WO2022053999A1

WO2022053999A1 - System, method and apparatus for enhancing a fluid

Info

Publication number: WO2022053999A1
Application number: PCT/IB2021/058244
Authority: WO
Inventors: Marcel Pascal SCHAEFER; Aaron Todd Holmes; Craig David SHANNON; Alexandra Andrea OETZEL; Michael Vernon TAIT; Brendon David Midgley
Original assignee: Seven Vibrations Limited
Priority date: 2020-09-11
Filing date: 2021-09-10
Publication date: 2022-03-17

Abstract

A system, method, and apparatus for enhancing the composition of a liquid, such as drinking water, by mixing one or more desired substances, such as minerals, to the water. The fluid enhancement apparatus comprises a main fluid flow path having an inlet for receiving a main fluid stream and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid stream, and at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path for combining a pre-stored substance with the received main fluid stream to create the enhanced fluid stream. Each substance delivery unit, which may be in the form of a replaceable cartridge, comprises a first storage chamber for holding the pre-stored substance, a second administration chamber for administering the substance, and a filter located between and fluidly connecting the first chamber to the second chamber. The apparatus is configured to administer a substantially consistent concentration of the substance.

Description

SYSTEM, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ENHANCING A FLUID

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a system, method, and apparatus for enhancing a fluid, and in particular for enhancing a fluid via dissolvable substance(s).

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Water for human consumption normally comes from a variety of sources including rivers, reservoirs, desalination plants or wells. The composition of such water typically depends on the source and often, this untreated water consists of a variety of impurities or unwanted chemicals that must be removed for safe consumption.

Water purification methods are typically used to remove any impurities that may exist in water from certain sources. Such purification methods may include, for example, distillation and/or filtration. The aim is to provide nearly pure H2O that is almost entirely free of all impurities or other foreign compounds or elements. Purification methods, however, typically result in not only the removal of unwanted impurities, but often also the removal of wanted or potentially beneficial substances that may have existed in the water composition before treatment, such as magnesium or calcium-based minerals.

Demineralised water is defined as water almost or completely free of dissolved minerals because of purification. The total dissolved solids (TDS) in such water can vary, but TDS could be as low as 1 mg/L. The World Health Organization (WHO) has published various articles indicating the various health risks associated with drinking demineralised water. For instance, demineralised water can have a negative effect on homeostasis mechanisms, compromising the mineral and water metabolism in the body. Demineralised water can also have poor taste characteristics and lower thirstquenching properties. This could adversely affect the likability of the water and in turn affect the amount of water consumed by individuals. Furthermore, the modern diet of many people may not be an adequate source of minerals and microelements, and even a relatively low intake of a particular mineral or element with drinking water may play a relevant protective role.

It is therefore desirable, if not essential, to introduce certain substances into purified water, such as minerals, to alter its composition before consumption. This can have the benefits of reducing health risks associated with drinking purified water, increasing the intake levels of essential or desirable minerals or microelements, and/or improving the taste characteristics and overall consumption levels of the drinking water.

Current solutions for domestic applications include standalone devices, such as water cooling and/or purification units that consist of flow-through cartridges having a particular substance composition stored in the cartridge. U.S. patent publication 2019/0375656 discloses an example of such a device. The flow-through cartridge of this device has a dissolvable solid mineral stored in the cartridge. When purified water is directed through the cartridge, some of the solid mineral dissolves in the water to produce enriched water. The problem with this particular flow-through cartridge design is mineral uptake can be considerably inconsistent, due to varying factors such as the flow rate of water through the cartridge, the capacity for solids to dissolve in the water at a particular time, the amount of solid minerals remaining in the cartridge and the reaction time available for the solids to dissolve in the water. This can result in an enriched water output with inconsistent mineral concentrations.

Other solutions include providing a refillable water storage chamber to which minerals can be directly added by a user. Such solutions cannot deliver a consistent concentration of mineralised water for a long period of time, without requiring the user to frequently refill the storage chamber with both water and minerals.

Fluid enhancement devices for other liquid applications, such as pool water chlorination, bath, shower or other cleaning water enhancement, gardening or agricultural water enhancement, home or hobby aquariums, production of alcohol, modification of chemicals, infusion of substances into oils, flavouring milk, and/or other general liquid additive applications requiring a substantially continuous administration of a substance or substances, can also suffer from the same limitations of an inconsistent uptake of a desired substance or substances.

It would therefore be desirable to provide a fluid enhancement technique that can combine a fluid with a substantially consistent concentration of a particular substance or substances. It would also be desirable to provide a fluid enhancement technique that can maintain a consistent administration of a substance into the fluid for a relatively long period, using a relatively compact storage cartridge or unit, to prolong cartridge lifetime and make it suitable for domestic use applications. It is an object of the present invention to provide an alternative fluid enhancement method, system or apparatus that achieves some or all the above-mentioned desired results, or to at least provide the public with a useful choice.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a fluid inlet for receiving a fluid; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and configured to combine the fluid with a substantially consistent concentration of a prestored substance; and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid including the combined substance.

In another aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a main fluid flow path having an inlet for receiving a main fluid stream and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid stream; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path for combining a pre-stored substance with the received main fluid stream to create the enhanced fluid stream, wherein each substance delivery unit comprises: a first storage chamber, a second administration chamber, and a filter located between and fluidly connecting the first chamber to the second chamber.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit further comprises a first inlet for receiving a flow of fluid including a solvent, the inlet being fluidly connected to the first chamber to deliver the received solvent into the first chamber. Preferably, the apparatus further comprises a first input flow-path for each delivery unit fluidly connected to the first inlet of each delivery unit. Preferably, the input flow path of each delivery unit is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path. Preferably, the delivery unit input flow path branches from the main flow path. Alternatively, the delivery unit input flow path is fluidly connected to a fluid source separate to the main fluid flow path. In an embodiment, each delivery unit inlet is sealably connectable to the delivery unit input flow path. Preferably, each delivery unit inlet is releasably connectable to the respective delivery unit input flow path.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit further comprises an administration outlet fluidly connected to the second chamber and to the main fluid flow path for administering and combining a solution including the respective substance held in the second chamber with the main fluids stream flowing through the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the delivery unit input flow path branches from the main flow path downstream of the main fluid flow path inlet and upstream of the administration outlet of each delivery unit, in the direction of flow of the main fluids stream.

In an embodiment, each delivery unit administration outlet is sealably connectable to the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, each delivery unit administration outlet is releasably connectable to the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises at least one flow controlling element fluidly connected between the administration outlet of at least one of the substance delivery unit(s) and a downstream fluid flow path, for controlling a characteristic of flow of the substance via the outlet and into the downstream fluid path.

In an embodiment, at least one flow controlling element(s) is(are) configured to control activation and/or direction of flow of fluid from the administration outlet into the downstream fluid path.

In an embodiment, the flow controlling element(s) comprises a valve configured to control the activation of flow of the substance into the downstream fluid path.

In an embodiment, the downstream fluid path is the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the downstream fluid path is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path, upstream of the main fluid flow path outlet. In an embodiment, the valve is operable based on the flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path.

Preferably, the valve is configured to trigger the flow of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a fluid is flowing through the downstream fluid path. In some cases, the valve is configured to trigger the flow of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the main fluid flow path when a flow rate or pressure of fluid flowing through the main fluid flow path is above a minimum flow rate or pressure.

Preferably, the valve is configured to at least restrict flow of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when no fluid is flowing through the downstream flow path. Preferably, the valve substantially inhibits administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the main fluid flow path when no fluid is flowing through the downstream fluid path. In some cases, the valve substantially inhibits administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a flow rate or pressure of fluid flowing through the downstream fluid path is below a minimum flow rate or pressure.

Preferably, the valve is operable based on the flow rate of fluid flowing through the downstream fluid path. Preferably, the valve is operable to alter the rate of administration of the substance from the substance delivery unit based on the flow rate of fluid flowing through the downstream fluid flow path. Preferably, the valve is operable to increase the rate of administration when the flow rate of fluid through the downstream fluid path increases and/or to decrease the rate of administration when the flow rate of fluid through the downstream fluid path decreases. The increase and/or decrease of the rate of administration may be proportional to the increase and/or decrease of the flow rate of fluid through the downstream fluid path.

In an embodiment, the valve is fluidly connected with the downstream fluid path, having an inlet that is fluidly connected with the downstream fluid path, an outlet that is fluidly connected with the downstream fluid path and a main valve channel between the valve inlet and the valve outlet.

Preferably, the main valve channel is fluidly connected to the outlet of the substance delivery unit. Preferably, the valve is operable based on the flow of fluid through the main valve channel.

Preferably, the valve triggers the administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a fluid is flowing through the main valve channel. Preferably, the valve triggers the administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a fluid is flowing through the main valve channel and the administration outlet of the substance delivery unit. In some cases, the valve triggers the administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a flow rate of fluid flowing through the main valve channel above a minimum flow rate or pressure.

Preferably, the valve at least restricts administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when substantially no fluid is flowing through the main valve channel. Preferably, the valve substantially inhibits administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when no fluid is flowing through the main valve channel. In some cases, the valve substantially inhibits administration of a substance from the substance delivery unit into the downstream fluid path when a flow rate of fluid flowing through the main valve channel is below a minimum flow rate or pressure.

Preferably, the valve is operable based on the flow rate of fluid flowing through the main valve channel. Preferably, the valve is operable to alter the rate of administration of the substance from the substance delivery unit to the downstream fluid path based on the flow rate of fluid flowing through the main valve channel. Preferably, the valve is operable to increase the rate of administration when the flow rate of fluid through the main valve channel increases and/or decrease the rate of delivery when the flow rate of fluid through the main valve channel decrease. The increase and/or decrease of the rate of administration may be proportional to the increase and/or decrease of the flow rate of fluid through the main valve channel.

Preferably, the valve is a venturi valve. Preferably the main fluid channel comprises a first subsection adjacent the valve inlet, a second, intermediate subsection and a third subsection adjacent the valve outlet. Preferably an average diameter of the valve inlet is larger than an average diameter of the intermediate section. Preferably an average diameter of valve outlet is greater than an average diameter of the intermediate section. Preferably the first subsection comprises a gradually decreasing diameter between the valve inlet and the second subsection. Preferably the third subsection comprises a gradually increasing diameter between the second subsection and the valve outlet.

Preferably, the diameter of the valve inlet is substantially uniform. Preferably the diameter of the valve outlet is substantially uniform. Preferably the diameter of the second, intermediate subsection is substantially uniform.

Preferably, the administration outlet of the substance delivery unit is fluidly connected to the main valve channel. Preferably the administration outlet of the substance delivery unit is fluidly connected to the main valve channel at the third subsection. Alternatively, the administration outlet of the substance delivery unit may be fluidly connected to the main valve channel at the second subsection. In yet another alternative the administration outlet of the substance delivery unit may be fluidly connected to the main valve channel at the first subsection.

In an embodiment, the valve is operable based on capillary forces. The valve may be a capillary trigger valve.

In an embodiment, the valve may comprise a moving element within the main valve channel and an actuation mechanism for changing an operable position of the moving element to open and close the valve accordingly. The actuation mechanism may be mechanical, electrical, magnetic, or hydraulic, for instance.

In an embodiment, the valve is an umbrella valve.

In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises a separate valve fluidly connected to each of two or more of the substance delivery unit(s).

In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises a valve fluidly connected to multiple outlets of multiple substance delivery units.

In an embodiment, at least one flow controlling element of one or more of the substance delivery unit(s) is(are) configured to control or adjust an administration flow rate of a substance through the administration outlet and/or through the downstream fluid path. Preferably the flow controlling element adjusts the administration flow rate of the substance. Preferably the flow rate is adjusted relative to the flow rate of fluid through the main fluid flow path inlet. Preferably the flow controlling element reduces the administration flow rate of the substance. Preferably the flow rate is reduced relative to the flow rate of fluid through the main fluid flow path inlet.

Preferably, the at least one flow controlling element comprises at least one flow path having predetermined flow resistance for achieving a predetermined administration flow rate.

Preferably, a flow resistance of the flow controlling element is different than a flow resistance of the main fluids flow path.

Preferably, a flow resistance of the flow controlling element is substantially higher than a flow resistance of the main fluids flow path.

Preferably, the flow path is a conduit having a predetermined internal cross-sectional area and/or predetermined length for achieving a predetermined administration flow rate. Preferably the conduit has a predetermined internal diameter. Preferably, an internal cross-section area of the conduit is substantially less than an internal cross- sectional area of the main fluids flow path. Preferably, an internal diameter of the conduit is substantially less than an internal diameter of the main fluids flow path.

In an embodiment, the at least one flow controlling element comprises one or more flow path formations or obstructions, including one or more orifices, baffles, and the like, for adjusting a characteristic of flow of fluid, such as the flow rate, through the administration outlet and/or through the downstream fluid path.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises at least one mixing unit, each mixing unit having at least one substance inlet fluidly connected to the administration outlets of multiple substance delivery units and a mixing chamber for mixing the substances delivered by the multiple substance delivery units.

Preferably, each mixing unit is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path and comprises a main fluid inlet connected to the mixing chamber for receiving a flow of the main fluid and allowing the main fluid to mix with the substances in the mixing chamber, and an outlet connected to the mixing chamber for outputting an enhanced fluid. Preferably, the mixing chamber outlet is fluidly connected to the main fluid path downstream of the mixing chamber inlet.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises at least one flow controlling element fluidly connected at the outlet of one or more mixing unit(s). Preferably the flow controlling element controls the activation, rate and/or direction of flow of fluid.

In an embodiment, at least one substance delivery unit comprises a preadministration chamber fluidly connected between the filter and the administration chamber. Preferably, the pre-administration chamber and the administration chamber are fluidly connected via at least one internal flow controlling element.

In an embodiment, the at least one internal flow controlling element is(are) configured to control a direction of flow of fluid between the pre-administration chamber and the administration chamber to substantially enable flow from the pre- administration chamber into the administration chamber, and to substantially inhibit flow from the administration chamber into the pre-administration chamber. Preferably the flow controlling element comprises a one-way valve.

In an embodiment, the at least one flow controlling element does not affect a rate of flow of fluid from the pre-administration chamber into the administration chamber.

In an embodiment, at least one of the internal flow controlling element(s) is(are) configured to control a rate of flow of fluid into the administration chamber.

In an embodiment, the administration chamber comprises an inlet fluidly connected to a second inlet fluid flow path of the substance delivery unit. Preferably the second inlet fluid flow path is fluidly connected to the first input flow path. Preferably the second inlet fluid flow path is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the second inlet flow path is fluidly connected to the second-sub- chamber via at least one flow controlling element for controlling at least a direction of flow between the second inlet flow path and administration chamber, to substantially enable flow of fluid from the second inlet flow path into the administration chamber, and to substantially inhibit flow from the administration chamber into the second inlet flow path. Preferably, the flow controlling element comprises a one-way valve. In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises at least one flow controlling element fluidly connected at or upstream of the first input flow path of one or more of the substance delivery units. Preferably, the flow controlling element controls the rate and/or direction of flow of fluid.

In an embodiment, the flow controlling element reduces the rate of flow of fluid flowing into the pre-administration chamber of the substance delivery unit.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a shut-off valve fluidly connected to the first inlet of each substance delivery unit for to substantially mitigate backflow of fluid from the substance delivery unit back into the respective inlet.

In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises a single substance delivery unit.

In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises at least two substance delivery units. Preferably each substance delivery unit is configured to pre-store and deliver a different substance.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit comprises a filter having different operating characteristics to the filter of one or more of the other substance delivery units.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit comprises a filter having the same operating characteristics to the filter of one or more of the other substance delivery units.

In an embodiment, the system comprises at least three substance delivery units.

In an embodiment, two or more substance delivery units are configured to deliver a different substance.

In an embodiment, two or more substance delivery units are configured to deliver a same substance.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit comprises at least one substance pre-stored in the first chamber. Preferably each substance is pre-stored in a solid state. The solid state of the substance may be in powder form as loose particles, or compressed, such as a tablet, cake, or crystal. The substance may be in a capsule or casing that dissolves or disintegrates when it reacts with a solvent to release the substance into the solvent.

In an embodiment, the substance may be a salt.

In an embodiment, the substance may comprise a mineral composition. The mineral composition may contain at least one mineral salt or a combination of mineral salts. The mineral salt may be pre-stored in powder form as loose particles or in a compressed form, such as a tablet, cake, or crystal.

In an embodiment, the substance may be pre-stored in a liquid state, such as a concentrated liquid state.

In an embodiment, a sufficient mass and/or concentration of the substance is prestored in the first chamber such that as a solvent completely fills the first chamber, an oversaturated solution is formed in the first chamber. The sufficient mass and/or concentration may be predetermined based on one or more delivery requirements, such as a predetermined minimum constant delivery period at a particular delivery flow rate.

In an embodiment, the filter of each delivery unit is configured prevent transmission of a non-dissolved portion of the substance between the first chamber and the second chamber, such that during operation only a solution including the dissolved substance is transferred from the first chamber to the second chamber via the membrane. Preferably the filter is configured to substantially prevent transmission of a solid form of the substance between the first chamber and the second chamber. Preferably the solution is saturated with the dissolved substance.

In an embodiment, the filter is operable to permit transmission of a solution including the dissolved substance when a flow rate of fluid through the filter is at or above a minimum flow rate threshold.

Preferably the filter is a porous membrane filter. In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises one or more filters for removing unwanted substances in a fluid to create the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the one or more of the filter(s) are upstream of the one or more substance delivery units in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream. Alternatively, or in addition, one or more of the filter(s) are downstream of the one or more substance delivery units.

In an embodiment, the system comprises a reverse-osmosis filter. The reverseosmosis filter may be upstream of the substance delivery unit(s), in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the system comprises a carbon pre-filter. Preferably, the carbon pre-filter is upstream of the substance delivery unit(s), in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream. Preferably, the carbon pre-filter is upstream of the reverse osmosis filter, in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the system comprises an activate carbon post-filter. Preferably, the activated carbon post-filter is upstream of the substance delivery unit(s), in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream. Preferably, the activated carbon post-filter is downstream of the reverse osmosis filter, in the direction of flow of the main fluid stream.

In an embodiment, the system comprises an ultraviolet filter.

In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises a housing and wherein the one or more substance delivery units are accommodated within a housing. Preferably, each substance delivery unit is removably accommodated within the housing.

In an embodiment, each substance delivery unit comprises a unit housing and wherein the first storage chamber and second administration chamber are located and enclosed within the unit housing.

Preferably, each unit housing is releasably connectable within the apparatus housing.

In an embodiment, the main flow path is located or formed within the apparatus housing. In an embodiment, the delivery unit inlet flow path is located or formed within the apparatus housing.

In an embodiment, the inlet of each substance delivery unit is sealably connectable with the delivery unit first inlet flow path. Preferably, the inlet is releasably connectable with the delivery unit first inlet flow path.

In an embodiment, the outlet of each substance delivery unit is sealably connectable with main fluid flow path. Preferably, the outlet is releasably connectable with the delivery unit administration outlet flow path. Preferably the outlet is connectable via a valve.

In an embodiment, the apparatus housing is substantially compact. The apparatus housing may be substantially portable.

In an embodiment, the apparatus housing is sized to fit within an under-bench water supply system of a domestic water delivery system.

In an embodiment, the apparatus housing may be sized to be mounted on or within a portable water cooling, a water dispensing unit and/or a water purifying unit.

In an embodiment, the apparatus housing may substantially enclose any one or more of the substance delivery units and/or the main flow path.

In another aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist of an apparatus for delivering a substance to a fluid flow path, the apparatus comprising: a first pre-filter chamber, a second post-filter chamber, and a filter located between and fluidly connecting the first pre-filter chamber to the second post-filter chamber.

In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises an inlet fluidly connected to the first pre-filter chamber for receiving a fluid in the first pre-filter chamber. Preferably, the inlet is fluidly connectable to a fluid flow source for filling the first and second chambers with a fluid from the fluid flow source. In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises an administration outlet fluidly connected to the second post-filter chamber for delivering a fluid from the second post-filter chamber. Preferably, the administration outlet is fluidly connectable to the fluid flow path to deliver a solution including the substance into the fluid flow path.

In an embodiment, the first pre-filter chamber has a substance pre-stored therein. Preferably the substance is in solid form. Alternatively, or additionally the substance is in a liquid form.

Preferably the filter comprises a porous membrane.

In an embodiment, the second post-filter chamber comprises a first post-filter subchamber and a second post-filter sub-chamber, the first post-filter sub-chamber being fluidly connected to the first post-filter chamber via the filter, the second postfilter sub-chamber being fluidly connected to the administration outlet, and the preadministration and administration chambers being fluidly connected via at least one internal flow controlling element.

In an embodiment, the at least one internal flow controlling element is(are) configured to control a direction of flow of fluid between the first post-filter subchamber and the second post-filter sub-chamber to substantially enable flow from the first post-filter sub-chamber into the second post-filter sub-chamber, and to substantially inhibit flow from the second post-filter sub-chamber into the post-filter pre-administration chamber. Preferably, the flow controlling element comprises a one-way valve.

In an embodiment, the at least one internal flow controlling element is(are) configured to control a rate of flow of fluid into the administration chamber.

In an embodiment, the second post-filter sub-chamber comprises a second inlet fluidly connected to a same fluid source as the inlet that is fluidly connected to the first pre-filter chamber.

In an embodiment, the second inlet comprises at least one flow controlling element for controlling at least a direction of flow between the fluid source and the second post-filter sub-chamber, to substantially enable flow of fluid from the fluid source into the second post-filter sub-chamber, and to substantially inhibit flow from the second post-filter sub-chamber toward the fluid source. Preferably, the flow controlling element comprises a one-way valve.

In another aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist of a fluid modification system comprising one or more of the apparatuses of any one or more of the abovementioned aspects of the invention.

In another aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a method for enhancing a fluid, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration, including: generating and retaining the solution by dissolving a substance in a solvent within a first storage chamber of a substance delivery unit; and directing the solution in the first storage chamber to flow through a filter and into a second administration chamber of the substance delivery unit, the filter being configured to substantially inhibit transfer of a non-dissolved portion of the substance in the first storage chamber through the filter but substantially permit the flow of the solution including the dissolved substance into the second administration chamber; and administering the solution including the dissolved substance from the second chamber to combine with the fluid and create an enhanced fluid.

In an embodiment, the non-dissolved form of the substance is a solid form of the substance.

In an embodiment, the method comprises generating a flow of the fluid through a flow path.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the solution comprises administering the solution into the flow path.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the solution comprises controllably administering the solution through a valve. Preferably, the valve is operable based on a flow of the fluid through the valve. Preferably, the valve is operable based on a flow of the fluid through the fluid path.

In an embodiment, the step of generating and retaining the solution further comprises: pre-storing the substance in the first storage chamber; and introducing the solvent into the first storage chamber.

Preferably, a sufficient mass of the substance is pre-stored in the first storage chamber, such that when the solvent is initially introduced and fills the first storage chamber, the substance dissolves in the solvent to the point of saturation.

In an embodiment, the step of directing the solution into the second administration chamber comprises directing the saturated solution into the second administration chamber.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the solution comprises administering a substantially consistent concentration of the solution into the flow path.

In an embodiment, an amount of the substance pre-stored in the first storage chamber is such that a non-dissolved portion of the substance remains in the first storage chamber after the substance dissolves in the solvent to the point of saturation.

In an embodiment, the method comprises continuously generating and retaining the solution in the first storage chamber, continuously directing the solution in the first stroge chamber through the filter and into the second administration chamber, and continuously administering the solution into the flow path, while the fluid is flowing through the flow path.

In an embodiment, the amount of the substance pre-stored in the first storage chamber is such that while fluid is flowing through the flow path, a saturated or undersaturated solution is maintained in the second administration chamber for a substantial period of administration, at a substantially consistent substance concentration, for continuous administration from the second administration chamber into the flow path. The substantial period of administration is approximately 90 to 270 days, for example.

In an embodiment, the second chamber comprises a sufficient volume for enabling continuous administration of the solution while the fluid is flowing through the flow path. Preferably the second chamber comprises a sufficient volume for enabling continuous administration of the solution including a substantially consistent concentration of the substance while the fluid is flowing through the flow path.

In an embodiment, the method comprises substantially restricting or inhibiting administration of the substance from the second administration chamber into the flow path when fluid is not flowing through the flow path, or when a flow rate of the fluid is below a threshold.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the solution comprises administering the solution via a valve. Preferably, the valve is operable based on the flow rate of fluid through the valve. Preferably, the valve is operable based on the flow rate of fluid through the fluid path. Preferably, the valve is a venturi valve.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the solution comprises administering the solution via at least one flow controlling element of one or more of the substance delivery unit(s) to control an administration flow rate of the substance. Preferably, the flow controlling element reduces the administration flow rate of the substance. Preferably the flow controlling element adjusts the administration flow rate of the substance. Preferably the flow rate is adjusted relative to the flow rate of fluid through the main fluid flow path inlet. Preferably, the flow rate is reduced relative to the flow rate of fluid through the main fluid flow path inlet. Preferably, the flow rate is reduced relative to the flow rate of fluid through an inlet into the first storage sub-chamber, in use.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises: repeating the step of preparing a solution for administration for multiple substances to generate multiple solutions for administration; combining the generated solutions to form a mixed solution; and administering the mixed solution including the dissolved substances to combine with the fluid and create an enhanced fluid.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises the step of reducing a flow rate of one or more of the multiple generated solutions prior to mixing. Preferably, the method comprises the step of reducing a flow rate for each of the multiple generated solutions prior to mixing.

In an embodiment, the step of preparing a solution for administration further comprises directing the solution from a first administration sub-chamber of the second administration chamber into a second administration sub-chamber of the administration chamber, and the step of administering the solution comprises administering the solution in the second administration sub-chamber. Preferably, the method further comprises diluting the solution in the second administration subchamber prior to administering the solution.

In an embodiment, the filter is a porous membrane filter.

In an embodiment, the step of introducing the solvent into the first chamber comprises directing part of the fluid flowing through the flow path into the first storage chamber before administering the solution into the fluid stream.

Preferably, the other part of the fluid stream is directed to receive the administered solution.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises the step of filtering the fluid prior to administering the solution into the fluid. Preferably the step of filtering comprises directing the fluid through a reverse osmosis filter to remove impurities in the fluid. Preferably, the step of filtering comprises directing the fluid through one or more carbon filters.

In another aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a method for enhancing a fluid, the method comprising the steps of: introducing a solvent into at least one substance delivery unit having a first chamber with a substance pre-stored therein, a second chamber, and a filter located between and fluidly connecting the first chamber and the second chamber; forming a solution within the first chamber by dissolving a portion of the substance in the solvent; transferring the solution from the first chamber into the second chamber through the filter, the filter preventing the transfer of a non-dissolved portion of the substance into the second chamber resulting in a solution including the dissolved portion of the substance in the second chamber; and administering the solution to combine the substance with the fluid and generate an enhanced fluid.

In an embodiment, the step of forming the solution in the first chamber comprises dissolving a portion of the substance in the solution to the point of saturation. Preferably the step of transferring the solution from the first chamber comprises transferring a saturated solution from the first chamber into the second chamber.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the solution comprises administering a solution having a substantially consistent concentration of the substance.

In another aspect the invention may broadly be said to consist of a method for enhancing a fluid, the method comprising the steps of: in a substance delivery unit, separating a solution having a substance dissolved in a solvent from a non-dissolved portion of the substance; and administering the solution to combine the substance with the fluid and generate an enhanced fluid.

In an embodiment, the solvent is substantially saturated with the dissolved substance.

In an embodiment, the step of separating the solution from the non-dissolved portion of the substance comprises utilising a filter to separate the non-dissolved portion of the substance from the solution.

In an embodiment, the method further comprises, prior to separating the solution from the non-dissolved portion of the substance, forming the solution by partially dissolving the substance in the solvent. In an embodiment, the method further comprises, after forming the solution, transferring the solution through the filter into an administration chamber of the substance delivery unit.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the solution comprises administering the solution from the administration chamber into the fluid.

In an embodiment, the step of administering the solution comprises diluting the solution with a solvent and then administering the diluted solution from the administration chamber into the fluid.

In an embodiment, the step of forming the solution comprises forming the solution in a preparation chamber of the delivery unit.

In an embodiment, the preparation chamber and the administration chamber are separated by a filter configured to prevent transmission of a non-dissolved portion of the substance between the chambers.

Any one of the preferred, alternative, or optional features or embodiments of any one or more of the abovementioned aspects, may be combined with any one or more other aspects herein described.

The term "comprising" as used in this specification and claims means "consisting at least in part of". When interpreting each statement in this specification and claims that includes the term "comprising", features other than that or those prefaced by the term may also be present. Related terms such as "comprise" and "comprises" are to be interpreted in the same manner.

It is intended that reference to a range of numbers disclosed herein (for example, 1 to 10) also incorporates reference to all rational numbers within that range (for example, 1, 1.1, 2, 3, 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9 and 10) and also any range of rational numbers within that range (for example, 2 to 8, 1.5 to 5.5 and 3.1 to 4.7) and, therefore, all sub-ranges of all ranges expressly disclosed herein are hereby expressly disclosed. These are only examples of what is specifically intended and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application in a similar manner. As used herein the term "and/or" means "and" or "or", or both. When used as part of a list, the term "and/or" means any combination of one or more of the items in the list, unless stated otherwise.

As used herein "(s)" following a noun means the plural and/or singular forms of the noun.

This invention may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, and any or all combinations of any two or more said parts, elements or features, and where specific integers are mentioned herein which have known equivalents in the art to which this invention relates, such known equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth.

The invention consists in the foregoing and envisages constructions of which the following gives examples only.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the invention will be described by way of example only and with reference to the drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a schematic of a first preferred from fluid enhancement apparatus of the invention;

Fig. 2 is a schematic of a preferred form valve using the fluid enhancement apparatus of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a flow diagram showing the operation of a preferred implementation of the fluid enhancement apparatus of Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a block diagram showing the working principle of a substance delivery unit of the fluid modification apparatus of Fig. 1;

Fig. 5A is a perspective exploded view of a preferred form cartridge implementation of the substance delivery unit of Fig. 1;

Fig. 5B is a perspective view of the cartridge of Fig. 5A; Fig. 5C is a perspective cross-section of the cartridge of Fig. 5A;

Fig. 6 is a flow diagram showing the operation of preferred apparatuses of the invention;

Fig. 7 is a schematic of a second preferred from fluid enhancement apparatus of the invention;

Fig. 8 is a flow diagram showing the operation of the apparatus of Fig. 6;

Fig. 9A is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the invention;

Fig. 9B is a partially exploded view of the apparatus of Fig. 8;

Fig. 10A is a first internal view of the apparatus of Fig. 8 in an assembled state;

Fig. 10B is a second internal view of the apparatus of Fig. 8 in an assembled state;

Fig. 11 is a block diagram showing the working principle of a second embodiment substance delivery unit of the invention;

Fig. 12 is a flow diagram showing the operation of an apparatus of the invention incorporating the substance delivery unit of Fig. 11;

Fig. 13 is a block diagram of the preferred implementation of the fluid enhancement apparatus embodiments of the invention; and

Fig. 14 is a schematic of a water enhancement system including the fluid modification apparatus of Fig. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to Fig. 1, a schematic of a first preferred embodiment of a fluid enhancement apparatus 100 is shown comprising a fluids inlet 101 for receiving a fluids stream, a main fluid flow path 102, substance delivery units 110, 120, 130, and a fluids outlet 103. Each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path 102 via a respective valve 111, 121, 131 and is configured to deliver a respective substance or substances into the fluids stream flowing through the main fluid flow path 102 to alter the composition of the fluids stream and enhance it accordingly. In this specification, the term "enhance" or other related terms, when used in relation to a fluid, is intended to mean alter a composition of the fluid stream to achieve a desired characteristic or result for an intended purpose.

It is preferred that the fluid is a liquid, such as water. In one implementation, the fluid may be a drinking fluid, such as drinking water. In such an implementation, each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 may be intended to deliver a substance or substances into the drinking water stream to alter the composition of the drinking water and improve a perceived quality and/or achieve a desired characteristic of the drinking water, thereby enhancing the drinking water. This may be in terms of taste and/or health benefits. A substance that may enhance a desired characteristic of the drinking water in this manner may be a flavouring agent, a vitamin, a mineral, a colouring agent, a medication, or any combination thereof, for instance. Examples of substances that may be added to drinking water using substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 include: Bicarbonate, Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium, Potassium, Silica, Sodium, Sulphate, Sodium chloride, Potassium bicarbonate, Magnesium sulfate, Calcium chloride, or Vitamin C. This list is only exemplary and not intended to be limiting. In other embodiments, it may be desired to enhance a fluid that is not intended for drinking, for example water used in gardening or agriculture, or water used in pools or domestic aquariums. In such embodiments, certain desired substances such as fertilisers, nutrients and/or other chemicals may modify and enhance the fluid to achieve a desired fluid quality and/or characteristic. It will be appreciated therefore that the invention may be utilised in any application requiring the modification of a fluid by combining the fluid with a particular substance or substances to alter the composition of the fluid.

In the embodiment shown, three substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 are included in the apparatus 100. However, it will be appreciated that a single substance delivery unit may be included instead or any number of two or more units may be included, with the invention not intended to be limited to the number shown in this embodiment. In some cases, the apparatus 100 is utilised such that each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 delivers a different substance to the fluid. For example, the first unit 110 may store and deliver a magnesium-based mineral, the second unit 120 may store and deliver a calcium based mineral and the third unit 130 may store and deliver a potassium-based mineral. Each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 may be configured or used in a manner that enables the administration of a particular substance or group/class of substances. For example, the substance delivery unit may be sized for retaining a predetermined mass and/or concentration of a particular type of substance or group of substances, or it may be configured/utilised to receive a particular type of solvent to react appropriately with a particular type of substance or group of substances. Two or more substance delivery units may be configured to deliver the same substance without departing from the scope of this invention.

The main fluid flow path 102, substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and respective valves 111, 121, 131 are preferably all accommodated within a common housing 160. The housing 160 may define the inlet 101 and outlet 103 and/or an appropriate connection for the inlet 101 and outlet 103 to connect to a fluid supply and fluid dispenser, tank, or other fluid processing device respectively.

Each valve 111, 121, 131 is fluidly connected to a respective substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 at an administration outlet 113, 123, 133 of the unit 110, 120, 130. The valve 111, 121, 131 is also fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path 102 to thereby control the administration of a substance from the respective delivery unit 110, 120, 130 with the fluid stream. In the preferred embodiment shown, a separate valve 111, 121, 131 is connected to each respective substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130. In alternative embodiments, one or more valves may be connected to one or more substance delivery units. For example, a single valve may be connected to the respective outlets 113, 123, 133 of all substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and configured to control the administration of substances from each of the units 110, 120, 130 accordingly.

In the preferred embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 comprises a valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a fluidly connected to the fluid path 102 upstream of the respective substance administration outlet 113, 123, 133, and a valve outlet 111c, 121c, 131c downstream of the respective substance administration outlet 113, 123, 133. An intermediate main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b fluidly connects with the respective substance administration outlet 113, 123, 133. When the valve 111, 121, 131 triggers to permit substance flow from the outlet 113, 123, 133, the substance will enter the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b and flow through the valve outlet 111c, 121c, 131c to combine with the fluid stream in fluid path 102. In the preferred embodiment shown, each valve 111, 121, 131 is connected in series with the main fluid flow path 102, such that each valve forms part of the flow path 102. In some embodiments one or more valves 111, 121, 131 may be connected in parallel with the main fluid flow path 102.

In the preferred embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 is operable to control the administration of a substance from the respective substance delivery unit administration outlet 113, 123, 133 and into the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b based on the flow of fluid through the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. The source of fluid through inlet Illa, 121a, 131a is preferably via the main fluid flow path 102. In alternative configurations however, a different source of fluid may be provided and fluidly connected to one or more valve inlets Illa, 121a, 131a for triggering and controlling the associated valve. It is preferred that the fluid flowing from the different source consists of a same or similar composition to a composition of the fluid flowing through the main fluid flow path 102. However, in alternative configurations the fluid from the different source may consist of a different composition relative to the fluid flowing through the main fluid flow path 102.

As mentioned, each valve 111, 121, 131 is preferably configured to control the administration of the respective substance based on the flow of a fluid received by the respective valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. In the preferred embodiment, this is a flow of fluid flowing through fluid path 102. In particular, administration of a respective substance from the associated substance delivery unit administration outlet 113, 123, 133 and into flow path 102 (via main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b) is blocked or restricted depending on the flow of fluid received by the respective valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. Preferably, the administration of a respective substance into flow path 102 is substantially inhibited or at least restricted, and preferably significantly restricted, when there is no flow of fluid entering the respective valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a, or in some embodiments when the flow rate of fluid entering the respective valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a is below a minimum threshold flow rate. Preferably, the administration of a respective substance into fluid path 102 is permitted (or relatively less restricted) when there is a flow of fluid entering the respective valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a and/or in some embodiments when the flow rate of fluid is above a minimum threshold flow rate.

In the preferred embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 is operable based on a flow rate of fluid entering the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a, such that the rate of administration of a respective substance into fluid path 102 is dependent on the flow rate of the fluid entering the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. The rate of administration of a respective substance may be altered when the flow rate of fluid entering the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a is altered. Preferably the rate of administration is altered proportionally to the flow rate of fluid entering valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. For instance, the rate of administration may increase proportionally with an increasing flow rate through the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a. The rate of administration may also decrease proportionally with a decreasing flow rate through the valve inlet Illa, 121a, 131a.

The administration rate of a substance from each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 is preferably also dependent and controlled via the rate of flow of fluid through the respective substance delivery unit inlet 112, 122, 132. For instance, when there is no flow of fluid through the respective inlet 112, 122, 132 of a substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130, or the flow of fluid through the inlet is below a minimum threshold flow rate, the solution in the second chamber 115 will not be encouraged to flow through the respective delivery unit administration outlet 113, 123, 133 and will therefore not be administered into the flow path 102.

In the preferred embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 is operable based on creating a pressure change in fluid flowing through the valve, which accordingly triggers administration. For example, the valve may create a reduction in pressure at an inlet side of the valve relative to the respective administration outlet, which accordingly creates a suction pressure at the administration outlet, thereby administering fluid into the main flow path. Such a change or reduction in pressure can be generated via any suitable valve type. For example, the valve may be a venturi valve, a capillary trigger valve, or it may be a valve having one or more physical formations or obstructions (e.g., one or more orifice plates) associated therewith that are configured to cause a change of fluid pressure.

Each valve may be integrally formed with the main fluid flow path or any other part of the apparatus 100 and may not consist of any separately formed parts or elements that are coupled to the main flow path in some embodiments. Alternatively, each valve may be separately formed and coupled to the main flow path and/or administration outlet.

In the preferred embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 is operable without any moving elements or parts, to alter the operational state of the valve (i.e., to block, to restrict flow, or to permit flow). Each valve 111, 121, 131 may be operable in a manner whereby administration of a substance from the respective outlet 113, 123, 133 into fluids path 102 is at least partially restricted, or more preferably substantially inhibited, when no fluid is flowing through the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b (i.e., past the respective outlet 113, 123, 133). In this case, the geometry of the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b and the outlet 113, 123, 133 is preconfigured such that solution in chamber 115 of the respective delivery unit 110,

120, 130 is held in place by surface tension at the intersection between the outlet 113, 123, 133 and the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b, when there is no flow through the main valve channel lib, 121b, 131b. Administration of the respective substance is triggered when a fluid flows through the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b to break this surface tension. In this manner, the combination of the delivery unit administration outlet 113, 123, 133 and the associate valve 111, 121, 131 creates a trigger valve that triggers administration when there is sufficient flow through the main valve channel.

In the preferred embodiment, each valve 111, 121, 131 is operable to control the rate of administration using the pressure differentials created across the valve and preferably based on the venturi effect created using such pressure differentials. Referring to Fig. 2, a schematic of an exemplary venturi valve 200, operable to trigger and to control flow rate of administration based on the venturi effect is shown. Such a valve construction may be utilised for any, or preferably each, of the valves 111,

121, 131. The valve 200 includes a substantially cylindrical flow path with a varying diameter along its length. Other cross-sectional profiles may alternatively be used without departed from the scope of this invention. Reference to a diameter herein is therefore intended to mean a dimension, and preferably a maximum dimension, of a cross-sectional area of a section of the valve. A first section 210 of the valve 200 forms the valve inlet. The first section preferably comprises an internal diameter DI that is substantially uniform. A second section 220 of the valve 200 forms the main valve channel downstream of the valve inlet. The second, intermediate section 220 has a varying internal diameter along its length and is fluidly connected to a substance administration inlet 240. When implemented in apparatus 100, the substance administration inlet 240 may form the outlet 113, 123, 133 of the respective valve 111, 121, 131 (or a part thereof) and/or it may be fluidly connected to the outlet 113, 123, 133. A third section 230 of the valve fluidly connects to the second section 220 downstream of the main valve channel 220 and the administration inlet 240. The third section 230 forms the valve outlet and preferably comprises an internal diameter D3 that is substantially uniform. In the preferred embodiment, the diameter DI is substantially equal to the diameter D3. In alternative configurations, the diameter DI may be substantially different to the diameter D3. For example, D3 may be substantially smaller than DI, or D3 may be substantially larger than DI. In the preferred embodiment, the diameter DI is substantially equal or similar to the diameter of the flow path 102 at or adjacent the connection with inlet section 210. In the preferred embodiment, the diameter D3 is substantially equal or similar to the diameter of the flow path 102 at or adjacent the connection with outlet section 230.

The second section/main valve channel 220 preferably comprises a minimum diameter subsection 222, a first varying diameter subsection 221 between the minimum diameter section and the valve inlet 210, and a second varying diameter subsection 223 between the minimum diameter section 222 and the valve outlet 230. The minimum diameter subsection 222 comprises of a substantially uniform internal diameter D2 that is lower than the diameter DI of the first section/valve inlet 210. The diameter D2 is preferably also lower than the diameter D3 of the third section/valve outlet 230. The varying diameter subsection 221 preferably comprises a gradually decreasing or tapering internal diameter from the valve inlet 210 to the minimum diameter section 222. The varying diameter subsection 223 preferably comprises a gradually increasing or tapering internal diameter from the minimum diameter subsection 222 to the third valve outlet 230. In the preferred embodiment, the administration inlet 240 is fluidly connected to the main valve channel 220 at the varying diameter subsection 223. In alternative configurations, the administration inlet 240 may be fluidly connected to the main valve channel 220 at the minimum diameter subsection 222, or the varying diameter subsection 221.

During operation, as fluid flows through the inlet 210 of the valve 200 and approaches the reduced diameter subsection 222 of the main valve channel 220, a reduction in fluid pressure is exhibited in the main valve channel 220, relative to the fluid pressure at subsection 221 and inlet 210. This reduction of fluid pressure within the main valve channel creates a suction force at the administration inlet 240, if there is a fluid pressure within the administration inlet 240 that is higher than the fluid pressure within the main valve channel 220. Accordingly, the flow of fluid through the main valve channel 220 triggers the administration of a substance through administration inlet 240. The rate of administration is also dependent on the flow rate of the fluid through the main valve channel 220. When no fluid flows through the valve inlet 221, the pressure at the inlet 221 will be the same as the pressure exhibited in the main valve channel 220 thereby substantially inhibiting administration of a substance via administration inlet 240. The diameters DI, D2 and D3, the gradients of the varying diameter sections 221, 223, and/or the diameter of the administration outlet 240 are selected to handle certain flow rates and achieve certain administration rates, as desired by the application.

Other factors that may influence the operation of the valve 200 include, but are not limited to: overall length of the valve (sum of section 210, 220 and 230), length of inlet section 210, relative angle between inlet section 210 and an adjacent entry flow path, relative angle between outlet section 230 and an adjacent exit flow path, location of administration outlet 240 along the valve 200, the diameter of the administration outlet 240, the length of main valve channel 220, and/or the length of minimum diameter subsection 222.

The valve is preferably designed such that the contraction ratio of the valve is sufficient to achieve a sufficient change in pressure and/or rate of fluid flowing through the valve to achieve the venturi effect. For example, the ratio of D2/D1 may be less than approximately 0.5, or more preferably less than approximately 0.2. The ratio may be more than approximately 0.1. Similarly, the ratio of D2/D3 may be less than approximately 0.5, or more preferably less than approximately 0.2. The ratio may be more than approximately 0.1. D2/D1 may be substantially equal to D2/D3. The required change in pressure and/or rate will depend on the desired rate of administration.

The valve is preferably designed so that the gradient of subsection 223 is large enough to avoid asymmetric flow patterns. For example, the angle between the inner wall of subsection 222 and the inner wall of subsection 223 may be more than 5 degrees. The angle may be chosen to reduce the overall length of the venturi and to have a better velocity profile in exchange for less drag. For example, the aforementioned angle may be between 5 and 45 degrees.

The valve is preferably designed so that the gradient of subsection 221 is large enough to create a sufficient reduction in flow rate and increase in pressure as fluid flows through the valve. For example, the angle between the inner wall of subsection 221 and the inner wall of subsection 222 of the main valve channel may be more than 10 degrees and less than 75 degrees.

It will be appreciated that the invention is not intended to be limited to any of the above-mentioned values or ranges which are intended to provide an indication of potential design characteristics that could be taken into consideration when designing a suitable venturi valve for a particular application.

In some embodiments, one or more valves 111, 121, 131 may be operable via capillary action, whereby administration of a substance from the respective outlet 113, 123, 133 into fluids path 102 is restricted or inhibited when no fluid is flowing through the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b (i.e., past the respective outlet 113, 123, 133). In this case, the geometries and/or relative orientations of the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b and of the administration outlet 113, 123, 133 are preconfigured so that solution in chamber 115 is held in place by surface tension at the intersection between the outlet 113, 123, 133 and the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b, when there is no flow through the main valve channel lib, 121b, 131b. Administration of the respective substance is triggered when a fluid flows through the main valve channel 111b, 121b, 131b to break this surface tension. In this manner, the combination of the delivery unit outlet and the associate valve creates a capillary trigger valve that triggers administration when there is sufficient flow through the main valve channel. The apparatus 100 may comprise a restriction element that prevents fluid from travelling up the administration outlet toward chamber 115) when the apparatus is not in use, in some embodiments. In alternative embodiments, other valve types may be utilised. For example, any type of valve that may consist of a moving element for restricting, inhibiting, or permitting flow between the respective outlet 113, 123, 133 and the flow path 102 may be used. The actuation mechanism for the moving element may be mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic and/or electronic, for instance without departing from the scope of the invention. Examples of alternative valve types include, without limitation: shut-off valves, plug valves, gate valves, globe valves, check valves, butterfly valves, ballpoint valves, electronic shut-off valves, wheel valves, and general electronic dispensing valves.

Referring to Fig. 1, each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 includes a fluids inlet 112, 122, 132 and a fluids outlet 113, 123, 133. A substance stored within each unit 110, 120, 130 is dispensed through the outlet 113, 123, 133 and administered into fluids path 102 to combine with the main fluid stream via the associated valve 111, 121, 131. As previously mentioned, each valve 111, 121, 131 is therefore fluidly connected to the outlet of the associated substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130. The fluids inlet 112, 122, 132, is configured to receive a flow of fluid during operation to promote the flow and administration of the substance from within the unit 110, 120, 130 to the outlet 113, 123, 133. In the preferred embodiment, each delivery unit inlet 112, 122, 132 is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path 102 upstream of the associated delivery unit administration outlet 113, 123, 133 to thereby receive a part of the fluid stream flowing into the path 102 via inlet 101. A flow path 104 may branch from the main fluid flow path 102, for instance, to redirect some of the fluids stream toward the inlet 112, 122, 132 of each delivery unit 110, 120, 130. In this manner, each substance may be administered as fluid flows through fluid path 102 from inlet 101.

Alternatively, a separate fluid source may be provided for one or more of delivery unit inlets 112, 122, 132. If a separate fluid source is provided for one or more of the delivery unit inlets 112, 122, 132, then it is preferred that the pressure of the fluid from the fluid source at the respective inlet 112, 122, 132 is the same or lower than the pressure of fluid flowing through flow path 102 at or near inlet 101. One or more delivery unit inlets 112, 122, 132 and/or the flow path inlet 101 may have a pressure reducing member or device associated therewith, such as an orifice or valve, to regulate a pressure of a fluid entering the inlet 101 and/or a pressure of the remaining inlets 112, 122, 132. Preferably a sufficient volume of fluid is provided by the fluid source to completely fill the chambers of the respective substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and sufficient flow is maintained to maintain administration of the substance from the delivery unit 110, 120, 130 into flow path 102. A flow rate of fluid flowing into each delivery unit inlet 112, 122, 132 may be the same as a flow rate of fluid flowing through fluid path 102. If a separate fluid source is connected to one or more of the delivery unit inlets 112, 122, 132, then it is preferred that the fluid source delivers a fluid that is of a same or similar composition and quality to the fluid flowing through flow path 102.

In some embodiments a valve is fluidly connected to each of the inlets 112, 122, 132 to substantially restrict or mitigate backflow of fluid from the substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 back towards the fluid source of the inlet 112, 122, 132 and/or to substantially restrict or mitigate mixing of solutions between two or more substance delivery units 110, 120, 130. The valve may additionally or alternatively assist in preventing leakage of fluid when a corresponding substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 is disconnected from the flow path 104. The valve may comprise one or more moving elements or components for restricting or mitigating backflow. The actuation mechanism for the moving element may be mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, magnetic and/or electronic, for instance without departing from the scope of the invention. Examples of suitable valve types include, without limitation: shut-off valves, plug valves, gate valves, globe valves, check valves, butterfly valves, ballpoint valves, electronic shut-off valves, wheel valves, and general electronic valves.

Referring to Figs. 3 and 4, a preferred form of substance delivery unit 110 and the method of operation 300 will now be described with reference to an operational flow diagram (Fig. 3) and a schematic of the delivery unit 110. It will be appreciated that other substance delivery units 120, 130 of the apparatus 100 consist of a similar construction and operational working principle. As such, the following description also applies to these delivery units 120, 130. As shown in Fig. 3, the substance delivery unit 110 comprises a first, substance storage and solution preparation chamber 114 having a first volume VI and a second, solution administration chamber 115 having a second volume V2. The first chamber 114 is substantially enclosed and the associated first volume VI is sized to accommodate and store a desired mass and/or concentration of a substance. The substance may be typically stored in a solid state therein. However, in some implementations the substance may additionally or alternatively be stored in a liquid state, such as a liquid concentrate of the substance. It is preferred that the substance is accommodated and stored within the first chamber 114 in a state that minimises first volume VI of the chamber 114. In this specification, the term "chamber" when used in relation to the substance delivery unit(s) is intended to mean a cavity or receptacle having a substantially distinct volume relative to an adjacent chamber or flow path which may be created through any combination of physical element(s) and/or physical formation(s) at the periphery of the chamber or the like. A chamber is a distinct volume that is intended to provide a desired function, such as the retention and/or modification of a predetermined volume of fluid. A chamber may comprise multiple sub-chambers.

The first and second chambers 114 and 115 are separated and fluidly connected by a filter configured to prevent the transmission of a non-dissolved state of the substance therethrough. The filter preferably comprises porous membrane 116. The membrane may be selected or formed based on one or more properties or characteristics, such as pore size and/or material type to achieve the desired filtration of the substance in a non-dissolved state. Preferably the non-dissolved state is a solid state. For example, the membrane filter 116 may consist of a pore size that is between 0.001 micrometres and 10 micrometres, or between 0.01 micrometres and 5 micrometres, or between 0.1 micrometres and 2.5 micrometres, to prevent particle sizes larger than the pore size from traversing through the membrane. Preferably, the membrane filter 116 is configured such that particles are filtered in the direction of flow from the first chamber 114 to the second chamber 115. These values are only exemplary and not intended to be limiting. Examples of suitable membrane filters include, without limitation: Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes, Silver membranes, Aluminium Oxide membranes, Cellulose membranes, Ceramic membranes, Glass Fiber Filters, Polycarbonate (PCTE) membranes, Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) membranes, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes, Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes, Polyester membranes, Nylon membranes, Mixed Cellulose Esters (MCE) membranes, Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) membranes, and/or Thermoformable Composite (TFC) membranes.

In the preferred embodiment, the only flow path from the first storage chamber 114 toward the second administration chamber 115 is through the filter 116. In other words, the periphery of filter 116 is preferably sealably connected to an inner periphery of the first and/or second chamber at the intersection between chamber

114 and chamber 115. In this manner, leakage of any non-dissolved form of the substance is substantially mitigated. The inner peripheries of the first chamber 114 and the second chamber 115 may be substantially coterminous. The inner peripheries of the first chamber 114 and the second chamber 115 may be substantially axially aligned in the general direction of flow of the fluid from the first chamber into the second chamber. The first chamber 114 and the second chamber 115 may be substantially axially aligned in the general direction of flow of the fluid from the first chamber into the second chamber.

In the preferred embodiment, the first chamber 114 is only fluidly connected to the respective inlet at one side or end and only fluidly connected to the second chamber

115 at the opposing side or end. In the preferred embodiment, the second chamber 115 is only fluidly connected to the respective administration outlet at one side or end and only fluidly connected to the first chamber 114 at the opposing side or end.

The first chamber 114 forms a volume, VI, that is distinct from the main fluid flow path 102 and the fluid flow path inlet 101 and outlet 103. The second chamber 115 forms a volume, V2, that is distinct from the main fluid flow path 102 and fluid flow path inlet 101 and outlet 103. The volume V2 is sufficient to enable the retention and administration of a solution having a substantially consistent concentration of a substance (prestored in chamber 114) as a solvent flows through the associated substance delivery unit. Accordingly, it is preferred that the membrane 116 is distal from the administration outlet 113 of each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130, to provide the sufficient volume, V2, and the opportunity for formation and retention of a solution having a substantially consistent concentration of the substance from the first chamber volume, VI. Furthermore, the only output flow path from the second chamber is via the administration outlet 113.

The first and second chambers 114 and 115 are fluidly connected in a series configuration relative to one another. Each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 including the first and second chambers 114 and 115 is not fluidly connected in series with the main fluid flow path 102. In the preferred embodiment, each substance deliver unit 110, 120, 130 including both chambers 114 and 115 is fluidly connected in a parallel configuration with the main fluid flow path 102. The terms "series" and "parallel" in this context are intended to have the meaning of series and parallel configurations of a circuit (akin to series and parallel configurations in an electrical circuit), and not series and parallel in terms of physical orientation, although the latter configurations are not intended to be excluded and are still possible.

During a preparation stage of the substance delivery unit 110, the chamber 114 is filled with a desired substance 250, preferably in a solid state, such as a salt, powder, tablet, capsule, or the like. The substance 250 is preferably soluble such that it dissolves when a solvent 119 is introduced through inlet 112. A sufficient amount (e.g., mass and/or concentration) of the substance 250 is retained in the first chamber 114 to ensure it is above the saturation limit of a predetermined volume, VI, of a predetermined solvent. Alternatively, the chamber 114 may be prefilled with an oversaturated solution with only part of the substance already dissolved in the solution. As will be explained in further detail below, it is preferred that the amount of substance is sufficient such that a substantially consistent administration of the substance, at expected flow rate ranges, can be maintained for a desired period, before needing to replenish the substance in chamber 114. For example, the chamber 114 may be sized to retain between approximately 10g to 500g of the substance, to ensure a consistent administration of between lppm to 500ppm can be maintained for a period of between approximately 90 to 270 days for a particular application. These values are only exemplary and not intended to be limiting.

As shown in Figs. 3 and 6, after preparation (step 310) and during an initial stage 303 of operation of the apparatus 100, a solvent is introduced through inlet 112 of the delivery unit 110 to fill the chamber 114. During this stage 303, the substance 250 begins to dissolve in the solvent until the solvent reaches its saturation limit. At this point, because a sufficient mass and/or concentration of the substance has been retained in chamber 114 (i.e., more mass/concentration than the saturation limit of a volume, VI, of the solvent in chamber 114), an oversaturated solution including saturated solution 117 and substance 250 will be retained in chamber 114. As fluid continues to flow through inlet 112 and into chamber 114, the solution 117 is forced into adjacent chamber 115 via the porous membrane filter 116. At this stage 304, the membrane 116 filters any non-dissolved (e.g., solid) particles/precipitates of the substance 250 and only allows particles dissolved in solution 117 to flow through into chamber 115. Chamber 115 becomes filled with a saturated or near saturated solution 118 (stage 305). This saturated solution 118 comprises a predetermined and substantially consistent concentration (e.g., 50 ppm) of the dissolved substance 250, which can be administered (stage 311) into a desired fluids flow path via administration outlet 113 (stage 306).

In the preferred embodiment, a valve 111 is provided to control the administration of the saturated solution 118 in chamber 115 into a desired fluids flow path, such as main fluid flow path 102 (stage 306). This administration combines the saturated solution 118, including the dissolved substance 250, with the fluid flowing through the fluid path 102 to create an enhanced fluid. As previously mentioned, in the preferred embodiment, the valve 111 is operable to control the administration of the saturated solution 118 based on the flow of fluid through the main flow path 102, and more preferably based on the flow rate of the fluid through flow path 102. Preferably, the valve 111 is operable to control the administration of the solution 118 based on the flow of fluid through the valve 111, and more preferably, based on the flow rate of the fluid through valve 111. In this manner, a substantially consistent flow of the substance can be administered through the valve 111.

In this manner, stages 303-305 separate a solution 118 including a substance dissolved in a solvent from a non-dissolved portion of the substance, and step 306 controllably administers the solution 118 into the main fluid flow path 102 to combine the substance 250 with the main fluid stream in flow path 102. In the preferred embodiment, the apparatus is configured such that part of the fluid flowing through inlet 101 into flow path 102 is redirected into flow path 104 toward inlet 112 of delivery unit 110 (stage 302). In an alternative embodiment, an alternative fluid source may be provided to direct fluid toward the inlet 112 of delivery unit 110. As fluid continues to flow through the main path 102, it will trigger the valve 111 and allow the saturated solution 118 to be administered into flow path 102. Fluid flowing through path 104 will enter inlet 112 and continue to dissolve the substance 250 in chamber 114. This flow will also transfer the dissolved substance into chamber 115 to replenish solution 118. Solution 118 will remain at a saturated or near saturated state with a substantially consistent concentration of substance 250 dissolved therein, until the solution 117 in chamber 114 begins to under saturate (i.e., all of the substance 250 dissolves in chamber 114). As fluid continues to flow through main path 102, saturated solution 118 will continue to be administered and the substance 250 will continue to dissolve in chamber 114. When flow through the main path 102 ceases, the valve 111 will prevent further solution 118 from being administered through the outlet 113. When flow is resumed, the valve will be triggered again and saturated solution 118 will be administered into flow path 102.

The delivery unit 110 of the preferred embodiment provides the following working advantages:

• After the initial stage of filling chamber 114 with a solvent 119 and then chamber 115 with a saturated solution 118 including the dissolved portion of substance 250, a relatively and substantially consistent concentration of the substance 250 can be retained in chamber 115 and administered into the flow path 102. This happens until the substance 250 in chamber 114 fully dissolves.

• After the initial stage of filling the chambers 114, 115 and while the solution in chamber 114 is still oversaturated, a substantially consistent concentration of the dissolved substance 250 can be administered into the flow path 102 instantly when flow through the path 102 is resumed.

• The size of delivery unit 110 can be minimised while maintaining a relatively long usage lifetime, as substance 250 can be stored in solid form (and/or other concentrated form relative to the solution 118) in chamber 114, and gradually used up based on the flow rate and demand of fluid flowing through flow path 102. This makes the delivery unit 110 relatively compact and thereby useful for domestic applications, without requiring frequent change over or replenishment.

Other delivery units 120, 130 provided in parallel to delivery unit 110 and including other substances will operate in the same manner and provide the same advantages.

Referring to Figs. 5A-5C, in a preferred embodiment, one or more of the delivery units 110, 120, 130 may be formed as a cartridge 260, which may be replaceable and releasably connectable to an associated housing, such as housing 160 of the apparatus 100. The cartridge 260 will herein be described with reference to delivery unit 110, and it will be appreciated that other delivery units of the invention described herein may have a same or similar cartridge structure. The cartridge 260 comprises a substantially hollow and elongate cartridge body 261, within which the two chambers 114, 115 are formed. A filter 116 is coupled within the body to separate the chambers 114, 115. A peripheral edge of the filter 116 preferably extends along the inner peripheral wall the cartridge body 261 and seals against the wall to inhibit any fluid flow between the chambers 114, 115, other than through the filter 116. The filter 116 comprises a substantially flexible membrane. Optionally one or more support members in the form of support plates 116a, 116d and associated seals 116b, 116e are coupled to the filter 116. In this embodiment, a pair of support plates 116a, 116d are provided on either side of the filter membrane 116 to provide support and rigidize the substantially flexible filter membrane 116. The support plates 116a, 116d are substantially rigid and comprises one or more perforations. The perforations may be larger than those of the filter membrane 116. The sealing member 116b couples about the periphery of the support plate 116d to effectively seal between the periphery of the support plate 116d and the inner peripheral wall of the cartridge body 261 in the assembled state of the cartridge. A second sealing member 116e is provided and aligned with the support plate 116a and couples about the support plate 116a 116to effectively seal between the periphery of the support plate 116a and the inner peripheral wall of the cartridge body 261 in the assembled state of the cartridge. During operation, fluid will flow from the first chamber 114 into the second chamber 115 through the perforated support plates 116a and 116d and filter membrane 116 only. As mentioned, this substantially inhibits the migration of any solid particles of the substance from the first chamber 114 to the second chamber 115.

In a preferred embodiment, support plates 116a and 116d 116a are formed from a perforated/mesh-type sheet material. Support plate 116a may have the purpose of keeping the stored substance 250 in chamber 114 away from the filter membrane 116, before the system is filled with fluid (i.e., keeps the loose dry particles from moving around in cartridge). Support plate 116d may also have the purpose to support the relatively thin filter membrane 116 from ballooning out with the incoming fluid pressure during operation. It will be appreciated that a different filter construction may be utilised, and the invention is not intended to be limited to the example shown herein.

The main cartridge body 260 comprises two body parts 261a, 261b or a main body part 261a and a cap 261b that can be coupled to one another to form the enclosed interior of the body 261. These could be connected via any suitable fixing mechanism so they may be releasably coupled to one another as shown for the preferred embodiment. Alternatively, the two parts may be fixedly and non-releasably coupled after the cartridge has been filled with the desired substance. In the former case, the cartridge may be designed to be replenishable for multiple use, and in the latter case the cartridge may be replaceable and/or designed for one time use only. The filter 116 connects between the body parts 261a, 261b. In an assembled state, one body part 261a may form the first, pre-filter chamber 114 and the other body part 261b may form the second, post-filter chamber 115. The volume of each chamber may be relatively equal or similar, or as shown in this embodiment, a relatively large volume may be provided for one of the chambers, such as the pre-filter chamber 114 relative to the other 115. In this case, a relatively larger pre-filter chamber 114 is provided to accommodate a sufficient volume of a substance in solid form to prolong the life of the cartridge 260. The volume of the post-filter chamber 115 is sufficient to provide a substantially consistent concentration of the output solution as described for the first embodiment of the invention.

A fluids inlet 112 is provided or formed at one end of the body 260 and an outlet 113 at an opposing end 265. A one-way valve 119a is provided at the fluids inlet 112. The one-way valve 119a may be any type of valve known in the art and may be operable to activate flow when a particular fluid pressure level is reached at the inlet 112. Either one of the inlet 112 or outlet 113, or both, may comprise connectors or fittings for connecting the inlet and/or outlet to other flow paths of the apparatus 100.

In some embodiments, once the substance 250 in the cartridge is used up, the cartridge may be replaced with another including a full amount of the same or a new substance. Alternatively, or in addition, the cartridge may comprise an opening that may be opened to replenish the pre-filter chamber 114 with more substance. In some embodiments, the cartridge may not be replaceable but can be replenished through such an opening. It preferred embodiments, the cartridge 260 can be replaced or replenished with minimal or no interruption of flow through main flow path 102. An enhanced fluid may then be dispensed through outlet 103 via a dispenser for use, or into a storage tank or toward another fluid processing system, for instance (stage 308).

A second preferred embodiment of a fluid enhancement apparatus 500 will now be described with reference to Figs. 7-10B. Apparatus 500 is like apparatus 100 of the first embodiment, but has the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 connected to a mixing unit 150 before the fluids outlet 103. Components of the fluid enhancement apparatus 500 that are the same as apparatus 100 have been given the same reference numerals and will not be described again in detail. Only those features or components that differ from the first embodiment will be described for the sake of brevity.

The substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 operate in a similar manner as described for apparatus 100, in that they modify a fluid with a particular stored substance and output a substantially consistent concentration of the dissolved substance for delivery toward a dispensing outlet 103 of the main fluid flow path 102. The mixing unit 150 in this embodiment is connected in series to the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and is utilised to mix the various modified solutions output by the multiple substance delivery units 110, 120, 130. The mixed solution is combined with the main fluid flowing through main fluid flow path 102 to deliver a fluid enhanced with the mixture of various substances to the main fluid flow path 102 at or adjacent outlet 103. The mixing unit 150 thereby comprises an inlet 151, 152, 153 fluidly connected to each of the substance delivery unit outlets 113, 123, 133, a mixing chamber 155 and an outlet 156 fluidly connected to the main fluids path outlet 103.

The connection between one or more substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and the mixing unit 150 may be via a valve that controls the activation of fluid flow from the substance delivery unit to the mixing unit 150, such as via valve 200, and/or that controls the direction of flow, such as a one-way valve. Any type of one-way valve known in the art may be used. Alternatively, one or more connections may be uninhibited and direct. In this embodiment, the connection between each substance delivery unit outlet 113, 123, 133 and the respective mixing unit input 151, 152, 153 is direct and substantially uninhibited.

A flow path 161, 162, 163 between each substance delivery unit outlet 113, 123, 133 and the respective mixing unit inlet 151, 152, 153 may comprise one or more flow control elements for controlling a rate of flow or other characteristic of flow of fluid. For instance, each flow path 161, 162, 163 may be a conduit having certain geometric characteristics, such as internal diameter and/or length, that achieve a desired predetermined flow resistance and rate of flow of fluid between the substance delivery unit and the mixing unit. In some embodiments this may be in addition to one or more control valves that control the activation and/or direction of flow of fluid between the substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 and the mixing unit 150. The flow paths 161, 162, 163 may have the same or similar flow characteristics and/or differing characteristics, depending on the application. In this embodiment, the flow resistance of one or more flow paths 161, 162, 163, and preferably the flow resistance of each flow path 161, 162, 163, is higher than the flow resistance of the main fluid flow path 102. Connections between the flow paths 161, 162, 163 and the respective delivery unit outlets 113, 123, 133 may be appropriately fluidly sealed via sealing members to prevent leakage. Similarly, connections between the flow paths 161, 162, 163 and the respective mixing unit inlets 151, 152, 153 may also be appropriately fluidly sealed via sealing members to prevent leakage. In some embodiments, any combination of two or more of the flow paths 161, 162, 163 may connect to a common inlet of the mixing unit 150.

The main mixing chamber 155 comprises a predetermined volume sufficient to mix a predetermined volume of the combination of solutions output from the connected substance delivery units 110, 120, 130. The mixing chamber 155 is preferably designed to minimise pressure losses and is sufficiently distanced from the dispensing outlet 103 to ensure sufficient mixing of the solutions with the main fluid before dispensing the enhanced fluid.

The main fluids flow path 102 is also connected to the mixing chamber 155 via a main fluids inlet 154. The main fluids inlet 154 is also fluidly connected to the mixing chamber 155, so that fluid flowing through the main fluids path 102 mixes with the solutions in the mixing unit 150 as it flows through the mixing unit to create the enhanced output fluid. The outlet 156 of the mixing unit 150 is fluidly connected to the main fluids flow path outlet 103 to dispense the enhanced fluid flow out of the mixing unit 150. The outlet 156 of the mixing unit 150 may be connected to a valve to control the activation or direction of flow, or both, of fluid from the mixing unit 150 to the outlet 103. For instance, a valve similar to valve 200, or any other suitable administration valve as may be used for the first embodiment, may be connected between the mixing unit outlet 156 and the main fluids path 102. Similarly, one or more valves may be provided at the main fluids inlet 154 to control the activation or direction of flow, or both, of fluid from the main fluid flow path 102 and into the mixing unit 150. The connections between the main fluids flow path and the inlet 154 and outlet 156 of the mixing unit 150 may be fluidly sealed via suitable sealing members.

In this embodiment, the flow resistance of one or more flow paths 161, 162, 163, and preferably the flow resistance of each flow path 161, 162, 163, is higher than the flow resistance of the main fluid flow path 102 at or adjacent the mixing unit inlet 154.

As shown in Fig. 8, the stages of operation of this embodiment are similar to those of the first embodiment, except a mixing stage 307 is introduced to mix the main fluid flowing from the fluid supply with the various solutions output by the substance deliver units 110, 120, 130. Each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 exhibits three stages of operation 303a-305a, 303b-305b, 303c-305c respectively to separate a solution including a substance dissolved in a solvent from a non-dissolved portion of the substance, as described for stages 303-305 of the first embodiment. In an optional configuration, stage 306 may also be implemented for one or more of the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 in this embodiment prior to stage 307.

In this embodiment, the mixing unit 150 is connected to all three delivery units 110, 120, 130. In some embodiments any multiple of two or more of substance delivery units may be connected the mixing unit 150. In other embodiments, any number of one or more mixing units may be provided, each connected to two or more substance delivery units in the manner described. The outlet of each mixing unit may then be connected to the main fluid path in the manner described herein, or it may be connected to another mixing unit. Accordingly, a cascading of mixing units may be possible. One or more substance delivery units may be connected to the main fluid path in the manner described for the first embodiment for instance, in addition to the one or more mixing units connected to the main fluid path.

Referring to Figs. 9A-10B, an implementation of the apparatus 500 is shown comprising the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and the mixing unit 150 accommodated within a housing 510. Each substance delivery unit 110, 120, 130 is formed as a cartridge like the cartridge 260 of Figs. 5A-5C, for example. The housing 510 is substantially hollow and comprises an internal cavity 511 sufficient to accommodate and substantially enclose the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 and the mixing unit 150. The internal cavity 511 comprises fixing mechanisms 511, 512, 513 for releasably fixing each cartridge within the housing. For instance, a snap- fit engagement mechanism may be utilised for releasably fixing each cartridge to the inside of the housing 510. The inner cavity 510 and cartridges are accessible via an openable or removable cover 515 of the housing 510 to enable access and replacement of the cartridges. The apparatus comprises a main fluids path 102 having an inlet 101 for receiving a fluid to be enhanced, such as water, and an outlet 103 for outputting an enhanced fluid. The inlet 101 comprises a connector for connecting to a fluid source and the outlet 103 comprises a connector for connecting to a dispensing outlet.

The housing 510 comprises a first sub-housing 520 configured to accommodate the delivery unit 110, 120, 130, mixing unit 150 and associated flow paths 102, 161, 162, 163 and connections. A second sub-housing 530 may act as a docking station for the first sub-housing 520 and houses an inlet connector 531 for connecting to an external fluid supply of a fluid to be enhanced, and an outlet connector 532 for connecting to an external fluid dispensing flow path for dispensing the enhanced fluid. Connectors 531 and 532 may be used to connect the apparatus 500 to a domestic water supply and dispenser, under a kitchen sink, for instance. Although the invention is not intended to be limited to this implementation.

A flow path 533 is provided to connect from the external fluid supply connector/inlet 531 to the main fluid path inlet 101 of sub-housing 520, and another flow path 534 is provided to connect from the main fluid path outlet 103 of sub-housing 520 to the external fluid dispensing outlet 532. The sub-housings 520 and 530 comprise connectors 541 and 543 which fluidly connect the main fluid inlet 101 and main fluid outlet 103 of sub-housing 520 with flow paths 533 and 534 of sub-housing 530 respectively, when the two sub-housings 520, 530 are connected. One or more flow controlling or modifying members or devices 535 may be housed within docking station 530 to adjust a characteristic of flow of fluid from the external fluid supply to the main fluid flow path inlet 101, or from the main fluid flow path outlet 103 to the external dispensing flow path, or both. The flow controlling or modifying member or device may modify or regulate a fluid pressure, for instance. The fluid pressure of fluid from the external supply to the inlet 101 may be limited to a predetermined level for instance using a pressure limiting valve to ensure that the apparatus operates appropriately. It will be appreciated other characteristics of flow such as activation, direction and/or flow rate may be adjusted for preparing the supply fluid for enhancement and/or preparing the enhanced fluid for dispensing. The one or more flow controlling members or devices 535 may be in the sub-housing 530 as in this embodiment, or sub-housing 520, or both.

The sub-housings 520 and 530 are separately formed and releasably connectable to one another via these connectors 541, 543. However, other connectors may be implemented alternatively or in addition. The connectors 541, 543 may provide a snap fit engagement for releasably coupling the parts or any other suitable connection mechanism. A locking mechanism including a locking handle 550 moveable between a locked position in which the two sub-housings are locked together and cannot be separated for use, and an unlocked position in which the two sub-housings are unlocked and may be separated for replacement of cartridges and/or general maintenance. The locking mechanism may be biased towards the locked position using one or more biasing members.

In the preferred embodiment, the device 500 is portable so that it may be carried by a user and installed in the appropriate fluid system. The housing 510 also comprises a handle 560 to assist a user in carrying and handling the device 500.

Referring to Figs. 11 and 12, a modification to the substance delivery unit 110 will now be described. This modification may be utilised in place of any one or more of the delivery units 110, 120, 130 described herein for the first or second embodiment apparatuses 100, 500. The modified substance delivery unit 110 is shown used in the context of the second embodiment apparatus 500 in the drawings. In this embodiment, the post-filter administration chamber 115 comprises multiple subchambers, that are fluidly coupled via a flow control path 115C. In this embodiment, a first post-filter sub-chamber 115A and a second post-filter sub-chamber 115B are connected only by the flow controlling flow path 115C. The flow controlling path 115C is configured to control a direction of flow of fluid from the first pre-administration sub-chamber 115A to the second administration sub-chamber 115B, such that fluid flow toward the second sub-chamber 115B (from sub-chamber 115A) is substantially permitted, and flow in the opposing direction back toward the first sub-chamber 115A (from the second sub-chamber 115B) is substantially inhibited. One or more valves, such as a one-way valve may be utilised to control the direction of flow in the flow control path 115C. Examples of suitable one-way valves include, but are not limited to, umbrella valves, duckbills, ball check valves, or other spring-loaded check valves. Any other suitable valve may be used to control at least the direction, and optionally any other characteristic of flow between the chambers 115A and 115B. The flow controlling path 115C may also control a rate of flow of fluid between the first subchamber 115A to the second sub-chamber 115B.

The second post-filter sub-chamber 115B comprises a separate fluids inlet 112B that is configured to receive a flow of fluid to further dilute the solution that is received and retained within the second sub-chamber 115B. The fluids inlet 112B is preferably connected to the same flow path 104/fluid source as the inlet 112A connected to the pre-filter chamber 114. The purpose of the second sub-chamber 115B and fluid inlet 112B are to ensure that any solid particles that may have traversed through the filter 116 into the post filter chamber 115, or any re-crystallisation in chamber 115, is further dissolved in sub-chamber 115B. In this manner a substantially consistent concentration of a substance may still be delivered via outlet 113, connected to the second post-filter sub-chamber 115B.

One or more flow controlling elements, such as valves 119A, 119B may connect the fluid source path 104 to the chambers 114, 115B at the respective fluid inlets 112A, 112B. The flow controlling elements 119A, 119B are preferably configured to control a characteristic of flow, such as a direction of flow, at the respective inlets 112A, 112B. Preferably, one-way valves 119A, 119B are used to permit flow from the fluid source path 104 into the chambers 114, 115B, but substantially inhibit flow in the opposing direction. Example of suitable one-way valves for 119A, 119B are as outlined above in relation to path 115C. Any other suitable valve may be used to control at least the direction, and optionally any other characteristic of flow, such as the rate of flow.

In some embodiments, any one of the apparatuses described herein may include any combination of delivery units as required by the desired application, with some unit(s) having the modified structure including the pair of post-filter sub-chamber 115A, 115B, and other unit(s) including only one post-filter chamber 115.

The chambers 115A and 115B are described as sub-chambers as in the preferred form of this modification they may share a common housing. However, it will be appreciated that the chambers 115A and 115B may be separate chambers but still collectively function in the manner described above for delivery unit 110. Accordingly, the chambers 115A and 115B may also be referred to herein as first and second post-filter chambers 115A and 115B and/or a pre-administration chamber 115B and an administration chamber 115B. The administration chamber 115B being fluidly connected to the first chamber 114 in this case via the filter 116, the preadministration chamber 115A and the flow controlling oath 115C. This terminology is intended to also cover the sub-chamber implementation of the preferred form described above.

As shown in Fig. 12, the stages of operation of this embodiment are similar to those of the first or second embodiment, except at least one of the substance delivery units (only one shown in this figure) exhibits additional stages of directing the solution from the first post-filter chamber 115A into the second chamber 115B via a flow control element, such as a non-return valve (step 308) and then diluting the solution further (step 309) by introducing additional solvent into the second sub-chamber 115B.

The apparatuses 100, 500 described herein may further comprise one or more filters of varying types (for filtering out unwanted substances in the working fluid) connected to fluid path 102. The apparatuses may comprise one or more pre-filters provided upstream of the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 for instance (step 301 of Fig. 3) or may comprise one or more post-filters provided downstream of the units 110, 120, 130. The apparatuses 100, 500 may comprise a reverse osmosis filter within the housing 160 for instance, coupled to the fluid path 102, upstream of the delivery units 110, 120, 130.

Each of the various flow paths for the apparatuses 100, 500 described herein, such as flow paths 102, 104, 104A, 104B, 161, 162, 163 and any parts or sections thereof, are preferably conduits designed to have predetermined geometric and/or flow characteristics, such as predetermined diameter and/or flow resistance, as required by the desired implementation. The appropriate size, cross-sectional shape, and material for the transmission of a flow of the desired fluid would be selected based on the application. For example, a substantially cylindrical conduit formed from a plastics or metal material may be utilised with a diameter suited for the required flow rates of the desired application. Each conduit may be separately formed and inserted into the housing of each apparatus, or it may be formed into the housing. The flow paths of the apparatuses 100 and 500 could therefore be any combination of flexible and/or rigid conduits, moulded parts, integrally formed paths, as well as ancillary connectors. Flow paths through any valves, such as valves 111, 121, 131, 115C, 119A, 119B may be formed and/or implemented using any one or more of the abovementioned methods as well.

In addition, one or more flow modifying or controlling devices or elements may be connected or integrally formed at any one or more of the flow paths to control one or more flow characteristics associated with the flow path, such as a direction, pressure and/or rate of flow. Such devices or elements include, but are not limited to, baffles, orifices, defined internal diameter conduits and the like. For instance, one or more flow restrictors or flow rate reducers may be provided within or in connection with the various flow paths to control a rate of flow for a common fluid pressure flowing through a particular section or operational stage of the apparatus. The flow restrictors and/or flow reducers may all be provided upstream of the fluid delivery units 110, 120, 130. In other embodiments, they may alternatively or additionally locate within or downstream of the fluid delivery units 110, 120, 130.

In the embodiments described herein, it is preferred that the rate of flow of the modified solutions exiting the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 are substantially equal. In other embodiments, two or more substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 may comprise a rate of flow of output fluid that is substantially different to one another. The rate of flow of fluid output from the substance delivery units 110, 120, 130 is preferably less than the rate of flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path 102.

The apparatuses described herein may include one or more devices for controlling a temperature of operation and/or a temperature of the fluids flowing through and output by the apparatus.

Fluid Enhancement System - Example implementation

Referring to Figs. 13 and 14, an exemplary application of the apparatuses 100, 500 described herein with reference to a fluid enhancement system 400. It will be appreciated that the invention is not intended to be limited to this implementation which is provided for the purposes of understanding the potential applications of the invention only.

The apparatuses 100, 500 may be utilised in water enhancement system 400 to introduce desired minerals into drinking water before delivery to an end user. Each delivery unit 110, 120, 130 of the apparatus 100, 500 may hold a different mineral or combination of minerals in different amounts such that a particular combination of minerals of various concentrations can be administered into the drinking water. Examples of such minerals include any combination of one or more of the following in each delivery unit: a calcium-based mineral (e.g., Calcium Chloride), a sodium- based mineral (e.g., Sodium Chloride), a potassium-based mineral (e.g., Potassium Bicarbonate), a silicon-based mineral (e.g., silica) and/or a magnesium-based mineral (e.g., Magnesium Sulphate).

Each delivery unit may comprise a cartridge size having chamber volumes of between 10ml and IL. The system 400 may comprise a water source 401 and an input fluid path 402 connected to the water source 401. One or more filters including a carbon pre-filter 403, reverse osmosis filter 404, carbon post filter 405 and/or a carbon activated filter 406 may be provided in series to pre-process and purify the water flowing through the system from source 401. It is preferred that a substantially purified water stream is then delivered into apparatus 100, 500, and it will be appreciated that any one or more of the above filters may or may not be utilised or any other purification techniques may be included in the system, such as distillation, chlorination etc. Alternatively, or in addition, one or more of the abovementioned filters or purification techniques may be included in the housing of apparatus 100, 500, preferably upstream of the delivery units 110, 120, 130.

The apparatus 100, 500 may be configured to be releasably fitted to the fluid path 402 via any suitable mechanical mechanism. The inlets 101, 112, 122, 132 and outlet 103 of the apparatus 100, 500 are preferably configured to be sealably connectable to the remaining water enhancement system. For example, the inlets and outlet may be sized to fit within an industry standard for water delivery systems, such as ¹/4 inch piping or above. Known mechanical connectors may be utilised to couple the inlets and outlet to the existing water enhancement system.

An enhanced flow of water exiting outlet 103 of the apparatus 100, 500 may be controllably dispensed via a faucet or tap 407 of the system 400 or otherwise directed to a storage tank or other water processing unit/system as required by the desired application.

In some embodiments, the apparatus 100, 500 may be incorporated or releasably connectable to a standalone water purification, dispensing and/or cooling system.

The apparatus 100, 500 and associated methods herein described may alternatively be utilised in any other fluid enhancement systems, devices or methods as would be readily apparent, without departing from the scope of the invention. The associated fluid may be water or water-based or may be any other fluid such as an oil. For example, the apparatus and/or associated methods may be incorporated or implemented in any one of the following applications, without departing from the scope of the invention:

• Infusing minerals, flavourings, scents and/or other relevant substances into oils;

• Producing alcohol; Modifying chemicals such as acids;

Providing fluoridated water for users that are not on municipal systems;

Flavouring or fortifying milk. The filtering and/or valve techniques herein described with reference to the preferred embodiment may require adjustments to accommodate associated fluids and/or substances of the above potential implementations, as would be apparent to the skilled person. The invention is not intended to be limited to any of the abovementioned examples and other applications requiring a substantially continuous and consistent delivery of a substance into a fluid are also intended to be included without departing from the scope of the invention.

One or more of the components and functions illustrated in the figures may be rearranged and/or combined into a single component or embodied in several components without departing from the invention. Additional elements or components may also be added without departing from the scope of the invention.

The foregoing description of the invention includes preferred forms thereof. Modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims.

Claims

1. A fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a main fluid flow path having an inlet for receiving a main fluid stream and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid stream; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path for combining a pre-stored substance with the received main fluid stream to create the enhanced fluid stream, wherein each substance delivery unit comprises: a first storage chamber, a second administration chamber, and a filter located between and fluidly connecting the first chamber to the second chamber.

2. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein, each substance delivery unit further comprises a first inlet for receiving a flow of fluid including a solvent, the inlet being fluidly connected to the first chamber to deliver the received solvent into the first chamber.

3. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the apparatus further comprises a first input flow-path for each delivery unit fluidly connected to the first inlet of each delivery unit, and the input flow path of each delivery unit is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path.

4. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein each substance delivery unit further comprises an administration outlet fluidly connected to the second chamber and to the main fluid flow path for administering and combining a solution including the respective substance held in the second chamber with the main fluids stream flowing through the main fluid flow path.

5. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 4 wherein the apparatus further comprises at least one flow controlling element fluidly connected between the administration outlet of at least one of the substance delivery unit(s) and a downstream fluid flow path, for controlling a characteristic of flow of the substance via the outlet and into the downstream fluid path.

49

6. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 5 wherein the flow controlling element(s) is(are) configured to control activation and/or direction of flow of fluid from the administration outlet into the downstream fluid path.

7. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein the flow controlling element(s) comprises a valve configured to control the activation of flow of the substance into the downstream fluid path, and that is operable based on the flow of fluid through the main fluid flow path.

8. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 7 wherein the valve is a venturi valve.

9. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of claim 4 to claim 8 wherein the at least one flow controlling element of one or more of the substance delivery unit(s) comprises a flow controlling element configured to control an administration flow rate of a substance through the administration outlet and/or through the downstream fluid path.

10. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 9 wherein the flow controlling element adjusts the administration flow rate relative to the flow rate of fluid through the main fluid flow path inlet.

11. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 10 wherein the flow controlling element reduces the administration flow rate relative to the flow rate of fluid through the main fluid flow path inlet.

12. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim either claim 9 or claim 10 wherein the flow controlling element comprises at least one flow path having predetermined flow resistance that is different to the flow resistance of the main fluid flow path.

13. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of claim 4 to claim 12 wherein the downstream fluid path is the main fluid flow path or is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path upstream of the main fluid flow path outlet.

50

14. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the apparatus further comprises multiple substance delivery units and at least one mixing unit, each mixing unit having at least one substance inlet fluidly connected to the administration outlets of the multiple substance delivery units and a mixing chamber for mixing the substances delivered by the multiple substance delivery units.

15. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 14 wherein each mixing unit is fluidly connected to the main fluid flow path and comprises a main fluid inlet connected to the mixing chamber for receiving a flow of the main fluid and allowing the main fluid to mix with the substances in the mixing chamber, and an outlet connected to the mixing chamber for outputting an enhanced fluid.

16. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 15 wherein the mixing chamber outlet is fluidly connected to the main fluid path downstream of the mixing chamber inlet.

17. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein at least one substance delivery unit comprises a pre-administration chamber fluidly connected between the filter and the administration chamber, the pre-administration chamber and the administration chamber being fluidly connected via at least one internal flow controlling element.

18. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 17 wherein the at least one internal flow controlling element is(are) configured to control a direction of flow of fluid between the pre-administration chamber and the administration chamber to substantially enable flow from the pre- administration chamber into the administration chamber, and to substantially inhibit flow from the administration chamber into the pre-administration chamber.

19. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 18 wherein the administration chamber comprises an inlet fluidly connected to a second inlet fluid flow path of the substance delivery unit for receiving a solvent therethrough.

51

20. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 19 wherein the second inlet flow path is fluidly connected to the administration chamber via at least one flow controlling element for controlling at least a direction of flow between the second inlet flow path and administration chamber, to substantially enable flow of fluid from the second inlet flow path into the administration chamber, and to substantially inhibit flow from the administration chamber into the second inlet flow path.

21. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims comprising multiple substance delivery units.

22. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in 21 wherein each substance delivery unit comprises a filter having different operating characteristics to the filter of one or more of the other substance delivery units.

23. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein each substance delivery unit comprises at least one substance prestored in the first chamber in a solid state.

24. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein a sufficient mass and/or concentration of the substance is pre-stored in the first chamber such that as a solvent completely fills the first chamber during operation, an oversaturated solution is formed in the first chamber.

25. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the filter of each delivery unit is configured substantially prevent transmission of a solid form of the substance between the first chamber and the second chamber.

26. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the filter is operable to permit transmission of a solution including the dissolved substance when a flow rate of fluid through the filter is at or above a minimum flow rate threshold.

27. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the filter is a porous membrane filter.

52

28. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the apparatus comprises a housing and wherein the one or more substance delivery units are accommodated within a housing.

29. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in claim 28 wherein each substance delivery unit is removably accommodated within the housing.

30. A fluid enhancement apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the apparatus housing is substantially compact and portable.

31. An apparatus for delivering a substance to a fluid flow path, the apparatus comprising: a first pre-filter chamber, a second post-filter chamber, and a filter located between and fluidly connecting the first pre-filter chamber to the second post-filter chamber.

32. A fluid enhancement apparatus comprising: a fluid inlet for receiving a fluid; at least one substance delivery unit fluidly connected to the fluid inlet and configured to combine the fluid with a substantially consistent concentration of a pre-stored substance; and an outlet for outputting an enhanced fluid including the combined substance.

33. A fluid modification system comprising one or more of the apparatuses of any one of the preceding claims.

34. A method for enhancing a fluid, the method comprising the steps of: preparing a solution for administration, including: generating and retaining the solution by dissolving a substance in a solvent within a first storage chamber of a substance delivery unit; and directing the solution in the first storage chamber to flow through a filter and into a second administration chamber of the substance delivery unit, the filter being configured to substantially inhibit transfer of a non-dissolved portion of the substance in the first storage chamber through the filter but substantially permit the flow of the solution including the dissolved substance into the second administration chamber; and administering the solution including the dissolved substance from the second chamber to combine with the fluid and create an enhanced fluid.

35. A method as claimed in claim 34 wherein the non-dissolved form of the substance is a solid form of the substance.

36. A method as claimed in either one of claim 34 or claim 35 wherein the step of administering the solution comprises controllably administering the solution through a valve.

37. A method as claimed in any one of claim 34 to claim 36 wherein the step of generating and retaining the solution further comprises: pre-storing the substance in the first storage chamber; and introducing the solvent into the first storage chamber.

38. A method as claimed in claim 37 wherein a sufficient mass of the substance is pre-stored in the first storage chamber, such that when the solvent is initially introduced and fills the first storage chamber, the substance dissolves in the solvent to the point of saturation, and the step of directing the solution into the second administration chamber comprises directing the substantially saturated solution into the second administration chamber.

39. A method as claimed in any one of claim 34 to claim 38 wherein the step of administering the solution comprises administering a substantially consistent concentration of the solution into the flow path.

40. A method as claimed in any one of claim 34 to claim 39 wherein the method comprises administering the solution into a flow path to combine with the fluid flowing through the flow path, and further comprises continuously generating and retaining the solution in the first storage chamber, continuously directing the solution in the first storage chamber through the filter and into the second administration chamber, and continuously administering the solution, while the fluid is flowing through the flow path.

41. A method as claimed in any one of claim 34 to claim 40 wherein the step of administering the solution comprises administering the solution via at least one flow controlling element of one or more of the substance delivery unit(s) to control a characteristic of the administration flow.

42. A method as claimed in claim 41 wherein the characteristic of flow comprises activation and/or direction of flow.

43. A method as claimed in claim 41 or 42 wherein the characteristic a flow rate of administration.

44. A method as claimed in any one of claim 34 to claim 44 wherein the method further comprises: repeating the step of preparing a solution for administration for multiple substances to generate multiple solutions for administration; combining the generated solutions to form a mixed solution; and administering the mixed solution including the dissolved substances to combine with the fluid and create an enhanced fluid.

45. A method as claimed in any one of claim 34 to claim 44 wherein the step of preparing a solution for administration further comprises directing the solution from a first administration sub-chamber of the second administration chamber into a second administration sub-chamber of the administration chamber, and the step of administering the solution comprises administering the solution in the second administration sub-chamber.

46. A method as claimed in claim 45 wherein the method further comprises diluting the solution in the second administration sub-chamber prior to administering the solution.

47. A method as claimed in any one of claim 34 to claim 46 wherein the filter is a porous membrane filter.

48. A method for enhancing a fluid, the method comprising the steps of: introducing a solvent into at least one substance delivery unit having a first chamber with a substance pre-stored therein, a second chamber, and a filter located between and fluidly connecting the first chamber and the second chamber;

55 forming a solution within the first chamber by dissolving a portion of the substance in the solvent; transferring the solution from the first chamber into the second chamber through the filter, the filter preventing the transfer of a non-dissolved portion of the substance into the second chamber resulting in a solution including the dissolved portion of the substance in the second chamber; and administering the solution to combine the substance with the fluid and generate an enhanced fluid.

49. A method for enhancing a fluid, the method comprising the steps of: in a substance delivery unit, separating a solution having a substance dissolved in a solvent from a non-dissolved portion of the substance; and administering the solution to combine the substance with the fluid and generate an enhanced fluid.

56