WO2015193301A1 - An electrochromic material, and an electrochromic particle and an electrochromic device comprising the same - Google Patents

An electrochromic material, and an electrochromic particle and an electrochromic device comprising the same Download PDF

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WO2015193301A1
WO2015193301A1 PCT/EP2015/063458 EP2015063458W WO2015193301A1 WO 2015193301 A1 WO2015193301 A1 WO 2015193301A1 EP 2015063458 W EP2015063458 W EP 2015063458W WO 2015193301 A1 WO2015193301 A1 WO 2015193301A1
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group
halogenated
electrochromic
compound
groups
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PCT/EP2015/063458
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French (fr)
Inventor
Seewoo LEE
Sangmin Han
Mindon JOO
Jong-Hyung Kim
Younghwa CHOI
Kyong-Gue Lee
Sang-un JI
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Iridos Ltd.
Solvay Sa
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Publication of WO2015193301A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015193301A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K9/00—Tenebrescent materials, i.e. materials for which the range of wavelengths for energy absorption is changed as a result of excitation by some form of energy
    • C09K9/02—Organic tenebrescent materials

Definitions

  • An electro chromic material, and an electrochromic particle and an electro chromic device comprising the same
  • the present invention relates to an electrochromic material of particular structure.
  • the present invention also relates to an electrochromic particle comprising such electrochromic material and a conductive nanoparticle.
  • the invention further relates to an electrochromic device comprising such
  • electrochromic material or electrochromic particles.
  • Electrochromic devices are electrochemical cells that comprise at least electrochromic materials, chemical reaction of which enables change or adjustment of the color as a result of the electrochemical reaction at electrode(s), for instance upon the application of electricity.
  • the change or adjustment of the color includes the change of transparency.
  • Electrochromic devices are of commercial interest due to their controllable transmission, absorption and/or reflectance, and thus, have been proposed and used for various applications, such as smart windows, automobile mirrors, displays, and others.
  • Typical ECD structure comprises a first transparent electrode deposited on a first substrate (e.g., glass or plastic), and a second transparent electrode deposited on another substrate, the second electrode facing to the first transparent electrode side-by-side, as well as an electrochromic layer comprising an electrochromic material, an electrolyte layer (liquid, solid, or gel), and optionally a counter-electrode layer, all sandwiched by the above-mentioned two electrodes.
  • a first substrate e.g., glass or plastic
  • a second transparent electrode deposited on another substrate the second electrode facing to the first transparent electrode side-by-side
  • an electrochromic layer comprising an electrochromic material, an electrolyte layer (liquid, solid, or gel), and optionally a counter-electrode layer, all sandwiched by the above-mentioned two electrodes.
  • electrochromic particle comprising a conductive core material (e.g., indium-tin- oxide (ITO) nanoparticle) and a shell layer (e.g., electrochromic material, such as W0 3 and viologen derivatives) chemically linked to the core material via a linker, such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane, dispersed in the electrolyte in such a device, and use thereof as the color-switching element operated with voltage application.
  • a conductive core material e.g., indium-tin- oxide (ITO) nanoparticle
  • a shell layer e.g., electrochromic material, such as W0 3 and viologen derivatives
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a novel electrochromic material which can be suitably used in electrochromic device (ECD) application. Another purpose is to provide the electrochromic material which can be effectively combined with the conductive nanoparticles which can be
  • the viologen-based compounds according to the invention have advantageous chemical/physical properties, that they can be used as excellent electrochromic material, and that they may be suitably used in the application in which electrochromic principle is utilized, particularly in electrochromic device, especially in electrochromic display application. It has also been found that the viologen-based compounds having the structure according to the present invention can attain superior coloring effect, and/or effective attachment to an underlying conductive support material.
  • the viologen-based compounds according to the present invention can attain superior coloring effect, and/or effective attachment to an underlying conductive support material, and as such, can be suitably used in electrochromic device.
  • alkyl groups is understood to denote in particular a straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon groups usually having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • alkylene groups is understood to denote in particular divalent radicals derived from alkyl group.
  • Representative examples of alkylene groups include -(CH 2 ) m - group (m is from 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 10), such as methylene group (-CH 2 -), ethylene group (-CH 2 -CH 2 -), and propylene group (-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -).
  • aryl groups is understood to denote in particular any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring.
  • the aryl groups can have 5 to 20 carbon atoms (preferably 6 to 12 due to its easiness of synthesis at a low cost) in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms of the aryl group may or may not be substituted with other groups, especially alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryl groups, aryloxy groups, thioalkoxy groups, heterocycles, amino groups or hydroxyl groups.
  • the aryl groups are preferably optionally substituted phenyl groups, naphthyl groups, anthryl group and phenanthryl group.
  • arylene groups is understood to denote in particular divalent radicals derived from aryl group.
  • Representative example of arylene groups is phenyl ene group (-C 6 H 4 -).
  • heterocycles is understood to denote in particular a cyclic compound, which has at least one heteroatom as a member of its one or more rings. Frequent heteroatoms within the ring include sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.
  • the heterocycles can be either saturated or unsaturated, and may be 3-membered, 4-membered, 5-membered, 6-membered
  • heterocycles can be further fused with other one or more ring systems.
  • the heterocycles include pyrrolidines, oxolanes, thiolanes, pyrroles, furans, thiophenes, piperidines, oxanes, thianes, pyridines, pyrans, pyrazoles, imidazoles, and thiopyrans, and their derivatives.
  • the heterocycles can further be substituted by other groups, such as alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryl groups, thioalkoxy groups, amino groups or aryloxy groups as defined above.
  • halogenated is understood to denote in particular at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the following chemical group has been replaced by a halogen atom, preferably selected from fluorine and chlorine, more preferably fluorine. If all of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms, the halogenated chemical group is perhalogenated.
  • halogenated alkyl groups include (per)fluorinated alkyl groups such as (per)fluorinated methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl; and for instance -CF , -C 2 F 5 , heptafluoroisopropyl (-CF(CF ) 2 ), hexafiuoroisopropyl (-CH(CF 3 ) 2 ) or -CF 2 (CF 2 ) 4 CF 3 .
  • anchoring groups is understood to denote in particular groups that will facilitate attachment of the electrochromic material onto the surface of the conductive nanoparticle in the present invention.
  • anchoring groups in the present invention are - P(0)(OR') 2 , especially -P(0)(OH) 2 .
  • the malonic acid derivatives suitable as anchoring groups may for example be selected from groups of
  • formula -CRd C(COOH) 2 where Rd is selected from H and optionally halogenated alkyl groups, especially from H and optionally fluorinated alkyl groups.
  • viologen structure is understood to denote in particular chemical compounds comprising bipyridinium dication of 4,4'- bipyridyl, which may be used for electrochromic system because of the ability of changing its color reversibly upon reduction and oxidation of the compound.
  • One aspect of the present invention concerns an electrochromic compound, comprising at least one chemical backbone comprising three viologen structures, at least one first functional group comprising anchoring group ("FG1"), and at least one second functional group comprising aryl group ("FG2").
  • the first functional group and the second functional group are often located in terminal end of each viologen structure in the molecule. In other words, the compound is often terminated by either the first function group or the second functional group.
  • the chemical backbone comprising three viologen structures is preferably trimetric viologen compound.
  • the trimetric viologen compound include those disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Kokai Showa 54-106083, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • a particular example of the trimeric viologen structure can be the following:
  • R' is independently selected from any substituent.
  • R' may be FGl and FG2 as defined below.
  • the electrochromic compound according to the present invention may comprise one or more viologen structures in addition to the trimeric viologen structure.
  • the total number of viologen structures in the electrochromic compound according to the present invention can be 3, 5, 7, 9, and 13.
  • the chemical structure comprising 7 viologen structures is particularly preferred in the present invention. Example thereof is as follows:
  • R' is independently any substituent.
  • R' may be FG1 and FG2 as defined below.
  • the compounds comprising 7 viologen structures are particularly useful as an electrochromic material. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, these compounds can allow a wider range of color control compared to the conventional trimeric viologen structure as they have more terminal groups. On the other hand, when too many viologen moieties are introduced in one molecule structure, its solubility may not be satisfactory.
  • the compounds comprising 7 viologen structures of the present invention may possess both satisfactory solubility as well as relatively large number of terminal groups.
  • one of the aspects of the present invention concerns the electrochromic compound comprising 7 viologen structures, in particular the chemical structure in the above, and its use in the electrochromic device.
  • each of the first functional group and the second functional group is preferably directly attached to N-position of the viologen structure, or is indirectly connected to N-position of the viologen structure via at least one linking group, such as the linking group Q which is further explained below.
  • each one N-position of the three viologen structures can be attached to a core structure which is usually an aromatic material, such as benzene core structure, to form the trimeric viologen structure.
  • the electrochromic material according to the present invention preferably has the formula (I) below:
  • each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl groups, halogenated alkyl groups, and compound of the formula (II) below, provided at least three R is the compound of formula (II) below:
  • X " denotes a counter-anion.
  • the counter-anion include AsF 6 " , SbF 6 “ , TaF 6 “ , CICV, CH 3 SO 3 “ , CF 3 SO 3 “ , C 4 F 9 SO 3 “ , AIO 4 “ , AICI 4 “ , halides, such as CI “ , Br “ , and ⁇ , C(S0 2 CF 3 )3 “ , phosphate -based anions, such as PF 6 “ , PF 3 (CF 3 )3 _ , and PF 4 (C 2 ()4) “ , borate-based anions, such as BF 4 “ , B(C 2 C>4) 2 “ , BF 2 (C 2 C>4) “ , B(C 2 04)(C 3 0 4 ) “ , (C 2 F 5 BF 3 ) “ , B 10 C1 10 2” , B(C 6 H 5 ) 4 " , and B 12 F 12 2” ,
  • sulfonylimide -based anions such as N(CF 3 S0 2 ) 2 " , N(S0 2 F) 2 “ , N(C 2 F 5 S0 2 ) 2 “ , and N(i-C 3 F 7 S0 2 ) 2 " , preferably halides, such as CI “ , and Br " .
  • halides such as CI " , and Br " are particularly preferred.
  • A denotes a linking group between the viologen moiety represented by the formula (II) and the aromatic core structure.
  • A can be selected from the group consisting of alkylene group, halogenated alkylene group, arylene group, halogenated arylene group, heteroatom, heterocycle radicals, halogenated heterocycle radicals, and any combination thereof.
  • Alkylene groups such as methylene group, ethylene group, and propylene group, and arylene groups are preferred linking group A in the present invention. More preferably, A is alkylene groups.
  • Q denotes another linking group which connects the viologen structure to either first functional group or second functional group.
  • a presence of Q is optional.
  • Z (the first or second functional group) may be directly attached to N-position of the viologen structure in the formula (II) without Q, or Z may be linked to N-position of the viologen structure in the formula (II) via Q.
  • n could be either 0 or 1.
  • Q can be selected from the group consisting of alkylene group, halogenated alkylene group, arylene group, halogenated arylene group, heteroatom, heterocycle radicals, halogenated heterocycle radicals, radical of viologen moiety, and any combination thereof.
  • X " is a counter-anion, in particular halide, such as CI " , and Br " .
  • examples of Q include the following structures:
  • Z is independently selected from the group consisting of the first functional group comprising anchoring group, and the second functional group comprising aryl group.
  • one of Z is the first functional group, and the remaining Z are the second functional groups.
  • three R in 1,3,5-position in the formula (I) is preferably is independently selected from the compounds of formula (II), respectively.
  • Remaining R is preferably independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups, such as methyl group and ethyl group.
  • the first functional group in the present invention is believed that it substantially promotes the adhesion of the electro chromic material to the surface of the underlying conductive support material, thereby creating sufficiently stable bonding therebetween.
  • conductive support material include any conductive metal oxide compounds or mixtures thereof.
  • the conductive metal oxide compound can be in a form of particles or a thin layer comprising the nanoparticles.
  • the first functional group is preferably connected to N-position of the viologen structure via any linking group.
  • the first functional group can be connected to N-position of the viologen structure in the formula (II) via Q.
  • Q is preferably alkylene group or arylene group, more preferably alkylene group.
  • the second functional group in the present invention is believed to cause shifting of color that the
  • electro chromic material can exhibit upon the application of electricity.
  • the switching color thereof can be red-shifted.
  • color change is merely exemplary, and the many variations are available within the scope of the invention.
  • the second functional group preferably comprises benzene moiety.
  • the second functional group can be connected to N-position of the viologen structure with or without linking group.
  • the second functional group can be connected to N-position of the viologen structure in the formula (II) via Q, or the second functional group can be connected to N-position directly.
  • n when Z is the first functional group, n is 1 and Q is alkylene group or arylene group, and when Z is the second functional group, n is 0.
  • the first functional group comprising anchoring group is connected to N-position of the viologen structure via the linking group, while the second functional group comprising aryl group is directly attached to N-position of the viologen structure without any linking group.
  • This embodiment is particularly preferred in the present invention in view of attaining desirable color-shifting.
  • Very particular examples of the second functional group of the present invention include the following structures :
  • each Rl is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl group, halogenated alkyl group, aryl group, halogenated aryl group, heteroatom, heterocycles, halogenated heterocycles, and any combination thereof.
  • Rl can be other substituents. Examples of such substituents include functional groups, such as -CN, -SH, and -N0 2 , but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • electrochromic compound according to the present invention include the following structures, but the present invention not limited thereto:
  • the electrochromic material according to the present invention can be deposited on conductive support material so that it can be used in electrochromic device.
  • Another aspect of the present invention concerns an electrochromic particle comprising a conductive nanoparticle, and the electrochromic material according to the present invention, which is attached to the surface of the conductive nanoparticle.
  • Such electrochromic particle often exists as a core-shell structure, wherein the core being the conductive nanoparticle, and the shell being the electro chromic material .
  • the electrochromic material according to the present invention can be deposited on a thin layer made from the conductive
  • the conductive nanoparticle is preferably selected from metal oxides, in particular oxides of the transition metal or the metallic elements in Groups 13 to 16 of the periodic table (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, and Po).
  • metal oxides may be optionally doped with further elements, such as metal element other than one included in the metal oxides, and halogen element, such as fluorine.
  • the metal oxide which is coated with another metal oxide can be also employed as the conductive nanoparticle.
  • metal oxides include indium-tin-oxide (In 2 0 3 :Sn) (ITO) nanoparticle which is believed to display excellent transparency as well as superior electrical conductivity, and titanium dioxide (Ti0 2 ) nanoparticle which shows excellent surface properties, such as high specific surface area, enabling a desirable linkage with the electrochromic material.
  • ITO indium-tin-oxide
  • Ti0 2 titanium dioxide
  • the conductive nanoparticle may have particle size of from 1 nm to 200 nm, preferably 1 nm to 100 nm, more preferably 5 nm to 50 nm, still more preferably 10 nm to 20 nm.
  • the particle size in the present invention may be determined according to the method of X-ray diffraction. Specific surface area of the conductive nanoparticle in the present invention may
  • the specific surface area of the conductive nanoparticle may be
  • the electro chromic material is usually caused to be adsorbed on the surface of the conductive nanoparticles.
  • electro chromic material can be attached to only a part of the surface or substantially full area of the surface of the conductive nanop article. Such adsorption may be conducted by first forming the layer comprising conductive nanoparticles on substrate, and then, subjecting at least one surface of the layer to be in contact with a solution comprising the electro chromic material.
  • the electrochromic particle can be prepared by any method which comprises contacting the electrochromic material and the conductive
  • a solution comprising the electrochromic material can be poured into another solution comprising the conductive nanoparticles, or vice versa, or solid electrochromic material can be dissolved in a solution comprising the conductive nanoparticles. It may take more than several hours to stabilize the formed linkages between the two compounds.
  • one or more additives such as dispersant, may be used for various purpose, e.g. to increase dispersibiliy in the solution. Additional mechanical force may be used to aid efficient formation of the electrochromic particle.
  • the volume, concentration, and/or pH of each solution can be adjusted to attain efficient formation of the electrochromic particle.
  • a solution of the conductive nanoparticles can be first deposited on the surface of any one of substrates in electrochromic device to form a conductive layer in the electrode, and subsequently, another solution comprising the electrochromic material may be poured thereon to make one or more electrochromic materials adsorbed on a part of the surface of the conductive nanoparticle.
  • association between the electrochromic material and the conductive nanoparticle may be formed in situ upon the formation of the conductive layer in the electrode of the electrochromic device.
  • the amount of the electrochromic material may be excessive molar amount compared to the amount of conductive nanoparticles.
  • electrochromic particle according to the present invention can attain, in addition to its satisfactory electrochromic properties, such as color- changing or light-shuttering function, excellent electric conductivity and/or sufficient attachment of the electrochromic material to the conductive nanoparticle, which are believed to be substantially beneficial when it is used in the electrochromic device, and thus, can be advantageously used in a wide variety of electrochromic devices, including electrochromic display.
  • an electrochromic device comprising the electrochromic material according to the present invention, or the electrochromic particle according to the present invention.
  • the electrochromic material and the electrochromic particle according to the present invention are particularly suitable for the use in display device which at least partially utilizes an electrochromic principle.
  • the electrochromic material or the electrochromic particle of the present invention can be used in the state being dispersed in the electrolyte layer which is sandwiched by two electrodes facing each other, as disclosed in United States patent application publication No. US 2014/0118814 Al, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the electrochromic device of the present invention can be suitably used in the smart window and automobile mirror application.
  • the electrochromic device which is often in a form of film with flexibility, can be attached to or embedded in the smart window, automobile mirror, or display device.
  • Still further aspect of the present invention concerns a compound having the formula (III) below :
  • X " is a counter-anion, in particular halide, such as CI " , and Br "
  • each Rl is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl group, halogenated alkyl group, aryl group, halogenated aryl group, heteroatom, heterocycles, halogenated heterocycles, and any combination thereof.
  • Rl can be other substituents. Examples of such substituents include functional groups, such as -CN, -SH, and -N0 2 , but the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • a glass substrate (50mm x 50mm x 0.5mm) of which surface is coated with transparent conductive metal oxide ITO (via 300 rpm spin coating, ITO thickness - 4 ⁇ ) was immersed for 5 min. in a solution of methanol in which the electrochromic compound is dissolved. Then, the immersed glass substrate was taken out.
  • An electrolyte solution was prepared by dissolving LiBF 4 0.937 g and ferrocene 0.47 g in 10 ml of propylene carbonate.
  • the immersed glass substrate and another ITO-coated glass substrate (which was not immersed) were sandwiched via a spacer having a thickness of 60 ⁇ , the electrolyte solution was poured in, and then, the two glass substrates were sealed to form an electrochromic(EC) device.
  • the EC device was preparing by using four different electrochromic(EC) compounds shown below. To evaluate the light- shuttering function of each EC compound, difference of brightness before and after an application of 1.7 V driving voltage (10 seconds) was measured and calculated using MCPD-3000 equipment (available from Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.). The bright difference was indicated as ⁇ .
  • Table 1 The measurement results are summarized in Table 1 below:
  • Compound 2A The Compound 1 20.0 g and l,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene 48.3 g were refluxed in 250 ml of dimethyl formamide for 1 day. Subsequently, the yellowish residues were filtered. Then, the obtained yellowish solid was washed with dimethyl formamide and acetone several times. Thereafter, the resultant was dried in oven at 70 °C to obtain the Compound 2A. Yield was 85%.

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Abstract

Disclosed are novel viologen compound, an electrochromic particle comprising the same, and an electrochromic device comprising the same.

Description

An electro chromic material, and an electrochromic particle and an electro chromic device comprising the same
This application claims priority to Korean patent application No. 10-2014- 0073150 filed on June 16, 2014, the whole content of this application being incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to an electrochromic material of particular structure. The present invention also relates to an electrochromic particle comprising such electrochromic material and a conductive nanoparticle. The invention further relates to an electrochromic device comprising such
electrochromic material or electrochromic particles.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Electrochromic devices (ECD) are electrochemical cells that comprise at least electrochromic materials, chemical reaction of which enables change or adjustment of the color as a result of the electrochemical reaction at electrode(s), for instance upon the application of electricity. The change or adjustment of the color includes the change of transparency. Electrochromic devices are of commercial interest due to their controllable transmission, absorption and/or reflectance, and thus, have been proposed and used for various applications, such as smart windows, automobile mirrors, displays, and others.
Typical ECD structure comprises a first transparent electrode deposited on a first substrate (e.g., glass or plastic), and a second transparent electrode deposited on another substrate, the second electrode facing to the first transparent electrode side-by-side, as well as an electrochromic layer comprising an electrochromic material, an electrolyte layer (liquid, solid, or gel), and optionally a counter-electrode layer, all sandwiched by the above-mentioned two electrodes.
United States Patent application publication No. US 2014/0118814 Al discloses a particular type of display device, along with a core-shell
electrochromic particle comprising a conductive core material (e.g., indium-tin- oxide (ITO) nanoparticle) and a shell layer (e.g., electrochromic material, such as W03 and viologen derivatives) chemically linked to the core material via a linker, such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxylsilane, dispersed in the electrolyte in such a device, and use thereof as the color-switching element operated with voltage application.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a novel electrochromic material which can be suitably used in electrochromic device (ECD) application. Another purpose is to provide the electrochromic material which can be effectively combined with the conductive nanoparticles which can be
advantageously used in electrochromic device, particularly in electrochromic display.
Indeed, it has been surprisingly found by the present inventors that the viologen-based compounds according to the invention have advantageous chemical/physical properties, that they can be used as excellent electrochromic material, and that they may be suitably used in the application in which electrochromic principle is utilized, particularly in electrochromic device, especially in electrochromic display application. It has also been found that the viologen-based compounds having the structure according to the present invention can attain superior coloring effect, and/or effective attachment to an underlying conductive support material.
[Advantages of the Invention]
The viologen-based compounds according to the present invention can attain superior coloring effect, and/or effective attachment to an underlying conductive support material, and as such, can be suitably used in electrochromic device.
In the present invention, "alkyl groups" is understood to denote in particular a straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon groups usually having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
In the present invention, "alkylene groups" is understood to denote in particular divalent radicals derived from alkyl group. Representative examples of alkylene groups include -(CH2)m- group (m is from 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 10), such as methylene group (-CH2-), ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), and propylene group (-CH2-CH2-CH2-).
In the present invention, "aryl groups" is understood to denote in particular any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring. In particular, the aryl groups can have 5 to 20 carbon atoms (preferably 6 to 12 due to its easiness of synthesis at a low cost) in which some or all of the hydrogen atoms of the aryl group may or may not be substituted with other groups, especially alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryl groups, aryloxy groups, thioalkoxy groups, heterocycles, amino groups or hydroxyl groups. The aryl groups are preferably optionally substituted phenyl groups, naphthyl groups, anthryl group and phenanthryl group.
In the present invention, "arylene groups" is understood to denote in particular divalent radicals derived from aryl group. Representative example of arylene groups is phenyl ene group (-C6H4-).
In the present invention, "heterocycles" is understood to denote in particular a cyclic compound, which has at least one heteroatom as a member of its one or more rings. Frequent heteroatoms within the ring include sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. The heterocycles can be either saturated or unsaturated, and may be 3-membered, 4-membered, 5-membered, 6-membered
or 7-membered ring. The heterocycles can be further fused with other one or more ring systems. Examples of the heterocycles include pyrrolidines, oxolanes, thiolanes, pyrroles, furans, thiophenes, piperidines, oxanes, thianes, pyridines, pyrans, pyrazoles, imidazoles, and thiopyrans, and their derivatives. The heterocycles can further be substituted by other groups, such as alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryl groups, thioalkoxy groups, amino groups or aryloxy groups as defined above.
In the present invention, "halogenated" is understood to denote in particular at least one of the hydrogen atoms of the following chemical group has been replaced by a halogen atom, preferably selected from fluorine and chlorine, more preferably fluorine. If all of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms, the halogenated chemical group is perhalogenated. For instance, "halogenated alkyl groups" include (per)fluorinated alkyl groups such as (per)fluorinated methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl; and for instance -CF , -C2F5, heptafluoroisopropyl (-CF(CF )2), hexafiuoroisopropyl (-CH(CF3)2) or -CF2(CF2)4CF3.
In the present invention, "anchoring groups" is understood to denote in particular groups that will facilitate attachment of the electrochromic material onto the surface of the conductive nanoparticle in the present invention. Suitable anchoring groups are for instance selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of -COOH, -P(0)(OR')2 (in which R' is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups), -P(=0)(Ra)(OH) (wherein Ra is selected from the groups consisting of optionally branched CI -CI 8 alkyl groups and optionally substituted C5-C12 aryl groups, and halogenated derivatives thereof), -P04(R')2, -P02HRb (wherein Rb is selected from alkyl groups or aryl groups), -SO3H, -CONHOH, -N02, acetylacetonate, acrylic acid derivatives, malonic acid derivatives, rhodanine-3 -acetic acid, propionic acid, salicylic acid, formic anhydride, deprotonated forms of the aforementioned groups, salts of said deprotonated forms, and chelating groups with π-conducting character. Particularly preferred anchoring groups in the present invention are - P(0)(OR')2, especially -P(0)(OH)2. The acrylic acid derivatives may for instance be selected from groups of formula -CH=C(Rc)-COOH where Rc is selected from H, CN, -COOH and optionally halogenated alkyl groups, preferably from H, CN, -COOH and CF3. The malonic acid derivatives suitable as anchoring groups may for example be selected from groups of
formula -CRd=C(COOH)2 where Rd is selected from H and optionally halogenated alkyl groups, especially from H and optionally fluorinated alkyl groups.
In the present invention, "viologen structure" is understood to denote in particular chemical compounds comprising bipyridinium dication of 4,4'- bipyridyl, which may be used for electrochromic system because of the ability of changing its color reversibly upon reduction and oxidation of the compound.
One aspect of the present invention concerns an electrochromic compound, comprising at least one chemical backbone comprising three viologen structures, at least one first functional group comprising anchoring group ("FG1"), and at least one second functional group comprising aryl group ("FG2"). The first functional group and the second functional group are often located in terminal end of each viologen structure in the molecule. In other words, the compound is often terminated by either the first function group or the second functional group.
In the present invention, the chemical backbone comprising three viologen structures is preferably trimetric viologen compound. Examples of the trimetric viologen compound include those disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Kokai Showa 54-106083, but the present invention is not limited thereto. For instance, a particular example of the trimeric viologen structure can be the following:
Figure imgf000006_0001
wherein R' is independently selected from any substituent. R' may be FGl and FG2 as defined below.
Alternatively, the electrochromic compound according to the present invention may comprise one or more viologen structures in addition to the trimeric viologen structure. The total number of viologen structures in the electrochromic compound according to the present invention can be 3, 5, 7, 9, and 13. The chemical structure comprising 7 viologen structures is particularly preferred in the present invention. Example thereof is as follows:
Figure imgf000006_0002
wherein R' is independently any substituent. R' may be FG1 and FG2 as defined below.
It has been found that the compounds comprising 7 viologen structures are particularly useful as an electrochromic material. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, these compounds can allow a wider range of color control compared to the conventional trimeric viologen structure as they have more terminal groups. On the other hand, when too many viologen moieties are introduced in one molecule structure, its solubility may not be satisfactory. The compounds comprising 7 viologen structures of the present invention may possess both satisfactory solubility as well as relatively large number of terminal groups. As such, one of the aspects of the present invention concerns the electrochromic compound comprising 7 viologen structures, in particular the chemical structure in the above, and its use in the electrochromic device. In the present invention, each of the first functional group and the second functional group is preferably directly attached to N-position of the viologen structure, or is indirectly connected to N-position of the viologen structure via at least one linking group, such as the linking group Q which is further explained below.
In the present invention, each one N-position of the three viologen structures can be attached to a core structure which is usually an aromatic material, such as benzene core structure, to form the trimeric viologen structure.
The electrochromic material according to the present invention preferably has the formula (I) below:
Figure imgf000007_0001
wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl groups, halogenated alkyl groups, and compound of the formula (II) below, provided at least three R is the compound of formula (II) below:
X"
Figure imgf000007_0002
(Π)
X" denotes a counter-anion. Examples of the counter-anion include AsF6 ", SbF6 ", TaF6 ", CICV, CH3SO3 ", CF3SO3 ", C4F9SO3 ", AIO4 " , AICI4 ", halides, such as CI", Br", and Γ, C(S02CF3)3", phosphate -based anions, such as PF6 ", PF3(CF3)3_, and PF4(C2()4)", borate-based anions, such as BF4 ", B(C2C>4)2 ", BF2(C2C>4)", B(C204)(C304)", (C2F5BF3)", B10C110 2", B(C6H5)4 ", and B12F12 2", and
sulfonylimide -based anions, such as N(CF3S02)2 ", N(S02F)2 ", N(C2F5S02)2 ", and N(i-C3F7S02)2 ", preferably halides, such as CI", and Br". In the present invention, halides, such as CI", and Br" are particularly preferred.
A denotes a linking group between the viologen moiety represented by the formula (II) and the aromatic core structure. In the present invention, A can be selected from the group consisting of alkylene group, halogenated alkylene group, arylene group, halogenated arylene group, heteroatom, heterocycle radicals, halogenated heterocycle radicals, and any combination thereof.
Alkylene groups, such as methylene group, ethylene group, and propylene group, and arylene groups are preferred linking group A in the present invention. More preferably, A is alkylene groups.
Q denotes another linking group which connects the viologen structure to either first functional group or second functional group. In the present invention, a presence of Q is optional. In other words, Z (the first or second functional group) may be directly attached to N-position of the viologen structure in the formula (II) without Q, or Z may be linked to N-position of the viologen structure in the formula (II) via Q. As such, n could be either 0 or 1. In the present invention, Q can be selected from the group consisting of alkylene group, halogenated alkylene group, arylene group, halogenated arylene group, heteroatom, heterocycle radicals, halogenated heterocycle radicals, radical of viologen moiety, and any combination thereof.
Particular examples of the combination which can be Q in the present invention include:
-alkylene-arylene-,
-alkylene-arylene-viologen-,
-arylene-viologen-,
-arylene-alkylene-viologen-, and
-alkylene-arylene-alkylene -viologen-.
Further particular examples of the combination which can be Q include the following structures, but the present invention is not limited thereto:
Figure imgf000009_0001
wherein X" is a counter-anion, in particular halide, such as CI", and Br".
Additionally, examples of Q include the following structures:
Figure imgf000009_0002
Z is independently selected from the group consisting of the first functional group comprising anchoring group, and the second functional group comprising aryl group. Preferably, one of Z is the first functional group, and the remaining Z are the second functional groups.
In the present invention, three R in 1,3,5-position in the formula (I) is preferably is independently selected from the compounds of formula (II), respectively. Remaining R is preferably independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups, such as methyl group and ethyl group.
Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the first functional group in the present invention is believed that it substantially promotes the adhesion of the electro chromic material to the surface of the underlying conductive support material, thereby creating sufficiently stable bonding therebetween. Examples of such conductive support material include any conductive metal oxide compounds or mixtures thereof. The conductive metal oxide compound can be in a form of particles or a thin layer comprising the nanoparticles.
In the present invention, the first functional group is preferably connected to N-position of the viologen structure via any linking group. For instance, the first functional group can be connected to N-position of the viologen structure in the formula (II) via Q. In this instance, Q is preferably alkylene group or arylene group, more preferably alkylene group.
Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the second functional group in the present invention is believed to cause shifting of color that the
electro chromic material can exhibit upon the application of electricity. For instance, by a proper introduction of the second functional group in the electro chromic material, the switching color thereof can be red-shifted. Still, it should be understood that such color change is merely exemplary, and the many variations are available within the scope of the invention.
In the present invention, the second functional group preferably comprises benzene moiety.
In the present invention, the second functional group can be connected to N-position of the viologen structure with or without linking group. For instance, the second functional group can be connected to N-position of the viologen structure in the formula (II) via Q, or the second functional group can be connected to N-position directly.
It is preferred in the present invention that when Z is the first functional group, n is 1 and Q is alkylene group or arylene group, and when Z is the second functional group, n is 0. In this instance, the first functional group comprising anchoring group is connected to N-position of the viologen structure via the linking group, while the second functional group comprising aryl group is directly attached to N-position of the viologen structure without any linking group. This embodiment is particularly preferred in the present invention in view of attaining desirable color-shifting. Very particular examples of the second functional group of the present invention include the following structures :
Figure imgf000011_0001
wherein each Rl is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl group, halogenated alkyl group, aryl group, halogenated aryl group, heteroatom, heterocycles, halogenated heterocycles, and any combination thereof. In addition, Rl can be other substituents. Examples of such substituents include functional groups, such as -CN, -SH, and -N02, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
Particular examples of the formula (II) comprising FG1 include the following structures, but the present invention is not limited thereto:
Figure imgf000011_0002
Figure imgf000011_0003
-
Figure imgf000011_0004
Figure imgf000011_0005
Figure imgf000011_0006
Figure imgf000012_0001
Figure imgf000012_0002
Particular examples of the formula (II) comprising FG2 include the following structures, but the present invention is not limited thereto:
Figure imgf000012_0003
Figure imgf000012_0004
Figure imgf000012_0005
Figure imgf000013_0001
Figure imgf000013_0002
Figure imgf000013_0003
Figure imgf000013_0004
Particular examples of the electrochromic compound according to the present invention include the following structures, but the present invention not limited thereto:
Figure imgf000014_0001
20
Figure imgf000014_0002
Figure imgf000015_0001
Figure imgf000016_0001
Figure imgf000017_0001
Figure imgf000018_0001
Figure imgf000019_0001
The electrochromic material according to the present invention can be deposited on conductive support material so that it can be used in electrochromic device.
Another aspect of the present invention concerns an electrochromic particle comprising a conductive nanoparticle, and the electrochromic material according to the present invention, which is attached to the surface of the conductive nanoparticle. Such electrochromic particle often exists as a core-shell structure, wherein the core being the conductive nanoparticle, and the shell being the electro chromic material .
Alternatively, the electrochromic material according to the present invention can be deposited on a thin layer made from the conductive
nanoparticles.
In the present invention, the conductive nanoparticle is preferably selected from metal oxides, in particular oxides of the transition metal or the metallic elements in Groups 13 to 16 of the periodic table (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, and Po). Such metal oxides may be optionally doped with further elements, such as metal element other than one included in the metal oxides, and halogen element, such as fluorine. In addition, the metal oxide which is coated with another metal oxide can be also employed as the conductive nanoparticle. Particular examples of the metal oxides include indium-tin-oxide (In203:Sn) (ITO) nanoparticle which is believed to display excellent transparency as well as superior electrical conductivity, and titanium dioxide (Ti02) nanoparticle which shows excellent surface properties, such as high specific surface area, enabling a desirable linkage with the electrochromic material.
In the present invention, the conductive nanoparticle may have particle size of from 1 nm to 200 nm, preferably 1 nm to 100 nm, more preferably 5 nm to 50 nm, still more preferably 10 nm to 20 nm. The particle size in the present invention may be determined according to the method of X-ray diffraction. Specific surface area of the conductive nanoparticle in the present invention may
2 2 be selected from the range from 30 to 200 m7g, preferably 100 to 180 m7g, more preferably from 120 to 150 m /g, as measured by BET method. In the present invention, the specific surface area of the conductive nanoparticle may be
2 2 selected from the range from 50 to 90 m /g, preferably from 65 to 85 m /g, as measured by BET method. In the present invention, the electro chromic material is usually caused to be adsorbed on the surface of the conductive nanoparticles. For the avoidance of doubt, it should be understood that such electro chromic material can be attached to only a part of the surface or substantially full area of the surface of the conductive nanop article. Such adsorption may be conducted by first forming the layer comprising conductive nanoparticles on substrate, and then, subjecting at least one surface of the layer to be in contact with a solution comprising the electro chromic material.
The electrochromic particle can be prepared by any method which comprises contacting the electrochromic material and the conductive
nanoparticle. For instance, a solution comprising the electrochromic material can be poured into another solution comprising the conductive nanoparticles, or vice versa, or solid electrochromic material can be dissolved in a solution comprising the conductive nanoparticles. It may take more than several hours to stabilize the formed linkages between the two compounds. Optionally, one or more additives, such as dispersant, may be used for various purpose, e.g. to increase dispersibiliy in the solution. Additional mechanical force may be used to aid efficient formation of the electrochromic particle. The volume, concentration, and/or pH of each solution can be adjusted to attain efficient formation of the electrochromic particle.
It should be understood that the above-described method of forming the association of the electrochromic material and the conductive nanoparticle is merely exemplary and any other methods known to a person skilled in the art can be properly adopted in the present invention. For instance, alternatively, in order to achieve the association between the electrochromic material and the conductive nanoparticle, a solution of the conductive nanoparticles can be first deposited on the surface of any one of substrates in electrochromic device to form a conductive layer in the electrode, and subsequently, another solution comprising the electrochromic material may be poured thereon to make one or more electrochromic materials adsorbed on a part of the surface of the conductive nanoparticle. Also, the association between the electrochromic material and the conductive nanoparticle may be formed in situ upon the formation of the conductive layer in the electrode of the electrochromic device. The amount of the electrochromic material may be excessive molar amount compared to the amount of conductive nanoparticles.
Thusly-formed electrochromic particle according to the present invention can attain, in addition to its satisfactory electrochromic properties, such as color- changing or light-shuttering function, excellent electric conductivity and/or sufficient attachment of the electrochromic material to the conductive nanoparticle, which are believed to be substantially beneficial when it is used in the electrochromic device, and thus, can be advantageously used in a wide variety of electrochromic devices, including electrochromic display.
Accordingly, further aspect of the present invention concerns an electrochromic device comprising the electrochromic material according to the present invention, or the electrochromic particle according to the present invention. The electrochromic material and the electrochromic particle according to the present invention are particularly suitable for the use in display device which at least partially utilizes an electrochromic principle. For instance, the electrochromic material or the electrochromic particle of the present invention can be used in the state being dispersed in the electrolyte layer which is sandwiched by two electrodes facing each other, as disclosed in United States patent application publication No. US 2014/0118814 Al, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In addition to the display application, the electrochromic device of the present invention can be suitably used in the smart window and automobile mirror application. The electrochromic device, which is often in a form of film with flexibility, can be attached to or embedded in the smart window, automobile mirror, or display device.
Still further aspect of the present invention concerns a compound having the formula (III) below :
Figure imgf000022_0001
wherein X" is a counter-anion, in particular halide, such as CI", and Br", and each Rl is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl group, halogenated alkyl group, aryl group, halogenated aryl group, heteroatom, heterocycles, halogenated heterocycles, and any combination thereof. In addition, Rl can be other substituents. Examples of such substituents include functional groups, such as -CN, -SH, and -N02, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
Should the disclosure of any patents, patent applications, and publications which are incorporated herein by reference conflict with the description of the present application to the extent that it may render a term unclear, the present description shall take precedence.
The following examples are intended to describe the invention in further detail without the intention to limit it.
Examples
Example 1 : Synthesis of Compound 1
Figure imgf000023_0001
Compound 1
4,4'-bipyridyl 9.2 g and l-chrolo-2,4-dinitrobenzene 10.0 g were refluxed in 50 ml of acetonitrile for one day. Subsequently, the yellowish residues were filtered. Then, the obtained yellow solid was stirred under 200 ml of acetone and filtered. The foregoing-procedures were repeated 3 times. Thereafter, the precipitate was filtered and washed with acetone several times. The resultant was dried in oven at 70 °C to obtain the Compound 1. Yield was 70%.
<Reaction Scheme 1A>
Figure imgf000023_0002
Example 2 : Synthesis of Compound 2
Figure imgf000023_0003
Compound 2 The obtained Compound 1 10.0 g and 4-phenoxyaniline 7.7 g were refluxed in 40 ml of ethyl alcohol for one day. Subsequently, the solvent was removed to obtain yellowish solid which was then stirred in 200 ml of acetone and filtered. The foregoing-procedure was repeated 3 times. Then, the precipitate was filtered and washed with acetone several times. Thereafter, the resultant was dried in oven at 70 °C to obtain the Compound 2. Yield was 82%
<Reaction Scheme 1B>
Figure imgf000024_0001
Example 3 : Synthesis of Compound 3
Figure imgf000024_0002
Compound 3
4,4'-bipyridyl 10.0 g and diethyl 2-bromoethylphosphonate 13.1 g were refluxed in 50 ml of acetonitrile for three days. Subsequently, the yellowish residues were filtered. Then, the obtained yellowish solid was stirred in 200 ml of acetone and filtered. The foregoing-procedures were repeated 3 times. Then, the precipitate was filtered and washed with acetone several times. Thereafter, the resultant was dried in oven at 70 °C to obtain the Compound 3. Yield was 44%. <Reaction Scheme 1C>
Figure imgf000024_0003
Example 4 : Synthesis of Compound 4
Figure imgf000025_0001
Compound 4
The Compound 3 10.0 g and l,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene 26.7 g were refluxed in 150 ml of acetonitrile for one day. Subsequently, the yellowish residues were filtered. Then, the obtained yellowish solid was stirred in 500 ml of acetone and filtered. The foregoing-procedures were repeated 3 times. Then, the precipitate was filtered and washed with acetone several times. Thereafter, the resultant was dried in oven at 70 °C to obtain the Compound 4. Yield was 87%.
<Reaction Scheme 1D>
Figure imgf000025_0002
Example 5 : Synthesis of Compound 5
Figure imgf000025_0003
Compound 5 The Compound 2 12.7 g and the Compound 4 12.7 g were refluxed in 60 ml of methanol for one day. Subsequently, the solvent was removed to obtain brown solid which was then dried. The obtained compound was subjected to hydrolysis in 100 ml of 37% hydrochloric acid, and then, the solvent was removed. Then, the obtained dark brown residue was dissolved in methanol. Thereafter, acetone was added to precipitate the compound which was then filtered and washed with acetone several times. Then, the resultant was dried in oven at 60 °C to obtain the Compound 5. Yield was 55%.
<Reaction Scheme 1E>
Figure imgf000027_0001
Example 6 : Preparation of electro chromic device
A glass substrate (50mm x 50mm x 0.5mm) of which surface is coated with transparent conductive metal oxide ITO (via 300 rpm spin coating, ITO thickness - 4 μιη) was immersed for 5 min. in a solution of methanol in which the electrochromic compound is dissolved. Then, the immersed glass substrate was taken out. An electrolyte solution was prepared by dissolving LiBF4 0.937 g and ferrocene 0.47 g in 10 ml of propylene carbonate. The immersed glass substrate and another ITO-coated glass substrate (which was not immersed) were sandwiched via a spacer having a thickness of 60 μιη, the electrolyte solution was poured in, and then, the two glass substrates were sealed to form an electrochromic(EC) device. The EC device was preparing by using four different electrochromic(EC) compounds shown below. To evaluate the light- shuttering function of each EC compound, difference of brightness before and after an application of 1.7 V driving voltage (10 seconds) was measured and calculated using MCPD-3000 equipment (available from Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.). The bright difference was indicated as ΔΥ. The measurement results are summarized in Table 1 below:
[Table 1. Brightness Measurement Result]
Figure imgf000028_0002
Figure imgf000028_0001
Compound 8
Figure imgf000029_0001
Compound 6
Example 7: Synthesis of Compound 2 A
Figure imgf000029_0002
Compound 2A The Compound 1 20.0 g and l,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene 48.3 g were refluxed in 250 ml of dimethyl formamide for 1 day. Subsequently, the yellowish residues were filtered. Then, the obtained yellowish solid was washed with dimethyl formamide and acetone several times. Thereafter, the resultant was dried in oven at 70 °C to obtain the Compound 2A. Yield was 85%.
<Reaction Scheme 2A>
Figure imgf000030_0001
Example 8: Synthesis of Compound 2B
Figure imgf000031_0001
Compound 2B The Compound 2A 51.20 g and 4,4'-bipyridyl 22.3 g were refluxed in 200 ml of methyl alcohol for 1 day. Subsequently, solvent was removed to obtain a solid which was then stirred in 1000 ml of acetone and filtered. The above procedures were repeated 3 times. Thereafter, the precipitate was filtered and washed with acetone several times. Then, the resultant was dried in vacumm oven at 45 °C to obtain the Compound 2B. Yield was 92%.
<Reaction Scheme 2B>
Figure imgf000032_0001
Example 9: Synthesis of Compound 2C
Figure imgf000033_0001
Compound 2C
The Compound 2B 50.0 g and 4-phenoxyaniline 22.6 g were refluxed in 200 ml of methyl alcohol for 1 day. Subsequently, the solvent was removed to obtain a solid which was then stirred in 500 ml of acetone and filtered. The above procedures were repeated 3 times. Thereafter, the precipitate was filtered and washed with acetone several times. Then, the resultant was dried in vacumm oven at 45 °C to obtain the Compound 2C. Yield was 79%.
<Reaction Scheme 2C>
Figure imgf000034_0001
Example 10: Synthesis of Compound 2D
Figure imgf000035_0001
Compound 2D The Compound 2C 10.0 g and the Compound 4 2.9 g were refluxed in 80 ml of methyl alcohol for 1 day. Subsequently, the solvent was removed to obtain a dark black solid which was then dried. The obtained compound was hydro lyzed in 60 ml of 37% hydrochloric acid, and then, the solvent was removed. Subsequently, the obtained dark black residues were dissolved in methanol. Then, acetone was added to precipitate the compound which was then filtered and washed with acetone several times. Then, the resultant was vacumm oven at 45 °C to obtain the Compound 2D. Yield was 47%.
<Reaction Scheme 2D>
Figure imgf000036_0001
Figure imgf000037_0001
Figure imgf000038_0001

Claims

C L A I M S
1. A compound, comprising at least one chemical backbone comprising three viologen structures, at least one first functional group comprising anchoring group ("FGl"), and at least one second functional group comprising aryl group ("FG2").
2. The compound according to claim 1, having the formula (I) below:
Figure imgf000039_0001
wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl groups, halogenated alkyl groups, and compound of the formula (II) below, provided at least three R is the compound of formula (II) below:
Figure imgf000039_0002
wherein X" is a counter-anion, in particular halide,
A is independently selected from the group consisting of alkylene group, halogenated alkylene group, arylene group, halogenated arylene group, heteroatom, heterocycles, halogenated heterocycles, and any combination thereof, n is 0 or 1 ,
Q is independently selected from the group consisting of alkylene group, halogenated alkylene group, arylene group, halogenated arylene group, heteroatom, heterocycle radicals, halogenated heterocycle radicals, radicals of viologen moiety, and any combination thereof, and Z is selected from the group consisting of the first functional group comprising anchoring group, and the second functional group comprising aryl group.
3. The compound according to claim 2, wherein three R in 1,3,5-position in the formula (I) is independently the compound of formula (II), while remaining R is independently hydrogen or alkyl groups.
4. The compound according to claim 2 or 3, wherein A is alkylene group.
5. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the anchoring group (ANC) is selected from the group consisting
of -COOH, -P(0)(OR')2 (in which R' is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups), -P(=0)(Ra)(OH) (wherein Ra is selected from the groups consisting of optionally branched CI -CI 8 alkyl groups and optionally substituted C5-C12 aryl groups, and halogenated derivatives thereof), -P04(R')2, -P02HRb (wherein Rb is selected from alkyl groups or aryl groups), -SO3H, -CONHOH, -N02, acetylacetonate, acrylic acid derivatives, malonic acid derivatives, rhodanine-3 -acetic acid, propionic acid, salicylic acid, formic anhydride, deprotonated forms of the aforementioned groups, salts of said deprotonated forms, and chelating groups with π-conducting character, in particular -P(0)(OH)2.
6. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the second functional group comprises benzene moiety.
7. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the second functional group has one of the following structure :
Figure imgf000040_0001
wherein each Rl is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl group, halogenated alkyl group, aryl group, halogenated aryl group, heteroatom, heterocycles, halogenated heterocycles, and any combination thereof.
8. The compound according to any one of claims 2 to 7, wherein when Z is the first functional group, n is 1 and Q is alkylene group or arylene group, and when Z is the second functional group, n is 0.
9. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 8, which shows electro chromic behavior.
An electrochromic particle comprising a conductive nanoparticle, and the compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, which is attached to the surface of the conductive nanoparticle.
11. The electrochromic particle according to claim 10, wherein the conductive nanoparticle is selected from metal oxides, preferably oxides of the transition metal or the metallic elements in Groups 13 to 16 of the periodic table (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, and Po).
12. The electrochromic particle according to claim 10 or 11, wherein particle size of the conductive nanoparticle is from 1 to 100 nm, preferably 5 to 50 nm.
13. An electrochromic device, comprising the compound according to any one of claims 1 to 9, or the electrochromic particle according to any one of claims 10 to 12.
14. The electrochromic device according to claim 13, which is embedded in a display device.
A compound having the formula (III) below
Figure imgf000041_0001
wherein X" is a counter-anion, in particular halide, and each Rl is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl group, halogenated alkyl group, aryl group, halogenated aryl group, heteroatom, heterocycles, halogenated heterocycles, and any combination thereof.
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