WO2019164521A1 - Designs of exothermic reactors - Google Patents
Designs of exothermic reactors Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019164521A1 WO2019164521A1 PCT/US2018/019623 US2018019623W WO2019164521A1 WO 2019164521 A1 WO2019164521 A1 WO 2019164521A1 US 2018019623 W US2018019623 W US 2018019623W WO 2019164521 A1 WO2019164521 A1 WO 2019164521A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- reaction chamber
- annular sleeve
- exothermic reaction
- metal
- Prior art date
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J19/088—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J15/00—Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with non-particulate solids, e.g. sheet material; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0816—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes involving moving electrodes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0824—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes
- B01J2219/0826—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially linear
- B01J2219/083—Details relating to the shape of the electrodes essentially linear cylindrical
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
- B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
- B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
- B01J2219/0837—Details relating to the material of the electrodes
- B01J2219/0841—Metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0871—Heating or cooling of the reactor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
- B01J2219/0875—Gas
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to exothermic reactions, and in particular to designs of reactors hosting exothermic reactions.
- An ongoing field of energy research relates to exothermic reactions - in which a controlled reaction produces more heat than can be accounted for by the energy input and/or chemical reactions.
- one field of this research employs a dry electrolysis type apparatus to load hydrogen or deuterium ions into the metal lattice structure of a hydrogen-absorbing metal, which triggers an exothermic reaction.
- FIG. 1 is a section view of a plasma type of exothermic reaction chamber 100.
- the reaction chamber 100 comprises a cylinder 102 formed of a rugged metal, e.g., stainless steel.
- the cylinder 102 may be approximately a foot long and an inch in diameter.
- the cylinder 102 which has one open end, is fitted with a lid 106 and hermetically sealed, allowing the interior to be drawn to a vacuum of 10 6 - 10 7 Tor.
- the interior wall of the cylinder 102 may be plated with a shielding metal 108, such as gold (Au), and then with hydrogen-absorbing metal 1 10, such as palladium (Pd) or Nickel (Ni).
- a shielding metal 108 such as gold (Au)
- hydrogen-absorbing metal 1 10 such as palladium (Pd) or Nickel (Ni).
- Hydrogen (H) has an affinity for the metal lattice of the hydrogen-absorbing metal 1 10, and an aversion to that of the shielding metal 108. Hence, the shielding metal 108 may act as a seal to maintain hydrogen nuclei in the hydrogen-absorbing metal 1 10.
- the metal cylinder 102 is grounded, forming an effective cathode, and an electrode 104, acting as an anode, is positioned in the center.
- Hydrogen or deuterium 2 H, a stable isotope of H, also known as“heavy H”
- H hydrogen or deuterium
- High-voltage, low-current power is applied to the electrode 104 via a power supply coupling 1 16.
- the high voltage along the electrode 104 generates an electric field directed radially outwardly, which ionizes the hydrogen or deuterium and accelerates it toward and into the hydrogen-absorbing metal 1 10.
- the electrode 104 is a slender rod, e.g., on the order of 1/16 inch in diameter.
- the rod is positioned along the center axis of the cylinder 102, and is a fixed distance from the hydrogen-absorbing metal 1 10 (which is electrically connected to the cylinder 102 and hence serves as the cathode).
- the loading of hydrogen (deuterium) ions into the hydrogen-absorbing metal 1 10 is believed to depend on several factors, including voltage applied to the anode 104, the internal pressure of the reaction chamber 100, and the anode-to-cathode distance.
- the voltage and pressure are easily controlled; however, the size and shape of the electrode 104 used for an anode typically does not change, yet it may contribute to triggering an exothermic reaction. Additionally, the shape and texture of the surface of the electrode 104 may influence the rate of electrical discharge from the electrode 104 to the cathode 1 10.
- the hydrogen-absorbing metal 110 (and shielding metal 108) is typically plated onto the interior surface of the cylinder 102.
- the electrode 104 may be plated, and a voltage applied to the cylinder 102, effectively reversing the anode/cathode configuration.
- insufficient hydrogen-absorbing metal is deposited onto the electrode 104 to trigger robust exothermic reactions.
- the electrode 104 has no direct thermal coupling to the exothermic reaction chamber 100, making it difficult to monitor any exothermic reaction. Accordingly, plating the hydrogen-absorbing metal 1 10 (and shielding metal 108) onto the interior surface of the cylinder 102 is the superior option.
- the hydrogen-absorbing metal layer 1 10 must be scraped from the interior surface of the cylinder, e.g., with a wire brush.
- the deposits removed are then collected and analyzed in a lab, e.g., using species analysis to determine the nature of the reactions.
- the amount of material plated and subsequently removed from the inner wall is typically 0.1 g. This small mass limits the ultimate power output, and it is difficult to recover all of the material when it is scraped from the cylinder 102.
- plated deposits are not as robust as solid metals, and plating the interior surface of a closed cylinder 102 limits the visibility of the plated surface.
- an exothermic reaction chamber includes at least one of an annular sleeve hosting a hydrogen-absorbing metal; and an electrode having either an outer diameter greater than 50 percent of the reaction chamber bore diameter, perturbations formed on the electrode outer surface, or both.
- the anode-to-cathode distance may be varied by controlling either or both of the thickness of the annular sleeve and the electrode diameter.
- Perturbations on the electrode outer surface which facilitates electrical discharge, may be formed by winding wire around the electrode in a helical pattern, by machining the electrode, or by drilling holes through the electrode and inserting metal rods having pointed or rounded tips into the holes.
- the reaction chamber includes a cylindrical metal housing having an inner diameter and at least one open end. It also includes an annular sleeve having a longitudinal bore. The outer diameter of the sleeve is substantially equal to the metal housing inner diameter. The sleeve is operative to be removeably disposed within the metal housing. The sleeve comprises a hydrogen absorbing metal on at least the surface of the bore.
- the exothermic reaction chamber further includes a generally cylindrical electrode having an outer diameter less than an inner diameter of the annular sleeve. The outer surface of the electrode has a plurality of perturbations thereon, which are operative to stimulate electrical discharge between the electrode and the inner surface of the annular sleeve.
- annular sleeve for an exothermic reaction chamber comprising a cylindrical metal housing having an inner diameter and at least one open end.
- the annular sleeve is formed of metal and has a longitudinal bore.
- the outer diameter of the annular sleeve is substantially equal to an inner diameter of the metal housing.
- the annular sleeve is operative to be removeably disposed within the metal housing.
- the annular sleeve comprises a hydrogen-absorbing metal on at least the bore surface.
- an electrode for an exothermic reaction chamber comprising a cylindrical metal housing having at least one open end and having a hydrogen-absorbing metal on the surface of an interior bore having a diameter.
- the generally cylindrical metal electrode has an outer diameter between 50% and 100% of the bore diameter, and further has a connection pin operative to connect the electrode to a power supply.
- Figure 1 is a section view of a prior art exothermic reaction chamber.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an annular sleeve for an exothermic reaction chamber.
- FIG. 3A is a section diagram of a prior art electrode.
- FIG. 3B is a section diagram of an electrode having a larger outer diameter.
- FIG. 3C is a section diagram of an electrode having perturbations formed by rods.
- FIG. 3D is an embodiment of the illustration of FIG. 3C.
- FIG. 4 is a section view of representative shapes for protrusions on the surface of an electrode.
- FIG. 2 depicts an annular sleeve 200 for use in an exothermic reaction chamber similar to that depicted in FIG. 1 (but without the shielding metal 108 and hydrogen absorbing metal 1 10 layers plated onto the cylinder 102).
- the annular sleeve 200 comprises a body 205 which is machined out of a non-precious metal with good thermal conductivity. This could be 316L stainless steel because of its hydrogen containment advantages and because it would match the thermal expansion properties of the reaction chamber cylinder into which it is inserted.
- the annular sleeve body 205 is machined to have an outer diameter d ! substantially equal to the inner diameter of the reaction chamber cylinder. This provides a friction fit into the reaction chamber cylinder, placing the annular sleeve 200 and reaction chamber cylinder in good thermal transfer relationship. In one embodiment, a thermal coating is used to aid in thermal transfer, and also provide a lubricant assisting extraction of the sleeve 200.
- the length / of the annular sleeve 200 may be varied as required or desired. Factors to consider in determining the length / of an annular sleeve 200 for any given exothermic reaction chamber or experiment include the length of the reaction chamber, and the volume of hydrogen-absorbing metal required. Reactor power is conjectured to be directly proportional to hydrogen-absorbing metal volume. In one embodiment, the length / of the annular sleeve 200 ranges from one to six inches.
- a longitudinal bore 210 is formed in the center of the annular sleeve body 205, which runs throughout its length /.
- the surface of the bore 210 may be plated with a layer of shielding metal 220, such as gold.
- the gold layer 220 may then be plated with a layer of hydrogen-absorbing metal 230, such as palladium or nickel.
- the shielding metal layer 220 is omitted, and the hydrogen-absorbing metal layer 230 is plated directly onto the annular sleeve body 210.
- the bore diameter d 2 along with the size of an electrode (as disclosed further herein), determines the anode-to-cathode spacing, which may be varied to optimize the electrical discharge, and hence the loading of hydrogen or deuterium ions into the hydrogen-absorbing metal layer 230.
- the shielding metal layer 220 and hydrogen-absorbing metal layer 230 - and such other layers as may be required or desired - may be deposited using any known metallurgical technique to provide the desired solid state or crystalline properties. Nano surfaces or layered surfaces may be created. In general, complete control over the metallurgical aspects of the annular sleeve 200 allows for experimentation and optimization of the physical properties of an exothermic reaction chamber.
- the annular sleeve 200 is inserted into an exothermic reaction chamber. It may be press-fit into the reaction chamber for good thermal conductivity. After an experimental or production exothermic reaction, the annular sleeve 200 may be retracted and analyzed. In one embodiment, one or more holes may be formed in the bore 210 to accept corresponding prongs of an extraction tool. In other embodiments, a hook or similar extraction assistance means may be formed in or attached to the annular sleeve body 205. The entire annular sleeve 200 may be transferred to a laboratory for complete analysis, without the need to extract the hydrogen-absorbing metal from the inner surface of the reaction chamber (and concomitant problem of retrieving all of the metal shavings). A new annular sleeve 200 may then be inserted into the exothermic reaction chamber, which may immediately resume operation, with minimal downtime.
- the annular sleeve 200 may be prepared using plating or any other metallurgical process.
- the size and volume of the annular sleeve 200 is controllable. Exothermic reactor power is proportional to the volume of hydrogen-absorbing metal.
- the annular sleeve 200 can be made more robust than prior art plated deposits.
- the cylindrical annular sleeve 200 can be press-fit into the exothermic reaction chamber and maintain good thermal contact with the cylinder, where heat is most useful.
- the annular sleeve 200 can be removed using an extractor tool. Once removed, the annular sleeve 200 can be easily transferred to an analytical lab for testing. Also, the annular sleeve 200 allows the operator to recover all of the active material for testing.
- the anode-to-cathode distance may also be controlled by altering the outer diameter of the anode electrode.
- FIG. 3A depicts a typical prior art electrode in an exothermic reaction chamber.
- the inner diameter of the housing (grounded to form a cathode) is 7/8 inches.
- the anode outer diameter is 1/16 inches.
- the relatively large distance between the outer surface of the electrode and the inner wall of the reaction chamber cylinder (more accurately, the hydrogen-absorbing layer plated thereon, although the thickness of plated metal layers is negligible for the purpose of this discussion) requires very high voltage to initiate an electrical discharge between the anode and cathode.
- the outer diameter of the anode is 1 ⁇ 2 inch.
- the electrode has an outer diameter greater than 50% of the inner diameter of the reaction chamber cylinder.
- the electrode has an outer diameter greater than 50% of the bore diameter of the annular sleeve 200.
- the outer diameter of the electrode is greater than 75% of the bore diameter.
- the outer diameter of the electrode is greater than 90% of the bore diameter. In all embodiments, of course, the outer diameter of the electrode is less than 100 of the bore diameter.
- connection pin such as a 1/16-inch connection pin, is connected to the electrode. This facilitates insertion and removal of the electrode into and out of the exothermic reaction chamber, as well as providing an electrical connection for attachment of a power supply.
- the connection pin may be machined into the rod, but can also be brazed into a hole drilled into the end of the electrode, or otherwise mechanically attached.
- the electrode is formed form a rugged metal, such as tungsten or molybdenum.
- perturbations are formed on the outer surface of the electrode. These perturbations form sites for the generation of sparks, or electrical discharge from the anode to the cathode.
- the perturbations may be formed in a variety of ways.
- a wire is wound around the electrode in a spiral or helical pattern.
- the raised wire creates an irregular surface that may help the formation of arcing.
- the electrode is machined to generate a plurality of small raised protrusions. These may be smooth“bumps,” sharp“points,” polygonal protrusions, or other shapes (or combinations thereof).
- FIG. 4 depicts a section view of the surface of an electrode, with several representative protrusions machined thereon.
- the protrusions may, for example, be from 10 to 50 thousandths of an inch high.
- the protrusions may be formed in a regular, repeating pattern, or may be random. In general, the same pattern should be spread evenly around the periphery of the electrode, to induce an approximately even amount of electrical discharge in all radial directions.
- FIG. 3C depicts another embodiment of an electrode 104 for an exothermic reaction chamber.
- the electrode 104 comprises an electrode body 122, which may for example comprise a machined rod, e.g., nickel or aluminum, having a diameter greater than that typical of the prior art (e.g., FIG. 3A), for example 1/2 inch.
- the electrode body 122 is supported by a support rod 120, which may for example comprise a molybdenum rode of 3/32 inch diameter.
- a plurality of holes, e.g., 1/16 inches each, are drilled through the electrode body 122, at 90 s to the longitudinal axis, in this example.
- a 1/16 - inch diameter metal dowel 124 is inserted into each hole, and cut such that a small portion of each end of the dowel protrudes from the outer surface of the electrode body 122.
- the length of the dowels may be varied, for example to extend to at least 50%, or at least 75%, or at least 90% of the inner diameter of the exothermic reaction chamber cylinder or annular sleeve bore.
- Each set of holes may be drilled at a predetermined spacing interval, such as every 1 ⁇ 2 or 1 inch along the length of the electrode body 122.
- the tip of each dowel 124 may be filed or machined to a point, a rounded form, or any other shape, to provide a nucleation site for electrical discharge from the electrode 104 to the cathode of the reaction chamber 100.
- FIG. 3D depicts another embodiment of the electrode 104, in which holes 126 are drilled through the electrode body 122 at an angle a to the longitudinal axis.
- a may be any angle greater than 0 s (along the axis), and up to 90 s (perpendicular to the axis, as depicted in Fig. 3C).
- the holes 124 may be spaced along the electrode body 122, and drilled evenly around its periphery.
- Exothermic reaction chamber electrodes present numerous advantages over electrodes of the prior art.
- the current density between the electrodes is believed to be key to hydrogen loading of hydrogenabsorbing metals in exothermic reactions.
- the current depends primarily on the pressure inside the chamber and the distance between the anode and cathode. By reducing the distance from the outer surface of the anode electrode to the cathode surface, current density may be increased. Additionally, electrochemical reactions generally achieve better results in a harsh, active, high voltage environment. By forming perturbations at the surface of the anode electrode, more sparks may be expected, as the perturbations act as nucleation sites for the generation of electrical discharge events. Increased sparking increases the current density, driving more hydrogen and deuterium ions into the hydrogenabsorbing metal lattice structure.
Abstract
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PCT/US2018/019623 WO2019164521A1 (en) | 2018-02-26 | 2018-02-26 | Designs of exothermic reactors |
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PCT/US2018/019623 WO2019164521A1 (en) | 2018-02-26 | 2018-02-26 | Designs of exothermic reactors |
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Citations (6)
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US20070064857A1 (en) * | 2005-08-19 | 2007-03-22 | Winterberg Friedwardt M | Thermonuclear plasma confinement with thermomagnetic currents generated by nuclear reactions from fusion neutrons |
US20160194766A1 (en) * | 2007-05-04 | 2016-07-07 | Principle Energy Solutions, Inc. | Methods and devices for the production of hydrocarbons from carbon and hydrogen sources |
US20170117066A1 (en) * | 2015-10-26 | 2017-04-27 | K-Orbital LLC | Metal oxygen fusion reactor |
US20170301409A1 (en) * | 2005-03-07 | 2017-10-19 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Vacuum chamber for plasma electric generation system |
US20170372801A1 (en) * | 2013-06-27 | 2017-12-28 | Alpha Ring International, Ltd. | Reactor using azimuthally varying electrical fields |
US20180193816A1 (en) * | 2016-08-23 | 2018-07-12 | Industrial Heat, Llc | Designs of exothermic reactors |
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2018
- 2018-02-26 WO PCT/US2018/019623 patent/WO2019164521A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20170301409A1 (en) * | 2005-03-07 | 2017-10-19 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Vacuum chamber for plasma electric generation system |
US20070064857A1 (en) * | 2005-08-19 | 2007-03-22 | Winterberg Friedwardt M | Thermonuclear plasma confinement with thermomagnetic currents generated by nuclear reactions from fusion neutrons |
US20160194766A1 (en) * | 2007-05-04 | 2016-07-07 | Principle Energy Solutions, Inc. | Methods and devices for the production of hydrocarbons from carbon and hydrogen sources |
US20170372801A1 (en) * | 2013-06-27 | 2017-12-28 | Alpha Ring International, Ltd. | Reactor using azimuthally varying electrical fields |
US20170117066A1 (en) * | 2015-10-26 | 2017-04-27 | K-Orbital LLC | Metal oxygen fusion reactor |
US20180193816A1 (en) * | 2016-08-23 | 2018-07-12 | Industrial Heat, Llc | Designs of exothermic reactors |
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