WO2016018851A1 - Fluid heater - Google Patents

Fluid heater Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016018851A1
WO2016018851A1 PCT/US2015/042353 US2015042353W WO2016018851A1 WO 2016018851 A1 WO2016018851 A1 WO 2016018851A1 US 2015042353 W US2015042353 W US 2015042353W WO 2016018851 A1 WO2016018851 A1 WO 2016018851A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fuel
fluid
catalyst
wafer
mixture
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2015/042353
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Andrea Rossi
Original Assignee
Andrea Rossi
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=55218222&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=WO2016018851(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority to SI201530147T priority Critical patent/SI3049733T1/en
Priority to JP2016567541A priority patent/JP6145808B1/en
Priority to CN201580013552.9A priority patent/CN106133457B/en
Priority to EP15827258.3A priority patent/EP3049733B1/en
Priority to BR112016013488-5A priority patent/BR112016013488B1/en
Priority to MX2016002006A priority patent/MX348291B/en
Priority to AU2015296800A priority patent/AU2015296800B2/en
Priority to DK15827258.3T priority patent/DK3049733T3/en
Priority to LTEP15827258.3T priority patent/LT3049733T/en
Priority to RU2016129722A priority patent/RU2628472C1/en
Priority to PL15827258T priority patent/PL3049733T3/en
Priority to RS20171313A priority patent/RS56749B1/en
Priority to CA2920500A priority patent/CA2920500C/en
Priority to ES15827258.3T priority patent/ES2652548T3/en
Application filed by Andrea Rossi filed Critical Andrea Rossi
Publication of WO2016018851A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016018851A1/en
Priority to ZA2016/04152A priority patent/ZA201604152B/en
Priority to CY20171101307T priority patent/CY1119675T1/en
Priority to HRP20171960TT priority patent/HRP20171960T1/en

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24V—COLLECTION, PRODUCTION OR USE OF HEAT NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F24V30/00—Apparatus or devices using heat produced by exothermal chemical reactions other than combustion

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to heat transfer systems, and in particular to devices for transferring heat to a fluid.
  • heat transfer systems use hot fluids as a heat transfer medium.
  • Such systems include a heat generator for generating heat, a heat transfer medium in thermal
  • a common heat transfer fluid is water, both in its liquid and gas phase.
  • a variety of heat generators are in common use. For instance, in nuclear power plants, nuclear fission provides energy for heating water. There also exist solar water heaters that use solar energy. However, most heat transfer sources rely on an exothermal chemical reaction, and in particular, on combustion of some fuel.
  • the invention features an apparatus for heating fluid, the apparatus including a tank for holding fluid to be heated, and a fuel wafer in fluid communication with the fluid, the fuel wafer including a fuel mixture including reagents and a catalyst, and a heat source or ignition source in thermal communication with the fuel mixture and the catalyst.
  • the heat source or ignition source can be an electrical resistor, or a heat source that relies on either heat from combustion, such as combustion of natural gas, or a heat source that relies on inductive heating .
  • the fuel mixture includes lithium and lithium aluminum hydride
  • the catalyst includes a group 10 element, such as nickel in powdered form, or in any combination thereof .
  • the catalyst in powdered form has been treated to enhance its porosity.
  • the catalyst can be nickel powder that has been treated to enhance porosity thereof.
  • the apparatus can also include an electrical energy source, such as a voltage source and/or current source in electrical communication with the heat source .
  • the fuel wafer includes a multi-layer structure having a layer of the fuel mixture in thermal communication with a layer containing the heat source.
  • the fuel wafer includes a central heating insert and a pair of fuel inserts disposed on either side of the heating insert.
  • the tank includes a recess for receiving the fuel wafer therein.
  • the tank further includes a door for sealing the recess.
  • the tank includes a radiation shield.
  • controllers in communication with the voltage source. Among these are controllers that are configured to vary the voltage in response to temperature of the fluid to be heated.
  • the invention features an apparatus for heating a fluid, the apparatus including means for containing the fluid, and means for holding a fuel mixture containing a catalyst and a reagent, and means for
  • composition of matter for generating heat including a mixture of porosity-enhanced nickel powder, lithium powder, and lithium aluminum powder.
  • a heat source in thermal communication with the mixture can be used for initiating a nickel catalyzed exothermic reaction.
  • the composition includes a fuel mixture and a catalyst.
  • the catalyst comprises a group 10 element.
  • Embodiments include those in which the catalyst comprises nickel. Among these are embodiments in which the nickel is in the form of nickel powder and those in which the nickel powder has been treated to enhance porosity thereof .
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of heating a fluid, the method including placing a mixture of nickel powder, lithium powder, and lithium aluminum hydride in thermal communication with the fluid; and heating the mixture, thereby initiating an exothermic reaction in the mixture .
  • FIG. 1 shows a heat transfer system having a heat source
  • FIG. 2 is a cut-away view of the heat source in FIG.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-section of the wafer for use in the heat source of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 4 shows an exemplary resistor in the central layer of the wafer shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 5 shows the heat source of FIG. 1 operating with a conventional furnace.
  • FIG. 6 shows plural heat sources like that in FIG. 2 connected in series.
  • FIG. 7 shows plural heat sources like that in FIG. 2 connected in parallel.
  • a typical thermal load 16 includes radiators such as those commonly used for heating interior spaces .
  • the heat source 14 is a tank 20 having a lead composite shield, an inlet 22 and an outlet 24 , both of which are connected to the pipe 12 .
  • the interior of the tank 20 contains fluid to be heated.
  • the fluid is water.
  • other fluids can be used.
  • the fluid need not be a liquid fluid but can also be a gas, such as air.
  • the tank 20 further includes a door 26 that leads to a receptacle 28 protruding into the tank 20 .
  • Radiating fins 30 protrude from walls of the receptacle 28 into the tank 20 .
  • the receptacle 28 and the fins 30 are typically made of a material having high thermal conductivity, such as metal.
  • a suitable metal is one not subject to corrosion, such as stainless steel.
  • the receptacle 28 holds a multi-layer wafer 32 for generating heat.
  • a voltage source 33 is connected to the wafer 32 , and a controller 35 for controlling the voltage source 33 in response to temperature of fluid in the tank 12 as sensed by a sensor 37 .
  • the multilayer fuel wafer 32 includes a heating section 34 sandwiched between two fuel sections 36 , 38 .
  • the heating section 34 features a central layer 40 made of an insulating material, such as mica, that supports a resistor 42.
  • insulating material such as mica
  • FIG. 4 shows an exemplary central layer 40 having holes 44 through which a resistive wire 42 has been wound. This resistive wire 42 is connected to the voltage source 33 .
  • First and second insulating layers 46 , 48 such as mica layers, encase the central layer 40 to provide electrical insulation from the adjacent fuel sections 36 , 38 .
  • Each fuel section 36 , 38 features a pair of thermally conductive layers 50 , 52 , such as steel layers.
  • Sandwiched between each pair of conductive layers 50 , 52 is a fuel layer 54 that contains a fuel mixture having nickel, lithium, and lithium aluminum hydride LiAlH 4 ("LAH"), all in powdered form.
  • LAH lithium aluminum hydride
  • the nickel has been treated to increase its porosity, for example by heating the nickel powder to for times and temperatures selected to superheat any water present in micro-cavities that are inherently in each particle of nickel powder. The resulting steam
  • the entire set of layers is welded together on all sides to form a sealed unit.
  • the size of the wafer 32 is not important to its function. However, the wafer 32 is easier to handle if it is on the order of 1/3 inch thick and 12 inches on each side.
  • the steel layers 50 , 52 are typically 1 mm thick, and the mica layers 40 , 48 , which are covered by a protective polymer coating, are on the order of 0.1 mm thick. However, other thicknesses can also be used .
  • the voltage source 33 can be turned off, as the reaction sequence is self-sustaining. However, the reaction rate may not be constant. Hence, it may be desirable to turn on the voltage source 33 at certain times to reinvigorate the reaction.
  • the temperature sensor 37 provides a signal to the controller 35 , which then determines whether or not to apply a voltage in response to the temperature signal. It has been found that after the reaction has generated approximately 6 kilowatt hours of energy, it is desirable to apply approximately 1 kilowatt hour of electrical energy to reinvigorate the reaction sequence.
  • the wafer 32 can simply be replaced.
  • the wafer 32 will sustain approximately 180 days of continuous operation before replacement becomes desirable.
  • the powder in the fuel mixture consists largely of spherical particles having diameters in the nanometer to micrometer range, for example between 1 nanometer and 100 micrometers. Variations in the ratio of reactants and catalyst tend to govern reaction rate and are not critical. However, it has been found that a suitable mixture would include a starting mixture of 50% nickel, 20% lithium, and 30% LAH. Within this mixture, nickel acts as a catalyst for the reaction, and is not itself a reagent. While nickel is particularly useful because of its relative abundance, its function can also be carried out by other elements in column 10 of the periodic table, such as platinum or palladium.
  • FIGS. 5-7 show a variety of ways to connect the heat source 14 in FIG. 1.
  • the heat source 14 is placed downstream from a conventional furnace 56 .
  • the heat source 14 is placed downstream from a conventional furnace 56 .
  • controller 35 is optionally connected to control the conventional furnace.
  • the conventional furnace 56 will remain off unless the output temperature of the heat source 14 falls below some threshold, at which point the furnace 56 will start.
  • the conventional furnace 56 functions as a back-up unit.
  • first and second heat sources 58 , 60 like that described in FIGS. 1-4 are connected in series. This configuration provides a hotter output temperature than can be provided with only a single heat source 58 by itself. Additional heat sources can be added in series to further increase the temperature.
  • first and second heat sources 62 , 64 like that described in FIGS. 1-4 are connected in parallel.
  • the output volume can be made greater than what could be provided by a single heat transfer unit by itself. Additional heat transfer units can be added in parallel to further increase volume.
  • the reagents are placed in the reaction chamber at a pressure of 3-6 bar and a temperature of from 400 C to 600 C.
  • An anode is placed at one side of the reactor and a cathode is placed at the other side of the reactor. This accelerates electrons between them to an extent sufficient to have very high energy, in excess of 100 KeV. Regulation of the electron energy can be carried out by regulating the electric field between the cathode and the anode .

Abstract

An apparatus for heating fluid includes a tank for holding fluid to be heated, and a fuel wafer in fluid communication with the fluid. The fuel wafer includes a fuel mixture including reagents and a catalyst, and an electrical resistor or other heat source in thermal communication with the fuel mixture and the catalyst.

Description

FLUID HEATER
CROSS - REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of the August 1, 2014 priority date of U.S. Application No. 61/999,582, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF DISCLOSURE
This disclosure relates to heat transfer systems, and in particular to devices for transferring heat to a fluid.
BACKGROUND
Many heat transfer systems use hot fluids as a heat transfer medium. Such systems include a heat generator for generating heat, a heat transfer medium in thermal
communication with the energy source, and a pump to move the heated medium to wherever the heat is needed. Because of its high heat capacity and its abundance, a common heat transfer fluid is water, both in its liquid and gas phase.
A variety of heat generators are in common use. For instance, in nuclear power plants, nuclear fission provides energy for heating water. There also exist solar water heaters that use solar energy. However, most heat transfer sources rely on an exothermal chemical reaction, and in particular, on combustion of some fuel.
SUMMARY
In one aspect, the invention features an apparatus for heating fluid, the apparatus including a tank for holding fluid to be heated, and a fuel wafer in fluid communication with the fluid, the fuel wafer including a fuel mixture including reagents and a catalyst, and a heat source or ignition source in thermal communication with the fuel mixture and the catalyst. The heat source or ignition source can be an electrical resistor, or a heat source that relies on either heat from combustion, such as combustion of natural gas, or a heat source that relies on inductive heating . Among the embodiments are those in which the fuel mixture includes lithium and lithium aluminum hydride, those in which the catalyst includes a group 10 element, such as nickel in powdered form, or in any combination thereof .
In other embodiments, the catalyst in powdered form, has been treated to enhance its porosity. For example, the catalyst can be nickel powder that has been treated to enhance porosity thereof. The apparatus can also include an electrical energy source, such as a voltage source and/or current source in electrical communication with the heat source .
Among the other embodiments are those in which the fuel wafer includes a multi-layer structure having a layer of the fuel mixture in thermal communication with a layer containing the heat source.
In yet other embodiments, the fuel wafer includes a central heating insert and a pair of fuel inserts disposed on either side of the heating insert.
A variety of tanks can be used. For example, in some embodiments, the tank includes a recess for receiving the fuel wafer therein. Among these are embodiments in which the tank further includes a door for sealing the recess. In yet other embodiments the tank includes a radiation shield. Also included among the embodiments are those that further include a controller in communication with the voltage source. Among these are controllers that are configured to vary the voltage in response to temperature of the fluid to be heated.
In another aspect, the invention features an apparatus for heating a fluid, the apparatus including means for containing the fluid, and means for holding a fuel mixture containing a catalyst and a reagent, and means for
initiating a reaction sequence mediated by the catalyst to cause an exothermic reaction.
Another aspect of the invention is a composition of matter for generating heat, the composition including a mixture of porosity-enhanced nickel powder, lithium powder, and lithium aluminum powder. A heat source in thermal communication with the mixture can be used for initiating a nickel catalyzed exothermic reaction.
Yet another aspect features a for generating heat. The composition includes a fuel mixture and a catalyst. The catalyst comprises a group 10 element.
Embodiments include those in which the catalyst comprises nickel. Among these are embodiments in which the nickel is in the form of nickel powder and those in which the nickel powder has been treated to enhance porosity thereof .
Another aspect of the invention is a method of heating a fluid, the method including placing a mixture of nickel powder, lithium powder, and lithium aluminum hydride in thermal communication with the fluid; and heating the mixture, thereby initiating an exothermic reaction in the mixture .
These and other features of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying figures, in which:
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 shows a heat transfer system having a heat source ;
FIG. 2 is a cut-away view of the heat source in FIG.
1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-section of the wafer for use in the heat source of FIG. 2 ;
FIG. 4 shows an exemplary resistor in the central layer of the wafer shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 shows the heat source of FIG. 1 operating with a conventional furnace.
FIG. 6 shows plural heat sources like that in FIG. 2 connected in series.
FIG. 7 shows plural heat sources like that in FIG. 2 connected in parallel.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to FIG. 1, a heat transfer system 10
includes a pipe 12 for transporting a heated fluid in a closed loop between a heat source 14 and a thermal load 16 In most cases, for example where there is hydraulic resistance to be overcome, a pump 18 propels the heated fluid. However, in some cases, such as where the heated fluid is steam, the fluid's own pressure is sufficient to propel the fluid. A typical thermal load 16 includes radiators such as those commonly used for heating interior spaces . As shown in FIG. 2, the heat source 14 is a tank 20 having a lead composite shield, an inlet 22 and an outlet 24 , both of which are connected to the pipe 12 . The interior of the tank 20 contains fluid to be heated. In many cases, the fluid is water. However, other fluids can be used. In addition, the fluid need not be a liquid fluid but can also be a gas, such as air.
The tank 20 further includes a door 26 that leads to a receptacle 28 protruding into the tank 20 . Radiating fins 30 protrude from walls of the receptacle 28 into the tank 20 . To maximize heat transfer, the receptacle 28 and the fins 30 are typically made of a material having high thermal conductivity, such as metal. A suitable metal is one not subject to corrosion, such as stainless steel.
The receptacle 28 holds a multi-layer wafer 32 for generating heat. A voltage source 33 is connected to the wafer 32 , and a controller 35 for controlling the voltage source 33 in response to temperature of fluid in the tank 12 as sensed by a sensor 37 .
As shown in FIG. 3, the multilayer fuel wafer 32 includes a heating section 34 sandwiched between two fuel sections 36 , 38 . The heating section 34 features a central layer 40 made of an insulating material, such as mica, that supports a resistor 42. It should be noted that other heating sources can be used, including heat sources that rely on combustion of, for example, natural gas, as well as heat sources that rely on electrical induction. The use of gas thus avoids the need to have a source of electrical energy for initiating the reaction. FIG. 4 shows an exemplary central layer 40 having holes 44 through which a resistive wire 42 has been wound. This resistive wire 42 is connected to the voltage source 33 . First and second insulating layers 46 , 48 , such as mica layers, encase the central layer 40 to provide electrical insulation from the adjacent fuel sections 36 , 38 .
Each fuel section 36 , 38 features a pair of thermally conductive layers 50 , 52 , such as steel layers. Sandwiched between each pair of conductive layers 50 , 52 is a fuel layer 54 that contains a fuel mixture having nickel, lithium, and lithium aluminum hydride LiAlH4 ("LAH"), all in powdered form. Preferably, the nickel has been treated to increase its porosity, for example by heating the nickel powder to for times and temperatures selected to superheat any water present in micro-cavities that are inherently in each particle of nickel powder. The resulting steam
pressure causes explosions that create larger cavities, as well as additional smaller nickel particles.
The entire set of layers is welded together on all sides to form a sealed unit. The size of the wafer 32 is not important to its function. However, the wafer 32 is easier to handle if it is on the order of 1/3 inch thick and 12 inches on each side. The steel layers 50 , 52 are typically 1 mm thick, and the mica layers 40 , 48 , which are covered by a protective polymer coating, are on the order of 0.1 mm thick. However, other thicknesses can also be used .
In operation, a voltage is applied by the voltage source 33 to heat the resistor 42 . Heat from the resistor 42 is then transferred by conduction to the fuel layers 54 , where it initiates a sequence of reactions, the last of which is reversible. These reactions, which are catalyzed by the presence of the nickel powder, are:
3LiAlH4- Li3AlHs + 2A1 + 3H2
2Li3AlHs- 6LiH + 2A1 + 3H2 2LiH + 2A1 - 2LiAl + H2
Once the reaction sequence is initiated, the voltage source 33 can be turned off, as the reaction sequence is self-sustaining. However, the reaction rate may not be constant. Hence, it may be desirable to turn on the voltage source 33 at certain times to reinvigorate the reaction. To determine whether or not the voltage source 33 should be turned on, the temperature sensor 37 provides a signal to the controller 35 , which then determines whether or not to apply a voltage in response to the temperature signal. It has been found that after the reaction has generated approximately 6 kilowatt hours of energy, it is desirable to apply approximately 1 kilowatt hour of electrical energy to reinvigorate the reaction sequence.
Eventually, the efficiency of the wafer 32 will decrease to the point where it is uneconomical to
continually reinvigorate the reaction sequence. At this point, the wafer 32 can simply be replaced. Typically, the wafer 32 will sustain approximately 180 days of continuous operation before replacement becomes desirable.
The powder in the fuel mixture consists largely of spherical particles having diameters in the nanometer to micrometer range, for example between 1 nanometer and 100 micrometers. Variations in the ratio of reactants and catalyst tend to govern reaction rate and are not critical. However, it has been found that a suitable mixture would include a starting mixture of 50% nickel, 20% lithium, and 30% LAH. Within this mixture, nickel acts as a catalyst for the reaction, and is not itself a reagent. While nickel is particularly useful because of its relative abundance, its function can also be carried out by other elements in column 10 of the periodic table, such as platinum or palladium. FIGS. 5-7 show a variety of ways to connect the heat source 14 in FIG. 1.
In FIG. 5, the heat source 14 is placed downstream from a conventional furnace 56 . In this case, the
controller 35 is optionally connected to control the conventional furnace. As a result, the conventional furnace 56 will remain off unless the output temperature of the heat source 14 falls below some threshold, at which point the furnace 56 will start. In this configuration, the conventional furnace 56 functions as a back-up unit. In FIG. 6, first and second heat sources 58 , 60 like that described in FIGS. 1-4 are connected in series. This configuration provides a hotter output temperature than can be provided with only a single heat source 58 by itself. Additional heat sources can be added in series to further increase the temperature.
In FIG. 7, first and second heat sources 62 , 64 like that described in FIGS. 1-4 are connected in parallel. In this configuration, the output volume can be made greater than what could be provided by a single heat transfer unit by itself. Additional heat transfer units can be added in parallel to further increase volume.
In one embodiment, the reagents are placed in the reaction chamber at a pressure of 3-6 bar and a temperature of from 400 C to 600 C. An anode is placed at one side of the reactor and a cathode is placed at the other side of the reactor. This accelerates electrons between them to an extent sufficient to have very high energy, in excess of 100 KeV. Regulation of the electron energy can be carried out by regulating the electric field between the cathode and the anode .
Having described the invention, and a preferred embodiment thereof, what I claim as new and secured by letters patent is:

Claims

An apparatus for heating fluid, said apparatus comprising a tank for holding fluid to be heated and a fuel wafer in fluid communication with sai fluid, said fuel wafer including a fuel mixture including reagents and a catalyst, and an ignition source in thermal communication with said fuel mixture and said catalyst, wherein the ignition source is selected from the group consisting of an induction heater, an electrical resistor, a heater that relies on natural gas combustion, and a heater that relies on
combustion of fuel.
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said ignition source comprises an electrical resistor.
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said ignition source comprises an induction heater.
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said ignition source obtains heat from combustion of natural gas .
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said fuel mixture comprises lithium and lithium aluminum hydride .
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said catalyst comprises nickel powder.
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said nickel powder has been treated to enhance porosity thereof .
The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said catalyst comprises a group 10 element.
9 . The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a voltage source in electrical communication with said ignition source.
10 . The apparatus of claim 2 , further comprising a voltage source in electrical communication with said ignition source.
11 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said fuel wafer comprises a multi -layer structure having a layer of said fuel mixture in thermal communication with a layer containing said ignition source.
12 . The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein said fuel wafer comprises a multi -layer structure having a layer of said fuel mixture in thermal communication with a layer containing said ignition source.
13 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said fuel wafer comprises a central heating insert and a pair of fuel inserts disposed on either side of said heating insert.
14 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said tank
comprises a recess for receiving said fuel wafer therein .
15 . The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein said tank further comprises a door for sealing said recess.
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said tank comprises a radiation shield.
The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising a controller in communication with said voltage source .
The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said
controller is configured to cause vary said voltage in response to temperature of said fluid to be heated.
The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said tank is configured for holding fluid to be heated, wherein said fuel wafer is configured to be in thermal communication with said fluid, wherein said resistor is configured to be coupled to a voltage source, wherein said apparatus further comprises a controller in communication with said voltage source, and a temperature sensor, wherein said fuel mixture comprises lithium, and lithium aluminum hydride, wherein said catalyst comprises a group 10 element, wherein said controller is configured to monitor a temperature from said temperature sensor, and, based at least in part on said temperature, to reinvigorate a reaction in said fuel mixture, wherein reinvigorating said reaction comprises varying a voltage of said voltage source.
The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said catalyst comprises nickel powder. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein said nickel powder has been treated to enhance porosity thereof .
The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said fuel wafer comprises a multi -layer structure having a layer of said fuel mixture in thermal
communication with a layer containing said electrical resistor.
The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said fuel wafer comprises a central heating insert and a pair of fuel inserts disposed on either side of said heating insert.
The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said tank comprises a recess for receiving said fuel wafer therein .
The apparatus of claim 24, wherein said tank further comprises a door for sealing said recess
The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said tank comprises a radiation shield.
The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said reaction in said fuel mixture is at least partially reversible .
The apparatus of claim 27, wherein said reaction comprises reacting lithium hydride with aluminum to yield hydrogen gas.
An apparatus for heating a fluid, said apparatus comprising means for containing said fluid, and means for holding a fuel mixture containing a catalyst and a reagent, and means for initiating a reaction sequence mediated by said catalyst to cause an exothermic reaction.
The apparatus of claim 29 , wherein said catalyst that comprises a group 10 element and a reagent comprises lithium and lithium aluminum hydride, said apparatus further comprising means for periodically reinvigorating said reaction sequence .
A composition of matter for generating heat, sai composition comprising a mixture of porosity- enhanced nickel powder, lithium powder, and lithium aluminum powder.
A composition of matter for generating heat, sai composition comprising a fuel mixture and a catalyst, said catalyst comprising a group 10 element .
The composition of claim 32 , wherein said catalyst comprises nickel.
The composition of claim 32 , wherein said catalyst comprises nickel powder.
The composition of claim 34 , wherein said nickel powder has been treated to enhance porosity thereof .
A method of heating a fluid, said method comprising placing a mixture of nickel powder, lithium powder, and lithium aluminum hydride in thermal communication with said fluid; and heating said mixture, thereby initiating an exothermic reaction in said mixture.
PCT/US2015/042353 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater WO2016018851A1 (en)

Priority Applications (17)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2016567541A JP6145808B1 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater
RU2016129722A RU2628472C1 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Heating device for fluid
LTEP15827258.3T LT3049733T (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater
EP15827258.3A EP3049733B1 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater
BR112016013488-5A BR112016013488B1 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid Warmer
MX2016002006A MX348291B (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater.
AU2015296800A AU2015296800B2 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater
DK15827258.3T DK3049733T3 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 FLUID HEATING DEVICE
CN201580013552.9A CN106133457B (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater
SI201530147T SI3049733T1 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater
RS20171313A RS56749B1 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater
PL15827258T PL3049733T3 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater
CA2920500A CA2920500C (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater
ES15827258.3T ES2652548T3 (en) 2014-08-01 2015-07-28 Fluid heater
ZA2016/04152A ZA201604152B (en) 2014-08-01 2016-06-20 Fluid heater
CY20171101307T CY1119675T1 (en) 2014-08-01 2017-12-13 LIQUID HEATER
HRP20171960TT HRP20171960T1 (en) 2014-08-01 2017-12-19 Fluid heater

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201461999582P 2014-08-01 2014-08-01
US61/999,582 2014-08-01

Publications (1)

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WO2016018851A1 true WO2016018851A1 (en) 2016-02-04

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EP (1) EP3049733B1 (en)
JP (1) JP6145808B1 (en)
CN (1) CN106133457B (en)
AU (1) AU2015296800B2 (en)
BR (1) BR112016013488B1 (en)
CA (1) CA2920500C (en)
CL (1) CL2016001856A1 (en)
CY (1) CY1119675T1 (en)
DK (1) DK3049733T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2652548T3 (en)
HR (1) HRP20171960T1 (en)
HU (1) HUE036258T2 (en)
LT (1) LT3049733T (en)
MX (1) MX348291B (en)
NO (1) NO2788577T3 (en)
PL (1) PL3049733T3 (en)
PT (1) PT3049733T (en)
RS (1) RS56749B1 (en)
RU (1) RU2628472C1 (en)
SI (1) SI3049733T1 (en)
WO (1) WO2016018851A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA201604152B (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2709009C1 (en) * 2019-01-31 2019-12-13 Борис Александрович Астахов Heat carrier heating device

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NO2788577T3 (en) 2018-07-28
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JP6145808B1 (en) 2017-06-14
BR112016013488A2 (en) 2017-03-21
PT3049733T (en) 2017-12-22
PL3049733T3 (en) 2018-03-30
RU2628472C1 (en) 2017-08-17
AU2015296800B2 (en) 2016-05-05
CA2920500A1 (en) 2016-02-04
AU2015296800A1 (en) 2016-04-07
DK3049733T3 (en) 2018-01-02
EP3049733B1 (en) 2017-09-27
JP2017523369A (en) 2017-08-17
CN106133457B (en) 2018-07-27
ZA201604152B (en) 2016-11-30
RS56749B1 (en) 2018-03-30
CA2920500C (en) 2016-09-06
SI3049733T1 (en) 2018-02-28
LT3049733T (en) 2018-02-12
HRP20171960T1 (en) 2018-02-23
HUE036258T2 (en) 2018-06-28
ES2652548T3 (en) 2018-02-05
CN106133457A (en) 2016-11-16
MX2016002006A (en) 2016-08-03
EP3049733A1 (en) 2016-08-03
CL2016001856A1 (en) 2017-03-24
CY1119675T1 (en) 2018-04-04
BR112016013488B1 (en) 2018-06-12

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