WO2017190027A1

WO2017190027A1 - Surface overlay attached with double sided tape

Info

Publication number: WO2017190027A1
Application number: PCT/US2017/030158
Authority: WO
Inventors: Andrea Di Giuseppe; Ruggero MENEGHETTI
Original assignee: Rocksolid Granit (Usa), Inc.
Priority date: 2016-04-28
Filing date: 2017-04-28
Publication date: 2017-11-02

Abstract

A method of applying an overlay to an existing surface using double sided tape and a countertop made of at least three layers including an overlay, double sided tape and an existing countertop surface is provided to enable thin overlays to be applied to existing countertops/surfaces to provide for improved aesthetics while enabling fast installation and ease of handling.

Description

TITLE OF INVENTION SURFACE OVERLAY ATTACHED WITH DOUBLE SIDED TAPE FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The following relates to installation of decorative surfaces over existing surfaces. More particularly, the following relates to installation of countertop and tile overlays using double sided adhesive tape. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Home remodeling often involves a great deal of inconvenience, dust and expense for the homeowner. Materials are expensive, the job takes a lot of time and during remodeling, the room being updated often is not usable. It is particularly difficult for homeowners when a kitchen or the only bathroom is being updated. [0003] Although some remodeling jobs involve complete replacement of existing surfaces and built in units such as cabinets, these improvements are often cost prohibitive for the average homeowner. There is a growing number of people deciding to reface cabinets and overlay new material such as tile backsplashes or thin slabs of a recycled and engineered

stone/glass/quartz material over countertops. This provides a cost effective way to update the look of a room without the hassle and expense of a full renovation. [0004] The engineered stone/glass/quartz material is often referred to in the industry as“agglomerated slabs.” In existing industry practices, a two part epoxy adhesive or another adhesive is used to attach these

agglomerated slabs to existing countertop surfaces. Other glues or adhesives may be used adhere tile to existing surfaces. Often, these glues/adhesives must be mixed and then take some time to cure. Even if mixing is not required, the glues/adhesives can often give off an unpleasant odor. [0005] To apply an overlay to existing countertops, often a caulking gun style applicator is used to place beads of glue around the edges of existing surfaces. Sometimes, glue is applied to the middle, for example in an“X” pattern or others. The overlay is then applied on top of the glue. Now, the glue must cure to permanently adhere the overlay to the existing surface. During cure times, it is often crucial that the overlayed material is not touched as this could cause displacement due to the viscous nature of the glues. Sometimes, the overlayed material is clamped, taped or otherwise secured horizontally so it does not move. Clamping/taping often requires the workers to return the next day once the glue is cured/dry to remove the clamps/tape. Requiring workers to return for cleanup increases the costs of the job. [0006] Since the surfaces cannot be used until the glue cures, this delay is also inconvenient to the homeowner and often the unpleasant odor can be smelled while curing and this odor could linger for some time. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] To overcome the above discussed disadvantages, it is an object of the invention to provide a simple, repeatable and secure system for creating a countertop overlay. [0008] It is another object of the invention to allow for small

adjustments to the positioning of the overlay relative to the existing surface prior to final securement. [0009] It is another object of the invention to provide a securing system that avoids unwanted odors and lengthy cure times. [0010] These and other objects are achieved by providing a process for installing a decorative overlay on existing surfaces, the process includes providing an overlay and a double sided adhesive sheet. One side of the adhesive sheet is secured to the overlay and a liquid is applied to the existing surface. The overlay is then applied to the existing surface such that a second side of the adhesive sheet is in an opposed relationship to the existing surface. A position of the overlay is then adjusted by sliding the overlay over the existing surface, where the liquid enables the sliding. After adjustment is complete a pressure normal to the existing surface is applied and the liquid is absorbed by the adhesive sheet and the adhesive sheet permanently adheres the overlay to the existing surface. [0011] In one aspect a method is provided for applying an overlay surface to an existing surface and includes one or more of the steps of:

providing an overlay having first and second surfaces wherein the overlay is a composite material comprising a polyester or a polymer-coated substrate, the composite material comprising at least 75% of a material, the material being selected from the group consisting of: quartz, granite, marble, glass, and combinations thereof; applying a double sided adhesive sheet to the first surface, the double sided adhesive sheet including a butyl rubber adhesive compound and having a thickness which is less than 35% of a thickness of the overlay, the double sided adhesive sheet once applied covering at least 50% of a surface area of the first surface and having a 180 degree peel adhesion in the range of 10-30N/Cm and a probe tack of 3-15N; preparing an existing surface at least by applying a liquid to the existing surface; placing the overlay on the existing surface so that the first surface is in an opposed relationship with the existing surface and the double sided adhesive sheet is located between the first surface and the existing surface; and sliding the overlay relative to the existing surface and pressing the overlay into the existing surface such that the sliding aligns the overlay with the existing surface and the pressing adheres the adhesive sheet to the existing surface to secure the overlay to the existing surface. [0012] In certain aspects a thickness of the double sided adhesive sheet is: less than 5% of a width of the adhesive sheet; and less than 1% of a length of the adhesive sheet. In other aspects a thickness of the double sided adhesive sheet is less than 20% of a thickness of the overlay. In still other aspects a thickness of the double sided adhesive sheet is 3-20% of a thickness of the overlay. In other aspects, a surface area of the double sided adhesive sheet is at least about 50% as large as a surface area of the first surface. In still other aspects a surface area of the double sided adhesive sheet is at least about 65% or more particularly about 75% as large as a surface area of the first surface. In other aspects the overlay includes at least one third surface transverse to the first surface, the method further including the step of applying the double sided adhesive sheet to the third surface, the sliding step further including pressing the double sided adhesive sheet of the third surface against a second external surface, the second external surface extending from and being transverse to the external surface. In yet other aspects in the pressing step, the liquid is at least partially absorbed by the double sided adhesive sheet. In other aspects the overlay is a composite material comprising a polyester or a polymer-coated substrate, the composite material comprising at least about 75% by weight of a material, the material being selected from the group consisting of: quartz, granite, marble, glass, and combinations thereof. In other aspects the second surface includes printing thereon, the printing applied by sublimation printing. In still other aspects the liquid is absorbed into the adhesive sheet when the adhesive sheet is adhered to the existing surface. In still other aspects the liquid enables the sliding. [0013] In another aspect a cabinet is provided including a storage member and a countertop member. The countertop member includes at least three layers with a first layer connected to the storage member and having a first thickness. A second layer includes an adhesive sheet having adhesive on both sides thereof. The second layer has a surface area at least about 50% of a surface area of the first layer and further having a second thickness. A third layer has a third thickness and the second layer is adhered between the first and third layers to secure the third layer on the first layer. The first thickness is at least 1.5 times that of the second thickness and the second thickness accounts for less than about 10% of a countertop thickness measured as the sum of the first, second and third thicknesses. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0014] FIG.1 shows an adhesive sheet being applied to an overlay. [0015] FIG.2 shows preparation of the existing surface. [0016] FIG.3 shows the overlay being applied to the existing surface. [0017] FIG.4 shows adjustment and final application of the overlay. [0018] FIG.5 shows a partial cross section view of the overlay applied to a cabinet. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0019] Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding structure throughout the views. The following examples are presented to further illustrate and explain the present invention and should not be taken as limiting in any regard. [0020] In FIG.1, an example overlay 2 is shown as an agglomerated slab which is made of recycled stone and/or glass, and/or quartz dust/pieces. The dust/pieces are bonded together using a resin, often a polyester based resin that can be sublimated to add desired visual characteristics. As shown in FIG.1, the overlay 2 is upside down with respect to the final installed position. Surface 4 is the underside of the main countertop surface after installation and sides 6/8 overlay the sides of the existing countertop. The thickness of the slab 10 is normally less than 1 cm, preferably in the range of 6-8mm. It is understood that other overlays such as tile and others may be used. In one embodiment pre-grouted tile can be used in place of the overlay 2 shown. One example pre-grouted tile mosaic is shown and described in US 2012-0128941, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference. [0021] A double sided adhesive sheet 14 is provided with backings 16/18 that protect adhesive 20 until it is time to install the overlay 2. As shown, backing 16 is removed and the sheet 14 is applied to surface 4. The adhesive sheet 14 is cut to cover the majority of surface 4. In some embodiments, the surface area of the sheet 14 is at least about 50%, preferably at least about 65% and even more preferably at least about 75% of the surface area of surface 4. In other embodiments, the sheet 14 is cut to fit on surfaces 6/8 so the sides can also be secured to the existing sides of the existing surface. The adhesive sheet 14 may be cut from a larger roll which may be approximately 12 inches wide. Multiple pieces may make up the adhesive sheet 14 to enable covering the surface 4. In addition, the adhesive sheet thickness may be less than about 35% or more particularly about 2-25% of a thickness of the overlay prior to pressing the adhesive sheet between the overlay and the existing surface. [0022] An applicator 22 such as a sponge is dipped in a liquid 24 which is applied 26 to the existing surface 28. Prior to application of the liquid, additional surface preparation may be performed such as sanding and/or filling. [0023] In the case where the existing surface has plumbing or other fixtures extending from it, these fixtures are removed or configures to that the overlay can be installed over the existing surface. This may include removing faucet handles and other items in the existing countertop. The overlay 2 is pre-cut with appropriate holes and dimensions to fit over the existing surface 28. [0024] In FIG.3 the liquid 24 is shown applied 24’ to the surface. This may be a very thin layer of liquid 24 or a number of pockets or droplets of liquid. Backing 18 of the sheet 14 is removed and the overlay 2 is applied to the existing surface. Here, minimal vertical pressure is applied so that fine adjustments can be made. [0025] As seen in FIG.4, the overlay 2 is on top of the existing surface 28. Adjustments 30 are made by sliding the overlay 2 across the surface and these adjustments are enabled by the presence of the liquid 24. Once in position, pressure 32 normal to the overlay 2 is applied around the surface to press the adhesive sheet 14 between the overlay 2 and the existing surface 28. When sliding the overlay via the adjustments 30, adhesive on surfaces 6/8 will also come into contact with the sides of the existing countertop surface shown in the figures. [0026] In some embodiments, the overlay includes features such as holes, curved edges or the overlay itself is curved so that surface 4 is curved. In this case, the adjustments 30 allow the installer to align the features of the overlay properly. Often, the features will correspond to features of the existing surface. For example, holes for faucets in the existing surface need to align with the holes in the overlay so that faucets can be re-installed after installation of the overlay is complete. [0027] As shown in FIG.5, the overlay 2 may be applied using the adhesive sheet 14 over an existing surface 28 that corresponds to a cabinet. The cabinet includes a storage space 34 which may include a shelf 38. Other storage features of cabinets and drawers known in the art may be employed. In any event, the adhesive sheet 14 enables the overlay 2 to be applied over the existing countertop surface 28 of a cabinet while ensuring there is enough flexibility in the application process to ensure that the overlay 2 is properly aligned with the existing surface 28. The cabinet may include a door 36 with a handle 40 or other storage/access features. As can be seen, the final thickness Tc is the sum of the thicknesses T1, T2 and T3 with T3

corresponding to the overlay 2, T2 corresponding to the adhesive sheet 14 and T3 corresponding to the existing surface 28. In particular embodiments, T2 accounts for 20% or less or more particularly 10% or less of Tc. Further, T1 is 1.5 times or more or more particularly 2 or more or 2.25 or 2.5 or more times that of T3. T3 as described previously may be about 6-8mm. [0028] The adhesive sheet may include a butyl rubber adhesive and have a 180 degree peel adhesion of between about 10-30 N/cm, more particularly about 12-25N/cm or even more particularly about 15-21N/cm. The “180 degree peel adhesion” is tested according to the test standard ASTM Standard D 1000– 10,“Standard Test Methods for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applications,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA 2010, DOI:10.1520/D1000-10, www.astm.org. ASTM Standard D 1000 - 10 is incorporated by reference herein and is found at Exhibit A. Furthermore, the Probe Tack of the adhesive sheet in some aspects is in the range of about 3-15N or more particularly about 4-10N or even more particularly about 5-9N. The“Probe Tack” is measured in accordance with the test standard ASTM D2979-16, Standard Test Method for Pressure-Sensitive Tack of Adhesives Using an Inverted Probe Machine, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, DOI 10.1520/D2979-16, www.astm.org, which is incorporated by reference herein and found at Exhibit A

[0029] Although the invention has been described with reference to a particular arrangement of parts, features and the like, these are not intended to exhaust all possible arrangements or features, and indeed many other modifications and variations will be ascertainable to those of skill in the art.

Designation: D1000– 10 ^{An American National Standard} ([KLELW^$

Standard Test Methods for

Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-Coated Tapes Used for

Electrical and Electronic Applications¹ This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation D1000; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* Curling and Twisting 140-146 1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing Dielectric Breakdown Voltage 83-90

Effect of Accelerated Aging on High-Temperature Tapes 97-103 pressure-sensitive adhesive-coated tapes to be used as electri- Flagging 66-76 cal insulation. These tapes are classiﬁed as follows: Flammability 104-109 1.1.1 Class 1—Non-elastomeric backings made from mate- Hazards/Precautions 3

Insulation Resistance at High Humidity 91-96 rials such as: Length of Tape in a Roll 28-36 Paper,ﬂat or creped, Oil Resistance 116-122 Fabric, uncoated or coated, Puncture Resistance 123-128 Cellulose esterﬁlms, Resistance to Accelerated Aging (Heat and Moisture) 129-139 Polyethylene terephthalate (polyester)ﬁlms, Sampling 4 Fluorocarbon polymerﬁlms, Specimen Preparation 5 Compositeﬁlamentﬁlms, Thermosetting Properties 77-82 Polyamideﬁlms, Thickness 21-27 Polyimideﬁlms, and Unwind Force at Room Temperature 54-65 Combinations thereof. Unwind Force at Low Temperatures 54-65

Width 11-20 1.1.2 Class 2—Elastomeric backings that are characterized NOTE 1—These procedures apply to both Class 1 and Class 2 tapes except as noted above.

by both high stretch and substantial recovery. These backings

are made from materials such as: 1.5 The values stated in SI units are the standard, unless Vinyl chloride and co-polymers, otherwise noted. If a value for measurement is followed by a Vinylidene chloride and co-polymers, and value in inch-pound or English units in parentheses, the second Polyethylene and co-polymers. value may only be approximate and is for information only. 1.2 Test laminates of Class 1 and Class 2 backings accord- Theﬁrst stated value is the preferred unit.

ing to Class 1 test methods. NOTE 2—These test methods are similar to IEC 60454–3, but may differ 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the sometimes in some details.

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 1.6 This is aﬁre–test response standard.

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 2. Referenced Documents

bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For speciﬁc hazards 2.1 ASTM Standards:²

see Section 3. A167 Speciﬁcation for Stainless and Heat-Resisting 1.4 The procedures appear in the sections indicated below Chromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip and in alphabetical order: D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Adhesion Strength to Steel and Backing at Room Temperature 46-53

Adhesion Strength to Steel and Backing at Low Temperatures 46-53 Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials Bond Strength After Solvent Immersion 110-115 at Commercial Power Frequencies

Breaking Strength and Elongation at Room Temperature 37-45 D257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Breaking Strength and Elongation at Low Temperatures 37-45

Conditioning 6-8 Insulating Materials

D295 Test Methods for Varnished Cotton Fabrics Used for Electrical Insulation

1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on

Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of

Subcommittee D09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials. ² For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM approved in 1948. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D1000–09. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 10.1520/D1000-10. the ASTM website. *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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SGS North America Inc. pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. D1000– 10

D374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu- measurements refers to the averaging of measurements on a lation single roll and not to the average of all sample rolls.

D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation 4.4 See Table 1 for a summary of standard requirements for D3487 Speciﬁcation for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in the number of test specimens to select from each sample roll, Electrical Apparatus the number of test measurements to make per test specimen, D5032 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humid- and the value to be reported.

ity by Means of Aqueous Glycerin Solutions 4.5 Include in every report the complete identiﬁcation of the E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to tape tested.

Determine the Precision of a Test Method

2.2 IEC Standard: SPECIMEN PREPARATION

IEC 60454-3 Speciﬁcation for Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive

Tapes for Electrical Purposes³ 5. Test Specimen Preparation

5.1 Place any roll of tape to test on a freely revolving 3. Hazards mandrel. Except for determination of length of tape in a roll, 3.1 The following speciﬁc substances areﬂammable liq- remove and discard a minimum of three layers before remov- uids. Do not use them in the vicinity of openﬂames or ing tape for preparation of test specimens.

electrical contacts: acetone (see 50.1 and 94.1), heptane (see 5.2 Remove sufficient length of tape, at the rate of approxi- 50.1 and 94.1), and toluene (see 70.6). They must be stored in mately 50 mm/s (2 in./s), to provide the specimens required for closed containers, and it is imperative to clean apparatus in a all tests. Cut the tape with a sharp razor blade or scissors, well-ventilated area. unless otherwise speciﬁed. Place the tape on a smooth clean 3.2 As toluene is a toxic substance, use toluene only where surface, adhesive side up, or suspend it from one end in free air. adequate ventilation is provided and in such manner as to avoid Protect the adhesive surface from dust. Do not allow the any absorption through the skin (see 70.6). adhesive surface to contact the operator’sﬁngers or other 3.3 Warning—It is possible that lethal voltages will be foreign objects. From this tape material, prepare specimens as present when conducting test methods which evaluate electri- required in the individual test methods. See also Table 1.

cal properties. It is essential that the test apparatus, and all 5.3 Use test specimens that are the width of the tape as associated equipment electrically connected to it, be properly received, if possible. If it is necessary to prepare narrower designed and installed for safe operation. Solidly ground all specimens as prescribed in the test method, use extreme care electrically conductive parts that any person might come in since hand trimming has the potential to materially affect the contact with during the test. Provide means for use, at the test results. Two recommended procedures are (1) to slit the completion of any test, to ground any parts which: were at high specimen with a sharp razor blade free of nicks while the voltage during the test; have the potential to acquire an specimen is held down with a pattern of the desired width, or induced charge during the test; or have the potential to retain (2) to slit with mounted parallel sharp razor blades free of nicks a charge even after disconnection of the voltage source. to the desired width.

Thoroughly instruct all operators in the proper way to conduct

tests safely. When making high voltage tests, particularly in

compressed gas or in oil, it is possible that the energy released TABLE 1 Testing and Reporting

at breakdown will be suffıcient to result inﬁre, explosion, or Tests per Specimens

Test ^Sec- t_ion Specimen^A _{per Roll} ^{A Report}B rupture of the test chamber. Design test equipment, test

chambers, and test specimens so as to minimize the possibility Width 14, 19 3 1 avg

Thickness 26 3 1 avg of such occurrences and to eliminate the possibility of personal Length of tape in a roll 35 1 1 value injury. Breaking strength 44 1 3 avg

Elongation 44 1 3 avg Adhesion strength 52 1 3 avg SAMPLING Unwind force

Fast rate of removal 64 1 1 value 4. Sample and Specimen Requirements Slow rate of removal 64 3 1 avg

Flagging

4.1 The producer and consumer shall agree upon the num- Class 1 Tape 71 3 1 avg ber of rolls selected. Unless otherwise speciﬁed a minimum of Class 2 Tape 75 1 3 avg

Thermosetting properties 81 1 3 avg three rolls per lot shall be selected. Dielectric breakdown voltage 89 3 3 avg 4.2 For sampling purposes, a lot consists of identiﬁable Insulation resistance at high humidity 95 5 1 med materials of the same type, manufactured in one production run Effect of accelerated aging 102 3 2 avg

Flammability 108 1 3 avg and offered for delivery at the same time. Bond strength after solvent immersion 114 1 3 avg 4.3 All test methods in this standard are intended to produce Oil resistance 121 1 4 avg a test value for a single roll. Any reference to averaging of Puncture resistance 127 1 5 avg

Resistance to accelerated aging 129, 133 1 6 avg Curling and twisting 140 1 3 avg A When referee testing is involved, use an average of 5 determinations wherever 1 or 3 are speciﬁed above.

3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., ^B Minimum and maximum values are also occasionally required when average 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. values are reported. _{Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 22 23:02:45 EDT 2010} ²

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CONDITIONING 12. Test Specimens

12.1 Select test specimens of approximately 450 mm (18- 6. Terminology in.) lengths of tape taken from each sample roll in accordance 6.1 Deﬁnitions: with 5.2 and conditioned in accordance with Section 8. 6.1.1 conditioning, n—the exposure of a material to the

inﬂuence of a prescribed atmosphere for a stipulated period of 13. Procedure

time or until a stipulated relation is reached between material 13.1 Place the test specimen, after conditioning, without and atmosphere. tension or pressure, adhesive side down on a hard smooth surface. Measure the width perpendicular to the edge with the 7. Signiﬁcance and Use steel scale at three approximately equally-spaced points along 7.1 The physical and electrical properties such as adhesion, the length.

elongation, breaking strength, and dielectric breakdown will

vary with temperature and moisture content. Actual service 14. Report

results are inﬂuenced by these factors. In order that test 14.1 Report the average width in millimetres or inches, plus methods yield consistent and reproducible results, control the the maximum and minimum, if speciﬁed.

temperature and moisture content of the sample or specimen.

15. Precision and Bias

8. Conditioning for Room Temperature Measurements 15.1 This test method has been in use for many years, but no 8.1 Condition all rolls of tape for a minimum of 24 h to a statement of precision has been made and no activity is planned temperature of 23 6 5 °C (73 6 9 °F) before removing to develop such a statement.

specimens for test. 15.2 This test method has no bias because the value for 8.2 Condition all test specimens for a period of 1 h in a width is deﬁned in terms of this test method.

controlled atmosphere at 2365 °C (7369 °F) and 50610 % Method B—Caliper

relative humidity prior to testing.

8.3 Unless otherwise speciﬁed, testing shall be conducted at 16. Apparatus

23 6 5 °C (73 6 9 °F) and 50 6 10 % relative humidity. 16.1 A pair of calipers with a scale length larger than width 8.4 For referee testing purposes, subject all sample rolls to _{of the roll of tape, having divisions at 0.5-mm or} ^1⁄64-in. a controlled laboratory temperature of 23 6 1°C (73.4 6 1.8 intervals.

°F) for a minimum period of 24 h before removing specimens

for test. 17. Test Specimen

8.5 Unless otherwise speciﬁed, condition all referee test

specimens for a period of 1 h in a controlled laboratory 17.1 One roll of tape, conditioned in accordance with atmosphere at 2361°C (73.461.8 °F) and 5062 % relative Section 8. Unless damaged, no outer layers need to be humidity. removed.

8.6 Unless otherwise speciﬁed, referee testing shall be 18. Procedure

conducted at 236 1°C (73.461.8 °F) and 5062 % relative

humidity. 18.1 The outer turns of the roll must have clean and sharp edges. Discard any damaged or crushed edges. After condi- 9. Conditioning for Low Temperature Measurements tioning the roll of tape, place it on a table in a vertical position.

Open the jaws of the calipers and slide them over the cut edges 9.1 Elastomeric backings of Class 2 tapes have the potential of the tape so that the scale shaft is parallel to the table. Close to be subject to cold temperature tests. Condition elastomeric the caliper jaws slowly so as to just touch the sides of the tape backings of Class 2 tapes for cold temperature tests by placing roll. Be careful not to crush the edges and keep the caliper jaws prepared specimens or rolls of tape in a cold room for at least perpendicular to the edges of the tape. Measure the width 2 h at the desired temperature (example temperatures: 10 °C, 0 perpendicular to the edges in mm (in.) to the nearest 0.5 mm °C, -10 °C, -18 °C). (¹⁄64 in.) at three approximately equally-spaced points along the circumference of the roll.

10. Apparatus for Low Temperature Conditioning

10.1 Cold room or cold chamber capable of maintaining the 19. Report

desired cold temperatures during testing. 19.1 Report the average width in millimetres or inches, plus the maximum and minimum, if speciﬁed.

WIDTH OF TAPE

20. Precision and Bias

Method A—Steel Ruler 20.1 This test method has been in use for many years, but no statement of precision has been made and no activity is planned 11. Apparatus to develop such a statement.

11.1 A steel scale having divisions at 0.5 mm or ¹⁄64-in. 20.2 This test method has no bias because the value for intervals. width is deﬁned in terms of this test method. _{Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 22 23:02:45 EDT 2010} ³

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THICKNESS 27.2 A statement of bias is not applicable in view of the unavailability of a standard reference material for this property. 21. Terminology

21.1 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard: LENGTH OF TAPE IN A ROLL

21.1.1 thickness, n—the perpendicular distance between the 28. Terminology

opposite surfaces of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape as deter- mined in accordance with this test method. 28.1 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:

28.1.1 length of tape in a roll, n—the number of linear 22. Signiﬁcance and Use metres or yards of tape wound into a roll as measured in 22.1 The thickness is of value in controlling uniformity and accordance with these test methods.

providing design data, as well as for use in determining 29. Signiﬁcance and Use

physical and electrical properties.

29.1 Measurement of the length of tape in a roll is necessary 23. Apparatus to ensure receiving correct quantities.

23.1 Thickness Gauge—A dead weight thickness gauge as Method A—Balance Method

prescribed in Apparatus C of Test Methods D374, with the

following modiﬁcations: 30. Apparatus

23.1.1 Presser Foot Diameter—6 mm (¹⁄4 in.). 30.1 Balance—Two required, one capable of weighing to 23.1.2 Anvil Diameter—6 mm to 50 mm (¹⁄4 to 2 in.). the nearest 0.1 g, the other capable of weighing to 1 mg. 23.1.3 A weighted presser foot so that the total pressure 30.2 Steel Rule—Capable of measuring to the nearest 2 mm applied to a specimen is equal to 50 6 5 kPa (7.6 6 0.5 psi). (0.1 in.).

Calibrate the gauge for the actual load exerted by the presser

foot. 31. Test Specimen

23.1.3.1 Any commercial instrument that satisﬁes 23.1.3, 31.1 A test specimen is a single thickness of pressure- including a hand-held micrometer, is permissible for the sensitive adhesive tape approximately 1 m (3 ft) long removed thickness measurement. from a full roll of tape as received from the manufacturer. 24. Test Specimens Condition each specimen as described in Section 8.

24.1 In accordance with 5.2 and Section 8, prepare and 32. Procedure

condition specimens of tape of a single thickness a minimum 32.1 Determine the number of rolls to be tested for length in length of 450 mm (18 in.). Letﬂexible specimens relax for at accordance with the schedule described in Section 4.

least 2 min before testing. 32.2 Remove the core from the roll. Weigh each roll to the 25. Procedure nearest 0.1 g (Note 3). Remove a specimen of tape approxi- mately 1 m (3 ft) long from the roll in accordance with the 25.1 Place the test specimen upon the anvil of the gauge, procedure described in Section 5, except DO NOT DISCARD smoothly, with adhesive side down, but without tension. Lower theﬁrst three layers. After conditioning, measure the relaxed the presser foot onto the tape gradually to minimize any impact length of the specimen to the nearest 2 mm or 0.1 in. and weigh force, allowing it to rest upon the tape for 2 s, and then observe to the nearest mg.

the reading to the nearest 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.) of the

thickness gauge scale. Make sure no air bubbles are trapped. NOTE 3—If it is desired to run additional tests on the tape in the roll, it 25.2 Take three measurements uniformly distributed over is permissible toﬁrst weigh the roll with the core in place and then the surface of the test specimen. subtract the weight of the core after all test specimens are removed.

32.3 Calculate the metres per roll as follows:

26. Report weight of roll less core 3 length of specimen, mm 26.1 Report the following information: Metres per roll 5 weight of specimen 31000

26.1.1 The average thickness to the nearest 0.0025 mm (1) (0.0001 in.) plus the maximum and minimum, if speciﬁed. 32.4 Calculate the yards per roll as follows:

27. Precision and Bias weight of roll less core 3 length of specimen, in.

Yards per roll 5 weight of specimen 336

27.1 Data obtained from a round-robin investigation on (2) several types of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape indicate that

thickness measurements within a single laboratory can be Method B—Length Sensor Method

expected to fall within 65 % of the mean value, and that 33. Apparatus

measurements between laboratories can be expected to fall

within 610 % of the overall mean value.⁴ 33.1 Length Sensor—A device to measure length by using a benchmarked rotating wheel which rolls, with low torque and contact pressure, against the circumference of the roll as it 4 Supporting data have beenﬁled at ASTM International Headquarters and may unwinds. The apparatus includes a spindle for mounting the be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D09-1008. tape, the length sensor mechanism, and a read-out and rotating _{Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 22 23:02:45 EDT 2010} ⁴

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wind-up roll that can be used to either manually or automati- 38.2 Elongation—Elongation of tape is important as a cally unwind the roll of tape. See Fig. 1. measurement of its uniformity and quality, as well as a rough 34. Procedure indication of its ability to conform to contours of uneven surfaces.

34.1 Determine the number of rolls to be tested for length in 38.3 In the case of Class 2 tapes, testing at low temperature accordance with the schedule described in Section 4. Use only is necessary to ensure that the tape performs well at cold winter full rolls of tape. Do not remove any outer layer. temperatures.

34.2 Mount the roll on the shaft adjacent to the sensor.

Position the roll and length sensor so that the sensor is in NOTE 4—It is possible that values obtained in dry ice chambers and contact with the circumference of the roll and the leading end walk-in cold rooms will not be equivalent.

of the roll is directly under the sensor. Zero the sensor and 39. Apparatus

manually pull the leading edge of the tape andﬁx it to the 39.1 Testing Machine—A testing machine of the constant- wind-up roll. At the start of the unwinding, make sure that the rate-of-extension (CRE) type is preferred. Equip the machine length sensor maintains good contact with the roll and does not with a device for recording the tensile load and the amount of slip or bind. After unwinding is completed, take the reading of separation of the grips (Note 5) such that both of these the length sensor. measuring systems are accurate to 62 % of the breaking load 35. Report or the amount of separation of the grips. The apparatus must be 35.1 Report the following information: capable of providing smooth, uniform jaw movement during 35.1.1 The length of tape in each roll to the nearest 0.1 m testing, and the rate adjustable in increments necessary to (0.1 yd). produce strain rates that are speciﬁed for the materials under test. Equip the machine with a load cell with a capacity such 36. Precision and Bias that the breaking load of the material under test falls between 36.1 These test methods have been in use for many years, 10 and 90 % of the maximum capacity of the load cell. but no statement of precision has been made and no activity is NOTE 5—A high response speed in the recording system is desirable, planned to develop such a statement. particularly when relatively high strain rates are employed. The speed of 36.2 These test methods have no bias because the value for pen response for recorders is supplied by manufacturers of this equipment. length is deﬁned in terms of these test methods. Take care to conduct tests at conditions such that response time (ability of recorder to follow actual load) will produce less than 2 % error.

BREAKING STRENGTH AND ELONGATION 39.2 Extension Indicator—A suitable instrument for deter- 37. Terminology mining the distance between twoﬁxed points located within 37.1 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard: the gauge length of the test specimen at any time during the 37.1.1 breaking strength of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape, test. It is desirable, but not essential, that this instrument n—the force required, per unit width, to break the tape when automatically record this distance as a function of the load on tested under prescribed conditions. the test specimen, or of the elapsed time for the start of the test, 37.1.2 elongation of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape, or both. If only the latter is obtained, also take load-time data. n—the increase in length at break when the tape is tested under The extension indicator will usually have a separation of 25 prescribed conditions. mm (1 in.) between points and be a minimum of 25 mm (1 in.) 37.1.2.1 Discussion—In the case of Class 1 tapes, the from both the top and bottom jaws.

elongation may include creep in the jaws which is often 39.3 Holding Fixtures—Use holdingﬁxtures of any one of partially compensated for by“necking” of the specimen. the following types, provided that theﬁxture does not cut the specimen or cause slippage:

38. Signiﬁcance and Use 39.3.1 Air Jaws—A device that can beﬁtted with various 38.1 Breaking Strength—Breaking strength of tape is im- types of grips that will clamp onto a specimen through lever portant as a measurement of its uniformity, quality, and ability arms actuated by compressed air cylinders built into the body. to withstand tensile stress in application and service. The design provides a high gripping force with standard air pressure. Increased air pressure raises the gripping force to accommodate materials that are often difficult to hold in other types of grips.

39.3.2 Drum Jaws—Two smooth cylindrical metallic drums, 50 mm (2 in.) in diameter with a minimum length of 38 mm (1¹⁄2 in.), suitably marked to aid in proper specimen alignment.

NOTE 6—While drum jaws are permissible, they are not preferred. The design of drum jaws makes it extremely difficult to identify accurately the gauge length between jaws.

39.3.3 Manual Jaws—A device that can beﬁtted with various types of grips that will clamp onto a specimen through a manually operated lever.

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39.3.4 Grips—For manual jaws. 43.2 Read the percent elongation from the chart or digital 39.3.4.1 Line Contact grips have faces designed to con- readout or record the distance between benchmarks at the centrate the entire gripping force along a single line perpen- instant of break or rupture, and note the jaw separation or the dicular to the direction of testing stress. This is usually done by distance between benchmarks at the instant of break or rupture, combining one standardﬂat face with an opposing face from and calculate the percent elongation as follows:

which protrudes a half-round. Elongation, % 5 [~D ₂2 D₁!/D₁# 3100 (3) 39.3.4.2 Flat Faced grips have their surfacesﬁnished in

order to give the best clamping force on the material for test. where:

The choice is determined largely by practical experience with D ₁ = original distance between jaws or benchmarks, and the materials tested. It is acceptable for the faces to be D₂ = distance at instant of break or rupture between jaws smooth-ground, rubber-coated, or serrated. In general, the or benchmarks.

smooth-ground surface offers high gripping efficiency with

mostﬂat materials. The rubber-coated surface is of value with 44. Report

materials that tend to be weakened by pinching at the edge of 44.1 Report the following information:

the jaw face. The serrated surface is recommended for stronger 44.1.1 Temperature conditions,

materials that require the greatest gripping action. 44.1.2 Average breaking strength expressed in newtons per It is acceptable to use double-coated tape to reinforce 10 mm of width (N/10 mm) or in pounds-force per inch of gripping, by applying a thin piece of tape on each side of the width, plus the maximum and minimum, if speciﬁed, and ﬂat grips. 44.1.3 Average percent elongation, plus the maximum and 39.3.4.3 Cold Chamber—For cold temperatures testing, if a minimum, if speciﬁed.

cold chamber is used for conditioning, it must be equipped

with a slot suitable for inserting the tape. 45. Precision and Bias

39.3.4.4 Gloves—White cotton for handling very cold 45.1 Data obtained from a round-robin investigation on samples. several types of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape indicate that 40. Conditioning breaking-strength measurements within a single laboratory can be expected to fall within 615 % of the mean value, and 40.1 Condition rolls of tape or specimens according to elongation measurements to within 625 % of the mean value. Sections 6-10 for either room or low temperature testing. Among different laboratories they can be expected to fall 41. Test Specimens within 620 % and 630 %, respectively, of the overall mean value.⁴

41.1 Select specimens in accordance with 5.2 and Section 8. 45.2 A statement of bias is not applicable in view of the Use specimens that are the width of the tape as received if unavailability of a standard reference material for these prop- possible. If it is necessary to trim the specimens due to the erties.

machine or jaw width limitations, take extreme care since hand

trimming has the potential to materially affect the test results. ADHESION STRENGTH TO STEEL AND BACKING See 5.3 for recommended procedures to slit narrower widths.

Put benchmarks on the specimens, if needed. 46. Terminology

42. Procedure 46.1 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:

42.1 Air Jaws or Manual Jaws—Position the crosshead at 46.1.1 adhesion strength of pressure-sensitive adhesive the desired gauge length and insert the specimen in the grips. tape, n—the force necessary to remove the tape from a Tighten the movable gripﬁrst. If this process applies a preload prescribed surface when measured in accordance with this test on the specimen, do not change the balance adjustment to method.

compensate for it. Adjust the initial length of the specimen

between contact points to 100 mm (4 in.). 47. Signiﬁcance and Use

42.2 Drum Jaws—Hold the test specimen in place by 47.1 In many applications the use of a pressure-sensitive placing approximately three quarters of a turn of the tape adhesive tape depends upon adhesion strength to give satisfac- around each holdingﬁxture with the adhesive side in contact tory performance. The adhesion property is also important in with the drum. Place the tape in the center of the drums with determining the uniformity of quality.

the edges parallel to the scribed lines. Adjust the initial length

of the specimen between contact points to 100 mm (4 in.). 48. Apparatus

42.3 Use a constant jaw speed of 3006 13 mm/min (12 6 48.1 Testing Machine—A constant rate of extension (CRE) 1⁄2 in./min), unless otherwise speciﬁed. testing machine shall be used. The testing machine shall have 42.4 Discard breaks that occur at the jaws. Make a mini- two clamps with centers in the same plane, parallel with the mum of three acceptable determinations. direction of the motion of the stressing clamp, and so aligned that the clamps will hold the specimen entirely in the same 43. Calculation plane. The instrument shall be calibrated to an accuracy of 1 % 43.1 Read the breaking strength directly from the recording of full scale and the scale range of any test shall be such that chart or digital readout. the mean test level falls within 10 to 90 % of full scale. Equip _{Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 22 23:02:45 EDT 2010} ⁶

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NOTE 7—For referee testing, use new cleaned steel panels.

50.2 Remove the specimen from the roll. Let it relax for about 2 min or more. Apply it, adhesive side down, to the polished surface of the panel. Apply the specimen so that a 125-mm (5-in.) length extends beyond one end of the panel.

50.3 For tapes less than 25 mm (1 in.) wide, cut other strips from the same sample roll and apply parallel and adjacent to the test specimen to provide a total width of approximately 25 mm (1 in.) for rolling purposes only. Then, pass the roller, without application of additional pressure, over the backing of the tape lengthwise, once in each direction at the rate of approximately 300 mm/min (12 in./min). After the tape is on the panel for 20 min (50.3.1), double back the free end of the test specimen at an angle of 180° and peel 25 mm (1 in.) of the tape off the panel at the doubled end. Clamp this portion of the exposed panel in the lower jaw of the testing machine and

place the free end of the tape in the upper jaw. Use a jaw travel rate of 300 mm/min (12 in./min). After theﬁrst 25 mm (1 in.) the machine with a device that allows a head separation of a of tape is removed from the panel, read the specimen adhesion minimum of 250 mm (10 in.). over the next 50 mm (2 in.). Do not take any readings during 48.2 Test Panel⁵—Aﬂat steel sheet having a bright annealed the removal of the last 25 mm (inch) of tape from the panel. ﬁnish, 50 by 125 by 1.5 mm (2 by 5 by ¹⁄16 in.). Use stainless 50.3.1 It is acceptable, in order to expedite testing, to steel Type 302 or 304 as prescribed in Speciﬁcation A167 with measure the adhesion immediately after application of the tape surface roughness height of 0.05060.025 μm (2.061.0 μin.) to the panel, except for referee testing. This procedure results arithmetic average deviation from the mean line. in slightly lower and more variable values.

48.3 Rubber Covered Steel Roller—A steel roller, Fig.2, 80 50.4 Test double-sided tapes by removing the liner material 6 2.5 mm (3.25 6 0.1 in) in diameter and 45 mm 6 1 mm and covering the adhesive surface not under test with soft (1.75 6 0.05 in.) wide, covered with rubber approximately 6

1 tissue paper, such as facial tissue.

mm (⁄4 in.) in thickness having a durometer hardness of 806 50.5 If the glass tapes have the potential to break on 180º 5 Shore A. To apply pressure to the specimen, use a roller pullback, reinforce them with another thickness of the same weighing 2000 6 50 g (4.56 0.1 lb). Construct the roller so tape. Report this modiﬁcation.

that the weight of the handle is not added to the weight of the 50.6 Adhesion to Backing—Conduct the test of the adhesion roller during use. of a tape to its own backing in a similar manner, exceptﬁrst 49. Test Specimens affix a strip of the tape under test to each test panel with both ends wrapped around the ends of the panel. Use clean steel 49.1 Use test specimens that are 250 mm (10 in.) long and plates. Follow the procedure described in 50.1-50.3 except no more than 25 mm (1 in.) wide. Remove each specimen from apply the test specimen to the tape backing rather than to the the roll in accordance with 5.2 so that neither surface in the test steel panel. Both test specimen and tape backing are to be used area contacts the operator’sﬁngers nor any other foreign once.

object.

49.2 Prepare three test specimens from each roll. 51. Procedure for Low Temperatures Testing

51.1 For low temperature measurements, specimens pre- 50. Procedure pared in Section 49 will be conditioned for 2 h according to 50.1 Adhesion to Steel Panel—Prepare the polished surface Sections 9 and 10 before testing. Use white cotton gloves for of the steel panel by scrubbing it thoroughly, using a clean handling very cold samples.

piece of surgical gauze saturated with any solvent capable of

facilitating the removal of adhesive residue (Warning—see 52. Report

3.1). Scrub the panel again using a clean piece of surgical 52.1 Report the following information:

gauze saturated with heptane or any other appropriate solvent 52.1.1 Testing temperatures,

(Warning—see 3.1). Discard the gauze after each cleaning 52.1.2 Kind of test (to steel or to backing), and step. After all traces of solvent evaporate, wipe the surface of 52.1.3 Average of the three test values for each kind of test the panel with a clean dry piece of surgical gauze. expressed in newtons per 10 mm of width (N/10 mm) or in ounces-force per inch of width, plus the maximum or mini- mum, if speciﬁed.

5 The sole source of supply of the test panels meeting these requirements known

to the committee at this time is Chemsultants International, 9079 Tylor Blvd., 53. Precision and Bias

Mentor OH 44060 or at www.chemsultants.com. If you are aware of alternative

suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. 53.1 For adhesion to steel, in a round-robin investigation Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible involving two laboratories and several types of pressure- technical committee,¹ which you may attend. sensitive adhesive tapes (plastic, cloth, and paper-backed _{Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 22 23:02:45 EDT 2010} ⁷

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Machine for Unwind Force Test (Method A)

tapes), data generated utilizing the procedures described in 55. Signiﬁcance and Use

Practice E691 indicate that the coefficient of variation within a 55.1 The unwind force at the speciﬁed rate gives informa- single laboratory, (Vr %) j, is expected to be as much as 7 % tion on the combined effects of the interlayer adhesion in the whereas the coefficient of variation between laboratories, (VL roll and of the physical condition of the backing and adhesive %) j, is expected to be as much as 10 %.⁶

mass. This unwind force is useful as a measure of the effects of 53.2 For adhesion to backing, in a round-robin investigation natural, shelf or accelerated aging, and the unwind force involving two laboratories and several types of pressure- determined at the fast rate of removal is useful as a measure of sensitive adhesive tapes (plastic, cloth, and paper-backed the ease of unwinding in mechanized or hand dispensers. A tapes), data generated utilizing the procedures described in tape width of 25 mm (1 in.) is considered optimum for this test Practice E691 indicate that the coefficient of variation within a method. The unwind force for widths other than 25 mm (1 in.) single laboratory, (Vr %) j, is expected to be as much as 7 % is not always proportional to the width.

whereas the coefficient of variation between laboratories, (VL

%) j, is expected to be as much as 11 %.⁶ Method A—Fast Rate of Removal

53.3 These test methods have no bias because the values for

adhesion to steel and adhesion to backing are deﬁned solely in 56. Apparatus

terms of these test methods. 56.1 Testing Machine⁷—A power-driven testing machine,

UNWIND FORCE similar to that shown in Fig.3, that can rewind a roll of tape at

45 m/min (150 ft/min) from a specimen roll that is mounted 54. Terminology upon a free-turning roller assembly. By suitable means, attach 54.1 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard: this assembly to a scale or other measuring device. The driven 54.1.1 unwind force of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape, n—

the force required to remove the tape from the roll when ⁷

measured in accordance with this test method. The sole source of supply of the variable-speed unwind machine meeting these requirements known to the committee at this time is Chemsultants International, 9349 Hamilton Drive, Mentor, OH 44061-1118. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. 6 Supporting data have beenﬁled at ASTM International Headquarters and may Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D09-1023. technical committee,¹ which you may attend. _{Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 22 23:02:45 EDT 2010} ⁸

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roll of the machine operates at the test speed while it is 62. Test Specimen

acceptable to operate the wind-up mandrel through a slip 62.1 Use a roll of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape as clutch. received and a minimum length of 5 m (5 yd) as a test 56.2 Test Jig⁸—A free-turning roller assembly similar to specimen. Discard theﬁrst three layers of tape before making that shown in Fig. 4. The free-turning wheel or drum of the the measurement.

assembly shallﬁt snugly into the core of the tape.

63. Procedure

57. Conditioning 63.1 Place the roll of tape on the free-turning roller assem- 57.1 Condition rolls of tape or specimens according to bly. Clamp the roller assembly in the lower jaw of the tension Sections 6-10 for either room or low temperature testing, as testing machine. Unwind sufficient tape so that the free end of needed. the tape can attach to the upper jaw of the machine. Operate the machine at 300 mm/min (12 in./min) and take readings as 58. Test Specimen described in 50.3. After 25 mm (1 in.) has been run off, record 58.1 Use a roll of pressure-sensitive adhesive tape as the average load required for unrolling the tape. Run off received and a minimum length of 18 m (20 yd) as the test approximately 300 mm (1 ft) of tape for each determination. specimen. Discard theﬁrst three layers of tape before making Conduct three tests on each roll.

the measurement. 63.1.1 Observe the tape for adhesive transfer to backing and breaking during unrolling, especially at low temperatures. 59. Procedure

64. Report

59.1 Place the roll of tape on the free-turning roller assem- bly. Thread the tape over the pull roll and attach it to a core on 64.1 Report the following information:

the wind-up mandrel. Check the zero reading on the scale. 64.1.1 Testing temperatures,

Operate the machine from the scale. Run off approximately 10 64.1.2 Rate of removal (fast or slow),

m (10 yd) for each test. Conduct one test on each roll. 64.1.3 Average unwind force in newtons per 10 mm of width (N/10 mm) or in ounces-force per inch of width, plus the Method B—Slow Rate of Removal maximum and minimum, if speciﬁed, and

64.1.4 Any adhesive transfer to the backing, delamination 60. Apparatus on composites, or breaking of the tape during unrolling, 60.1 Use the testing machine andﬁxtures described in 56.1 especially at low temperatures.

and 56.2.

65. Precision and Bias

61. Conditioning 65.1 These test methods have been in use for many years, 61.1 Condition rolls of tape or specimen according to but no statement of precision has been made and no activity is Sections 6-10 for either room or low temperature testing, as planned to develop such a statement.

needed. 65.2 These test methods have no bias because the value for unwind force is deﬁned in terms of these test methods.

FLAGGING

8 The sole source of supply of the test jig for 3-in. (75 mm) cores meeting these 66. Terminology

requirements known to the committee at this time is Chemsultants International,

9349 Hamilton Drive, Mentor, OH 44061-1118. If you are aware of alternative 66.1 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard:

suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. 66.1.1ﬂagging, n—the lifting of an end of pressure- Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible sensitive adhesive tape that has been applied to a curved technical committee,¹ which you may attend. surface, thus forming aﬂag or tab tangent to the surface.

67. Signiﬁcance and Use

67.1 Knowledge of theﬂagging characteristics of tape is useful in determining whether such properties as thickness, stiffness, and adhesion have been properly balanced for appli- cations whereﬂagging has the potential to occur.

Method A—For Class 1 Tape

68. Apparatus

68.1 Winding Fixture—A device designed to hold a metal rod at each end andﬁtted with a crank or other device to rotate the rod so that it is possible to wind the specimen thereon. Attach theﬁxture to a rigid support with the rod held in a st Jig for Unwind Force Test horizontal position.

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68.2 Rods—Any suitable metal of 3 mm (¹⁄8 in.) or 6 mm NOTE 8—As the tape is being wound up rely only on the weight to get (¹⁄4 in.) in diameter and 125 mm (5 in.) long. Rods of other smooth overlap. Avoid juggling or touching the tape to direct it during the diameters are acceptable if agreed upon between the manufac- wind up.

turer and the purchaser. 70.4 Flagging (as received)—Insert the specimen assembly 68.3 Weight—A mass of 50061 g provided with a hook or in holes in the base of the board with theﬂag at the upper end other means of attaching to the specimen. and allow them to condition at 23 6 1°C (73.4 6 1.8 °F) and 68.4 Rule, graduated in millimetres. 50 6 2 % relative humidity for 24 h unless a period of 7 days 68.5 Board or Block, a device made of wood or aluminum is speciﬁed.

to hold the wrapped rods in a near-vertical position. 70.5 Flagging (after thermosetting)— Cure the specimen assembly as described in 80.1. Remove the assembly from the 69. Test Specimens oven and cool to room temperature.

69.1 Select test rolls specimens and condition them in 70.6 Flagging (after immersion)—Prepare specimen assem- accordance with Sections 5 and 8, except unwind the tape at bly as described in 70.4 or 70.5. With assembly at room approximately 300 mm/s (12 in./s) in order to select three strips temperature, totally immerse the specimens vertically in a of tape about 125 mm (5 in.) long at intervals of 300 mm (12 speciﬁed varnish solvent or cleaning solvent such as toluene in.) along the length. Protect the adhesive surface from dust. (Warning—see 3.1 and 3.2) for 15 min. Allow assembly to dry Do not allow the adhesive surface to contact theﬁngers or any before measuring the unwound length.

other foreign objects. If the strip of tape is wider than 14 mm 70.7 Measure the length of the unwound tape (ﬂag) from the (⁹⁄16 in.), use a sharp razor to trim the tape to a width of 13 mm end of the tape to the point of tangent of the rod (see Fig.5(d)). (¹⁄2 in.). See 5.3 for recommended procedures. Use tape 14 mm If an unevenﬂag occurs, record the greatest length. Calculate (⁹⁄16 in.) in width or narrower without trimming. the average length of ﬂag in millimetres to the nearest 70. Procedure millimetre.

70.1 Mount a rod of the required size horizontally in the 71. Report

windingﬁxture. For tapes of 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) or less of 71.1 Report the following information:

backing thickness, use a 3-mm (¹⁄8-in.) diameter rod. For tapes 71.1.1 Rod diameter used,

having a backing thickness greater than 0.025 mm (0.001 in.), 71.1.2 Conditioning procedure used, including solvent type, use a 6-mm (¹⁄4-in.) diameter rod. if used, and

70.2 Attach a 500-g weight to one end of a 125-mm (5-in.) 71.1.3 Pass or fail depending on the requirements of the strip of tape. Holding the opposite end of the strip, drape the reference speciﬁcation.

strip over the rod with the adhesive side contacting and

adhering to the rod (see Fig. 5(a)). Rotate the rod so that the Method B—For Class 2 Tape

contact point is at the top of the rod (see Fig. 5(b)) and use a

sharp razor blade to trim the leading edge of the strip of tape 72. Apparatus

ﬂush with the rod. 72.1 Brass Rod, clean, smooth, 3 mm (¹⁄8 in.) in diameter by 70.3 Wind the tape on itself one and one-quarter turns (see 125 mm (5 in.) in length.

Fig. 5(c)). Remove the weight and cut the tape at point D by 72.2 Winding Fixture—A device designed to support the tearing against the blade edge, taking care not to cut the lower brass rods at each end and a crank or other device to wind the layer of tape. tape specimens on the rod. Attach theﬁxture to a rigid support to allow rotation while tilting the rod to an angle of approxi- mately 35° with the horizontal (see Fig. 6).

72.3 Weights, such that 5061 g for each 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) of nominal overall thickness of tape can be attached to the lower end of the tape to provide winding tension.

72.4 Board, a device to hold the wrapped rods in a near- vertical position.

73. Test Specimens

73.1 Cut six strips of tape 6 mm (¹⁄4 in) wide and 200 mm (8 in.) long from the sample roll. Take care to ensure that the adhesive does not contact the hands or other foreign object. See 5.2 for recommended procedures.

74. Procedure

74.1 Secure a strip of tape to a rod held in the winding ﬁxture and tilted approximately 35° to the horizontal position. Attach the weight speciﬁed in 72.3 to the lower end of the tape. After 1 min under tension, slowly rotate the rod and tilt the ﬁxture so that the strip of tape wraps for the length of the rod

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76. Precision and Bias

76.1 No statement is made about either the precision or bias of these test methods since the result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria for success speciﬁed in the procedure.

THERMOSETTING PROPERTIES

77. Scope

77.1 Thermosetting pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are produced with adhesives that cure after exposure to heat. The curing reaction involved is not reversible, and tapes once heat-cured remain cured. Thermosetting properties are mea- sured by a bond separation test and are reported as the time to failure of a heat-cured adhesive-to-adhesive bond under a prescribed load at a speciﬁed temperature.

78. Signiﬁcance and Use

78.1 This test method offers a means of differentiating between thermosetting and non-thermosetting tapes since ap- plication of stress on the bond after cure will result in bond alents for the dimensions shown are: failures within a few minutes for non-thermosetting adhesives, 5⁄16 in. = 8 mm while bonds of true thermosetting adhesive tapes will hold an 1 in. = 25 mm hour or more before failure.

12 in. = 305 mm 78.2 The length of time to failure of an adhesive-to- 15 in. = 380 mm

⁄2 3¹⁄8 in. = 38 3 38 3 3.2 mm adhesive bond is also a measure of the holding strength of the FIG.6 Te Flagging Test (Method B) for Class 2 Tape cured tape at an elevated temperature.

78.3 This test method is suitable for speciﬁcation accep-

with successive turns closely butted without overlapping. If tance and service evaluation.

necessary, adjust the angle of the rod by successive trials until 79. Test Specimens

the proper angle for the particular tape is obtained. After

wrapping is complete, secure the lower end of the tape and cut 79.1 Remove 150-mm (6-in.) long samples from the roll off any remaining length. (whose width is more than 13 mm (¹⁄2 in.)) in accordance with 74.2 Secure a second strip of tape to the upper end of the rod Section 4 so that the adhesive surface in the test area contacts and apply it under tension over theﬁrst layer in the same neither the operator’sﬁngers nor any other foreign object. direction as described in 74.1, with the width of the second Construct each specimen from two strips of tape fastened layer centered over the butt lap in theﬁrst layer. As the winding together to form a 13-mm (¹⁄2-in.) long adhesive-to-adhesive progresses to the lower end of the rod, insert a short length of lap joint. Take a rubber-covered steel roller as described in 48.3 lens tissue 3 mm (¹⁄8 in.) wide under the tape across its width and, without applying additional pressure, pass the roller at a and parallel to the axis of the rod to serve as a starting point for speed of 300 mm/min (12 in./min) over the joint once in each the tape to unwind (ﬂag). Remove the winding tension and cut lengthwise direction. After this application of pressure, cut the the tape adjacent to the tissue strip that then serves as a tape to a width of 13 mm (¹⁄2 in.) with a sharp razor blade. See benchmark for measurement of the unwind length. 5.3 for recommended procedures.

74.3 Insert the wrapped specimens in the holes in the base Note that the use of different width tape specimens with the of the board with theﬂag at the upper end, and allow them to same unit loading has the potential to lead to signiﬁcant condition at 23 6 1°C (73.4 6 1.8 °F) and 50 6 2 % relative differences in test results.

humidity for 7 days. At the end of this period, measure the

length of theﬂag from the point of tangency to the nearer edge 80. Procedure

of the tissue, taking care not to cause additional unwrapping in 80.1 Set an oven at a temperature and for the time recom- the measuring operation. Calculate the average length ofﬂag in mended by the manufacturer. If not speciﬁed, use Table 2 millimetres. according to the type of adhesive to be tested:

75. Report

75.1 Report the following information: TABLE 2 Adhesive Type vs. Test Conditions

75.1.1 The average of three values of lengths of ﬂags, in Adhesive Type Temperature, °C Time, h mm, using the greatest distance if theﬂag is uneven, and Natural or synthetic rubber 130 2

75.1.2 Pass or fail depending on the requirements of the Acrylic polymer 130 2

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80.2 Place three assemblies of adhesive-to-adhesive speci- 86. Test Specimens

mens on the shelf of an oven maintained at the thermosetting 86.1 Use test specimens that are single thicknesses of tape, temperature for the time speciﬁed in the preceding table with each approximately 125 mm (5 in.) long.

no stress on the bond. Remove the assemblies from the oven,

and allow them to cool for 5 min. Hang the specimens 87. Conditioning

vertically in the oven at the test temperature with a 500-g 87.1 Test tapes of Class 1 and Class 2 with no further weight fastened to one end of each specimen. Continue the test conditioning than prescribed in Section 8.

for a prescribed time, or until failure occurs by bond separa- 87.2 In addition, test all Class 2 tapes after conditioning tion. Calculate the average time of bond separation. Compare under the following conditions:

with the prescribed time of failure. 87.2.1 After 24 h immersion in distilled water at 236 1°C

(73.4 6 1.8 °F), and

81. Report 87.2.2 After 96 h at 23 6 1°C and 96 % relative humidity.

81.1 Report the following information: Practicable methods of maintaining 96 % relative humidity in 81.1.1 Pass or fail depending on the requirements of the small enclosures are described in Practice D5032.

reference speciﬁcation. 87.2.3 Remove water-immersed test specimens from the water one at a time and dry by placing between layers of cotton 82. Precision and Bias toweling and pressing down gently over the entire surface.

82.1 No statement is made about either the precision or bias Immediately test the specimen to prevent misleading results of these test methods since the result merely states whether due to drying of the sample.

there is conformance to the criteria for success speciﬁed in the 87.2.4 Remove humidity-conditioned test specimens from procedure. the humidity chamber one at a time and test immediately.

88. Procedure

DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE Warning—see 3.3 before commencement of any test. 83. Terminology 88.1 Determine the dielectric breakdown voltage in accor- dance with Test Method D149 using the short-time test. 83.1 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard: Increase the voltage from zero to breakdown at a uniform rate 83.1.1 dielectric breakdown voltage of pressure-sensitive of 0.5 kV/s. Make all measurements in air.

adhesive tape, n—the potential difference at which dielectric 88.2 Take three specimens from each roll for each condition failure occurs under prescribed conditions, in a single layer of and make one breakdown measurement on each specimen. pressure-sensitive adhesive tape located between two elec- trodes. 89. Report

89.1 Report the following information:

84. Signiﬁcance and Use 89.1.1 Conditioning method, and

84.1 The measure of dielectric breakdown voltage of a tape 89.1.2 Average breakdown voltage, in kV, plus the maxi- is an indication of its ability to withstand electric stress. This mum and minimum, if required.

value does not correspond to the dielectric strength expected in

service, but is a numerical value potentially useful for purchase 90. Precision and Bias

by speciﬁcation as an indication of quality and for comparison 90.1 Since this test method involves the testing of a wide of different tapes or different lots of the same tape, and to a variety of materials, it is the consensus that a precision limited degree for design work when coupled with experience. statement in this standard is not practical.

The comparison of dielectric breakdown voltage of different 90.2 This test method has no bias because the value for tapes after exposure to widely differing moisture conditions dielectric breakdown voltage is deﬁned in terms of this test gives an indication of the quality of the compound used in the method.

tape backing as a moisture resistant dielectric material. INSULATION RESISTANCE AT HIGH HUMIDITY 85. Electrodes (INDIRECT ELECTROLYTIC CORROSION) 85.1 Use a testing device whereby the test specimen is held 91. Signiﬁcance and Use

under pressure between methyl silicone rubber washers (see 91.1 Electrolytic corrosion can produce open circuit failures Note 9) while voltage is applied to preventﬂashover around the in electrical conductors and devices. The initiation and pro- edges of the specimen tested. Two forms of this tester are fully gression of electrolytic corrosion are inﬂuenced by tempera- described in the Appendix to Test Methods D295. The elec- ture, humidity, time exposure, voltage level, whether the trodes which are a part of the testﬁxture are 6 mm (¹⁄4 in.) in applied voltage or current is direct or alternating, and the diameter and conform to the description of Type 3 electrodes characteristics of the metals involved. By measuring the speciﬁed for narrow materials (tape) in Test Method D149. insulation resistance of tape samples in contact with speciﬁed NOTE 9—To preventﬂashover, other types of track resistant rubber can metal electrodes at high humidity, the presence and inﬂuence also be used, as described in Test Methods D295. Use ofﬂuorinet or other of electrolytic corrosion is detected (as a decrease in the electronic liquid will help preventﬂashover also. insulation resistance or as an increase in the leakage current). _{Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 22 23:02:45 EDT 2010} ¹²

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92. Apparatus 93. Test Specimens

92.1 Electrodes—Use 6-mm (¹⁄4-in.) square stainless steel, 93.1 In accordance with 5.2, take test specimens that are brass or copper bars having the side in contact with the tape approximately 150-mm (6-in.) long from each sample roll. polished smooth andﬂat and the corners slightly rounded. 93.2 Condition the specimens in accordance with Section 8. Mount the electrodes in such a way that the tape under test is

clamped between electrode pairs spaced 25 mm (1 in.) from 94. Procedure

edge to edge. Use a guard so that only the currentﬂowing in 94.1 Preparation of Electrodes—Clean the electrodes by the tape is measured.⁹ Design the guard circuit in conformance dipping in acetone (Warning—see 3.1) and then wiping with with the requirements of Test Methods D257. One arrange- a clean, soft cloth saturated with heptane (Warning—see 3.1) ment, suitable for testing a number of tapes at the same time, in a well-ventilated area. Polish the electrodes of brass or has several rows of electrodes mounted on the inside of the copper with No.0 emery polishing paper, rinse in acetone, and cover of the humidity chamber as shown in Fig. 7. A then wipe with a heptane-saturated soft cloth. (Warning—see satisfactory method of attaching guarded electrodes to the 3.3 before commencement of any test.)

cover and bringing out a terminal for each electrode is shown 94.2 Calibration of High Resistance Meter—Clamp a resis- in Fig. 8. tor (of a value within one decade of the anticipated specimen 92.2 Measuring Equipment—A source of stable direct- resistance) across the electrodes and measure the resistance voltage potential within the range from 100 to 130 V and a with 100 to 130 V dc applied.

means of measuring currents ranging from 0.001 to 1000 μA. 94.3 Specimen Clamping—Without stretching the test Stable direct-voltage power supplies are satisfactory voltage specimen, place it between the bar electrodes evenly. Firmly sources. Recommended meter is any quality, high resistance, clamp the tape between the electrodes taking great care to solid state measuring instrument, with a suitable resistance avoid contact between the hands and any tape surfaces between range, as described in Test Methods D257, that will impress the electrodes.

required potential on the sample and cover the required 94.4 Conditioning—Condition the tape mounted in the elec- conductance range. trodes inside the test chamber for 18 6 0.1 h at a relative humidity of 96 6 2 % at 23 6 1°C (73.46 1.8 °F) (Note 10). Satisfactory means of obtaining this relative humidity are described in Practice D5032.

9 NOTE 10—The test chamber must be capable of maintaining 9662 % The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time

are holding clips made from heat-treated Brylco 25. If you are aware of alternative at 23 6 1°C (73.4 6 1.8 °F). If possible, stabilize the humidity within suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. 61 %. It is advisable to cover the test chamber with thermal insulation in Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible order to minimize internal temperatureﬂuctuations caused by temperature technical committee,¹ which you may attend.

de Arrangement for Insulation Resistance (Indirect Electrolytic Corrosion) Tests

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Metric Equivalents

F G H I J

29 636345 6 25 38

1¹⁄8 ¹⁄4 3¹⁄4 31³⁄4 ¹⁄4 1 1¹⁄2

FIG. 8 Method of Attaching Electrodes to Cover for Insulation Resistance (Indirect Electrolytic Corrosion) Tests changes or drafts, or both, in the surrounding air. while the tape is under tension. The change in dielectric 94.5 Measuring—At the end of the conditioning period, and breakdown voltage is used as a measure of this resistance. while the tape is still in the humidity chamber, measure the

resistance of the tape between each ofﬁve pairs of electrodes. 98. Signiﬁcance and Use

Take readings 15 s after impressing 100 to 130 V dc between 98.1 The wrapped-mandrel, heat aging test indicates the the electrodes. Calculate and record all values, and the median relative resistance of a tape to elevated temperatures under resistance of theﬁve specimens. physical conditions similar to those encountered in service. 95. Report 99. Apparatus

95.1 Report the following information: 99.1 Brass Rod, clean, smooth, 13 mm (¹⁄2 in.) in diameter 95.1.1 All the values and the median, V, and by 250 mm (10 in.) in length.

95.1.2 Pass or fail depending on the requirements of the 99.2 Weight, 2.3-kg (5-lb), for applying tension during reference speciﬁcation. winding.

96. Precision and Bias 99.3 Oven, having forced ventilation and capable of main- taining a temperature of 250 6 3 °C (482 6 5.2 °F).

96.1 No statement is made about either the precision or bias

of this test method since the result merely states whether there 100. Test Specimens

is conformance to the criteria for success speciﬁed in the 100.1 Use tape 13 to 25 mm (¹⁄2 to 1 in.) wide. Prepare two procedure. test specimens by spirally winding a layer of tape on the brass EFFECT OF ACCELERATED AGING ON rods using 2.3-kg (5-lb) tension per 25 mm (1 in.) of tape DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE FOR HIGH- width. Wrap the tape so as to leave a gap between turns of 1 to TEMPERATURE TAPE (THERMAL CLASS 180 AND 1.5 mm (¹⁄32 to ¹⁄16 in.). Spirally wrap a second layer in the

ABOVE) same direction over theﬁrst layer, with the center of the second layer positioned over the gaps of theﬁrst layer.

97. Scope

97.1 This test method determines the relative resistance of 101. Procedure

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101.1 Condition one specimen for 168 h as described in 8.5. 105.3 Weights, as required to provide 150 g for each 0.025 Wrap three strips of metal foil not more than 0.0125 mm mm (0.001 in.) nominal overall thickness of tape, and means (0.0005 in.) in thickness and 25 mm (1 in.) wide, tightly on for attaching them to the end of the tape to provide winding each specimen equally spaced from each other and from the tension.

ends of the rod. Using the rod as one electrode and the foil as 105.4 Bunsen Burner—The gasﬂow cylinder shall be 10 the other, determine the dielectric breakdown voltage at each mm (³⁄8 in.) in inside diameter.

foil strip, in accordance with 88.1. 105.5 Timer, capable of measuring to the nearest second.

101.2 Age the other specimen for 16 h at 250 6 3 °C (482 105.6 Stands and Clamps, arranged to support the test 6 2 °F) in the oven, remove, and allow to cool for 4 h at the specimens horizontally.

conditions described in 8.5. Determine the dielectric break- down voltage as prescribed in 101.1. 105.7 Level.

105.8 Enclosure, to provide a draft-free space.

102. Report 105.9 Gas Supply—Public utility gas or propane is suitable 102.1 Report the following information: for use. For referee tests use commercial grade propane having a nominal heating value of 94 MJ/m³ (2521 Btu/ft³) and a 102.1.1 Average breakdown voltage under each condition speciﬁc gravity of 0.508 at 15.6 °C (60.1 °F) at a line pressure plus the maximum and minimum, and of 275-mm (11-in.) water column.

102.1.2 Percent gain or loss in breakdown voltage as a result

of heat aging. 106. Test Specimens

103. Precision and Bias 106.1 Cut two strips of tape for each specimen, 19 mm (³⁄4 in.) wide by approximately 375 mm (15 in.) long.

103.1 No statement is made about either the precision or

bias of these test methods since the result merely states whether 106.2 Prepare three specimens as described under Section there is conformance to the required criteria speciﬁed in the 107.

procedure.

107. Procedure

FLAMMABILITY 107.1 Place one of the rods in theﬁxture while held in a horizontal position. Secure one end of the specimen strip of 104. Signiﬁcance and Use tape near one end of the rod. Attach a weight as required by the 104.1 The burning characteristics exhibited by a pressure- nominal thickness to the lower end of the tape. After 1 min sensitive adhesive tape wound on a brass rod and ignited in a under tension, slowly tilt theﬁxture to the proper angle and horizontal position are a measure of ﬂammability. This test then rotate the rod so that the tape is wrapped on the rod with method differentiates among tapes having widely different a one-half lap for a length of 250 6 10 mm (10 6 ³⁄8 in.). burning characteristics but is less precise in differentiating Remove the weight.

among tapes within a narrow range of burning characteristics. 107.2 Reverse the rod in theﬁxture and repeat the procedure The usefulness of this test method is primarily for speciﬁcation in 107.1 so that a second strip of tape is wound over theﬁrst purposes as the actual amount of tape used in any speciﬁc strip in the opposite direction. This completes the preparation application and its conﬁguration are likely to alter the burning of the test specimen.

characteristics. 107.3 Support the specimen in a horizontal position in the 104.2 This standard is used to measure and describe the draft-free enclosure using the stand and clamps. Check with the response of materials, products, or assembies to heat andﬂame level to ensure that the wrapped specimen is horizontal. under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate 107.4 Ignite the Bunsen burner and adjust theﬂame to all factors required forﬁre hazard orﬁre risk assessment of the produce a 125-mm (5-in.) outer cone and a 38-mm (1.5-in.) materials, products, or assemblies under actualﬁre conditions. inner cone.

104.3 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe- 107.5 Apply the burnerﬂame vertically to the specimen so guards for personnel and property shall be employed in that the tip of the blue inner cone touches the center of the conducting these tests. specimen. Start the stop watch at the instant theﬂame is applied to the specimen. Allow theﬂame to remain in contact 105. Apparatus and Materials with the specimen for 30 s.

105.1 Brass Rod—A minimum of three straight clean rods, 107.6 After 30 s, immediately turn off the gas supply. To 3 mm (¹⁄8 in.) in diameter and 300 mm (12 in.) long, free of any obtain consistency, turn off the gas rapidly, such as by using a burned material. spring pinch clamp on the supply hose. If the burner is 105.2 Winding Fixture—A device designed to support a physically removed, the airﬂow around theﬂame has the brass rod by the ends with a crank or other device to rotate the potential to cause a blowout of the burning specimen.

rod from either end to wind the tape specimens on the rod. 107.7 When the specimen ceases to burn, stop the stop Attach theﬁxture to a rigid support to allow tilting to the watch. Determine theﬂammability as the total time of burning proper angle needed to achieve the correct lap in winding the noted less 30 s. Record the burning time for each test and tape. calculate the average burning time. _{Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 22 23:02:45 EDT 2010} ¹⁵

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108. Report 114.1.2 Type of solvent used,

108.1 Report the following information: 114.1.3 Average of measurements, the minimum and maxi- 108.1.1 All the values and the median, and mum shear load in N/10 mm (lbf/in.) if required, and 108.1.2 Pass or fail depending on the requirement of the 114.1.4 Pass or fail depending on the requirements of the reference speciﬁcation. reference speciﬁcation regarding bond strength to adhesive or backing.

109. Precision and Bias

109.1 No statement is made about either the precision or 115. Precision and Bias

bias of this test method since the result merely states whether 115.1 No statement is made about either the precision or there is conformance to the criteria for success speciﬁed in the bias of these test methods since the result merely states whether procedure. there is conformance to the required criteria speciﬁed in the procedure.

BOND STRENGTH AFTER SOLVENT IMMERSION

110. Terminology OIL RESISTANCE

110.1 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard: 116. Terminology

110.1.1 bond strength after solvent immersion of a pressure- 116.1 Deﬁnitions of Terms Speciﬁc to This Standard: sensitive adhesive tape, n—the force required to separate by 116.1.1 oil resistance (pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes), shear a cured bond after immersion in a typical varnish solvent n— the property of the adhesive to withstand the attack of the under designated conditions of test. oil without impairment of the adhesion strength of the tape.

110.1.1.1 Discussion—It is measured as a tensile load in 116.1.1.1 Discussion—This property is measured by deter- newtons per 10 mm of width or in pounds per inch of width at mining the adhesion strength after the tape is immersed in a bond failure. speciﬁc oil for a given time at an elevated temperature. 111. Signiﬁcance and Use 117. Signiﬁcance and Use

111.1 Bond strength is a measure of the resistance of a cured 117.1 Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are acceptable for tape adhesive to action of a speciﬁc solvent. In use, variations use in locations where they contact oil or oil vapors that can in tape width will produce varying results due to change in

relative edge area for solvent action. The test is suitable for affect the performance of the tape. An adhesion strength test after oil immersion is a method for determining this effect. product development, speciﬁcation acceptance and service

evaluation. It is limited in that adhesion to itself or backing 118. Test Fluids

only are considered, while in use tapes are generally adhered to

various surfaces. Also, the solvent action is at room tempera- 118.1 Select a testﬂuid appropriate to the intended appli- ture, while often hot solvent action occurs in application. cation of the tape. Acceptable testﬂuids are one or more of the Differences in test results of less than 90 g/mm (5 lb/in.) of following:

width have no signiﬁcance. 118.1.1 Mineral insulating oil meeting the requirements of

Speciﬁcation D3487, Type I or Type II.

112. Test Specimens 118.1.2 Fire-resistant phosphate ester-based hydraulic liq- 112. Prepare specimens in accordance with 79.1. uid.

118.1.3 Otherﬂuids more directly applicable to the intended 113. Procedure application for the tape, as speciﬁed in the tape speciﬁcation.

113.1 Bond Strength to Adhesive—Cure three adhesive-to- adhesive specimens in an air-circulating oven maintained at 119. Test Specimens

130 6 2 °C (266 6 3.6 °F) for 2 h or in accordance with the 119.1 Remove four specimens 250 mm (10 in.) long and 6 manufacturer’s recommendations. After curing, remove speci- mm (¹⁄4 in.) wide from the roll in accordance with Section 5 so mens from the oven and allow to cool to room temperature. that the adhesive surface contacts neither the operator’sﬁngers Immerse the specimens for 16 h at room temperature in a nor any foreign object. For tape wider than 6 mm (¹⁄4 in.), see speciﬁed solvent. Place the specimens on clean blotting paper 5.2 for recommended procedures to slit tape to that width. or towel for 30 min, then determine the breaking force to break

the bond in accordance with Section 42, using clamp-type 120. Procedure

holdingﬁxtures. 120.1 Adhesion to Steel Panel—Clean the steel panel in 113.2 Bond Strength to Backing—Conduct the bond accordance with 50.1 and immediately after removing the tape strength to backing determination in a similar manner to 113.1, from the roll, apply the adhesive side down to the polished except use specimens with the adhesive-to-backing. Calculate surface of the steel. Apply the specimen so that a 125-mm the average bond strength in newtons per 10 mm of width, or (5-in.) length extends beyond the end of the panel. Apply four pounds-force per inch of width. 6 mm (¹⁄4-in.) wide tape specimens to the panel so that there is a 3 to 6-mm (¹⁄8 to ¹⁄4-in.) space between them. Pass the 114. Report adhesion roller prescribed in 48.3 over the specimens in 114.1 Report the following information: accordance with 50.3. When thermosetting tapes are used, cure 114.1.1 Curing conditions, the assembly as described in 80.1, and maintain at room _{Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 22 23:02:45 EDT 2010} ¹⁶

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conditions for a minimum of 24 h before testing. Immerse the

panel completely in the testﬂuid for 72 h at 50 6 2 °C in a

vertical position with the free ends of the specimens adhered to

the back of the panel. After removal from theﬂuid, place the

assemblies, specimen side down, on a clean blotting paper or

towel for 30 min. Measure the adhesion of each specimen in

accordance with 50.3.

120.2 Adhesion to Backing—For effect of oil on adhesion to

backing, apply 6-mm (¹⁄4-in.) or wider strips to the panel in

accordance with 50.3, except wrap both ends around the panel

as prescribed in 50.6. Apply 6-mm (¹⁄4-in.) wide specimens to

these strips as prescribed in 50.2, immerse in oil, remove, and

measure adhesion to backing as prescribed in 50.6.

121. Report

121.1 Report the following information:

121.1.1 Identiﬁcation of theﬂuid used,

121.1.2 Kind of test (adhesion to steel or to backing), and

121.1.3 Average of the four specimen adhesions in newtons

per 10 mm of width, or ounces-force per inch of width, plus the

maximum and minimum, if speciﬁed.

122. Precision and Bias

122.1 This test method has been in use for many years, but

no statement of precision has been made and no activity is

planned to develop such a statement.

122.2 This test method has no bias because the value for oil

resistance is deﬁned in terms of this test method.

PUNCTURE RESISTANCE

123. Signiﬁcance and Use

123.1 Puncture resistance is a test to measure the resistance

of a tape to puncture by a rounded probe. Puncture resistance

is important because of the possibility that objects with

irregular surfaces or relatively sharp contours (such as wire or

laminate) will be present in the application and have the

potential to cause a rupture in the tape. 126.4 Determine the puncture resistance for allﬁve speci- mens and calculate the puncture force by averaging theﬁve 124. Apparatus values.

124.1 Testing Equipment, in accordance with Section 48.

124.2 Test Fixture, as shown in Fig. 9. 127. Report

127.1 Report the average puncture force in newtons or 125. Test Specimens pounds and the minimum and maximum, if speciﬁed.

125.1 Select test specimens and condition them in accor- dance with Sections 5 and 8. 128. Precision and Bias

125.2 Prepareﬁve test specimens that are 25 mm (1 in.) by 128.1 This test method has been in use for many years, but 75 mm (3 in.). no statement of precision has been made and no activity is planned to develop such a statement.

126. Procedure 128.2 This test method has no bias because the value for 126.1 Install the testﬁxture in the testing machine. Zero the puncture resistance is deﬁned in terms of this test method. testing machine to compensate for the weight and frictional

drag of the testﬁxture. RESISTANCE TO ACCELERATED AGING

126.2 Place each specimen adhesive side down over the (HEAT AND MOISTURE)

hole in the lowerﬁxture and securely clamp with the clamping

device provided. Adhesion to Steel and Backing

126.3 Run the testing machine with a crosshead speed of 50

mm/min (2 in./min). The maximum force recorded is deﬁned 129. Terminology

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129.1.1 resistance to accelerated aging, n—the characteris- 137. Procedure

tics of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes to withstand the effects 137.1 Test three specimens in accordance with the proce- of combined elevated temperature and high humidity for a dure of 50.6 to determine the original or as-received value. prescribed test period as measured by changes in the adhesion 137.2 Place three specimens in the humidity chamber de- to backing. scribed in 131.2 for 168 h (7 days). Remove the specimens 130. Signiﬁcance and Use from the chamber and condition them as described in 8.5.

Determine adhesion to backing in accordance with 50.6. 130.1 Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are subject to a

wide range of environmental and physical conditions in ser- 138. Report

vice. This test is a measure of the stability of the tape upon

exposure to one type of severe environmental condition. 138.1 Report the following information for adhesion to backing:

131. Apparatus 138.1.1 Average of the three test values expressed in new- 131.1 Testing Equipment, in accordance with Section 48. tons per 10 mm of width (N/10 mm) or in ounces-force per 131.2 Humidity Chamber, maintained at 90 6 2 % relative inch of the nominal width as received,

humidity and 65 6 1°C (149 6 1.8 °F) in accordance with 138.1.2 Average of the three test values expressed in new- Practice D5032. tons per 10 mm (N/10 mm) of width or in ounces-force per inch or of the nominal width determined after the accelerated Adhesion to Steel Panel aging condition, and

138.1.3 Percentage gain or loss from the original or as- 132. Test Specimens received values.

132.1 Use test specimens in accordance with Section 49.1.

132.2 Prepare six specimens from each roll in accordance 139. Precision and Bias

with 50.6. 139.1 This test method has been in use for many years, but 133. Procedure no statement of precision has been made and no activity is planned to develop such a statement.

133.1 Test three specimens in accordance with the proce- 139.2 This test method has no bias because the value for dure of 50.6 to determine the original or as-received value. resistance to accelerated aging is deﬁned in terms of this test 133.2 Place three specimens in the humidity chamber de- method.

scribed in 131.2 for 168 h. Remove the specimens from the

chamber and condition them as described in 8.5. Determine CURLING AND TWISTING

adhesion to backing in accordance with 50.6.

134. Report 140. Terminology

134.1 Report the following information: 140.1 Deﬁnitions—General terms in this test method are 134.1.1 Average of the three test values expressed in new- deﬁned in Terminology D1711.

tons per 10 mm of width (N/10 mm) or in ounces force per

width of the nominal width as received, 141. Signiﬁcance and Use

134.1.2 Average of the three test values expressed in new- 141.1 This test method will provide information on the tons per 10 mm of width (N/10 mm) or in ounces force per relative tendency of materials to curl, twist, or form into a tube width of the nominal width determined after the accelerated with edges touching edges. The amount of each is a predicator aging condition, and of the difficulty one might experience in handling strips of any 134.1.3 Percentage gain or loss from the original or as- length of unwound tape during their application.

received values.

142. Apparatus

135. Precision and Bias 142.1 Free-Turning Spindle, (Fig. 4) sized toﬁt snugly 135.1 This test method has been in use for many years, but inside the sample tape core, with its axisﬁrmly supported no statement of precision has been made and no activity is horizontally and adjustable in height directly above a horizon- planned to develop such a statement. tal platform. There shall be no obstructions in the path between 135.2 This test method has no bias because the value for the platform and the spindle. It is acceptable to use as the resistance to accelerated aging is deﬁned in terms of this test horizontal platform a bench or theﬂoor.

method.

Adhesion to Backing 143. Test Specimens

143.1 The test specimen shall be the strip of tape unwound 136. Test Specimens from the originally wound sample roll during performance in 136.1 Use test specimens prepared in accordance with accordance with procedure section.

Section 41. 143.1.1 No restrictions in the width of the sample (or the 136.2 Prepare six specimens from each roll in accordance specimen) are made except a practical limitation due to the with 50.6. high unwind force that might result from wide tape rolls. _{Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Mar 22 23:02:45 EDT 2010} ¹⁸

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NOTE 11—This test method calls for a speciﬁc unwind rate which could When rotation is: Then:

be difficult to meet with high levels of unwind force. 0 to 90° A = B

91 to 180° 180°– A = B

143.2 Unwind and discard at least three, but no more than 181 to 270° 180° + A = B six, outer wraps of tape from the sample roll before unwinding 271 to 360° 360°– A = B specimens for the test. 361 to 450° 360° + A = B

451 to 540° 540°– A = B

541 to 630° 540° + A = B

144. Procedure 631 to 720° 720°– A = B

721 to 810° 720° + A = B

144.1 Place the sample roll on the spindle and adjust its 144.4.2.2 If the angles outer edges touch to form a roll or height so that the lowest point of the roll is 900625 mm (366 tube, report that fact, and end the test.

1 in.) above the horizontal platform.

144.2 Unwind 50 mm (2 in.) of tape from the roll and fold 145. Report

it over adhesive to adhesive to form a 25-mm (1-in.) tab. 145.1 Report the following information:

144.3 Firmly grasp the tab and pull the tape vertically 145.1.1 Statement that this test method was used, and downward at a uniform rate of 125 to 175 mm/s (5 to 7 in./s) indication of any deviations from this test method as written, until the end of the tab touches the horizontal platform. 145.1.2 Manufacturer’s name and designation for the tape, Immediately release the tab. 145.1.3 The curling found in 144.4.1, mm (in.) to the 144.4 Approximately 30 s after release of the tab, make the nearest 1 mm (¹⁄32 in.), and

following determinations: 145.1.4 The twisting found in 144.4.2 to the nearest 5° arc.

144.4.1 Measure the curl of tape; this is the distance 146. Precision and Bias

between the platform and the lowest portion of the tape.

Measure to the nearest 1 mm (¹⁄32 in.). 146.1 No statement is made about either the precision or 144.4.1.1 If the tape curls back onto itself, report that fact, bias of this test method since the results merely state whether there is conformance to the criteria for success speciﬁed by the and end the test. user of this test method.

144.4.2 Measure the Twist of Tape. Project an imaginary

line representing the end of the tab onto the horizontal 147. Keywords

platform. This is done by sighting past the tab end from above 147.1 accelerated aging; adhesion; adhesive; backing; bond it and lining up a pencil and a line at right angles to the edge strength; breaking strength; conditioning; dielectric break- of the roll to the nearest 5° of arc. This is angle A. Untwist the down; electrical insulating tape; elongation;ﬂagging;ﬂamma- tape determining the quadrant of rotation needed to straighten bility; high temperature testing; insulation resistance; length; it. low temperature testing; oil resistance; pressure-sensitive ad- 144.4.2.1 Toﬁnd angle B, the actual twist, use the follow- hesive tape; puncture resistance; thermosetting; thickness; ing: unwind force; voltage; width SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D09 has identiﬁed the location of selected changes to these test methods since the last issue, D1000–09, that may impact the use of these test methods. (Approved January 1, 2010) (1) Revised the standard throughout to eliminate nonmandatory

language. Committee D09 has identiﬁed the location of selected changes to these test methods since the last issue, D1000–04^´1, that may impact the use of these test methods. (Approved October 15, 2009) (1) Revised 104.2 and added new 104.3.

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SGS North America Inc. pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized. This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. Designation: D2979− 16

Standard Test Method for

Pressure-Sensitive Tack of Adhesives Using an Inverted

Probe Machine¹ This standard is issued under theﬁxed designation D2979; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method

1.1 This test method covers measurement of the pressure- 4.1 This test method involves bringing the tip of a cleaned sensitive tack of adhesives. This test method is applicable to probe of deﬁned surface roughness into contact with the those adhesives which form a bond of measurable strength adhesive at a controlled rate, under aﬁxed pressure, for a short rapidly upon contact with another surface and which can be time, at a given temperature; and subsequently breaking the removed from that surface cleanly, that is, without leaving a bond formed between the probe and adhesive, also at a residue visible to the eye. For such adhesives, tack may be controlled rate. Tack is measured as the maximum force measured as the force required to separate an adhesive and the required in breaking the adhesive bond.

adherend at the interface shortly after they have been brought

into contact under a deﬁned load of known duration at a 5. Signiﬁcance and Use

speciﬁed temperature. 5.1 This test method provides a quantitative measure of the pressure-sensitive tack of the adhesive.

1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the

standard. The values given in parentheses are for information 5.2 The method is designed for the adhesive mass itself and only. is suitable for measuring the tack of pressure-sensitive adhe- sives for use on both rigid andﬂexible backings.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5.3 This test method is suitable for quality control and responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- research purposes.

priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 6. Apparatus

6.1 Probe—A Type 304 stainless steel rod, 5.0 mm 2. Referenced Documents (0.197 in.) in diameter, machined at one end of 90° to the longitudinal axis. The tip isﬁnished to a surface roughness of 2.1 ASTM Standards:²

not more than 500 or less than 250 nm (20 to 10 μin.) rms as D907 Terminology of Adhesives measured by a surface-measuring device.³

E4 Practices for Force Veriﬁcation of Testing Machines

E171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier NOTE 1—When the adhesive is supported onﬂexible backings, or is Packaging greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) thick, a probe with a spherical crown of

0.05 mm (0.002 in.) high, and with a 62.5-mm (2.5-in.) radius may be used.

3. Terminology 6.2 Pressure-Loading Weight—An annular ring whose in- 3.1 Deﬁnitions—Many terms in this test method are deﬁned side diameter is slightly larger than the probe diameter. The in Terminology D907. ring weight is such that the pressure applied to the sample is

9.79 6 0.10 kPa (1.42 psi).

NOTE 2—Contact pressures of 0.98, 1.96, or 4.90 kPa (0.14, 0.28 or 1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on 0.71 psi) may be obtained by employing annuli of different weight. These Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.14 on Tape and lower pressures as well as ones of 98 kPa (14.2 psi) or higher can be used Labels. to show the effect of pressure directly when tack is pressure-dependent. Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originally

approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2979– 01(2009). 6.3 Force Gage—A spring device with an indicator that DOI: 10.1520/D2979-16. retains the maximum force reading until reset manually. The 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on ³ An example of a suitable surface-measuring device is a Surﬁndicator manu- the ASTM website. factured by Gould, Inc., Gage and Control Div., 4601 Arden Dr., El Monte, CA.

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spring characteristics is such that between 8.9 and 22.2 N (2 NOTE 6—The proper relation of the supported adhesive on the ring and 5 lb) are required to extend it the permissible 2.5 mm (0.10 weight to the probe is sketched in Fig.1. One possible arrangement of the in.). Mount the probe directly on the force gage. carrier and force gage is also illustrated.

9.3 At a speed of 10 6 0.1 mm/s, bring the probe into NOTE 3—Other force-measuring devices such as strain gage load cells,

or devices with different force-deﬂection characteristics may be used in contact with the adhesive. After a dwell time of 1.0 6 0.01 s certain instances. Tack values obtained with these devices will differ in separate the probe from the adhesive at 10 6 0.1 mm/s. magnitude but will be related to standard values obtained with the 9.4 Record the tack as the maximum force in newtons speciﬁed gage. required to separate the probe from the adhesive.

6.4 Testing Machine—A mechanical system for bringing the

adhesive into contact with the probe, automatically controlling 9.5 Make at leastﬁve determinations taken at random points the dwell time during which the adhesive and probe are in on the supported adhesive. With grossly rough or nonuniform contact under pressure, and subsequently pulling the adhesive adhesive surfaces more thanﬁve determinations may be away from the probe. The machine is capable of maintaining a necessary to obtain the desired statistical reliability of the constant crosshead speed of 10 6 0.1 mm/s (24 6 0.24 in- average tack value.

.⁄min), sensing contact of probe with adhesive, stopping for 1

60.01 s, and then reversing at the same 1060.1 mm/s (246

0.24 in./min) speed. The machine supports the probe such that

its top surface is parallel to the plane of the adhesive at the time

of contact to less than a 0° 10 min angle between them. Probe

to have force measurement accuracy of 61 % of reading, when

calibrated in compliance with Practices E4requirements.

NOTE 4—For some special purposes it may be desirable to measure the

tack at dwell times as short as 0.1 s or as long as 100 s, depending on how

quickly the adhesive bond is to be established in the end use.

7. Test Specimens

7.1 If specimen is not already coated with adhesive, coat the

adhesive on smooth, clear polyester (polyethylene

terephthalate, PET)ﬁlm backing 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) thick.

The recommended dry adhesive thickness is 0.025 mm

(0.001 in.).

NOTE 5—Otherﬁlms may also be used provided they do not react with

the adhesive or elongate excessively during the test. Microscope slides or

cover glasses may be used to give rigid support to the adhesive.

7.2 Adhesives already on some supporting material are

examined as they exist.

8. Conditioning

8.1 Testing Room—Test in a standard laboratory

atmosphere, in accordance with Speciﬁcation E171.

9. Procedure

9.1 Clean the probe with an absorbent material such as

surgical gauze or tissue wet with a completely volatile solvent

that is a good solvent for the adhesive under test. To be

suitable, the material must be lint-free during use, absorbent,

and contain no additives that are soluble in the cleaning

solvents used. Wipe with another piece of solvent-wet absor- bent material, andﬁnally wipe the probe with a clean dry piece

of absorbent material to remove excess solvent. Wait 20 s or a

sufficiently longer time if necessary, to allow for complete

evaporation of the solvent and temperature equilibration.

9.2 Place an appropriately sized specimen of supported

adhesive, sticky side down, on the annular ring weight. Use a

specimen large enough to cover the hole in the weight without

slippage during the test and small enough so that it does not

adhere to the carrier supporting the weight. Place the weight in

the carrier.

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9.6 Clean the probe surface with solvent after each test. In 10.1.7 Separation rate of the probe,

instances where tack values neither tend to increase or decrease 10.1.8 Dwell time,

systematically, cleaning may be limited to each series of test on 10.1.9 Contact pressure,

a given adhesive. 10.1.10 Temperature and relative humidity if different from NOTE 7—If there is evidence of contamination by lint, large dust standard laboratory atmosphere, and

particles, thumb prints, etc., the test shall be discounted. If the probe 10.1.11 Values of each of the tack readings, and the arith- surface shows to the unaided eye presence of deposited adhesive, the test metic average. Report tack values in newtons.

shall also be discounted.

NOTE 8—The area of the probe is 1.9635 × 10⁻⁵ m² (0.03 in²). To report 10. Report tack in N/m², divide average tack by 1.9635 × 10⁻⁵ m² (0.03 in²).

10.1 Report the following information: 11. Precision and Bias

10.1.1 Identiﬁcation of the adhesive,

10.1.2 Technique used for preparingﬁlm, if not already 11.1 An interlaboratory study is being developed for the coated, precision and bias statement.

10.1.3 Conditioning time for the adhesive surface,

10.1.4 Adhesive thickness, 12. Keywords

10.1.5 Solvent used to clean probe, 12.1 inverted probe machine; pressure-sensitive adhesive; 10.1.6 Supporting backing material for the adhesive, probe tack

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

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Claims

What is claimed is: 1. A method of applying an overlay surface to an existing surface comprising:

providing an overlay having first and second surfaces wherein the overlay is a composite material comprising a polyester or a polymer-coated substrate, the composite material comprising at least about 75% by weight of a material, the material being selected from the group consisting of: quartz, granite, marble, glass, and combinations thereof;

applying a double sided adhesive sheet to the first surface, the double sided adhesive sheet including a butyl rubber adhesive compound and having a thickness which is less than about 35% of a thickness of the overlay, the double sided adhesive sheet once applied covering at least about 50% of a surface area of the first surface and having a 180 degree peel adhesion in the range of about 10-30N/Cm and a probe tack of about 3-15N;

preparing an existing surface at least by applying a liquid to the existing surface;

placing the overlay on the existing surface so that the first surface is in an opposed relationship with the existing surface and the double sided adhesive sheet is located between the first surface and the existing surface; and

sliding the overlay relative to the existing surface and pressing the overlay into the existing surface such that the sliding aligns the overlay with the existing surface and the pressing adheres the adhesive sheet to the existing surface to secure the overlay to the existing surface.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein a thickness of the double sided adhesive sheet is: less than 5% of a width of the adhesive sheet; and less than 1% of a length of the adhesive sheet.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein a thickness of the double sided adhesive sheet is 3-25% of a thickness of the overlay.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the 180 degree peel adhesion is in the range of 12-25N/cm.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein a surface area of the double sided adhesive sheet is at least 65% as large as a surface area of the first surface.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein a surface area of the double sided adhesive sheet is at least 75% as large as a surface area of the first surface.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the overlay comprises at least one third surface transverse to the first surface, the method further comprising applying the double sided adhesive sheet to the third surface, the sliding step further including pressing the double sided adhesive sheet of the third surface against a second external surface, the second external surface extending from and being transverse to the external surface.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein said adhesive sheet comprises a plurality of pieces of double sided adhesive which are positioned side to side on the overlay.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the second surface includes printing thereon, the printing applied by sublimation printing.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the liquid is absorbed into the adhesive sheet when the adhesive sheet is adhered to the existing surface.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the liquid enables said sliding.

12. A cabinet comprising:

a storage member and a countertop member;

said countertop member comprising at least three layers a first layer connected to said storage member and having a first thickness;

a second layer comprising an adhesive sheet having adhesive on both sides thereof, said second layer having a surface area at least 50% of a surface area of the first layer and further having a second thickness;

a third layer having a third thickness and said second layer adhered between the first and third layers to secure the third layer on the first layer; wherein the first thickness is at least 1.5 times that of the second thickness and the second thickness accounts for less than 10% of a countertop thickness measured as the sum of the first, second and third thicknesses.

13. The device of claim 12 wherein a thickness of the adhesive sheet is: less than 5% of a width of the adhesive sheet; and less than 1% of a length of the adhesive sheet.

14. The device of claim 12 wherein a thickness of the adhesive sheet is less than 20% of a thickness of the overlay.

15. The device of claim 12 wherein a thickness of the double sided adhesive sheet is 3-20% of a thickness of the overlay.

16. The device of claim 12 wherein a surface area of the double sided adhesive sheet is at least 75% as large as a surface area of the first surface.

17. The device of claim 12 wherein the overlay comprises at least one third surface transverse to the first surface and a section of the adhesive sheet is applied to the third surface such that the adhesive sheet of the third surface is in contact with a second external surface extending from and being transverse to the external surface.

18. The device of claim 12 wherein the overlay is a composite material comprising a polyester or a polymer-coated substrate, the composite material comprising at least 75% by weight of a material, the material being selected from the group consisting of: quartz, granite, marble, glass, and combinations thereof.

19. The device of claim 12 wherein a probe tack of the second layer is in the range of 4-10N and a 180 degree peel adhesion is in the range of 12-25 N/cm.

20. The device of claim 12 wherein a probe tack of the second layer is in the range of 5-9N and a 180 degree peel adhesion is in the range of 15- 21N/cm.