WO2018194723A1

WO2018194723A1 - Enhanced trigger frames for wireless communications

Info

Publication number: WO2018194723A1
Application number: PCT/US2017/066505
Authority: WO
Inventors: Chittabrata GHOSH; Jonathan Segev
Original assignee: Intel Corporation
Priority date: 2017-04-17
Filing date: 2017-12-14
Publication date: 2018-10-25

Abstract

This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to using enhanced Trigger frames. A device may determine a first station device to receive an enhanced trigger frame in a ranging operation. The device may determine a trigger type field value for the enhanced trigger frame. The device may determine one or more bits indicating an enhanced trigger frame sub-type for the enhanced trigger frame. The device may send the enhanced trigger frame.

Description

ENHANCED TRIGGER FRAMES FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/486,242 filed April 17, 2017, entitled "Trigger Frames for Wireless Communications," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in full.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for wireless communications and, more particularly, to enhanced trigger frames for wireless communications .

BACKGROUND

[0003] Communication devices in wireless systems are becoming widely prevalent and are increasingly requesting services from other communication devices. One of these services is the ability to perform simultaneous location measurements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] FIG. 1 depicts a network diagram illustrating an example network environment for unifying Trigger Frames, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0005] FIG. 2 illustrates a frame format of a Trigger frame, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0006] FIG. 3 shows a table representing a Trigger Type subfield, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0007] FIG. 4A depicts a flow diagram of an illustrative process for using enhanced Trigger frames, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0008] FIG. 4B depicts a flow diagram of an illustrative process for using enhanced Trigger frames, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0009] FIG. 5 illustrates a functional diagram of an example communication station that may be suitable for use as a user device, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0010] FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example machine upon which any of one or more techniques (e.g., methods) may be performed, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0011] The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

[0012] In wireless communications, devices that communicate with one another may perform a variety of operations to allow for and improve communications. For example, operations may include time corrections, frequency offsets, and/or power corrections. Information communicated between devices can allow for such operations to be performed to adjust for inefficiencies in communications.

[0013] Trigger frames offer a way for one device to coordinate communications with another device, or multiple devices. A Trigger frame may be sent from one device to another device to indicate relevant information that may allow the other devices to communicate. A device that receives a Trigger frame may respond to the Trigger frame according to any information that the Trigger frame may include. For example, an access point (AP) may send a Trigger frame to one or more stations (STAs), which may trigger responses from the STAs.

[0014] In a multi-user (MU) environment, an AP may send a Trigger frame to all STAs. The Trigger fame may provide information related to available spatial streams, allocations, frequency, timing, power, and/or additional information. The STAs which receive the Trigger frame may use the information in the Trigger frame to configure themselves to communicate with the AP. For example, a Trigger frame may communicate a time when STAs should send uplink (UL) responses to the AP.

[0015] In an IEEE 802.1 lax draft specification, for example, a Trigger frame may be defined for UL MU operations using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). A Trigger frame that triggers UL transmissions from multiple devices may allow for devices to simultaneously perform location measurements in an MU environment.

[0016] Upon reception of a Trigger frame, STAs that have been assigned resource units (RUs) indicated in a Trigger frame format may perform time, frequency offset, and power corrections with respect to an AP's clock, frequency offset, and transmit power. Following Short Interface Space (SIFS) time, designated STAs may send their UL Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Units (PPDUs) in multiuser (MU) format, referred to as High Efficiency (HE) Trigger-based PPDUs (e.g., Trigger frames). [0017] A new method for MU scheduling and resources allocation may benefit the IEEE 802.1 laz standard in addressing scheduling and resource allocation by, for example, enabling STAs to perform location measurements simultaneously. A triggered UL operation may be a key to improving MU location measurements. For example, a Trigger frame format for IEEE 802.1 laz-based ranging may differentiate from a Trigger frame defined in IEEE 802.1 lax for a data exchange.

[0018] Example embodiments described herein provide certain systems, methods, and devices for enhanced Trigger frames, including, but not limited to, Trigger frames in the IEEE 802.11 family of standards.

[0019] Currently, in IEEE 802.1 laz and Wireless Lan Service (WLS) signal (SIG), multiple different Trigger frame variants— different from the variants defined in IEEE

802.1 lax— have been identified, and they include the following:

[0020] Trigger frame for IEEE 802.1 laz-based MU ranging negotiation.

[0021] Trigger frame for IEEE 802.1 laz-based MU measurement phase, triggering the

UL null data packet (NDP) from multiple STAs.

[0022] Trigger frame for location measurement report (LMR) from multiple STAs simultaneously.

[0023] Trigger frame for the polling phase preceding the MU measurement phase.

[0024] New enhanced Trigger frames described below, and other types of Trigger frames, may allow for improved location measurements between devices by triggering UL transmissions from STAs so that a device (e.g., an AP) may collect information from STAs that may be helpful in performing location measurement operations.

[0025] In one or more embodiments, an AP may initiate UL transmissions from STAs by sending one or more Trigger frames to the STAs. There may be multiple variants of the Trigger frame defined in the IEEE 802.1 lax standard, such as:

[0026] Basic variant Trigger (e.g., for UL MU operation).

[0027] Beamforming Report Poll Trigger (e.g., to collect feedback from STAs in MU for downlink sounding).

[0028] Buffer Status Report Poll trigger (e.g., to collect buffer status information from multiple STAs simultaneously).

[0029] MU ready-to-send (MU-RTS) (e.g., a Trigger frame for protection of downlink PPDUs at the STAs from their neighboring STAs).

[0030] Bandwidth Query Report Poll Trigger (e.g., to collect channel bandwidth information from STAs). [0031] In one or more embodiments, a single Trigger Type field of a Trigger frame may define Trigger frame types.

[0032] In one or more embodiments, a sub-field of a Trigger frame (e.g., a Trigger Subtype) may define the variants of Trigger frames identified in IEEE 802.11az. The Trigger Sub-types defined herein may be enhanced Trigger frames that may allow for improved location measurement operations in MU environments.

[0033] In one or more embodiments, STA behavior may be defined by Trigger Type and Trigger Sub-type subfields within a Common Information field of a Trigger frame.

[0034] The above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting. Numerous other examples, configurations, processes, etc., may exist, some of which are described in greater detail below. Example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures.

[0035] FIG. 1 depicts a network diagram illustrating an example network environment, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Wireless network 100 may include one or more user devices 120 and one or more responding device(s) (e.g., AP 102), which may communicate in accordance with IEEE 802.11 communication standards. The user device(s) 120 may be mobile devices that are non-stationary (e.g., not having fixed locations) or may be stationary devices.

[0036] In some embodiments, the user devices 120 and the AP 102 may include one or more computer systems similar to that of the functional diagram of FIG. 5 and/or the example machine/system of FIG. 6.

[0037] One or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may be operable by one or more user(s) 110. It should be noted that any addressable unit may be a station (STA). An STA may take on multiple distinct characteristics, each of which shape its function. For example, a single addressable unit might simultaneously be a portable STA, a quality-of- service (QoS) STA, a dependent STA, and a hidden STA. The one or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and the AP(s) 102 may be STAs. The one or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may operate as a personal basic service set (PBSS) control point/access point (PCP/AP). The user device(s) 120 (e.g., 124, 126, or 128) and/or AP(s) 102 may include any suitable processor-driven device including, but not limited to, a mobile device or a non-mobile, e.g., a static, device. For example, user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may include, a user equipment (UE), a station (STA), an access point (AP), a software enabled AP (SoftAP), a personal computer (PC), a wearable wireless device (e.g., bracelet, watch, glasses, ring, etc.), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, an ultrabook™ computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, an internet of things (IoT) device, a sensor device, a PDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalities with PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively small computing device, a non-desktop computer, a "carry small live large" (CSLL) device, an ultra mobile device (UMD), an ultra mobile PC (UMPC), a mobile internet device (MID), an "origami" device or computing device, a device that supports dynamically composable computing (DCC), a context-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, a set-top-box (STB), a blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a digital video disc (DVD) player, a high definition (HD) DVD player, a DVD recorder, a HD DVD recorder, a personal video recorder (PVR), a broadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, an audio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat panel display, a personal media player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), a digital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier, a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a digital still camera (DSC), a media player, a smartphone, a television, a music player, or the like. Other devices, including smart devices such as lamps, climate control, car components, household components, appliances, etc. may also be included in this list.

[0038] As used herein, the term "Internet of Things (IoT) device" is used to refer to any object (e.g., an appliance, a sensor, etc.) that has an addressable interface (e.g., an Internet protocol (IP) address, a Bluetooth identifier (ID), a near-field communication (NFC) ID, etc.) and can transmit information to one or more other devices over a wired or wireless connection. An IoT device may have a passive communication interface, such as a quick response (QR) code, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, an NFC tag, or the like, or an active communication interface, such as a modem, a transceiver, a transmitter-receiver, or the like. An IoT device can have a particular set of attributes (e.g., a device state or status, such as whether the IoT device is on or off, open or closed, idle or active, available for task execution or busy, and so on, a cooling or heating function, an environmental monitoring or recording function, a light-emitting function, a sound-emitting function, etc.) that can be embedded in and/or controlled/monitored by a central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor, ASIC, or the like, and configured for connection to an IoT network such as a local ad-hoc network or the Internet. For example, IoT devices may include, but are not limited to, refrigerators, toasters, ovens, microwaves, freezers, dishwashers, dishes, hand tools, clothes washers, clothes dryers, furnaces, air conditioners, thermostats, televisions, light fixtures, vacuum cleaners, sprinklers, electricity meters, gas meters, etc., so long as the devices are equipped with an addressable communications interface for communicating with the IoT network. IoT devices may also include cell phones, desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc. Accordingly, the IoT network may be comprised of a combination of "legacy" Internet-accessible devices (e.g., laptop or desktop computers, cell phones, etc.) in addition to devices that do not typically have Internet-connectivity (e.g., dishwashers, etc.).

[0039] The user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may also include mesh stations in, for example, a mesh network, in accordance with one or more IEEE 802.11 standards and/or 3 GPP standards.

[0040] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to communicate with each other via one or more communications networks 130 and/or 135 wirelessly or wired. The user device(s) 120 may also communicate peer-to-peer or directly with each other with or without the AP(s) 102. Any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include, but not limited to, any one of a combination of different types of suitable communications networks such as, for example, broadcasting networks, cable networks, public networks (e.g., the Internet), private networks, wireless networks, cellular networks, or any other suitable private and/or public networks. Further, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may have any suitable communication range associated therewith and may include, for example, global networks (e.g., the Internet), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), or personal area networks (PANs). In addition, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include any type of medium over which network traffic may be carried including, but not limited to, coaxial cable, twisted-pair wire, optical fiber, a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) medium, microwave terrestrial transceivers, radio frequency communication mediums, white space communication mediums, ultra-high frequency communication mediums, satellite communication mediums, or any combination thereof.

[0041] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128) and AP(s) 102 may include one or more communications antennas. The one or more communications antennas may be any suitable type of antennas corresponding to the communications protocols used by the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126 and 128), and AP(s) 102. Some non-limiting examples of suitable communications antennas include Wi-Fi antennas, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards compatible antennas, directional antennas, non-directional antennas, dipole antennas, folded dipole antennas, patch antennas, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, omnidirectional antennas, quasi-omnidirectional antennas, or the like. The one or more communications antennas may be communicatively coupled to a radio component to transmit and/or receive signals, such as communications signals to and/or from the user devices 120 and/or AP(s) 102.

[0042] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform directional transmission and/or directional reception in conjunction with wirelessly communicating in a wireless network. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform such directional transmission and/or reception using a set of multiple antenna arrays (e.g., directional multi-gigabit (DMG) antenna arrays or the like). Each of the multiple antenna arrays may be used for transmission and/or reception in a particular respective direction or range of directions. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform any given directional transmission towards one or more defined transmit sectors. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform any given directional reception from one or more defined receive sectors.

[0043] Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) beamforming in a wireless network may be accomplished using RF beamforming and/or digital beamforming. In some embodiments, in performing a given MIMO transmission, user devices 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may be configured to use all or a subset of its one or more communications antennas to perform MIMO beamforming.

[0044] Any of the user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may include any suitable radio and/or transceiver for transmitting and/or receiving radio frequency (RF) signals in the bandwidth and/or channels corresponding to the communications protocols utilized by any of the user device(s) 120 and AP(s) 102 to communicate with each other. The radio components may include hardware and/or software to modulate and/or demodulate communications signals according to pre-established transmission protocols. The radio components may further have hardware and/or software instructions to communicate via one or more Wi-Fi and/or Wi-Fi direct protocols, as standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards. In certain example embodiments, the radio component, in cooperation with the communications antennas, may be configured to communicate via 2.4 GHz channels (e.g. 802.11b, 802. llg, 802.11η, 802.1 lax), 5 GHz channels (e.g. 802.11η, 802.1 lac, 802.11ax), or 60 GHz channels (e.g. 802.1 lad). In some embodiments, non-Wi-Fi protocols may be used for communications between devices, such as Bluetooth, dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), Ultra- High Frequency (UHF) (e.g. IEEE 802.1 laf, IEEE 802.22), white band frequency (e.g., white spaces), or other packetized radio communications. The radio component may include any known receiver and baseband suitable for communicating via the communications protocols. The radio component may further include a low noise amplifier (LNA), additional signal amplifiers, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, one or more buffers, and digital baseband.

[0045] When an AP (e.g., AP 102) establishes communication with one or more user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, and/or 128), the AP 102 may communicate in a downlink direction and the user devices 120 may communicate with the AP 102 in an uplink direction by sending frames in either direction. The user devices 120 may also communicate peer-to-peer or directly with each other with or without the AP 102. The frames may be preceded by one or more preambles that may be part of one or more headers. These preambles may be used to allow a device (e.g., AP 102 and/or user devices 120) to detect a new incoming data frame from another device. A preamble may be a signal used in network communications to synchronize transmission timing between two or more devices (e.g., between the APs and user devices).

[0046] The IEEE 802.11 standard defines various frame types that devices may use for communications as well as managing and controlling the wireless link. These frame types may include data frames or signaling frames. The signaling frames may be divided into control frames and management frames. Management frames enable devices to establish and maintain communications. Some examples of management frames may include, but are not limited to, fine timing measurement frame, authentication frames, association request frame, association response frame, beacon frame, etc. control frames may assist in the delivery of data frames between devices. Some examples of control frames may include, but our not limited to, request to send frame, clear to send frame, acknowledgment frame, etc.

[0047] Typically, control frames have limited and simpler structures than management frames. Meaning that baseband processing may process control frames using a simpler procedure, resulting in faster processing. However, control frames are less flexible than management frames. [0048] Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP 102 may be configured to communicate with each other via one or more communications networks 130 and/or 135 wirelessly or wired. Any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include, but not limited to, any one of a combination of different types of suitable communications networks such as, for example, broadcasting networks, cable networks, public networks (e.g., the Internet), private networks, wireless networks, cellular networks, or any other suitable private and/or public networks. Further, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may have any suitable communication range associated therewith and may include, for example, global networks (e.g., the Internet), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), or personal area networks (PANs). In addition, any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may include any type of medium over which network traffic may be carried including, but not limited to, coaxial cable, twisted-pair wire, optical fiber, a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) medium, microwave terrestrial transceivers, radio frequency communication mediums, white space communication mediums, ultra-high frequency communication mediums, satellite communication mediums, or any combination thereof.

[0049] In one embodiment, and with reference to FIG. 1, when an AP (e.g., AP(s) 102) establishes communication with one or more user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, and/or 128), the AP 102 may communicate in a downlink direction and the user devices 120 may communicate with the AP 102 in an uplink direction by sending frames in either direction. In some examples, the AP 102 may send a Trigger frame 104 to the user devices 120 in the downlink direction. Data frames sent between the AP(s) 102 and the user devices 120 may be preceded by one or more preambles that may be part of one or more headers. These preambles may be used to allow a device (e.g., AP(s) 102 and/or user devices 120) to detect a new incoming data frame from another device.

[0050] With reference to FIG. 1, the one or more user devices 120 and/or the AP 102 may use enhanced Trigger frame variants for 802.1 laz-based measurements.

[0051] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0052] FIG. 2 illustrates a frame format of a portion 200 of a Trigger frame, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0053] In one or more embodiments, the portion 200 of a Trigger frame may include the following fields: Frame Control 202, Duration 204, Receiver Address (RA) 206, Transmitter Address (TA) 208, Common Information 210, User Information 212, Padding 214, Frame Check Sequence 216, and may include additional or alternative fields.

[0054] In one or more embodiments, Frame Control 202 may include two octets (e.g., one octet equals a sequence of eight bits), Duration 204 may include two octets, RA 206 may include six octets, TA may include six octets, Common Information 210 may include eight or more octets, User Information 212 may include five or more octets, Padding 214 may include a variable amount of octets, and Frame Check Sequence 216 may include four octets.

[0055] In one or more embodiments, the Medium Access Control (MAC) header of a Trigger frame may define the Common Information 210 field. The Common Information 210 field may include one or more sub-fields, including at least a Trigger Type 218, Length 220, Cascade Indication 222, CS Required 224, Bandwidth 226, Guard Interval (GI) and Long Training Field (LTF) Type 228, MU-MIMO LTF Mode 230, Number of HE-LTF Symbols 232, and Space-Time Block Coding 234, low-density parity check (LDPC) Extra Symbol Segment 236, AP transmit (TX) Power 238, Packet Extension 240, Spatial Reuse 242, Doppler 244, High Efficiency Signal-A (SIG-A) Reserved 246, Reserved 248, and Trigger Dependent Common Information 250 sub-fields. The Common Information 210 field may include information for each respective STA receiving the Trigger frame.

[0056] In one or more embodiments, of the 64 or more bits (e.g., eight or more octets) of the Common Information 210 field, the Trigger Type 218 may include four bits (e.g., bits BOBS), the Length 220 may include 12 bits (e.g., bits B4-B15), Cascade Indication 222 may include one bit (e.g., bit B 16), CS Required may include 1 bit (e.g., bit B17), Bandwidth 226 may include two bits (e.g., bits B18 and B19), GI and LTF Type 228 may include two bits (e.g., bits B20 and B21), MU-MIMO LTF Mode 230 may include one bit (e.g., bit B22), Number of HE-LTF Symbols 232 may include three bits (e.g., bits B23-B25), Space-Time Block Coding 234 may include one bit (e.g., bit B26), LDPC Extra Symbol Segment 236 may include one bit (e.g., bit B27), AP TX Power 238 may include six bits (e.g., bits B28- B33), Packet Extension 240 may include three bits (e.g., bits B34-B36), Spatial Reuse 242 may include sixteen bits (e.g., bits B37-B52), Doppler 244 may include two bits (e.g., bits B53), HE-SIG-A Reserved 246 may include nine bits (e.g., bits B54-B62), Reserved 248 may include one bit (e.g., bit B63), and Trigger Dependent Common Information 250 may include a variable number of bits (e.g., bit B64 - BN).

[0057] In one or more embodiments, there may be a variable number of User Information 212 fields that include information specific to each STA identified by, for example, an association identifier (AID) as a first subfield within the User Information 212 field. For example, if ten STAs associated with an AP are assigned resource units, there may be ten User Information 212 fields - one for each STA assigned resource units. Other fields, such as a carrier sense (CS) Required 224 field, may be common to each STA assigned resource units. For example, a value of one in the CS Required 224 field may indicate to each STA assigned resource units that the STAs are to perform CS (e.g., determining whether a channel is busy).

[0058] In one or more embodiments, the Trigger Type 218 sub-field may be used to indicate a type of Trigger frame. For example, one or more bits of the Trigger Type 218 sub- field may be used to indicate an IEEE 802.1 laz Trigger frame. The bits (e.g., bits B0-B3) may allow for sixteen Trigger frame types to be identified. The Trigger frame types that may be identified by the Trigger Type 218 sub-field are discussed further below in regard to FIG. 3.

[0059] In one or more embodiments, one or more bits from one or more sub-field(s) of the Common Information 210 field of the Trigger frame may be used to indicate IEEE 802.1 laz Trigger Sub-types. For example, one or more bits in the Trigger Dependent Common Information 250 sub-field (e.g., bits B64-BN), the Reserved 248 sub-field (e.g., bit B63), and/or the HE-SIG-A Reserved 246 sub-field (e.g., bits B54-B62) may indicate the Trigger Sub-type for IEEE 802.1 laz. For example, a Trigger frame Sub-Type (e.g., a bit value of 00) may indicate a Trigger frame for an IEEE 802.1 laz-based MU ranging negotiation. A Trigger frame Sub-Type (e.g., a bit value of 01) may indicate a Trigger frame for an IEEE 802.1 laz-based MU measurement phase triggering the UL NDP from multiple STAs. A Trigger frame Sub-Type (e.g., a bit value of 10) may indicate a Trigger frame for an LMR from multiple STAs simultaneously. A Trigger frame Sub-Type (e.g., a bit value of 11) may indicate a Trigger frame for a polling phase preceding the MU measurement phase. More Trigger frame Sub-Types may be indicated with one or more bits in this manner. For example, additional bits may be used to describe additional Trigger frame Sub-Types. 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111, and other combinations of bits may be used to indicate a Trigger frame Sub-Type. For example, bits B64 and B65 of the Trigger Dependent Common Information 250 sub-field may indicate a Trigger frame Sub-Type for an IEEE 802.1 laz Trigger frame. Other numbers and combinations of bits in the sub-fields of the Common Information 210 field of a Trigger frame may indicate Trigger frame Sub-Types.

[0060] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger frame for an IEEE 802.1 laz-based MU ranging negotiation may be transmitted by a responding STA (e.g., an AP) to simultaneously receive fine timing measurement (FTM) Request frames from initiating STAs (e.g., non-AP STAs) in MU mode. A Trigger frame for MU negotiation may include RUs assigned to specific STAs, which may be identified by AIDs, or assigned for random access by STAs. In response to MU FTM Request frames, the AP may send a Multi-STA block acknowledgement (BA) to STAs (e.g., STAs from which the FTM Requests were correctly received) followed by FTM Response frames in SU mode to each of those STAs. Using a Trigger-based frame exchange, the initiating STAs may negotiate ranging metrics, such as a measurement period/interval, measurement duration, starting time for measurements, security mechanism support, and/or other ranging metrics.

[0061] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger frame for an IEEE 802.1 laz-based MU measurement phase may be transmitted by a responding STA to collect sounding frames (e.g., UL NDP) from initiating STAs. An AP may measure a time of arrival of the received UL NDP frames needed for location measurement. Following a frame exchange, a responding STA may send a DL NDP announcement (NDPA) frame and a DL NDP frame.

[0062] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger frame for an LMR from multiple STAs simultaneously may be sent by an AP to collect a LMR feedback simultaneously from initiating STAs that may share their location information.

[0063] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger frame for the polling phase preceding the MU measurement phase may be sent by an AP to collect UL frames simultaneously from initiating STAs that may intend to perform IEEE 802.1 laz-based positioning. Based on this feedback information, an AP may schedule a Trigger frame for an MU measurement phase.

[0064] FIG. 3 shows a table 300 representing a Trigger Type sub-field, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0065] In one or more embodiments, the Trigger Type sub-field may be a sub-field of a Common Information field of a Trigger frame (e.g., a sub-field of Common Information 210 field of FIG. 2). The sub-field may be the Trigger Type 218 sub-field of FIG. 2, for example, or may be another sub-field of a Trigger frame. Table 300 may indicate the different Trigger frame types that a Trigger frame may be. One or more bits (e.g., bits B0-B3) of Table 300 may indicate the Trigger frame type.

[0066] In one or more embodiments, table 300 may include a Trigger Type 302, indicating a value for the Trigger Type sub-field (e.g., a value for the Trigger Type 218 sub- field of FIG. 2). Table 300 may also include a description 304, with each Trigger Type 302 being associated with a corresponding description 304. For example, one or more bits of the Trigger Type 218 sub-field of FIG. 2 may indicate a Trigger frame type. The bits of Trigger Type 218 sub-field of FIG. 2 (e.g., bits B0-B3) may allow for sixteen values in the Trigger Type 302 field of table 300. The sixteen values of the Trigger Type 302 field of table 300 may indicate sixteen different Trigger frame types.

[0067] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger Type 302 bit value of 0 may correspond to a Basic Trigger 306. For example, one or more bits of the Trigger Type 218 sub-field of FIG. 2 may indicate a value of 0 in the Trigger Type 302 field of table 300.

[0068] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger Type 302 bit value of 1 may correspond to a Beamforming Report Poll 308. For example, one or more bits of the Trigger Type 218 sub- field of FIG. 2 may indicate a value of 1 in the Trigger Type 302 field of table 300.

[0069] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger Type 302 bit value of 2 may correspond to an MU-block acknowledgment request (MU-BAR) 310. For example, one or more bits of the Trigger Type 218 sub-field of FIG. 2 may indicate a value of 2 in the Trigger Type 302 field of table 300.

[0070] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger Type bit value of 3 may correspond to an MU-request to send (MU-RTS) 312. For example, one or more bits of the Trigger Type 218 sub-field of FIG. 2 may indicate a value of 3 in the Trigger Type 302 field of table 300.

[0071] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger Type bit value of 4 may correspond to a Buffer Status Report Poll (BSRP) 314. For example, one or more bits of the Trigger Type 218 sub-field of FIG. 2 may indicate a value of 4 in the Trigger Type 302 field of table 300.

[0072] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger Type bit value of 5 may correspond to a Groupcast with Retries (GCR) MU-BAR 316. For example, one or more bits of the Trigger Type 218 sub-field of FIG. 2 may indicate a value of 5 in the Trigger Type 302 field of table 300.

[0073] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger Type bit value of 6 may correspond to a Bandwidth Query Report Poll (BQRP) 318. For example, one or more bits of the Trigger Type 218 sub-field of FIG. 2 may indicate a value of 6 in the Trigger Type 302 field of table 300.

[0074] In one or more embodiments, a Trigger Type bit value of 7-15 may correspond to Reserved 320 fields. The Reserved 320 fields alternatively may correspond to bit values of 8-15. The Reserved 320 fields of table 300 may be used to indicate additional Trigger frame types and/or sub-types. For example, one or more bits of the Trigger Type 218 sub-field of FIG. 2 may indicate a value of 7-15 in the Trigger Type 302 field of table 300.

[0075] In one or more embodiments, while table 300 may define types of Trigger frames, including an IEEE 802.11az Trigger frame Type, one or more bits may be used to indicate the Trigger Sub-type variants of IEEE 802.1 laz Trigger frames. Using bits of the HE-SIG-A Reserved 246, Reserved 248, and/or Trigger Dependent Common Information 250 sub-fields of FIG. 2, for example, the Trigger Sub-type variants may be defined. Therefore, while the Trigger Type 218 field of the Trigger frame in FIG. 2 may correspond to a value in table 300 that indicates a Trigger frame type, a number of Trigger Sub-type variants of IEEE 802.1 laz Trigger frames may be further indicated with one or more bits of the sub-fields of the Trigger frame in FIG. 2.

[0076] In one or more embodiments, the use of bits to indicate a Trigger frame Sub-Type may reduce the number of bits from among a limited number of available bits in a Trigger frame used to indicate Trigger frame Types and Sub-types. For example, there are a finite number of bits available in an IEEE 802.11 Trigger frame, and as more Trigger frame Types and Sub-Types are defined under IEEE 802.11, it may become difficult to indicate those Trigger frame Types and Sub-Types within the existing Trigger frame format defined in IEEE 802.11. For example, by using the Trigger Type 302 (e.g., representing the Trigger Type 218 sub-field of the Common Information 210 field of a Trigger frame as shown in FIG. 2) to indicate a Trigger frame Type, and by using existing bits in the HE-SIG-A Reserved 246, Reserved 248, Trigger Dependent Common Information 250 sub-fields, or any other sub-field of a Trigger frame shown in FIG. 2, multiple additional Trigger Sub-Types may be defined and indicated within the existing IEEE 802.11 Trigger frame.

[0077] FIG. 4A depicts a flow diagram of an illustrative process 400 for using enhanced Trigger frames, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0078] At block 402, one or more processors of a device (e.g., AP 102 of FIG. 1) may determine an STA device (e.g., user device 120 of FIG. 1) to receive an enhanced Trigger frame in a ranging operation. The Trigger frame may include information such as AP clock information, frequency information, transmit power, and other information. The information in the Trigger frame may be used by the STA device to perform time, frequency offset, and power corrections with respect to the AP' s clock, frequency offset, and transmit power.

[0079] At block 404, the one or more processors of the device may determine a Trigger Type Field Value (e.g., Trigger Type Field Value 302 of FIG. 3) for the enhanced Trigger frame. The Trigger Type Field Value may represent a sub-field of the enhanced Trigger frame. In particular, the sub-filed may be a Trigger Type sub-field (e.g., Trigger Type 218 sub-field of the Common Information 210 field of a Trigger frame as shown in in FIG. 2).

[0080] At block 406, the one or more processors of the device may determine one or more bits. The one or more bits may include at least a first bit, and the one or more bits may indicate an enhanced Trigger frame sub-type for the enhanced Trigger frame. The enhanced Trigger frame sub-types may be Trigger Sub-types that may include a Trigger frame for an IEEE 802.1 laz-based MU ranging negotiation, a Trigger frame for an IEEE 802.1 laz-based MU measurement phase triggering the UL NDP from multiple STAs, a Trigger frame for an LMR from multiple STAs simultaneously, or a Trigger frame for a polling phase preceding the MU measurement phase.

[0081] At block 408, the one or more processors of the device may cause the device to send an enhanced trigger frame. The enhanced trigger frame may indicate a Trigger Type Field Value and an enhanced Trigger frame sub-type.

[0082] FIG. 4B depicts a flow diagram of an illustrative process 450 for using enhanced Trigger frames, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0083] At block 452, one or more processors of a device (e.g., user device 120 of FIG. 1) may identify an enhanced Trigger frame. The enhanced Trigger frame may have been sent by another device (e.g., AP 102 of FIG. 1).

[0084] At block 454, one or more processors of the device may determine a Trigger frame type. The Trigger frame type may be indicated in the enhanced Trigger frame by one or more bits in a Trigger Type field (e.g., Trigger Type 218 field of FIG. 2). The Trigger frame type may be an IEEE 802.1 laz-based Trigger frame.

[0085] At block 456, one or more processors of the device may determine a Trigger frame sub-type. The Trigger frame sub-type may be a Trigger Sub-type indicated by a sub- field of the enhanced Trigger frame. For example the Trigger Sub-type may be indicated by one or more bits in one or more sub-fields of the enhanced Trigger frame (e.g., Reserved 248 field and/or Trigger Dependent Common Information 250 field of FIG. 2). The Trigger Subtype may include a Trigger frame for an IEEE 802.1 laz-based MU ranging negotiation, a Trigger frame for an IEEE 802.1 laz-based MU measurement phase triggering the UL NDP from multiple STAs, a Trigger frame for an LMR from multiple STAs simultaneously, or a Trigger frame for a polling phase preceding the MU measurement phase.

[0086] At block 458, one or more processors of the device may determine location measurements. Location measurements may include a time correction, a frequency offset, or a power correction.

[0087] FIG. 5 shows a functional diagram of an exemplary communication station 500 in accordance with some embodiments. In one embodiment, FIG. 5 illustrates a functional block diagram of a communication station that may be suitable for use as an AP 102 (FIG. 1) or a user device 120 (FIG. 1) in accordance with some embodiments. The communication station 500 may also be suitable for use as a handheld device, a mobile device, a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a wearable computer device, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device.

[0088] The communication station 500 may include communications circuitry 502 and a transceiver 510 for transmitting and receiving signals to and from other communication stations using one or more antennas 501. The transceiver 510 may be a device comprising both a transmitter and a receiver that are combined and share common circuitry (e.g., communication circuitry 502). The communication circuitry 502 may include amplifiers, filters, mixers, analog to digital and/or digital to analog converters. The transceiver 510 may transmit and receive analog or digital signals. The transceiver 510 may allow reception of signals during transmission periods. This mode is known as full-duplex, and may require the transmitter and receiver to operate on different frequencies to minimize interference between the transmitted signal and the received signal. The transceiver 510 may operate in a half- duplex mode, where the transceiver 510 may transmit or receive signals in one direction at a time.

[0089] The communications circuitry 502 may include circuitry that can operate the physical layer (PHY) communications and/or media access control (MAC) communications for controlling access to the wireless medium, and/or any other communications layers for transmitting and receiving signals. The communication station 500 may also include processing circuitry 506 and memory 508 arranged to perform the operations described herein. In some embodiments, the communications circuitry 502 and the processing circuitry 506 may be configured to perform operations detailed in FIGs. 2, 3, 4A, and 4B.

[0090] In accordance with some embodiments, the communications circuitry 502 may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium and configure frames or packets for communicating over the wireless medium. The communications circuitry 502 may be arranged to transmit and receive signals. The communications circuitry 502 may also include circuitry for modulation/demodulation, upconversion/downconversion, filtering, amplification, etc. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 506 of the communication station 500 may include one or more processors. In other embodiments, two or more antennas 501 may be coupled to the communications circuitry 502 arranged for sending and receiving signals. The memory 508 may store information for configuring the processing circuitry 506 to perform operations for configuring and transmitting message frames and performing the various operations described herein. The memory 508 may include any type of memory, including non-transitory memory, for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, the memory 508 may include a computer-readable storage device, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices and other storage devices and media.

[0091] In some embodiments, the communication station 500 may be part of a portable wireless communication device, such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wireless communication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, a smartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, a digital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., a heart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), a wearable computer device, or another device that may receive and/or transmit information wirelessly.

[0092] In some embodiments, the communication station 500 may include one or more antennas 501. The antennas 501 may include one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas, or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In some embodiments, instead of two or more antennas, a single antenna with multiple apertures may be used. In these embodiments, each aperture may be considered a separate antenna. In some multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectively separated for spatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that may result between each of the antennas and the antennas of a transmitting station.

[0093] In some embodiments, the communication station 500 may include one or more of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multiple antennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, and other mobile device elements. The display may be an LCD screen including a touch screen.

[0094] Although the communication station 500 is illustrated as having several separate functional elements, two or more of the functional elements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations of software-configured elements, such as processing elements including digital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. For example, some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) and combinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing at least the functions described herein. In some embodiments, the functional elements of the communication station 500 may refer to one or more processes operating on one or more processing elements.

[0095] Certain embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination of hardware, firmware, and software. Other embodiments may also be implemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device, which may be read and executed by at least one processor to perform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storage device may include any non-transitory memory mechanism for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a computer-readable storage device may include read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices and media. In some embodiments, the communication station 500 may include one or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored on a computer-readable storage device memory.

[0096] FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a machine 600 or system upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein may be performed. In other embodiments, the machine 600 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 600 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments. In an example, the machine 600 may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environments. The machine 600 may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a wearable computer device, a web appliance, a network router, a switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine, such as a base station. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term "machine" shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), or other computer cluster configurations.

[0097] Examples, as described herein, may include or may operate on logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangible entities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations when operating. A module includes hardware. In an example, the hardware may be specifically configured to carry out a specific operation (e.g., hardwired). In another example, the hardware may include configurable execution units (e.g., transistors, circuits, etc.) and a computer readable medium containing instructions where the instructions configure the execution units to carry out a specific operation when in operation. The configuring may occur under the direction of the executions units or a loading mechanism. Accordingly, the execution units are communicatively coupled to the computer- readable medium when the device is operating. In this example, the execution units may be a member of more than one module. For example, under operation, the execution units may be configured by a first set of instructions to implement a first module at one point in time and reconfigured by a second set of instructions to implement a second module at a second point in time.

[0098] The machine (e.g., computer system) 600 may include a hardware processor 602 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 604 and a static memory 606, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 608. The machine 600 may further include a power management device 632, a graphics display device 610, an alphanumeric input device 612 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 614 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, the graphics display device 610, alphanumeric input device 612, and UI navigation device 614 may be a touch screen display. The machine 600 may additionally include a storage device (i.e., drive unit) 616, a signal generation device 618 (e.g., a speaker), an Enhanced Trigger frame device 619, a network interface device/transceiver 620 coupled to antenna(s) 630, and one or more sensors 628, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, a compass, an accelerometer, or other sensor. The machine 600 may include an output controller 634, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate with or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, a card reader, etc.)).

[0099] The storage device 616 may include a machine readable medium 622 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 624 (e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. The instructions 624 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 604, within the static memory 606, or within the hardware processor 602 during execution thereof by the machine 600. In an example, one or any combination of the hardware processor 602, the main memory 604, the static memory 606, or the storage device 616 may constitute machine- readable media. [00100] The Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may be configured to perform the operations detailed in FIGs. 2-4. It is understood that the above are only a subset of what the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may be configured to perform and that other functions included throughout this disclosure may also be performed by the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619.

[00101] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may determine a first station device to receive an enhanced Trigger frame in a ranging operation.

[00102] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may determine a trigger type field value for the enhanced Trigger frame.

[00103] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may determine one or more bits, including at least a first bit, indicating an enhanced Trigger frame sub-type for the enhanced Trigger frame.

[00104] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may cause a device to send the enhanced Trigger frame, wherein the enhanced Trigger frame may include the trigger type field value and the one or more bits.

[00105] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may include the trigger type field value in a first sub-field of a common information field (e.g., Common Information 210 field of FIG. 2) and the one or more bits in a second sub-field of the common information field of the enhanced Trigger frame.

[00106] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may include at least a first bit of the one of the one or more bits in a trigger dependent common information sub-field (e.g., Trigger Dependent Common Information 250 sub-field of FIG. 2) of a common information field (e.g., Common Information 210 field of FIG. 2) of the enhanced Trigger frame.

[00107] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may include at least a first bit of the one or more bits in a reserved sub-field (e.g., HE-SIG-A Reserved 246 and/or Reserved 248 sub-fields of FIG. 2) of a common information field (e.g., Common Information 210 field of FIG. 2) of the enhanced Trigger frame.

[00108] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may determine that the enhanced Trigger frame sub-type is one of a Trigger frame for an MU ranging negotiation, a Trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering a UL NDP from multiple STA devices, a Trigger frame for an LMR for multiple STA devices, or a Trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase. [00109] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may indicate a sub-type of the enhanced Trigger frame with at least bit 64 of a common information field (e.g., Common Information 210 field of FIG. 2) of the enhanced Trigger frame.

[00110] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may determine a second station device to receive the enhanced Trigger frame.

[00111] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may provide an indication of the first station device within a first user information field (e.g., User Information 212 field of FIG. 2) of the enhanced Trigger frame, and may provide an indication of the second station device within a user information field of the enhanced Trigger frame, wherein causing to send the enhanced Trigger frame may include sending the enhanced Trigger frame to the first station device and to the second station device.

[00112] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may identify an enhanced Trigger frame in a ranging operation.

[00113] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may determine a Trigger frame type of the enhanced trigger frame.

[00114] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may determine a Trigger frame sub-type of the enhanced trigger frame.

[00115] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may determine location measurements based at least in part on the enhanced Trigger frame.

[00116] In one or more embodiments, the Enhanced Trigger frame device 619 may determine that the location measurements include at least one of a time correction, a frequency offset, or a power correction.

[00117] While the machine -readable medium 622 is illustrated as a single medium, the term "machine-readable medium" may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) configured to store the one or more instructions 624.

[00118] Various embodiments may be implemented fully or partially in software and/or firmware. This software and/or firmware may take the form of instructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. Those instructions may then be read and executed by one or more processors to enable performance of the operations described herein. The instructions may be in any suitable form, such as but not limited to source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Such a computer-readable medium may include any tangible non-transitory medium for storing information in a form readable by one or more computers, such as but not limited to read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; a flash memory, etc.

[00119] The term "machine-readable medium" may include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 600 and that cause the machine 600 to perform any one or more of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting machine -readable medium examples may include solid-state memories and optical and magnetic media. In an example, a massed machine-readable medium includes a machine-readable medium with a plurality of particles having resting mass. Specific examples of massed machine-readable media may include non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD- ROM disks.

[00120] The instructions 624 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 626 using a transmission medium via the network interface device/transceiver 620 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communications networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), plain old telephone (POTS) networks, wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, and peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device/transceiver 620 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communications network 626. In an example, the network interface device/transceiver 620 may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. The term "transmission medium" shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 600 and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such software. The operations and processes described and shown above may be carried out or performed in any suitable order as desired in various implementations. Additionally, in certain implementations, at least a portion of the operations may be carried out in parallel. Furthermore, in certain implementations, less than or more than the operations described may be performed.

[00121] The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. The terms "computing device," "user device," "communication station," "station," "handheld device," "mobile device," "wireless device" and "user equipment" (UE) as used herein refers to a wireless communication device such as a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, a printer, a point of sale device, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device. The device may be either mobile or stationary.

[00122] As used within this document, the term "communicate" is intended to include transmitting, or receiving, or both transmitting and receiving. This may be particularly useful in claims when describing the organization of data that is being transmitted by one device and received by another, but only the functionality of one of those devices is required to infringe the claim. Similarly, the bidirectional exchange of data between two devices (both devices transmit and receive during the exchange) may be described as "communicating," when only the functionality of one of those devices is being claimed. The term "communicating" as used herein with respect to a wireless communication signal includes transmitting the wireless communication signal and/or receiving the wireless communication signal. For example, a wireless communication unit, which is capable of communicating a wireless communication signal, may include a wireless transmitter to transmit the wireless communication signal to at least one other wireless communication unit, and/or a wireless communication receiver to receive the wireless communication signal from at least one other wireless communication unit.

[00123] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinal adjectives "first," "second," "third," etc., to describe a common object, merely indicates that different instances of like objects are being referred to and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner. [00124] The term "access point" (AP) as used herein may be a fixed station. An access point may also be referred to as an access node, a base station, an evolved node B (eNodeB), or some other similar terminology known in the art. An access terminal may also be called a mobile station, user equipment (UE), a wireless communication device, or some other similar terminology known in the art. Embodiments disclosed herein generally pertain to wireless networks. Some embodiments may relate to wireless networks that operate in accordance with one of the IEEE 802.11 standards.

[00125] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, an onboard device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumer device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless access point (AP), a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device, an audio device, an audio- video (A/V) device, a wired or wireless network, a wireless area network, a wireless video area network (WVAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a personal area network (PAN), a wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

[00126] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-way radio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communication systems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, a personal communication system (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable global positioning system (GPS) device, a device which incorporates a GPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFID element or chip, a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transceiver or device, a single input multiple output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a multiple input single output (MISO) transceiver or device, a single input single output (SISO) transceiver or device, a device having one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, digital video broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi- standard radio devices or systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a smartphone, a wireless application protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

[00127] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems following one or more wireless communication protocols, for example, radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR), frequency- division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal FDM (OFDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), time-division multiple access (TDMA), extended TDMA (E-TDMA), general packet radio service (GPRS), extended GPRS, code-division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier modulation (MDM), discrete multi-tone (DMT), BluetoothD, global positioning system (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee, ultra-wideband (UWB), global system for mobile communications (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, long term evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used in various other devices, systems, and/or networks.

[00128] Example 1, the device comprising memory and processing circuitry configured to: determine a first station device to receive an enhanced positioning trigger frame in a positioning operation; determine a trigger type sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; determine a trigger sub-type sub-field of the common information field; and cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises the trigger type sub-field and the trigger subtype sub-field, wherein the trigger type sub-field and the trigger sub-type sub-field are used to indicate a type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00129] Example 2 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more bits that indicate a trigger sub-type of a trigger type defined by the trigger type sub-field.

[00130] Example 3 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub field is a trigger dependent common information sub- field.

[00131] Example 4 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more reserved bits of a reserved sub-field.

[00132] Example 5 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field indicates one of a trigger frame for a multi-user (MU) ranging negotiation, a trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering an uplink (UL) null data packet (NDP) from multiple station devices, a trigger frame for a location measurement report (LMR) for multiple station devices, or a trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase. [00133] Example 6 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the enhanced positioning trigger frame sub-type is indicated with at least bit 63 or bit 64 of a common information field.

[00134] Example 7 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the memory and the processing circuitry are further configured to: determine a second station device to receive the enhanced positioning trigger frame; provide an indication of the first station device within a first user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; and provide an indication of the second station device within a second user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame to the first station device and to the second station device.

[00135] Example 8 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, further comprising a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals [00136] Example 9 may include the device of example 7 and/or some other example herein, further comprising one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver

[00137] Example 10 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which when executed by one or more processors result in performing operations comprising: identifying an enhanced positioning trigger frame in a positioning operation; determining a trigger frame type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; determining a trigger frame sub-type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; and determining location measurements based at least in part on the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00138] Example 11 may include the non- transitory computer-readable medium of example 10 and/or some other example herein, wherein at least the trigger frame type and the trigger frame sub-type are indicated within one or more sub-fields of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00139] Example 12 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 10 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein at least a first bit of the one or more bits is in a trigger dependent common information sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00140] Example 13 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 10 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein at least a first bit of the one or more bits is in a reserved sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00141] Example 14 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 10 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein a first bit of the one or more bits is bit 63 or bit 64 of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00142] Example 15 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 10 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is one of a trigger frame for an MU ranging negotiation, a trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering a UL NDP from multiple station devices, a trigger frame for an LMR report for multiple station devices, or a trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase.

[00143] Example 16 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 10 and/or some other example herein, wherein the location measurements comprise at least one of a time correction, a frequency offset, or a power correction.

[00144] Example 17 may include a method comprising: determining a first station device to receive an enhanced positioning trigger frame in a ranging operation; determining a trigger type sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; determining a trigger sub-type sub-field of the common information field; and causing to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises the trigger type field sub-field and the trigger sub-type sub-field, wherein the trigger type sub-field and the trigger sub-type sub-field are used to indicate a type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00145] Example 18 may include the method of example 17 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more bits that indicate a trigger sub-type of a trigger type defined by the trigger type sub-field.

[00146] Example 19 may include the method of example 17 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field is a trigger dependent common information sub-field.

[00147] Example 20 may include the method of example 17 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field indicates one of a trigger frame for an MU ranging negotiation, a trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering a UL NDP from multiple station devices, a trigger frame for an LMR for multiple station devices, or a trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase. [00148] Example 21 may include the method of example 17 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more reserved bits of a reserved sub-field.

[00149] Example 22 may include the method of example 17 and/or some other example herein, wherein the enhanced positioning trigger frame sub-type is indicated with at least bit 63 or bit 64 of a common information field.

[00150] Example 23 may include the method of example 17 and/or some other example herein, further comprising: determining a second station device to receive the enhanced positioning trigger frame; providing an indication of the first station device within a first user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; and providing an indication of the second station device within a second user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame to the first station device and to the second station device.

[00151] Example 24 may include an apparatus comprising means for performing a method as claimed in any one of examples 17-23.

[00152] Example 25 may include a system, comprising at least one memory device having programmed instruction that, in response to execution cause at least one processor to perform the method of any one of examples 17-23.

[00153] Example 26 may include a machine-readable medium including code, when executed, to cause a machine to perform the method of any one of examples 17-23.

[00154] Example 27 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which when executed by one or more processors result in performing operations comprising: determining a first station device to receive an enhanced positioning trigger frame in a ranging operation; determining a trigger type sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; determining a trigger sub-type sub-field of the common information field; and causing to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises the trigger type field sub-field and the trigger sub-type sub-field, wherein the trigger type sub- field and the trigger sub-type sub-field are used to indicate a type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00155] Example 28 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 27 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more bits that indicate a trigger sub-type of a trigger type defined by the trigger type sub-field.

[00156] Example 29 may include the non- transitory computer-readable medium of example 27 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field is a trigger dependent common information sub-field.

[00157] Example 30 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 27 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field indicates one of a trigger frame for an MU ranging negotiation, a trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering a UL NDP from multiple station devices, a trigger frame for an LMR for multiple station devices, or a trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase.

[00158] Example 31 may include the non- transitory computer-readable medium of example 27 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more reserved bits of a reserved sub-field.

[00159] Example 32 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 27 and/or some other example herein, wherein the enhanced positioning trigger frame sub-type is indicated with at least bit 63 or bit 64 of a common information field.

[00160] Example 33 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium of example 27 and/or some other example herein, the one or more processors further configured to: determine a second station device to receive the enhanced positioning trigger frame; provide an indication of the first station device within a first user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; and provide an indication of the second station device within a second user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame to the first station device and to the second station device.

[00161] Example 34 may include an apparatus comprising: means for determining a first station device to receive an enhanced positioning trigger frame in a ranging operation; means for determining a trigger type sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; means for determining a trigger sub-type sub-field of the common information field; and means for causing to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises the trigger type field sub-field and the trigger sub-type sub-field, wherein the trigger type sub-field and the trigger sub-type sub- field are used to indicate a type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame. [00162] Example 35 may include the apparatus of example 34 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more bits that indicate a trigger sub-type of a trigger type defined by the trigger type sub-field.

[00163] Example 36 may include the apparatus of example 34 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field is a trigger dependent common information sub-field.

[00164] Example 37 may include the apparatus of example 34 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field indicates one of a trigger frame for an MU ranging negotiation, a trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering a UL NDP from multiple station devices, a trigger frame for an LMR for multiple station devices, or a trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase.

[00165] Example 38 may include the apparatus of example 34 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more reserved bits of a reserved sub-field.

[00166] Example 39 may include the apparatus of example 34 and/or some other example herein, wherein the enhanced positioning trigger frame sub-type is indicated with at least bit 63 or bit 64 of a common information field.

[00167] Example 40 may include the apparatus of example 34 and/or some other example herein, further comprising: means for determining a second station device to receive the enhanced positioning trigger frame; means for providing an indication of the first station device within a first user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; and means for providing an indication of the second station device within a second user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame to the first station device and to the second station device.

[00168] Example 41, the device comprising memory and processing circuitry configured to: identify an enhanced positioning trigger frame in a positioning operation; determine a trigger frame type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; determine a trigger frame subtype of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; and determine location measurements based at least in part on the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00169] Example 42 may include the device of example 41 and/or some other example herein, wherein at least the trigger frame type and the trigger frame sub-type are indicated within one or more sub-fields of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame. [00170] Example 42 may include the device of example 41 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein at least a first bit of the one or more bits is in a trigger dependent common information sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00171] Example 44 may include the device of example 41 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein at least a first bit of the one or more bits is in a reserved sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00172] Example 45 may include the device of example 41 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein a first bit of the one or more bits is bit 63 or bit 64 of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00173] Example 46 may include the device of example 41 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is one of a trigger frame for an MU ranging negotiation, a trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering a UL NDP from multiple station devices, a trigger frame for an LMR report for multiple station devices, or a trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase.

[00174] Example 47 may include the device of example 41 and/or some other example herein, wherein the location measurements comprise at least one of a time correction, a frequency offset, or a power correction.

[00175] Example 48 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other example herein, further comprising a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals [00176] Example 49 may include the device of example 7 and/or some other example herein, further comprising one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver

[00177] Example 50 may include a method comprising: identifying an enhanced positioning trigger frame in a positioning operation; determining a trigger frame type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; determining a trigger frame sub-type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; and determining location measurements based at least in part on the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00178] Example 51 may include the method of example 50 and/or some other example herein, wherein at least the trigger frame type and the trigger frame sub-type are indicated within one or more sub-fields of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame. [00179] Example 52 may include the method of example 50 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein at least a first bit of the one or more bits is in a trigger dependent common information sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00180] Example 53 may include the method of example 50 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein at least a first bit of the one or more bits is in a reserved sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00181] Example 54 may include the method of example 50 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein a first bit of the one or more bits is bit 63 or bit 64 of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00182] Example 55 may include the method of example 50 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is one of a trigger frame for an MU ranging negotiation, a trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering a UL NDP from multiple station devices, a trigger frame for an LMR report for multiple station devices, or a trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase.

[00183] Example 56 may include the method of example 50 and/or some other example herein, wherein the location measurements comprise at least one of a time correction, a frequency offset, or a power correction.

[00184] Example 57 may include an apparatus comprising means for performing a method as claimed in any one of examples 50-56.

[00185] Example 58 may include a system, comprising at least one memory device having programmed instruction that, in response to execution cause at least one processor to perform the method of any one of examples 50-56.

[00186] Example 59 may include a machine-readable medium including code, when executed, to cause a machine to perform the method of any one of examples 50-56.

[00187] Example 60 may include an apparatus comprising: means for identifying an enhanced positioning trigger frame in a positioning operation; means for determining a trigger frame type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; means for determining a trigger frame sub-type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; and means for determining location measurements based at least in part on the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00188] Example 61 may include the apparatus of example 60 and/or some other example herein, wherein at least the trigger frame type and the trigger frame sub-type are indicated within one or more sub-fields of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00189] Example 62 may include the apparatus of example 60 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein at least a first bit of the one or more bits is in a trigger dependent common information sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00190] Example 63 may include the apparatus of example 60 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein at least a first bit of the one or more bits is in a reserved sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00191] Example 64 may include the apparatus of example 60 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein a first bit of the one or more bits is bit 63 or bit 64 of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

[00192] Example 65 may include the apparatus of example 60 and/or some other example herein, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is one of a trigger frame for an MU ranging negotiation, a trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering a UL NDP from multiple station devices, a trigger frame for an LMR report for multiple station devices, or a trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase.

[00193] Example 66 may include the apparatus of example 60 and/or some other example herein, wherein the location measurements comprise at least one of a time correction, a frequency offset, or a power correction.

[00194] Example 67 may include an apparatus comprising means for performing a method as claimed in any of the preceding examples.

[00195] Example 68 may include a machine-readable storage including machine -readable instructions, when executed, to implement a method as claimed in any preceding example.

[00196] Example 69 may include machine-readable storage including machine-readable instructions, when executed, to implement a method as claimed in any preceding example.

[00197] Example 70 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-69, or any other method or process described herein [00198] Example 71 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, and/or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-69, or any other method or process described herein.

[00199] Example 72 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-69, or portions or parts thereof.

[00200] Example 73 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-69, or portions thereof.

[00201] Example 74 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

[00202] Example 75 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

[00203] Example 76 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

[00204] Embodiments according to the disclosure are in particular disclosed in the attached claims directed to a method, a storage medium, a device and a computer program product, wherein any feature mentioned in one claim category, e.g., method, can be claimed in another claim category, e.g., system, as well. The dependencies or references back in the attached claims are chosen for formal reasons only. However, any subject matter resulting from a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (in particular multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that any combination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and can be claimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the attached claims. The subject-matter which can be claimed comprises not only the combinations of features as set out in the attached claims but also any other combination of features in the claims, wherein each feature mentioned in the claims can be combined with any other feature or combination of other features in the claims. Furthermore, any of the embodiments and features described or depicted herein can be claimed in a separate claim and/or in any combination with any embodiment or feature described or depicted herein or with any of the features of the attached claims.

[00205] The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. [00206] Certain aspects of the disclosure are described above with reference to block and flow diagrams of systems, methods, apparatuses, and/or computer program products according to various implementations. It will be understood that one or more blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and the flow diagrams, respectively, may be implemented by computer-executable program instructions. Likewise, some blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams may not necessarily need to be performed in the order presented, or may not necessarily need to be performed at all, according to some implementations.

[00207] These computer-executable program instructions may be loaded onto a special- purpose computer or other particular machine, a processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a particular machine, such that the instructions that execute on the computer, processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage media or memory that may direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage media produce an article of manufacture including instruction means that implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. As an example, certain implementations may provide for a computer program product, comprising a computer- readable storage medium having a computer-readable program code or program instructions implemented therein, said computer-readable program code adapted to be executed to implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational elements or steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide elements or steps for implementing the functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks.

[00208] Accordingly, blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of elements or steps for performing the specified functions and program instruction means for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flow diagrams, may be implemented by special-purpose, hardware-based computer systems that perform the specified functions, elements or steps, or combinations of special-purpose hardware and computer instructions.

[00209] Conditional language, such as, among others, "can," "could," "might," or "may," unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain implementations could include, while other implementations do not include, certain features, elements, and/or operations. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or operations are in any way required for one or more implementations or that one or more implementations necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or operations are included or are to be performed in any particular implementation.

[00210] Many modifications and other implementations of the disclosure set forth herein will be apparent having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific implementations disclosed and that modifications and other implementations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A device, the device comprising memory and processing circuitry configured to:

determine a first station device to receive an enhanced positioning trigger frame in a positioning operation;

determine a trigger type sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame;

determine a trigger sub-type sub-field of the common information field; and cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises the trigger type sub-field and the trigger sub-type sub- field, wherein the trigger type sub-field and the trigger sub-type sub-field are used to indicate a type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more bits that indicate a trigger sub-type of a trigger type defined by the trigger type sub-field.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the trigger sub-type sub field is a trigger dependent common information sub-field.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more reserved bits of a reserved sub-field.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field indicates one of a trigger frame for a multi-user (MU) ranging negotiation, a trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering an uplink (UL) null data packet (NDP) from multiple station devices, a trigger frame for a location measurement report (LMR) for multiple station devices, or a trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase.

6. The device of claim 1, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field is indicated with at least bit 63 or bit 64 of a common information field.

7. The device of claim 1, wherein the memory and the processing circuitry are further configured to: determine a second station device to receive the enhanced positioning trigger frame; provide an indication of the first station device within a first user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; and

provide an indication of the second station device within a second user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame to the first station device and to the second station device.

8. The device of claim 1, further comprising a transceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals.

9. The device of claim 8, further comprising one or more antennas coupled to the transceiver.

10. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions which when executed by one or more processors result in performing operations comprising: identifying an enhanced positioning trigger frame in a positioning operation;

determining a trigger frame type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame;

determining a trigger frame sub-type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; and determining location measurements based at least in part on the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

11. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein at least the trigger frame type and the trigger frame sub-type are indicated within one or more sub-fields of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein at least a first bit of the one or more bits is in a trigger dependent common information sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein at least a first bit of the one or more bits is in a reserved sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is indicated by one or more bits, wherein a first bit of the one or more bits is bit 63 or bit 64 of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the trigger frame sub-type is one of a trigger frame for a multi-user (MU) ranging negotiation, a trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering an uplink (UL) null data packet (NDP) from multiple station devices, a trigger frame for a location measurement report (LMR) for multiple station devices, or a trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase.

16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 10, wherein the location measurements comprise at least one of a time correction, a frequency offset, or a power correction.

17. A method, comprising:

determining a first station device to receive an enhanced positioning trigger frame in a ranging operation;

determining a trigger type sub-field of a common information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame;

determining a trigger sub-type sub-field of the common information field; and causing to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises the trigger type field sub-field and the trigger sub-type sub-field, wherein the trigger type sub-field and the trigger sub-type sub-field are used to indicate a type of the enhanced positioning trigger frame.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more bits that indicate a trigger sub-type of a trigger type defined by the trigger type sub-field.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field is a trigger dependent common information sub-field.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field comprises one or more reserved bits of a reserved sub-field.

21. The method of claim 17, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field indicates one of a trigger frame for a multi-user (MU) ranging negotiation, a trigger frame for an MU measurement phase triggering an uplink (UL) null data packet (NDP) from multiple station devices, a trigger frame for a location measurement report (LMR) for multiple station devices, or a trigger frame for a polling phase that precedes the MU measurement phase.

22. The method of claim 17, wherein the trigger sub-type sub-field is indicated with at least bit 63 or bit 64 of a common information field.

23. The method of claim 17, further comprising:

determining a second station device to receive the enhanced positioning trigger frame; providing an indication of the first station device within a first user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame; and

providing an indication of the second station device within a second user information field of the enhanced positioning trigger frame, wherein to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame comprises to cause to send the enhanced positioning trigger frame to the first station device and to the second station device.