WO2020188344A1

WO2020188344A1 - Device and method for the plasma treatment of fragmented material at intermediate temperatures

Info

Publication number: WO2020188344A1
Application number: PCT/IB2020/000105
Authority: WO
Inventors: Pavel Koulik; Vassili KULIK
Original assignee: Abenz 81-40
Priority date: 2019-03-21
Filing date: 2020-03-20
Publication date: 2020-09-24
Also published as: EP3981226A1

Abstract

Device and method for plasma-chemical treatment of fragmented material in a reactor using a PIT pulsed-plasma turbulent jet generator operating at a pressure equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure, wherein the main parameters, the dimensions of the reactor, the mean amplitude of the current and the voltage at the electrodes, the diameter, speed and concentration of the material particles to be treated, the durations of the electrical pulses and the energy for activating the material particles to be treated are related in such a way that the material particles to be treated perform trajectories in the reactor in the form of loops with a variable angle of incidence in the reactor, α, the trajectories being conditioned by the access and the reaction of the plasma particles to the surface of the material particles to be treated, the dissipation of the energy of the current pulses and the transfer of sufficient energy for producing the reaction, but limited by the condition of the absence of plasma heating. The invention is used for transforming biomass into torrefied fuel and hydrogen, destroying organic waste, simulating combustion in gas turbines, performing surgical assistance operations, such as, for example, resuscitating pseudo-necrotic cells, and passivating scars.

Description

Apparatus and method for the treatment of fractionated material by plasma at intermediate temperatures.

[1] The present invention consists of a device for the plasma-chemical treatment of fractionated material at a pressure close to or above atmospheric pressure by non-isothermal plasma flow and a process obtained by this device.

[2] Methods of plasmochemical treatment in continuous streams of atmospheric plasma are known. These methods continue to be developed in laboratories although they are already widely used in industry (see “Industrial applications of atmospheric plasmas” Wikipedia). In most cases, the plasma used is a plasma generated by an electric arc, the temperature of which varies between 6000 and 12000 degrees. This temperature generates phenomena such as decomposition, molecular and atomic excitation, ionization of gas flows such as argon, oxygen, nitrogen, air, phenomena which allow the transfer of large amounts of energy to bodies. treated, in particular fractionated bodies such as, for example, powders. Given the high temperatures of the plasma, its contact with these bodies either destroys them thermally or transforms their surface properties, provided that the treatment is of short duration. Treatments of this kind have been exploited with success in Electronics, Metallurgy, Medicine, Food, Automotive, Chemicals, Aviation and other fields of industry, for several dozen years. years (see, for example: PPKulik, Dynamical Plasma operating (DPO) of Solid Surfaces. Plasma jets in the Development of New Materials Technology. Proc. Of the International Workshop 3-9 September 1990, pp 639-653, Frunze, USSR . Ed. OD Solonenko and Al Fedorchenko, Utrecht, The Nederland).

[3] Plasma technology is essential for its purpose of carrying out high energy density treatments. This is its essential purpose and it is unmatched in it. This allows it to create new qualities such as the welding of thermo-refractory metals, the activation of surfaces increasing adhesion to the bonding, the deposition of protective films on delicate surfaces, the stripping of thin layers, etc. (see "Atmospheric plasma technology in industry, 1980 - 2015" Wikipedia).

[4] However, these treatments are “energy-sucking” and of low energy efficiency: too much energy is spent, without utility, in the generation and warming of the plasma and the treated bodies, and is dissipated in an unforgivable way in the environment. The energy efficiency of these technologies never exceeds some ten - twenty percent. A glaring example is the use of isothermal plasma torches (8000K - 10000K) to burn pulverized coal in power plant boilers (see Yantaï Longyuan Power Technology Co., LTD. Plasma Ignition and Combustion Stabilizing System. www.lypower.com/en/gscp.asp.), and this is the reason why, even if the producing companies are speculatively announcing amazing energy yields, plasma technology penetrates the industry with great difficulty, clashes, and lack of confidence, apart from areas where energy losses are of secondary importance, such as Military, Medical.

[5] It is to complete this energy limitation of existing atmospheric plasma technologies that the so-called PIT - Plasma at Intermediary Temperatures technology was invented (see WO 2011/138525 A1, METHOD AND DEVICE FOR GENERATING A NON -ISOTHERMAL PLASMA JET, Priority Date 05.05.2010; WO 2014 / 076-381, METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TREATING TWO-PHASE FRAGMENTED OR PULVERIZED MATERIAL BY NON-ISOTHERMAL REACTIVE PLASMA FLUX. Priority date: 22.05.2014).

[6] The energy efficiency of PIT technology, in some of its proven industrial applications, such as plasma-assisted combustion in power plant boilers, is close to 85% - 90%. This means that 85% - 90% of the energy expended for the generation of the exploited plasma stream goes to the plasmochemical stimulation of the combustion in the air of particles, for example, of coal, brought into contact with the plasma jet PIT. It is therefore no longer necessary to heat or even dry (the excited free radicals, OH *, resulting from the presence of water molecules in the carbon, are of great use in stimulating combustion) these particles, like c t is the practice today in most power plant boilers to burn them. The advantage is obvious: thanks to the PIT process and equipment, unlike the practice of the most modern power plants, the boiler can be started from room temperature, operating at intermediate loads up to 10%, for example, of the nominal load of the power station, to "burn" any kind of fuel ranging from anthracite, passing through all varieties of hard coal and lignite, to biomass.

[7] But the “PIT” inventions mentioned above still have a gap which limits their use and which the present invention fills. This shortcoming consists in that, as described in the inventions in question, the method and the corresponding devices not only do not make it possible to optimize the targeted plasmochemical reactions, but even, in general, to carry them out. Indeed, it is fortunate that the combustion in a power plant boiler takes place between the coal supplied and the air flows (oxidant) which determine not only the quantity of heat released (the power) but also any the hydrodynamic organization of the combustion zone, air being one of the components of the plasmochemical reaction. In this particular example, the gas carrying the fuel is air, the flow of which determines the entire process for organizing the PIT generator. In most plasmochemical reactors, the components of the plasmochemical reactions differ from the carrier gases. Very often air, which is an oxidant, is excluded. The organization of the process is therefore, in this case, more complex and requires that additional conditions be observed which are not described in the cited inventions. Take the example of the roasting or gasification of biomass. From many points of view, it is advantageous to carry out these processes in a PIT plasma without oxidant, therefore without air. In particular, compared to the traditional application of pyrolysis, the use of the PIT process will increase production yield, product quality, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and harmful fumes such as NOx. This will give big advantages over the competitive technology which is pyrolysis and will greatly simplify the corresponding production equipment. The invention WO 2011/138525 A1 describes the PIT generator to be used. The invention WO 2014 / 076-381 describes the PIT reactor. The conditions for producing the PIT generator as described in WO 2011/138525 A1 and those for producing the PIT reactor as described in WO 2014 / 076-381, are obviously necessary. But, nevertheless, if we refer only to these two inventions, the process will not be optimal, or even not feasible. Indeed, it may happen that the parameters of the PIT generator and of the reactor are chosen in such a way that the plasma is overheated because the characteristics of the electric pulses (in particular, their duration, the average intensity of the electric current, the average value of the voltage between the electrodes) are not optimal, or even that the plasmochemical process is not carried out or is carried out badly because, for example, the contact time of the reactive agents with the plasma flow is not sufficient or, on the contrary, is excessive. It can also happen that the particles generated in the PIT plasma do not reach the surface to be treated given the thickness of the boundary layer which surrounds the particle to be treated. In general, the conditions described in the cited inventions are not sufficient, sometimes even contradictory to those for the optimum performance of the targeted plasmochemical process.

[8] In view of the above, it is necessary to specify the name of the PIT technology for the purposes in the present invention by completing the name PIT of Turbulent Plasma at Average Temperatures, which gives PTTM.

[9] One of the aims of the present invention is to introduce a PIT-PTTM process and the corresponding PIT-PTTM reactor, capable of optimizing the target plasmochemical process, thanks to the intensification of the turbulent nature of the PIT plasma generated, d '' to determine the intrinsic properties thereof and to describe the conditions of production and operation thereof, in particular in the field of the treatment of fractionated materials, for example powders.

[10] More particularly, it is advantageous to operate a process and a PIT reactor for continuous industrial plasma-chemical production, in particular for the torrefaction and gasification of biomass, assistance with combustion in gas turbines, production surgical operations accompanied by regeneration of organic tissues.

[11] It is also advantageous to use a PIT process and the corresponding reactor for productions at pressure close to atmospheric pressure or greater than atmospheric pressure.

[12] It is all the more advantageous to use a PIT plasma flow of large dimensions and of reduced power by carrying out a laminar process for generating PIT plasma and, subsequently, by making it turbulent so as to optimize the exchanges. energies between the plasma flow and the plasmochemical components.

[13] It is also advantageous to control the parameters of the treatment so as to ensure access of the activated particles and of the electrons of the plasma to the surface of the particles of material to be treated.

[14] The advantage is all the more important since the parameters of the process used and of the corresponding devices make it possible to minimize energy losses, in the first place thermal losses.

[15] It is extremely advantageous to control the amount of energy transferred to the particles of matter to be treated in the impacts with the activated particles of the plasma, and to ensure that this amount is less than the minimum amount of energy required for the process. running an efficient PIT process.

[16] The principle of the proposed process consists of the following:

[17] It is proposed to use, for the plasmochemical treatment of fractionated material, particles, a process for generating a plasma flow at intermediate temperatures, as described in the invention WO 2011/138525 A1, METHOD AND DEVICE FOR GENERATING A NON-ISOTHERMAL PLASMA JET; Priority Date 05.05.2010; operating in a plasma-chemical reactor as described in the invention WO 2014 / 076-381, METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TREATING TWO-PHASE FRAGMENTED OR PULVERIZED MATERIAL BY NON-ISOTHERMAL REACTIVE PLASMA FLUX; Priority date: 22.05.2014. However, the two inventions mentioned do not allow most of the plasmochemical treatments to be carried out because the parameters of the processes and devices mentioned are not in accordance with the characteristics of the materials to be treated and the intrinsic properties of the processes. technological targets. If we take as an example the particular case of the torrefaction of biomass particles moving in a flow of support gas and that the generating power of the plasma pulses is not matched with the flow rate of the material to be treated, its properties, the geometric characteristics of the reactor, the specific plasma generation times, the roasting process will not take place. To do this, it is not sufficient to generate only a plasma of highly excited molecules, in a large volume, so as to increase the contact of the plasma with the particles of material to be treated as much as possible. The expected effect will not be achieved if the impact energy of the plasma particles is less than the energy threshold of the targeted plasmochemical reaction, which is, in the example considered, of the order of 0.1 eV to 0.2 eV per impact.

[18] It is also imperative, on the other hand, to minimize the energy expended by the plasma. If this energy is not optimized, not only will the plasma generated be too "hot", a lot of energy will be transformed into thermal energy and dissipated to the detriment of the efficiency of the process, and also with the danger of overheating the parts of the reactor, or even damage and even destroy them.

[19] The targeted plasmochemical reaction will not take place if the active particles of the plasma and the high-energy electrons fail to cross the boundary layer surrounding the particle of material to be treated and access the surface of this particle.

[20] It is also necessary to control the dissipation by convection and radiation of the energy provided by the plasma, dissipation which takes place mainly in the time lapse between the pulses of electric current.

[21] The present invention therefore consists, first of all, in organizing the claimed method so as to satisfy the stated conditions.

[22] Objects of the invention are achieved through the creation of a plasma flow reactor PIT generated by a source of controlled pulses of electric current at high voltage and at a pressure close to atmospheric pressure or greater than atmospheric pressure meeting the following plasmochemical, electrodynamic and energetic conditions:

[23] 1. Plasmochemical condition.

[24] PIT particles (ie electrons and particles excited by inelastic collisions with electrons) must reach the surface of the particles of material being treated. This means that, in the process of flowing the carrier gas along the particles of material being treated, the thickness of the boundary layer d must be substantially less than the mean electron scattering length, Xe, ie d.

[25] Xe »d

[26] For Xe, we have (see, for example Smirnov B.M. Howard Reiss, Physics of lonized Gases 2008 John Wiley & sons inc. NY / Chichester / Weinham / Brislne / Singapore / Toronto.)

[27] Xe = k. Tg. M * / PQen

[28] where

Qen is the mean scattering cross section of electrons with respect to neutrals (the PIT medium is always a weakly ionized medium, so the density of neutrals is equal to the density of the plasma particles P / kTg;

Tg is the temperature of the environment;

P is the pressure;

k is Boltzmann's constant;

m * is the mn / me ratio;

mn is the mass of neutral particles, me is the mass of electrons.

[29] For d, we have (see H.Schlichting, K. Gersten, Boundary Layer Theory. Springer - Verlag Berlin, Heidleberg 2017 DOI 10-1007 / 978 - 3 - 612 - 52919 5_1),

[30] d = 3.5D (Re) -0.5

[31] where

D is the mean characteristic diameter of the particles of material to be treated;

Re is the Reynolds number, Re = vD / v;

for which

v is the speed of the particles of material to be treated;

v is the kinematic viscosity.

[32] The plasmochemical condition is therefore:

[33] 0.28. k. Tg .m *. P-l. Qen-l.D-0.5. v0.5.v-0.5 ”1 (1)

[34] 2. Condition of energy dissipation.

[35] The time lapse between pulses, t2, are determined by the conditions of dissipation of the energy released during the passage of electric current through the plasma. This dissipation mainly depends on convective and radiative exchanges between the plasma and its environment. In practice, we have

[36] 0.5 <(t2 / tl) <2 (2)

[37] 3. Electrodynamic conditions.

[38] PIT pulse discharge is characterized by the development of a plasma channel formed by the carrier gas causing the discharge to the outside of the electrodes. For a given value of the average current of an electric pulse, I, and of the average voltage between the electrodes, V, the duration tl of an electric current pulse must be short enough that the temperature of the gas in the channel where The discharge takes place is smaller than the temperature Tp above which an electric arc develops. Experience shows, and spectroscopic measurements confirm, that for the traditional support gases for the PIT process (air, 02, N2, Ar, C02, CO, etc. and their mixtures), under the usual conditions of use of the process PIT, the temperature Tp varies within the limits 2500 K <Tp <3200 K.

[39] We therefore have the electrodynamic condition for the average power of the process:

[40] Vl “c. (Tp - Tg) d ² . L. / tl, (3)

[41] where

c is the thermal capacity of the carrier gas PIT (J / m3 K);

Tg is the temperature of the support gas surrounding the channel of the PIT discharge (K);

d is the mean diameter of the discharge channel (m);

L is the mean length of the plasma channel PIT (m).

[42] 4. Energy condition:

[43] According to this condition, the power of the plasma, V.l, must not exceed the maximum energy necessary to carry out the targeted process on the particles to be treated:

[44] I.V “n.v.S.E.N.t.K (4)

[45] where

n is the numerical density of the particles of material to be treated in the flow of carrier gas, (m-

3);

v is the speed of the flow of carrier gas and therefore of the particles of material to be treated, (m / s);

S is the surface of the plasma jet section (p = D ^2/4, D - diameter plasma jet), (m ²⁾

E is the maximum activation energy on a particle of material to be treated (J); t is the time (s) of flight of a particle of matter to be treated through the reactor (t = L / v);

L is the length of the plasma jet considered to be substantially equal to the length of the reactor (m);

K is a dimensionless empirical coefficient which takes into account the path non-linearity of the particles of material to be treated subjected to the hydrodynamic pulses of the turbulent plasma flow PIT and the competition between the hydrodynamic action of the plasma flow and that of the hydrodynamic pressure of the flow of particles of material to be treated, directed against the flow of plasma PIT. Experience shows that, in general, K ~ 10.

N is the number of impacts of activation of the particles of matter to be treated by the electrons of the plasma, per second (s-1).

[46] For N, we have

[47] N = S. ne.ve

[48] where

S is the area of the material particle to be treated (m ² ), equal to p D ² (D - characteristic diameter of the material particle to be treated in m);

ne is the numerical density of electrons in the plasma channel at temperature Tp (see J. Aubreton, C. Bonfoi, JMMaxmain, Revue de Physique appliquéd 1986 21 (6) pp365 - 376, Calcul des properties thermodynamiques et des coefficients de transport in a plasma in thermodynamic non-equilibrium at atmospheric pressure);

ve is the average speed of the electrons in the plasma (m / s).

[49] We have ve = (kTe / me) 0.5

[50] where

Te is the temperature of the electrons of the plasma PIT near the particles of material to be treated (K);

k is Boltzmann's constant (J / K);

me is the mass of electrons (kg).

[51] By bringing together the conditions (3) and (4), we obtain the condition

[52] nvSENKt “Vl“ c. (Tp - Tg). L. d ² / tl (5)

[53] Equations (1), (2) and (5) determine the conditions, for the construction parameters of the PIT plasma and of the reactor, under which the present invention is applicable for the targeted plasma-chemical treatment of particles in a PIT reactor. .

[54] We see that equations (1), (2) and (5) relate the parameters of the construction of the device, t, L, L, S, d, K, the parameters of the process, Tg, Tp , Te, P, v, I, V, tl, t2, the parameters of the particles of material to be treated, D, S, E, and the properties of the materials used, c, mn, Qen, v.

[55] To solve these technical problems, the process for the plasma-chemical treatment of fractionated material in a plasma-chemical reactor using a pulse plasma generator of the type called PIT-PTTM according to the invention is characterized in that the turbulent nature of the PIT plasma is reinforced, that the average generating power of the plasma flux known as PIT, equal to the product of the average amplitude of the voltage applied to the electrodes, V, by the average intensity of the current, I, in a pulse, is subjected to the conditions following plasmochemical, dissipative, electrodynamic and energetic:

[56] 0.28. k. Tg .m *. P-l. Qen-l.D-0.5. v0.5.v-0.5 ”1

[57] 0.5 <(t2 / tl) <2

[58] nvSENKt “Vl“ c. (Tp - Tg). L. d ² / tl

[59] where

k is Boltzmann's constant; Tg is the temperature of the support gas surrounding the channel of the PIT discharge (K);

m * is the mn / me ratio;

mn and the mass of neutral particles;

me is the mass of electrons;

P is the pressure;

Qen is the mean scattering cross section of the plasma electrons among the gas particles of the reaction zone;

D is the mean characteristic diameter of the particles of material to be treated

v is the speed of the particles of material to be treated;

v is the kinematic viscosity of the medium in which the particles of material to be treated move;

tl is the duration of an electrical pulse;

t2 is the time lapse between electrical pulses;

n is the concentration of particles of material treated (m ^-3 );

v is the average speed of passage of the particles of material treated through the PIT reactor (m / s);

S is the area of the plasma jet PIT inside the reactor (m ² );

E is the activation energy transferred to the particles of matter treated by the particles (molecules, free radicals, atoms) excited in the plasma jet PIT or by the electrons from the plasma jet PIT and which reach the surface of the particle of material treated (J)

N is the number of activation impacts per second on a particle of material treated (s ^-1 ); K is the activation factor (according to experience, 10 <K <50 depending on the geometry of the reactor) t is the flight time (~ L / v) of a particle of material treated through the reactor ( s);

L is the characteristic length of the reactor, (m);

c is the specific heat of the gas carrying particles of treated material passing through the PIT reactor (J / K / m ³ );

Tp is the characteristic temperature of the heavy particles (molecules, radicals, atoms) of the plasma PIT (K);

Tg is the characteristic temperature of the gas surrounding the plasma channels PIT (K), in the reaction zone;

d is the mean diameter of the plasma channels (m);

L is the characteristic length of the plasma channels.

[60] The present invention also relates to a device in which the target plasmochemical reaction is carried out following the action of one or more plasmatrons called PIT 1 containing one or more electrodes forming plasma channels of length L and of diameter d, mounted in a reactor provided with a duct (s) introducing the particles of material to be treated, entrained by a support gas in the form of a flow inclined with respect to the axis of the reactor at an angle a, the construction of the device providing for an evacuation duct for the particles of material to be treated after their treatment, and an evacuation duct for residual gases with filter, recovery system and valves, the construction being carried out so that the flow of particles of material to be treated performs in the reaction zone a loop-shaped trajectory whose dimensions are determined by the choice of the length L of the reactor, the surface S of the section of the plasmatron (s), the angle a, of the speeds of the support gas and of the particles of material to be treated, v, of the speed of the gas flows coming from the plasmatron (s) (generally ~ v). [61] Other objects, characteristics and advantages of the present invention emerge from the drawings, diagrams and illustrations appended to the present invention, in which:

• Figs. la and lb illustrate the diagram of the electrical pulses of the generator according to the invention, in particular, FIG. 1a shows an example according to the invention of the distribution over time of the amplitudes of the high-frequency electric current pulses such as modulated, and FIG. lb. shows an example of

time distribution of the amplitudes of the high frequency voltage pulses as modulated.

• FIG. 2 shows the construction diagram of a plasmochemical reactor allowing the implementation of the process claimed in the present invention.

• Fig.3 shows a particular case of the device for implementing the method as defined in the present invention.

• Fig.4 illustrates the construction of the reactor designed to operate, in particular, at high pressure.

• Fig. 5 illustrates the medical application of the present invention.

The principle of the proposed process lies in the following:

It is proposed to use for the plasmochemical treatment of fractionated material, particles, a process for generating a plasma flow at intermediate temperatures according to the references made above. The two inventions mentioned do not allow most of the plasmochemical treatments to be carried out because the parameters of the mentioned processes and devices are not in accordance with the characteristics of the materials to be treated and the intrinsic properties of the technological processes targeted. Indeed, for example, in the case of the torrefaction of biomass, it is unthinkable to carry out the torrefaction of biomass particles moving in a flow of support gas without matching the effects of intensifying the turbulent nature of the plasma. , the plasma pulse generation power with the flow rate of the material to be treated, its properties, the geometric characteristics of the reactor, the specific plasma generation times. To do this, it is not sufficient to generate only a plasma of highly excited molecules, in a large volume, so as to increase the contact of the plasma with the particles of material to be treated as much as possible. The expected effect will not be achieved if the impact energy of the plasma particles is less than the energy threshold of the targeted plasmochemical reaction, which is, in the example considered, of the order of 0.1 eV to 0.2 eV per impact.

[64] It is also imperative, on the other hand, to minimize the energy expended by the plasma. If this energy is not optimized, not only the plasma generated will be too " hot ”, a lot of energy will be transformed into thermal energy and dissipated to the detriment of the efficiency of the process, and also with the danger of overheating the reactor parts, even damaging and even destroying them.

[65] It is also necessary to control the dissipation by convection and radiation of the energy provided by the plasma, dissipation which takes place mainly in the time lapse between the pulses of electric current.

[66] The present invention therefore consists, first of all, in organizing the claimed method as follows.

[67] The so-called PIT-PTTM plasma is generated by one or more PIT generators as described in the invention WO 2011/138525 A1, METHOD AND DEVICE FOR GENERATING A NON-ISOTHERMAL PLASMA JET, Priority Date 05.05.2010 which create a non-thermal plasma jet in a so-called PIT reactor, as described in the invention WO 2014 / 076-381, METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TREATING TWO-PHASE FRAGMENTED OR PULVERIZED MATERIAL BY NON-ISOTHERMAL REACTIVE PLASMA FLUX. Priority date: 22.05.2014.

[68] The plasma jet known as PIT-PTTM used in the present invention is supplied by an electric current pulse generator. The character of the pulses and their parameters are shown in Fig. 1. In particular, the duration of a pulse t1 must be such that the temperature of the plasma channel does not exceed the value Tp. In practice, Tp ~ 2000 - 3500 K. The duration of the time lapse between pulses, t2, should be such that the thermal energy accumulated in the plasma channel is dissipated by convection and radiation to the surrounding area.

[69] A jet of particles of material to be treated with a flow rate G = mnvp.S, supported by a flow of carrier gas, is introduced into the reactor at an angle a, adjustable, between the axis of the particle feed tube of material to be treated and the axis of the reactor, in the plasma jet, mainly against the turbulent flow of plasma known as PIT. The value of the speed of the particle flow, vp, is close to the average speed of the plasma flow v and the section S of the inlet tube of the particles of material to be treated is close to the section of the plasma jet. Under the action of centrifugal forces, the dynamic pressure coming from the jet of particles of material to be treated, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the dynamic pressure exerted by the plasma jet, the particles of material to process are slowed down, the axial projection of their relative speed with respect to the reactor passes through zero and their trajectory makes a loop. The width of this loop depends on the angle a and the values of the speeds vp and v. The size of the loop is all the greater the larger the size of the particles to be treated. This makes it possible to automatically vary the contact time of the particles of material to be treated with the plasma jet PIT, and therefore to control the process. The process is also controlled by varying the angle α, the flow rate G, and the parameters of the electric current pulses. The particles of material to be treated which have not been sufficiently treated, because they pass through the periphery of the plasma jet, are projected onto the wall of the reactor and, under the action of gravity, fall into a receptacle and are returned to the distributor of particles of material to be treated. This mentioned control ensures that the plasma energy is transferred to the particles of material to be treated through the boundary layer surrounding the particles of material to be treated, according to the plasmochemical condition, that the minimum reaction energy is indeed transferred to the particles of material to be treated, according to equation 2, that the energy generated in the plasma channels is small enough that the temperature of the plasma remains below Tp, according to equation 3, and the energy of the plasma is properly discharged into the surrounding area in the time lapse t2 between current pulses electrical, according to equation 4, and, optionally to make the plasma flow turbulent, with a controlled turbulence scale and by the desired speed of the reactions, measured, for example, by the flow rate of the particles of treated material leaving the reactor.

[70] In a particular case, provision is made to organize coaxial gas zones of varying speeds and compositions around the plasma jet so as to control the laminar / turbulent nature of the plasma and to manage the gas flows which could disrupt the process or, on the contrary, impose a flow regime necessary for the targeted process.

[71] In another particular case, when solid components are formed in the gas flow following contact with the plasma, it is planned to divert these components by organizing a coaxial gas flow so that the solid components do not 'not alter the intended process. In other words, in the case where, along their path through the reactor, solid particles are generated, it is useful to organize coaxial flows of shielding gases and to control the state of these particles. whose flow rate variation makes it possible to manage the behavior of these particles (for example, their unwanted deposition) on the one hand, and, on the other hand, to ensure total treatment (their disappearance following a combustion reaction or chemical attack) or partial, if these particles are useful for the purposes of the invention

[72] As an example, we can cite the case where one of the peripheral gases is methane. On contact with plasma, methane decomposes into hydrogen H2 and carbon C. The latter, at relatively low temperature, forms solid particles of soot which interfere with the process and can be deposited on building elements and create obstructions to various gas flow. It is therefore necessary to eliminate them by organizing hydrodynamic curtains whose functions are to separate the solid particles from the construction elements while preserving, and even reinforcing the effects of turbulence which contribute to accelerating the plasmochemical reactions, while organizing the reactions favoring the destruction particles formed, for example, in the case of soot particles, by oxidizing them in a flow of air or oxygen, separately from the structural elements of the device.

[73] The present invention claims a device whose power supply mode is illustrated in Fig.la and lb. The power supply of the PIT plasmatron (s) is provided by a pulse generator, for example of the “inverter” type. Electric current is generated by high frequency pulses. These are modulated into current pulses of which the average value of the current amplitude I, and the average value of the voltage amplitude V, satisfy the conditions set out above, as well as in the process according to the invention, typically a process for the plasma-chemical treatment of fractionated material in a plasma-chemical reactor using a pulsed plasma generator of the type called PIT-PTTM characterized in that the turbulent nature of the plasma called PIT is reinforced, that the average generating power of the plasma flux PIT, equal to the product of the average amplitude of the voltage applied to the electrodes, V, by the average intensity of the current, I, in a pulse, is subjected to the plasmochemical, dissipative, electrodynamic conditions and energy:

0.28. k. Tg .m *. P-l. Qen-l.D-0.5. v0.5.v-0.5 ”1

0.5 <(t2 / tl) <2

nvSENKt "Vl" c. (Tp - Tg). L. d ² / tl

or

k is Boltzmann's constant;

Tg is the temperature of the support gas surrounding the channel of the PIT discharge (K); m * is the mn / me ratio;

mn is the mass of neutral particles;

me is the mass of electrons;

P is the pressure;

v is the speed of the particles of material to be treated;

tl is the duration of an electrical pulse;

t2 is the time lapse between electrical pulses;

n is the concentration of particles of material treated (m ^-3 );

S is the area of the plasma jet PIT inside the reactor (m ² );

E is the activation energy transferred to the particles of matter treated by the particles (molecules, free radicals, atoms) excited in the plasma jet PIT or by the electrons from the plasma jet PIT and which reach the surface of the particle of processed material (J);

N is the number of activation impacts per second on a particle of material treated (s ¹ );

K is the activation factor (according to experience, 10 <K <50 depending on the geometry of the reactor);

t is the time of flight (~ L / v) of a particle of material treated through the reactor (s);

L is the characteristic length of the reactor (m); c is the specific heat of the gas carrying particles of treated material passing through the so-called PIT reactor (J / K / m ³ );

Tp is the characteristic temperature of the heavy particles (molecules, radicals, atoms) of the plasma known as PIT (K);

d is the mean diameter of the plasma channels (m);

L is the characteristic length of the plasma channels;

[74] in particular FIG. 1a shows an example of the distribution over time of the amplitudes of high-frequency electric current pulses as modulated. Fig. lb. shows an example of the time distribution of the amplitudes of high frequency voltage pulses as modulated. These modulated distributions are determined by the character of the medium surrounding the plasmatron (s), mainly, the geometry of the plasmatron (s), in particular the electrodes, the flow rate of the feed gases of the plasmatron (s) (s), the turbulent nature of the feed gases of the plasmatron (s) and its (their) periphery and their organization in the plasmatron (s) and at its (their) outlet. The duration of a modulated pulse is t1. The length of time between modulated pulses is t2. The values of t1 and t2 are conditioned above and in the method according to the invention of the present invention.

[75] The device for implementing the method as defined in the present invention is illustrated by FIG. 2.

[76] As shown in FIG. 2, the PIT - PTTI plasma is generated by one or more plasmatrons 1 installed in a reactor 2. The quantity of plasmatrons used is determined by the size of the reaction zone. It is not always optimal to increase the size and power of a plasmatron to optimize the size of the reaction zone 3. It is often advantageous to use several plasmatrons, especially when it is necessary to limit the level. temperature in the reaction zone and to increase the flow rate of the gases participating in the reaction.

[77] Each plasmatron is powered by one or more current sources, 5, with 5 'current and 5 "voltage sensors satisfying the conditions shown in Fig. 1.

[78] The flow rate (velocity) of the plasma forming gas is measured by the sensor l '.

[79] Each plasmatron is provided with at least one electrode (in this case the PIT PTTM discharge is organized between the electrode and the earth). The most recommended variant is that comprising two electrodes 4, as shown in FIG. 2. It is common to use 3, 4, 6, 8 and more electrodes, their number allowing to vary the distribution of the parameters of the plasma PIT PTTM in the reactor 2 of conical or cylindrical shape. The functions of the power supply system (5) (formally illustrated in Fig. 2 with current measurement sensors) will have to be adapted in time and space. I (5 ') and the voltage V (5 ") of the electrodes of the plasmatrons, so as to optimize the distribution of the energy parameters of the plasma zone 3.

[80] The electrodes emit plasma channels 6 which evolve chaotically in the reaction zone. The degree of turbulence of the plasma and gas channels present in the reaction zone depends on the character of the gas flow in the reaction zone. The degree of turbulence (Fig. 2.) is regulated by means of turbulence amplification. These can be hydrodynamic in nature (for example, prominences or sudden change of section in the gas access channels to the reactor, acute angles of change of direction of the gases entering the reactor) or other (for example sonic devices or vibration excitation infrasound in the gases entering the reactor or in the reactor itself.

[81] One (s) pipe (s) 8 bring (s) into the reactor 2 the support gas (s) for the particles of material to be treated by means of a flow of support gas 9 which can be provided with a movement helical to optimize the mixing conditions with the particles of material to be treated. The pipe 8 forms an angle α, measured by the sensor 19 ′, with the axis 18 of the reactor. The duct 8 can be moved relative to the axis 18 so as to create a torque creating a swirling movement of the particles of material to be treated. These are introduced upstream of the reactor 2 via a pipe 10 and a metering device 11 (for example an endless screw). The angle a and the flow rates of the carrier gas and of the particles of material to be treated are adjustable, thanks to motion mechanisms 19 and flow regulators 20 so as to optimize the average trajectory 17 of the particles of material to be treated through the reaction zone. These, after treatment in the reaction zone 3, are evacuated 15 through the duct (s) 14 and the control and filtration devices 16.

[82] Residual gases are evacuated through the conduit (s) 12 and the filtration devices 13. Valves 21 allow either to evacuate them or to reintroduce them into the supply system of the device via a piping system. 22 as shown in FIG. 2.

[83] The device operates as follows:

[84] The particles of material to be treated, dosed by the system 11, enter through line 10 into reactor 2, mix with the flow of support gas 9 provided by means of a line 8 at an angle a by relative to the axis 18 of the reactor 2. The angle a of entry of the flow of particles of material to be treated, mixed with the support gas, is variable thanks to the motion mechanism 19. It is measured using a device 19 '. The flow rates of particles of material to be treated and of carrier gas are adjustable thanks to the flow regulators 20. These parameters are controlled by angle sensors and flow regulators so that the equations given above in the process of the present invention are satisfied.

[85] One or more plasma jets are formed by a system of plasmatrons 1 provided with electrodes 4 and supplied by a system 5 of current sources of the "inverter" type. Following the chaotic movement of the 6 plasma channels, coming from the electrodes 4, forms a reaction zone 3 characterized by a low temperature (in practice ~ 300 - 500 ° C) and a high degree of excitation of the particles and a high degree of turbulence which characterizes the PIT-PTTM plasma. Since the degree of turbulence in the reaction zone is important for the target plasmochemical process, a special excitation mechanism, for example sonic 7, or mechanical 7 ', and the corresponding device for controlling the state of turbulence, is provided. The flow rate of particles of material to be treated mixed with the support gas, the angle a, variable, the parameters of the plasma (average current in a pulse, I, average voltage V,) mean that the trajectory of the particles of material to be treated is complex and forms in the reaction zone a loop, the shape and dimensions of which are subjected to the dynamic pressure forces of the incoming flow and the plasma as well as to the centrifugal forces acting on the particles as they pass through the reaction zone. The dimensions of this loop are determined by the parameters as defined in the method of the present invention, as well as by the choice of the angle of incidence a measured and controlled by the device 19 '. The device operates continuously. The residual gas flow is extracted from the reactor through line 13 and filtration system 12 and is either discharged or redirected through valves 21 and line 22 to the support gas inlet line 9. The treated particles 15 exit the reactor through line 14, and are evacuated to the outlet 16 of the reactor.

[86] The device as illustrated by FIG. 2 is used, in particular, for the manufacture of roasted powders, as well as for the manufacture of syngas (CO + H2) from biomass.

[87] FIG. 3 corresponds to the case where the claimed device is used with incompatible products, in particular chemically active products, introduced both in the form of support gas 9 and of particles of material to be treated 26. The reactor 2, the walls of the plasmatron 1 require a protection, for example hydrodynamic, in the form of gas flow. These protection fluxes are shown in the example of FIG. 3 in the form of a flow, coaxial with the axis 18, 23 and 24 and coaxial with the central flow 25 served in the plasmatron 1. The most usual gases for this application of the present invention would be, for example:

[88] N2 as carrier gas 9;

[89] Ar, He, as feed gas for plasmatron 1;

[90] N2, as neutral gas introduced through line 24 and carrying, optionally, the particles of material to be treated, according to the present invention, such as, for example pulverized droplets of hydrocarbons;

[91] Air, 02, H2, haloid vapors, gases laden with vapors of organic elements, as active gases and possibly particles of material to be treated, all introduced through the duct (s) 23.

[92] The different gases introduced behave separately as long as they have not reached the zone where they mix by means of boundary layers formally represented by the lines (27). Their presence in the reaction zone depends on the hydrodynamic parameters of the mentioned flows. [93] Mechanical protection measures, such as, for example, the deflector 28 are also necessary to separate the products discharged 14 from the reactor, from the incoming gas streams.

[94] The reaction zone 3, the trajectories of the particles of material to be treated 17 and the active parts of the plasma known as PU PTTM, in particular the plasma channels 6 are located, according to the diagram of the claimed device, outside the initial zones of the flow, i.e. in the mixing zone of the various streams mentioned (according to definitions and terminology given in the monograph by H. Schlichting, K. Gersten cited on page 9 of the present invention).

[95] FIG. 4. Illustrates the device for implementing the present invention, in particular for the particular cases where:

at. The particles of material to be treated 17 'are formed inside the reaction zone 3 and have to be completely processed in the reaction zone 3, ie. in the mixing zone 27 (within the meaning of the definitions and terminology given in the monograph by H. Schlichting, K. Gersten cited on page 9 of the present invention) jets coming from the inlet conduits 23, 24, 25. C ' is the case, for example, of the introduction of a gas such as methane (CH4) in a neutral atmosphere such as nitrogen (N2). Under the influence of the particles activated in the reaction zone 3 by the plasma PIT 6, the methane molecules decompose into C + H2. Carbon atoms, as experience shows, group together into soot particles. It is only in contact with an oxidizing gas (air or 02) that they will burn, creating molecules of CO or C02 which will be evacuated through line 13, 14.

To ensure a more complete combustion of the soot particles, it is necessary to inject an additional oxidizing gas jet 29 in the closest and most accessible part 28, making it possible to exploit, for combustion, the residual excitation carrier gas particles and the surface of the soot particles. In this way, the gases leaving the claimed reactor will be fully treated and will come to do their work, for example, of propelling the fins of a gas turbine 31, with an efficiency and a yield which are optimized.

The device is operated at atmospheric pressure or at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. This is the case with the application, cited above, of the preparation of gases for actuating a gas turbine 31, for example. In this case, the reactor 2 is made in the form of a high pressure vessel, and all the conduits and electrical supply cables are introduced into the airlock 30 of the reactor 2 by means of gaskets 31 and hermetic dielectric insulators 3 . The plasmatron 1 is inside the reactor 2. The current source 5 and the elements ensuring the flow rates of the various components are outside the reactor 2 and the airlock 30.

b. The particles of material to be treated are introduced into the reactor with a carrier gas through line 23, are treated in reaction zone 3 and are fully treated there 17 ”. This is the case with the use of powdered fuels (coals) and pulverized liquid materials (hydrocarbons) advantageously transformed into gas in the device claimed before being used, for example sent to the blades of a gas turbine. In the latter case, the claimed device provides for operation under pressure as described in point a.

vs. The particles of material to be treated, whether they form inside the reaction zone 3 or whether they are injected into the reactor via the line 23, are only partially treated 17 '"in the zone 3. C This is the case, for example, with the production of chemicals and powders of plasmochemical origin. This is also the case with the use of the claimed device for the preparation of gases actuating a gas turbine. in this case to inject an additional oxidizing gas jet 29 into the closest and most accessible part 28, making it possible to exploit, for combustion, the residual excitation of the carrier gas particles and of the surface of the particles In this way, the gases leaving the claimed reactor will be fully treated and will perform their work, for example, of propelling the fins of a gas turbine 31, with maximum efficiency and optimized efficiency.

[96] In summary, in the case of FIG. 4, the reactor 2 is designed so as to operate, in particular, at high pressure, a situation for which it is provided with a high pressure airlock 30 into which the gas conduits 22, 23, 24 are introduced by means of joints 31, electrical communications by means of hermetic insulating joints 31 ', the particles of material to be treated being injected through the duct (s) 23 with speeds such that they are completely transformed into gas in the zone reaction 17 ", or else, if any are created in the reaction zone 17 ', they are completely transformed into gas in this zone, or else, if the plasmochemical reaction is not complete 17'", being in a state of excitation following the activation undergone in the reaction zone 3 and thanks to the injection through the line 28 of an active gas at the outlet of the reactor 29, they are entirely transformed into gas in the line of outlet of the reactor 13,14, gases and products of the plasmochemical reactions i ssus of the reactor 2 opening directly onto the object to be actuated 32, for example the blades of a gas turbine 32.

[97] Experience has shown that the claimed device, under the process conditions described of the present invention, in particular the plasmochemical excitation, can be operated at pressures of up to 30 bars and more.

[98] FIG. 5 illustrates the medical application of the present invention. In that case :

[99] The angle a = 180 °

[100] The feed gas supplying the plasmatron is preferably argon or nitrogen. It is possible to use air. It is introduced into the device through line 25.

[101] The particles of material to be treated, in solid or, advantageously, liquid form (for example powders or sprayed droplets of organo-metallic material), are introduced with their carrier gas (for example nitrogen) through the pipe 24. A gas for hydrodynamic protection of the activation zone 3 is introduced through line 23. The speeds of the gases introduced through lines 23, 24 and 25 are chosen such that their mixture, within the meaning described in the monograph ( see H. Schlichting, K. Gersten, Boundary Layer Theory. Springer - Verlag Berlin, Heidleberg 2017 DOI 10- 1007/978 - 3 - 612 - 52919 5_1), is carried out outside or at the limit of the activation zone of the treated tissues (as shown in Fig. 5. From this Thus, the domain 2 'limited by gas walls, in this case, formally represents the limits of the reactor as referred to in the present invention.

[102] The plasma known as PIT PTTM 6 turbulized in domain 3, appearing as a cold gas of molecules (and radicals) strongly excited, comes into contact with the treated surface of the tissue and carries out treatments such as activation, sterilization, resuscitation of pseudo-necrotic cells, passivation (deposit of a thin, solid, neutral layer, preserving the treated area of the tissue from any action from the outside).

[103] The elements (23), (24), (25), as well as the power supply cables (34) connected to the generator (5), duly insulated, are made in the form of a flexible conduit of small diameter.

[104] The present invention is used, in particular, for the transformation of biomass into torrefied fuel and into hydrogen, the destruction of organic waste, the stimulation of combustion in gas turbines, the performance of surgical assistance operations. , such as, for example, resuscitation of pseudo-necrotic cells, and passivation of scars.

[105] Examples of application of the present invention.

[106] Example 1.

[107] PIT PTTM reactor, for the production of roasted granules (pellets) following the transformation of biomass into roasted powders.

[108] Basic product: fir sawdust

[109] Carrier gas: nitrogen (N2)

[110] Raw material throughput: 1.2 T / h

[111] Device power: 100 kW

[112] Duration of current pulses: tl = 2.10-3 s; t2 = 2.10-3 s

[113] Productivity: lT / h

[114] Angle a: 30 °

[115]

Roasting process parameters as measured and included in (5)

L Length of reactor PIT m 3.00E + 00

n Density of sawdust particles m ³ 3.54E + 06

v Speed of sawdust particles m / s 1.00E + 01

S Cross-sectional area of the jet PIT m ² 7.85E-03

E Activation energy J l, 60E-20

N Number of activating impacts per sec s ¹ 3.92E + 17

t = L / v Flight time of a sawdust particle s 1.00E-01

K Activation factor 3.00E + 01

c Thermal capacity of the carrier gas J / K / m ³ l, 25E + 03 Tp Plasma channel temperature K 3,30E + 03

Tg Temperature in the reaction zone K 3.00E + 02

d Average diameter of channels PIT m 3.00E-03

L Average length of the channels m 3.00E + 00

tl Duration of a current pulse s 2.00E-03

I Average value of the electric current A 1.00E + 01

V Average voltage PITV 2.00E + 03

[116] Verification of the conditions of the invention:

[117] Plasmodynamic condition (eq. (L):

[118] 0.28. k. Tg .m *. P-l. Qen-l.D-0.5. v0.5.v-0.5 = 1.11. 10-2 "1

[119] Energy dissipation condition (2):

[120] 0.5 <t2 / tl = 1 <2

[121] Electrodynamic and energetic condition (eq. 5)

[122] n.v.S.E.N.K.t = 5.23. 103

[123] c. (Tp - Tg) .Ld ² / tl = 5.06.104

[124] I.V = 104

[125] We therefore have

[126] 5, 23.103 "104" 5.06.104

[127] Equations (1), (2) and (5) are therefore verified.

[128] This means that the targeted method and the device implemented meet the conditions (1), (2) and (5) as required for the realization of the present invention.

[129] Example 2.

[130] Reactor known as PIT PTTM (see diagram Fig. 4), for stimulating the activation of the intake gases in the combustion chamber of a gas turbine (tests in a pre-industrial environment).

[131] The so-called PIT PTTM reactor is located at the inlet upstream of the combustion chamber of the turbine.

[132] Process pressure: 17 bars.

[133] Base product: methane introduced into the reactor through the conduits (23)

[134] Speed of methane: <30m / s

[135] Support gas (introduced through pipes (24)): nitrogen (N2)

[136] Carrier gas velocity: <20 m / s

[137] Length of the PIT PTTM plasmatron: 9.10-2 m

[138] Diameter: 11.10-2 m

[139] Angle a: 180 °

[140] Plasmatron feed gas (introduced through line (25)): nitrogen (N2)

[141] Average speed of the gas supply to the plasmatron: <20m / s

[142] Device power: <10 kW

[143] Duration of the electric current pulses: tl = 2.10-3 s; t2 = 10-3 s

[144] Number of electrodes (Cu) per plasmatron: 2 (concentric). [145] Total duration of tests in continuous operation: 27 hours

[146] Results:

[147] Increase in turbine efficiency: ~ 3%

[148] Increase in the efficiency of the combustion process: ~ 10%

[149] Decrease in NOx emissions: 17%

[150] The results obtained are not optimized, but considered sufficient to proceed to the stage of industrial tests on a 350 MW power turbine.

[151] Example 3.

[152] Device according to FIG. 5 for the treatment, primarily and advantageously, the resuscitation of pseudo-necrotic cells which are the result of internal or external surgical interventions, and / or the passivation of the surfaces of organically treated surgically treated tissues, i.e. the deposition on the surfaces of tissues of a thin flexible layer (a few molecular layers) which protects the treated surface from any destructive action of the environment.

[153] Angle a: 180 °

[154] Diameter of the supply duct: 8 mm

[155] Device diameter: 12 mm

[156] Device length (usable in laparoscopy): 30 0 mm

[157] Components used:

[158] Conduit (25): argon or nitrogen;

[159] Conduit (24), opening into a toroidal manifold: argon + pulverized hexamethyldisilasane;

[160] Conduit (23), opening into a toric collector: argon

[161] Maximum value of the average amplitude of the electric current pulses; 2 A

[162] Maximum value of the average amplitude of the voltage pulses of the electric current: 10 kV.

[163] Operations carried out in laboratories:

0 Cauterization;

0 Disinfection;

0 Resuscitation of pseudo-necrotic cells (evidence from histological studies of treated surfaces of organs in mice, rabbits and pigs);

0 Passivation by depositing a silicon oxide film (30 - 80 nm), formed from pulverized hexamethyldisilasane carried by argon in the reaction zone, on the surface of a pig kidney previously incised and sutured (electron microscopy on dried samples).

[164] In summary, as claimed in the present invention, the method and device for the plasmochemical treatment of fractionated material in a reactor using a turbulent pulsed plasma jet generator of the so-called PIT type operating at a pressure equal to or greater than the pressure. atmospheric parameters are such as the main parameters, the dimensions of the reactor, the mean amplitude of the current and the voltage at the electrodes, the diameter, the speed and the concentration of the particles of material to be treated, the durations of the electrical pulses and the activation energy of the particles of material to be treated, are linked in such a way that the particles of material to be treated carry out in the reactor trajectories in the form of loops with an angle of incidence in the reactor, a, variable, conditioned by the access and the reaction of the particles of the plasma to the surface of the particles of matter to be treated, the dissipation of the energy of the current pulses, the transfer of energy sufficient to carry out the reaction but limited by the condition of no heating of the plasma.

[165] The invention is used for:

- the transformation of biomass into torrefied fuel and hydrogen,

- destruction of organic waste,

- stimulation of combustion in gas turbines,

the performance of surgical assistance operations, such as, for example, the resuscitation of pseudo-necrotic cells, and the passivation of scars.

Claims

1. Device for generating a plasmochemical reaction, characterized in that it comprises one or more PIT plasmatrons (1) containing one or more electrodes (4) forming plasma channels of length L and diameter d, mounted in a reactor (2) provided with a duct (s) introducing the particles of material to be treated, entrained by a support gas (9) forming a flow inclined with respect to the axis (18) of the reactor (2) at an angle a, the device having a pipe (14) for discharging the particles of material to be treated after their treatment, and a pipe for discharging the residual gases (13) with filter (12), recovery system (22) and valves (21), said device being designed so that the flow of particles of material to be treated carries out in the reaction zone (3) a path in the form of a loop (17) whose dimensions are determined by the choice of the length L of the reactor, of the surface S of the section of the plasmatron (s), of the angle a.

2. Device according to the preceding claim, characterized in that it contains displacement devices (10) determining the flow rate of the particles of material to be treated, sensors and means for measuring and controllable variation of the angle a (19 ' ), speeds v of the flow charged with particles of material to be treated (20), the speed of the plasma flow () (chosen ~ v) of the current I (5 ') flowing through the electrodes and of the voltage (5 ") to the V electrodes, so as to optimize the operating regime of the device, producing a process for the plasma-chemical treatment of fractionated material.

3. Device according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that mechanical protections (for example deflector (28)) and hydrodynamic protections in the form of additional gas conduits (23) and (24) are provided for protecting the elements of the device from any destructive action coming from the gases and particles of material to be treated, introduced into the reactor (3), the most usual gases being, for example, N2 as support gas (9); Ar, He, as a feed gas to the plasmatron (1); N2, as a neutral gas introduced through the conduit (24) and carrying, in particular the particles of material to be treated, such as, for example, atomized droplets of hydrocarbons; Air, 02, H2, haloid vapors, gases laden with vapors of organic elements, as active gases, also carrying, in particular the particles of material to be treated, the whole introduced by the pipe (s) (23), the dimensions of the ducts and the corresponding flow rates being designed and organized in such a way that the different components introduced mix in the reaction zone via boundary layers (27), the reaction zone (3), the trajectories of the particles of material to be treated (17) and the active parts of the plasma called PIT PTTM, in particular the plasma channels (6) located outside the initial zones of the flows.

4. Device according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the reactor (2) is designed to operate, in particular, at high pressure, a situation for which it is provided with a high pressure airlock (30) in which the conduits gas (22), (23) (24) are introduced through seals (31), electrical communications through hermetic insulating seals (3), the particles of material to be treated being injected through the conduit (s) (23) with high speeds as they are entirely transformed into gas in the reaction zone (17 "), or else, if any occurs in the reaction zone (17 '), they are completely transformed into gas, or alternatively, if the plasmochemical reaction is not complete (17 '"), being in a state of excitation following the activation undergone in the reaction zone (3) and thanks to the injection through the duct (28) of a active gas at the outlet of the reactor (29), they are entirely transformed into gas in the outlet duct of the reactor (13,14), the gases and products of the plasmochemical reactions coming from the reactor 2 opening directly onto the object to be actuated ( 32), for example the blades of a gas turbine (32).

5. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is designed for the treatment of flow of particles of material to be treated as part of the plasma-chemical roasting of biomass, of the plasma-chemical generation of hydrogen, destruction of organic waste, stimulation and optimization of the efficiency and efficiency of combustion processes in gas turbines, carrying out unique medical treatments such as, for example, the resuscitation of pseudo-necrotic cells and passivation during surgical operations.

6. Process for the plasmochemical treatment of fractionated material carried out by the action of a plasmochemical reactor using a pulsed plasma generator of the type called PIT-PTTM, characterized by: a step of reinforcing the turbulent nature of the plasma called PIT and a step application of the average generating power of the plasma flux PIT, equal to the product of the average amplitude of the voltage applied to the electrodes, V, by the average intensity of the current, I, in a pulse, is subjected to the conditions following plasmochemical, dissipative, electrodynamic and energetic:

0.28. k. Tg m *. P-l. Qen-l.D-0.5. v0.5.v-0.5 ”1

0.5 <(t2 / tl) <2

nvSENKt "Vl" c. (Tp - Tg). L. d ² / tl

or

k is Boltzmann's constant;

mn is the mass of neutral particles;

me is the mass of electrons;

P is the pressure;

v is the speed of the particles of material to be treated;

tl is the duration of an electrical pulse; t2 is the time lapse between electrical pulses;

n is the concentration of particles of material treated (m ³ );

S is the area of the plasma jet PIT inside the reactor (m ² );

N is the number of activation impacts per second on a particle of material treated (s ^-1 );

t is the time of flight (~ L / v) of a particle of material processed through the reactor (s)

L is the characteristic length of the reactor (m);

C is the specific heat of the gas carrying particles of treated material passing through the so-called PIT reactor (J / K / m ³ );

d is the mean diameter of the plasma channels (m);

L is the characteristic length of the plasma channels.

7. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the electric current pulses are modulated in time depending on the nature of the medium surrounding the (s) plasmatron (s), mainly, the geometry of the (s) plasmatron (s), in particular of the electrodes, the flow rate of the feed gases of the plasmatron (s), the turbulent nature of the feed gases of the plasmatron (s) and its (their) periphery and their organization in the (the) plasmatron (s) and its (their) release.

8. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that, depending on the requirements of the targeted plasmochemical reactions, the plasma flow is made more or less turbulent with a controlled and predetermined scale of turbulence by the desired speed of the reactions, measured, by for example, by the flow of the particles of treated material leaving the reactor by creating coaxial gas zones of varying speeds and compositions around the plasma jet so as to control the laminar / turbulent nature of the plasma and to manage the gas flows which could disrupt the process or, on the contrary, impose a flow regime necessary for the intended process.

9. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the intensity of the targeted plasmochemical reactions is controlled by the variation of the angle a incidence of the flow of particles to be treated in the reactor, their flow rate and the parameters of the electric current pulses.

10. Method according to the preceding claim, characterized in that, in the case where, along the path of solid particles through the reactor, generation of solid particles, organization of the coaxial flows of protection and control gas the state of these particles, the flow rate variation of which allows the management of the behavior of these particles (for example, their unwanted deposition) on the one hand, and, on the other hand, to ensure their total treatment (their disappearance following a reaction of combustion or chemical attack) or partial.