Methods and compositions for enhancing the delivery of a nucleic acid to a cell |
WO2002044321A2 (en) | 2000-12-01 | 2002-06-06 | MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. | Rna interference mediating small rna molecules |
US20020165356A1 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2002-11-07 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger binding domains for nucleotide sequence ANN |
US7067617B2 (en) | 2001-02-21 | 2006-06-27 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger binding domains for nucleotide sequence ANN |
US20040197892A1 (en) | 2001-04-04 | 2004-10-07 | Michael Moore | Composition binding polypeptides |
WO2003006304A1 (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2003-01-23 | Volvo Wheel Loaders Ab | Cap suspension device |
WO2003016496A2 (en) | 2001-08-20 | 2003-02-27 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger binding domains for cnn |
WO2003080083A1 (en) | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-02 | Oncolytics Biotech Inc. | Use of adenoviruses mutated in the va genes for cancer treatment |
WO2003099196A2 (en) | 2002-05-23 | 2003-12-04 | Cure Tech Ltd. | Humanized immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of neoplastic disease or immunodeficiency |
US20060110383A1 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2006-05-25 | Tasuku Honjo | Immunopotentiative composition |
WO2004004771A1 (en) | 2002-07-03 | 2004-01-15 | Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Immunopotentiating compositions |
WO2004056875A1 (en) | 2002-12-23 | 2004-07-08 | Wyeth | Antibodies against pd-1 and uses therefor |
WO2004072286A1 (en) | 2003-01-23 | 2004-08-26 | Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Substance specific to human pd-1 |
WO2005086922A2 (en) | 2004-03-10 | 2005-09-22 | Board Of Regents, University Of Texas System | Oncolytic adenovirus armed with therapeutic genes |
US20070166281A1 (en) | 2004-08-21 | 2007-07-19 | Kosak Kenneth M | Chloroquine coupled antibodies and other proteins with methods for their synthesis |
US20060099203A1 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2006-05-11 | Pease Larry R | B7-DC binding antibody |
WO2006121168A1 (en) | 2005-05-09 | 2006-11-16 | Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Human monoclonal antibodies to programmed death 1(pd-1) and methods for treating cancer using anti-pd-1 antibodies alone or in combination with other immunotherapeutics |
WO2006133396A2 (en) | 2005-06-08 | 2006-12-14 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute | Methods and compositions for the treatment of persistent infections and cancer by inhibiting the programmed cell death 1 (pd-1) pathway |
WO2007005874A2 (en) | 2005-07-01 | 2007-01-11 | Medarex, Inc. | Human monoclonal antibodies to programmed death ligand 1 (pd-l1) |
WO2007056539A2 (en) | 2005-11-08 | 2007-05-18 | Medarex, Inc. | Prophylaxis and treatment of enterocolitis associated with anti-ctla-4 antibody therapy |
US20070213269A1 (en) | 2005-11-28 | 2007-09-13 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger binding domains for tnn |
US20070154989A1 (en) | 2006-01-03 | 2007-07-05 | The Scripps Research Institute | Zinc finger domains specifically binding agc |
WO2007088229A1 (en) | 2006-02-01 | 2007-08-09 | Dnatrix Inc. | Oncolytic adenoviruses for the treatment of cancer |
WO2008083174A2 (en) | 2006-12-27 | 2008-07-10 | Emory University | Compositions and methods for the treatment of infections and tumors |
WO2008110579A2 (en) | 2007-03-14 | 2008-09-18 | Institut Català D'oncologia | Adenovirus with mutations in the endoplasmic reticulum retention domain of the e3-19k protein and their use in cancer treatment. |
WO2009014708A2 (en) | 2007-07-23 | 2009-01-29 | Cell Genesys, Inc. | Pd-1 antibodies in combination with a cytokine-secreting cell and methods of use thereof |
WO2009073533A2 (en) | 2007-11-30 | 2009-06-11 | Medarex, Inc. | Anti-b7h4 monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate and methods of use |
US8609089B2 (en) | 2008-08-25 | 2013-12-17 | Amplimmune, Inc. | Compositions of PD-1 antagonists and methods of use |
US8709416B2 (en) | 2008-08-25 | 2014-04-29 | Amplimmune, Inc. | Compositions of PD-1 antagonists and methods of use |
US8114845B2 (en) | 2008-08-25 | 2012-02-14 | Amplimmune, Inc. | Compositions of PD-1 antagonists and methods of use |
WO2010108931A1 (en) | 2009-03-24 | 2010-09-30 | Fundació Privada Institut D'investigació Biomèdica De Bellvitge (Idibell) | Combination of an oncolytic adenovirus and a calcium channel blocker and its use for the treatment of cancer |
WO2010128182A1 (en) | 2009-05-06 | 2010-11-11 | Fundació Privada Institut D'investigació Biomèdica De Bellvitge | Oncolytic adenoviruses for treating cancer |
WO2011072246A2 (en) | 2009-12-10 | 2011-06-16 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Tal effector-mediated dna modification |
US20110145940A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 | 2011-06-16 | Voytas Daniel F | Tal effector-mediated dna modification |
US20130071414A1 (en) | 2011-04-27 | 2013-03-21 | Gianpietro Dotti | Engineered cd19-specific t lymphocytes that coexpress il-15 and an inducible caspase-9 based suicide gene for the treatment of b-cell malignancies |
US20140342003A1 (en) | 2011-12-02 | 2014-11-20 | Yale University | Enzymatic synthesis of poly(amine-co-esters) and methods of use thereof for gene delivery |
WO2013082529A1 (en) | 2011-12-02 | 2013-06-06 | Yale University | Enzymatic synthesis of poly(amine-co-esters) and methods of use thereof for gene delivery |
WO2013112942A1 (en) | 2012-01-25 | 2013-08-01 | Dna Trix, Inc. | Biomarkers and combination therapies using oncolytic virus and immunomodulation |
WO2013116778A2 (en) | 2012-02-02 | 2013-08-08 | Board Of Regents | Immunogenic adenovirus |
WO2013176772A1 (en) | 2012-05-25 | 2013-11-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Methods and compositions for rna-directed target dna modification and for rna-directed modulation of transcription |
US20150290244A1 (en) | 2012-07-13 | 2015-10-15 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Use of cart19 to deplete normal b cells to induce tolerance |
WO2014018423A2 (en) | 2012-07-25 | 2014-01-30 | The Broad Institute, Inc. | Inducible dna binding proteins and genome perturbation tools and applications thereof |
US20150017120A1 (en) | 2013-06-13 | 2015-01-15 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Synergistic tumor treatment with extended-pk il-2 and adoptive cell therapy |
WO2014204814A1 (en) | 2013-06-18 | 2014-12-24 | Dnatrix, Inc. | Treatment of brain cancer with oncolytic adenovirus |
WO2015077624A1 (en) | 2013-11-22 | 2015-05-28 | Dnatrix, Inc. | Adenovirus expressing immune cell stimulatory receptor agonist(s) |
WO2015089280A1 (en) | 2013-12-11 | 2015-06-18 | The General Hospital Corporation | Stem cell delivered oncolytic herpes simplex virus and methods for treating brain tumors |
WO2015134607A1 (en) | 2014-03-04 | 2015-09-11 | Yale University | Cell penetrating anti-guanosine antibody based therapy for cancers with ras mutations |
US20150283178A1 (en) | 2014-04-07 | 2015-10-08 | Carl H. June | Treatment of cancer using anti-cd19 chimeric antigen receptor |
WO2015166082A1 (en) | 2014-04-30 | 2015-11-05 | Institut D'investigació Biomèdica De Bellvitge (Idibell) | Adenovirus comprising an albumin-binding moiety |
WO2016013870A1 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2016-01-28 | 아주대학교산학협력단 | Method for positioning, in cytoplasm, antibody having complete immunoglobulin form by penetrating antibody through cell membrane, and use for same |
WO2016081621A1 (en) | 2014-11-18 | 2016-05-26 | Yale University | Formulations for targeted release of agents under low ph conditions and methods of use thereof |
WO2017143042A2 (en) | 2016-02-16 | 2017-08-24 | Yale University | Compositions for enhancing targeted gene editing and methods of use thereof |
WO2017218824A1 (en) | 2016-06-15 | 2017-12-21 | Yale University | Anti-guanosine antibody as a molecular delivery vehicle |
WO2018187493A1 (en) | 2017-04-04 | 2018-10-11 | Yale University | Compositions and methods for in utero delivery |
Non-Patent Citations (251)
Title |
---|
"Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences", 1975, MARK PUBLISHING COMPANY |
"UniProtKB", Database accession no. P60568 |
AHMED ET AL., CLIN CANCER RES., vol. 16, 2010, pages 474 - 485 |
AHMED ET AL., MOL THER., vol. 17, 2009, pages 1779 - 1787 |
ALTENSCHMIDT ET AL., CLIN CANCER RES., vol. 2, 1996, pages 1001 - 1008 |
ANDERSEN ET AL., J INVESTIG MED, vol. 57, no. 1, 2009, pages 168 |
AZUMA ET AL., BLOOD, vol. 111, 2008, pages 3635 - 3643 |
BAIRD ET AL., CANCER RES, vol. 76, no. 22, 2016, pages 6747 - 61 |
BALDWIN ET AL., PFLUGERS ARCH, vol. 447, no. 5, 2004, pages 735 - 43 |
BARBER ET AL., EXP HEMATOL., vol. 36, 2008, pages 1318 - 1328 |
BARBER ET AL., NAT REV IMMUNOL, vol. 15, no. 12, 2015, pages 760 - 70 |
BARRETT ET AL., ANNU REV MED., vol. 65, 2014, pages 333 - 347 |
BERGER ET AL., CLIN. CANCER RES., vol. 14, 2008, pages 30443051 |
BERGER ET AL., J. CLIN. INVEST., vol. 118, 2008, pages 294 - 305 |
BERNSTEIN ET AL., NATURE, vol. 411, no. 494, 2001, pages 498 - 6 |
BODERA, P, RECENT PAT INFLAMM ALLERGY DRUG DISCOV, vol. 5, no. 1, 2011, pages 87 - 93 |
BRAASCH ET AL., CHEM. BIOL., vol. 8, no. 1, 2001, pages 1 - 7 |
BRAHMER ET AL., J CLIN ONCOL, vol. 28, 2010, pages 3167 - 3175 |
BRENTJENS ET AL., BLOOD, vol. 118, 2011, pages 6050 - 6056 |
BRENTJENS ET AL., MOLECULAR THERAPY, vol. 17, 2009, pages S157 |
BRENTJENS ET AL., NAT MED., vol. 9, 2003, pages 279 - 286 |
BRENTJENS ET AL., SCI TRANSLMED., vol. 5, 2013, pages 177ra38 |
BULLAIN ET AL., J NEUROONCOL., 2009 |
BURNS ET AL., CANCER RES., vol. 70, 2010, pages 3027 - 3033 |
BUTTE ET AL., IMMUNITY, vol. 27, 2007, pages 111 - 122 |
CARRAN ET AL., J GENE MED., vol. 14, 2012, pages 405 - 415 |
CARRENO ET AL., ANNU REV IMMUNOL, vol. 20, 2002, pages 29 - 53 |
CARTELLIERI ET AL., JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 2010, no. 956304, pages 13 |
CERMAK ET AL., NUCL. ACIDS RES., 2011, pages 1 - 11 |
CHANG ET AL., ACTA NEUROPATHOL COMMUN, vol. 9, 2021, pages 112 |
CHARO ET AL., CANCER RES., vol. 65, no. 5, 2005, pages 2001 - 8 |
CHEEVER ET AL., CLIN CANCER RES., vol. 15, 2009, pages 5323 - 5337 |
CHEN ET AL., IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 4, 2004, pages 336 - 347 |
CHEN ET AL., NAT IMMUNOL, vol. 17, no. 10, 2016, pages 1 142 - 9 |
CHEN ET AL., ONCOTARGET, vol. 7, no. 37, 2016, pages 59965 - 59975 |
CHEN ET AL., THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, vol. 125, 2015, pages 3384 - 3391 |
CHEUNG ET AL., HYBRID HYBRIDOMICS, vol. 22, 2003, pages 209 - 218 |
CHMIELEWSKI ET AL., J IMMUNOL., vol. 173, 2004, pages 7647 - 7653 |
CHOTHIALESK, J. MOL. BIOL., vol. 196, 1987, pages 901 - 917 |
CHOW ET AL., MOL THER., vol. 21, 2013, pages 629 - 637 |
COLBURN ET AL., JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY, vol. 30, no. 5, 2003, pages 993 - 97 |
COLBURN ET AL., LUPUS, vol. 10, 2001, pages 410 - 7 |
COLBURNGREEN, CLIN CHIM ACTA, vol. 370, 2006, pages 9 - 16 |
COLBURNGREEN, CLIN CLAIM ACTA, vol. 370, 2006, pages 9 - 16 |
CONG, SCIENCE, vol. 339, no. 6121, 2013, pages 819 - 823 |
COOPER ET AL., BLOOD, vol. 105, 2005, pages 1622 - 1631 |
CORRALES ET AL., CELL REP, vol. 11, no. 7, 2015, pages 1018 - 30 |
CORRALES ET AL., CELL RES, vol. 27, no. 1, 2017, pages 96 - 108 |
CORRALES ET AL., J CLIN INVEST, vol. 126, no. 7, 2016, pages 2404 - 11 |
COUGOT ET AL., TRENDS IN BIOCHEM. SCI., vol. 29, 2001, pages 436 - 444 |
CRAWFORD ET AL., J BIOL CHEM, vol. 273, no. 9, 1998, pages 5288 - 93 |
CUBILLOS-RUIZ ET AL., J. CLIN. INVEST., vol. 119, no. 8, 2009, pages 2231 - 2244 |
DALL ET AL., CANCER IMMUNOL IMMUNOTHER, vol. 54, 2005, pages 51 - 60 |
DALPKE, AH, IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 106, no. 1, 2002, pages 102 - 12 |
DALY, CANCER GENE THER., vol. 7, 2000, pages 284 - 291 |
DANIAL ET AL., CELL, vol. 116, 2004, pages 205 - 219 |
DAVIES ET AL., MOL MED., vol. 18, 2012, pages 565 - 576 |
DAVIES ET AL., MOLMED., vol. 18, 2012, pages 565 - 576 |
DEMARIA ET AL., PROC NATL ACAD SCI USA, vol. 112, no. 50, 2015, pages 15408 - 13 |
DENG ET AL., IMMUNITY, vol. 41, no. 5, 2014, pages 843 - 52 |
DESAI ET AL., PHARM. RES., vol. 14, 1997, pages 1568 - 73 |
DI STASI ET AL., BLOOD, vol. 113, 2009, pages 6392 - 6402 |
DONG ET AL., IMMUNITY, vol. 20, 2004, pages 327 - 336 |
DONINI ET AL., J THORAC DIS., vol. 10, May 2018 (2018-05-01), pages 51581 - 51601 |
DOS SANTOS-RODRIGUES ET AL., VITAM HORM, vol. 98, 2015, pages 487 - 523 |
DOTTI ET AL., IMMUNOL REV, vol. 257, no. 1, January 2014 (2014-01-01), pages 35 |
DOTTI, MOLECULAR THERAPY, vol. 22, no. 5, 2014, pages 899 - 890 |
EATON ET AL., GENE THERAPY, vol. 9, 2002, pages 527 - 35 |
ELANGO ET AL., BIOCHIM. BIOPHYS. RES. COMMUN., vol. 330, 2005, pages 958 - 966 |
ELBASHIR ET AL., GENES DEV., vol. 15, 2001, pages 188 - 200 |
ERBE ET AL., J. BIOL. CHEM., vol. 277, 2002, pages 7363 - 7368 |
FEDOROV ET AL., SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE, vol. 5, 2013, pages 215ra172 |
FINNEY ET AL., J IMMUNOL., vol. 161, 1998, pages 2791 - 2797 |
FIRE ET AL., NATURE, vol. 391, 1998, pages 806 - 11 |
FLIES ET AL., JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTHERAPY, vol. 30, 2007, pages 251 - 260 |
FREEMAN, PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. U. S. A, vol. 105, 2008, pages 10275 - 10276 |
FU ET AL., SCI TRANSL MED, vol. 7, no. 283, 2015, pages 283ra52 |
GADKAREE ET AL., NECK, vol. 39, no. 6, 2017, pages 1086 - 94 |
GATTENLOHNER ET AL., CANCER RES., vol. 66, 2006, pages 24 - 28 |
GATTINONI ET AL., NAT. MED., vol. 17, 2012, pages 1290 - 1297 |
GILHAM ET AL., J IMMUNOTHER., vol. 25, 2002, pages 139 - 151 |
GONG ET AL., NEOPLASIA, vol. 1, 1999, pages 123 - 127 |
GOVINDARAJAN ET AL., AM .7 PHYSIOL REGUL INTEGR COMP PHYSIOL, vol. 293, no. 5, 2007, pages R1809 - 22 |
GRADA ET AL., MOL THER NUCLEIC ACIDS, vol. 2, 2013, pages e105 |
GREENWALD ET AL., ANNU REV IMMUNOL, vol. 23, 2005, pages 515 - 548 |
GRIFFITHS ET AL., BIOCHEM J, vol. 328, 1997, pages 739 - 43 |
GRUPP ET AL., N EIIGL J MED, 2013 |
GUPTA ET AL.: "Gene Therapy for Inherited Retinal Disease", REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, 10 May 2022 (2022-05-10) |
HAMID ET AL., J TRANSL MED, vol. 9, 2011, pages 204 |
HAMMOND, NATURE, vol. 404, 2000, pages 293 - 6 |
HANNA, J. ET AL., SCIENCE, vol. 318, 2007, pages 1920 - 1923 |
HANNON, NATURE, vol. 418, 2002, pages 244 - 51 |
HANSEN ET AL., J BIOL CHEM., vol. 282, 2007, pages 20790 - 20793 |
HARTMANN, G, J OF IMMURR., vol. 164, no. 3, 2000, pages 1617 - 2 |
HASO ET AL., BLOOD, vol. 121, 2013, pages 1165 - 1174 |
HAYNES ET AL., J IMMUNOL., vol. 166, 2001, pages 182 - 187 |
HE ET AL., CANCER LETT, vol. 402, 2017, pages 203 - 12 |
HEEMSKERK ET AL., HUMAN GENE THERAPY, vol. 19, 2008, pages 496 - 510 |
HEKELE ET AL., INT J CANCER, vol. 68, 1996, pages 232 - 238 |
HOMBACH ET AL., CANCER RES., vol. 58, 1998, pages 1116 - 1119 |
HOMBACH ET AL., GASTROENTEROLOGY, vol. 113, 1997, pages 1163 - 1170 |
HOMBACH ET AL., GENE THER., vol. 7, 2000, pages 1067 - 1075 |
HUANG ET AL., FEES LETT., vol. 558, no. 1-3, 2004, pages 69 - 73 |
HUDECEK ET AL., CLIN CANCER RES, 2013 |
HUDECEK ET AL., CLIN CANCER RES., vol. 19, no. 12, 2013, pages 3153 - 64 |
HUNTER ET AL., MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 56, 2013, pages 1 - 11 |
HWU ET AL., CANCER RES., vol. 55, 1995, pages 3369 - 3373 |
HWU ET AL., J EXP MED., vol. 178, 1993, pages 361 - 366 |
IRVING ET AL., CELL, vol. 64, 1991, pages 891 - 901 |
IWAI ET AL., JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE, vol. 24, 2017, pages 26 |
IWAI ET AL., JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE, vol. 24, no. 1, pages 26 |
J CLIN INVEST., vol. 120, 2010, pages 3953 - 3968 |
JENSEN ET AL., BIOL BLOOD MARROW TRANSPLANT, 2010 |
JENSEN ET AL., BIOL BLOOD MARROW TRANSPLANT, vol. 4, 1998, pages 75 - 83 |
JENSEN ET AL., IMMUNOL REV., vol. 257, no. 1, 2014, pages 127 - 144 |
JINEK ET AL., SCIENCE, vol. 337, no. 6096, 2012, pages 816 - 21 |
JOHNSON ET AL., J IMMUNOL, vol. 206, no. 9, 2021, pages 2015 - 28 |
KAHLON ET AL., CANCER RES., vol. 64, 2004, pages 9160 - 9166 |
KALOS ET AL., SCI TRANSLMED., vol. 3, 2011, pages 95ra73 |
KARLSSON ET AL., ., CANCER GENE THERAPY, vol. 20, 2013, pages 386 - 93 |
KATARI ET AL., HPB, vol. 13, 2011, pages 643 - 650 |
KEIR ET AL., ANNU REV IMMUNOL, vol. 26, 2008, pages 677 - 704 |
KERSHAW ET AL., CLIN CANCER RES., vol. 12, 2006, pages 6106 - 6115 |
KERSHAW ET AL., NAT BIOTECHNOL., vol. 20, 2002, pages 1221 - 1227 |
KIM ET AL., J. BIOL. CHEM., vol. 269, no. 31, 1994, pages 978 - 31,982 |
KIM ET AL., PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. USA., vol. 91, 1994, pages 883 - 887 |
KOCHENDERFER ET AL., BLOOD, vol. 119, 2012, pages 2709 - 2720 |
KUWANA ET AL., BIOCHEM BIOPHYS RES COMMUN., vol. 149, 1987, pages 960 - 968 |
LAMERS ET AL., J CLIN ONCOL., vol. 24, 2006, pages e20 - e22 |
LANITIS ET AL., MOL THER., vol. 20, 2012, pages 633 - 643 |
LARKIN ET AL., THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, vol. 373, 2015, pages 311 - 319 |
LARSON ET AL., NAT PROTOC, vol. 8, 2013, pages 2180 - 2196 |
LEHNER ET AL., PLOS ONE, vol. 7, 2012, pages e31210 |
LEHNER ET AL., PLOS ONE., vol. 7, 2012, pages e31210 |
LI ET AL., CLIN EXP IMMUNOL, vol. 159, no. 3, 2010, pages 281 - 291 |
LI ET AL., PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. USA, vol. 90, 1993, pages 2764 - 2768 |
LI ET AL., PROC., NATL. ACAD. SCI. USA, vol. 89, 1992, pages 4275 - 4279 |
LORENZ ET AL., BIOORG. MED. CHEM. LETT., vol. 14, no. 19, 2004, pages 4975 - 4977 |
LUENS ET AL., BLOOD, vol. 91, 1998, pages 1206 - 1215 |
LUO ET AL., NAT NANOTECHNOL, vol. 12, no. 7, 2017, pages 648 - 54 |
MA ET AL., ANTISENSE NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEV., vol. 8, 1998, pages 415 - 426 |
MAHER, ISRN OI2COL, vol. 2012, 2012, pages 278093 |
MARTINEZ ET AL., CELL, vol. 110, 2002, pages 563 - 74 |
MCGUINNESS ET AL., HUM GENE THER., vol. 10, 1999, pages 165 - 173 |
MEAZZA ET AL., JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICINE & BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2011, pages 861920 |
MEIER ET AL., MAGN RESON MED., vol. 65, 2011, pages 756 - 763 |
MEZZANZANICA ET AL., CANCER GENE THER.,, vol. 5, 1998, pages 401 - 407 |
MICHAUD ET AL., JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTHERAPY, vol. 33, 2010, pages 382 - 390 |
MILLER ET AL., NATURE BIOTECHNOL, vol. 29, 2011, pages 143 |
MIZUTANI ET AL., J DERMATOL SCI, vol. 97, no. 10, 2020, pages 21 - 29 |
MOLNAR ET AL., PNAS, vol. 105, 2008, pages 10483 - 10488 |
MOON ET AL., CLIN CANCER RES., vol. 17, 2011, pages 4719 - 4730 |
MORGAN ET AL., HUM GENE THER., vol. 23, 2012, pages 1043 - 1053 |
MORGAN ET AL., MOL THER., vol. 18, 2010, pages 843 - 851 |
MORGENROTH ET AL., PROSTATE, vol. 67, 2007, pages 1121 - 1131 |
MORITZ ET AL., PROC NATL ACAD SCI U.S.A., vol. 91, 1994, pages 4318 - 4322 |
MUNIAPPAN ET AL., CANCER GENE, vol. 7, 2000, pages 128 - 134 |
NAKAMURA, Y. ET AL., NUCL. ACIDS RES., vol. 28, no. 292, 2000 |
NAPOLI ET AL., PLANT CELL, vol. 2, 1990, pages 279 - 89 |
NEHAR-BELAID, NAT IMMUNOL, vol. 2, no. 9, 2020, pages 1094 - 1106 |
NIEDERMAN ET AL., PROC NATL ACAD SCI U.S.A., vol. 99, 2002, pages 7009 - 7014 |
NISHIMURA ET AL., IMMUNITY, vol. 11, 1999, pages 141 - 151 |
NOBLE ET AL., NAT REV RHEUMATOL, vol. 12, no. 7, 2016, pages 429 - 34 |
NOBLE ET AL., SCI REP, vol. 4, 2014, pages 5958 |
NOLAN ET AL., CLIN CANCER RES., vol. 5, 1999, pages 3928 - 3941 |
NYCE ET AL., NATURE, vol. 385, 1997, pages 721 - 725 |
NYKANEN ET AL., CELL, vol. 107, 2001, pages 309 - 21 |
OLTERSDORF ET AL., NATURE, vol. 435, 2005, pages 677 - 681 |
OPFERMAN ET AL., NATURE, vol. 426, 2003, pages 671 - 676 |
PAI ET AL., NATURE, vol. 341, 1989, pages 209 - 14 |
PARK ET AL., BLOOD, vol. 116, 2010, pages 1291 - 1298 |
PARK ET AL., MOL THER., vol. 15, 2007, pages 825 - 833 |
PAULOS ET AL., SCI. TRANSL. MED., vol. 2, 2010, pages 55 - 78 |
PEDERSON ET AL., COLD SPRING HARB PERSPECT BIOL., vol. 3, 2011, pages a000638 |
PEINERT ET AL., GENE THER., vol. 17, 2010, pages 678 - 686 |
PENTCHEVA-HOANG ET AL., IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS, vol. 229, 2009, pages 67 - 87 |
PESIRIDISFITZGERALD, NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS, vol. 20, 2019, pages 657 - 674 |
PFEIFFER ET AL., EMBO MOL MED., vol. 10, no. 11, 2018, pages e9158 |
PORTER ET AL., N ENGL J MED., vol. 365, 2011, pages 725 - 733 |
PULE ET AL., NAT MED., vol. 14, 2008, pages 1264 - 1270 |
QIAO ET AL., CURR OPIN IMMUNOL, 2017 |
RAMOSDOTTI, EXPERT OPIN BIOL THER., vol. 11, 2011, pages 855 - 873 |
RATTRAY ET AL., JCI INSIGHT, vol. 6, no. 14, 2021, pages el45875 |
REN-HEIDENREICH ET AL., CANCER IMMUNOL IMMUNOTHER., vol. 51, 2002, pages 417 - 423 |
RIBAS ET AL., CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH: AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER RESEARCH, vol. 15, 2009, pages 6267 - 6276 |
RICCIARDI ET AL., NAT COMMUN, vol. 9, no. 1, 26 June 2018 (2018-06-26), pages 2481 |
RITCHIE ET AL., MOL THER, 2013 |
RIVERA VARGAS ET AL., EUR J CANCER, 2017 |
ROBBINS: "Gene therapy pioneer says the field is behind - and that delivery technology is embarrassing", STAT, November 2019 (2019-11-01) |
ROSENBERG ET AL., ADV. CANCER RES., vol. 25, 1977, pages 323 - 388 |
ROSSIG ET AL., INT J CANCER., vol. 94, 2001, pages 228 - 236 |
RUMP ET AL., BIOCHEM. PHARMACOL., vol. 59, no. 11, 2000, pages 1407 - 1416 |
SAMMARTINO ET AL., CLINICAL KIDNEY JOURNAL, vol. 3, no. 2, December 2009 (2009-12-01), pages 135 - 137 |
SAMPSON ET AL., SEMIN IMMUNOL., vol. 20, no. 5, 2008, pages 267 - 75 |
SAVOLDO ET AL., BLOOD, vol. 110, 2007, pages 2620 - 2630 |
SAVOLDO ET AL., J CLIN INVEST., vol. 121, 2011, pages 1822 - 1826 |
SCHUBERTH ET AL., GENE THER., vol. 24, 2013, pages 295 - 305 |
SEOWWOOD, MOL THER, vol. 17, no. 5, 2009, pages 767 - 777 |
SHIRALI ET AL.: "DNA-targeting and cell-penetrating antibody-drug conjugate", BIORXIV. DOI: DOI.ORG/10.1101/2023.04.12.536500 |
SHOENFELD ET AL., A ENGL J MED, vol. 308, no. 8, 1983, pages 414 - 420 |
SMITH ET AL., NAT NANOTECHNOL., vol. 12, no. 8, 2017, pages 813 - 820 |
SMITH ET AL., NAT NANOTECHNOL., vol. 12, no. 8, pages 813 - 820 |
SONG ET AL., HUM GENE THER., vol. 24, 2013, pages 295 - 305 |
SOUTSCHEK ET AL., NATURE, vol. 432, no. 7014, 2004, pages 173 - 178 |
SPEAR ET AL., J IMMUNOL., vol. 188, 2012, pages 6389 - 6398 |
SPRANGER ET AL., J IMMUNOTHER CANCER, vol. 2, 2014, pages 3 |
STANCOVSKI ET AL., J IMMUNOL., vol. 151, 1993, pages 6577 - 6582 |
STEPINSKI ET AL., RNA, vol. 7, 2001, pages 1468 - 95 |
STERCHAK, E. P. ET AL., ORGANIC. CHEM., vol. 52, 1987, pages 4202 |
STOLLARBOREL, J IMMUNOL, vol. 117, 1976, pages 1308 - 1313 |
TAMADA ET AL., CLIN CANCER RES., vol. 18, no. 8, 2012, pages 6436 - 6445 |
TENG ET AL., HUM GENE THER., vol. 15, 2004, pages 699 - 708 |
TETTAMANTI ET AL., BR J HAEMATOL., vol. 161, 2013, pages 389 - 401 |
TIVOL ET AL., IMMUNITY, vol. 3, 1995, pages 541 - 547 |
TOPALIAN ET AL., J CLIN ONCOL, vol. 32, 2014, pages 1020 - 1030 |
TOPALIAN ET AL., THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, vol. 366, 2012, pages 2443 - 2454 |
TWYMAN-SAINT ET AL., NATURE, vol. 520, 2015, pages 373 - 377 |
UI-TEI ET AL., FEBS LETT, vol. 479, 2000, pages 79 - 82 |
URBANSKA ET AL., CANCER RES., vol. 72, 2012, pages 1844 - 1852 |
VERA ET AL., BLOOD, vol. 108, 2006, pages 3890 - 3897 |
VOLLMER, JKRIEG, AM, ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS, vol. 61, no. 3, 2009, pages 195 - 204 |
WAN ET AL., FRONT IMMUNOL, vol. 13, 2022, pages 826880 |
WANG ET AL., CURR TOP MICROBIOL IMMUNOL, vol. 344, 2011, pages 245 - 267 |
WANG ET AL., HUM GENE THER., vol. 18, 2007, pages 712 - 725 |
WANG ET AL., MOL THER., vol. 9, 2004, pages 577 - 586 |
WANG ET AL., PROC NATL ACAD SCI U S A, vol. 114, no. 7, 2017, pages 1637 - 42 |
WATERHOUSE ET AL., SCIENCE, vol. 270, 1995, pages 985 - 988 |
WEIJTENS ET AL., INT J CANCER, vol. 77, 1998, pages 181 - 187 |
WEINER, GL, PNAS USA, vol. 94, no. 20, 1997, pages 10833 - 7 |
WEISBAR ET AL., CLIN IMMUNOL AND IMMUNOPATHOL, vol. 27, 1983, pages 403 - 11 |
WEISBART ET AL., SCI REP, vol. 5, 2015, pages 12022 |
WEISING ET AL., ANN. REV. GENETICS, vol. 22, 1988, pages 421 |
WESTWOOD ET AL., PROC NATL ACAD SCI U.S.A., vol. 102, 2005, pages 19051 - 19056 |
WHERRY ET AL., NAT IMMUNOL, vol. 12, 2011, pages 492 - 499 |
WILKIE ET AL., J IMMUNOL., vol. 180, 2008, pages 4901 - 4909 |
WILLEMSEN ET AL., GENE THER., vol. 8, 2001, pages 1601 - 1608 |
WILLEMSEN ET AL., J IMMUNOL., vol. 174, 2005, pages 7853 - 7858 |
WING ET AL., SCIENCE, vol. 322, 2008, pages 271 - 275 |
XIA ET AL., RES, vol. 76, no. 22, 2016, pages 6747 - 59 |
YAGHOUBI ET AL., NAT CLIN PRACT ONCOL., vol. 6, 2009, pages 53 - 58 |
YEEWEISBART, CLIN IMMUNOL AND IMMUNOPATHOL, vol. 36, 1985, pages 161 - 67 |
YU ET AL., CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH: AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER RESEARCH, vol. 16, 2010, pages 6019 - 6028 |
YUN ET AL., NEOPLASIA, vol. 2, 2000, pages 449 - 459 |
ZAIDA ET AL., INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, vol. 76, no. 5, 2008, pages 2123 - 2129 |
ZETSCHE ET AL., CELL, DOI:10.1016/J.CELL.2015.09.038, 2015 |
ZHANG ET AL., MOL CELL., vol. 51, no. 2, 2013, pages 226 - 35 |
ZHANG ET AL., NATURE MEDICINE, vol. 11, 2005, pages 1238 - 1243 |
ZHAO ET AL., J IMMUNOL., vol. 183, 2009, pages 5563 - 5574 |
ZHOU ET AL., NATURE MATERIALS, vol. 11, 2012, pages 82 - 90 |
ZIELKE ET AL., METHODS CELL BIOL., vol. 8, 1974, pages 107 - 121 |
ZOU ET AL., IMMUNOLOGY, vol. 8, 2008, pages 467 - 477 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US11850284B2 (en) | Compositions and methods for delivery of nucleic acids to cells | |
JP7409773B2 (en) | Modified cells and methods of treatment | |
JP2019531084A (en) | ANTICLUDIN PROTEIN 18A2 ANTIBODY AND ITS APPLICATION | |
JP2024506557A (en) | Methods of producing modified tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and their use in adoptive cell therapy | |
JP2023523855A (en) | Method for producing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and their use in immunotherapy | |
KR20230117174A (en) | Compositions and methods for delivering nucleic acids to cells | |
US20230265214A1 (en) | Compositions and methods for delivery of nucleic acids to cells | |
WO2019094983A1 (en) | Methods and compositions for treating cancer by targeting the clec2d-klrb1 pathway | |
US20220096551A1 (en) | Combinations, nanoparticles and methods for controlling natural killer cell activation and function | |
KR20220097445A (en) | Interleukin 10 conjugates and uses thereof | |
WO2024081736A2 (en) | Compositions and methods of using cell-penetrating antibodies | |
US20220411479A1 (en) | Cd20 chimeric antigen receptors and methods of use for immunotherapy | |
JP2024515189A (en) | Chimeric costimulatory receptors, chemokine receptors, and their uses in cellular immunotherapy - Patents.com | |
CN117295753A (en) | Compositions and methods for delivering nucleic acids to cells | |
WO2024092126A1 (en) | Compositions and methods for improved immunotherapies | |
WO2023111913A1 (en) | Engineered anti-liv1 cell with regnase-1 and/or tgfbrii disruption |