WO2015140567A1

WO2015140567A1 - Tumor associated antigens derived from traip

Info

Publication number: WO2015140567A1
Application number: PCT/GB2015/050821
Authority: WO
Inventors: Alex Stephen POWLESLAND
Original assignee: Immunocore Limited; Adaptimmune Limited
Priority date: 2014-03-21
Filing date: 2015-03-19
Publication date: 2015-09-24

Abstract

The present invention provides a polypeptide comprising (i) the amino acid sequence FLKNELDNV (SEQ ID NO: 1); or (ii) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, with the exception of 1, 2 or 3 amino acid substitutions and/or 1, 2 or 3 amino acid insertions, and/or 1, 2 or 3 amino acid deletions, wherein the polypeptide forms a complex with a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecule. Also provided are a complex of the polypeptide a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecule, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide, a vector comprising such a nucleic acid sequence, a cell comprising such a vector and a binding moiety that binds the polypeptide.

Description

TUMOR ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS DERIVED FROM TRAIP

The present invention relates to novel peptides derived from TRAF-interacting protein (TRAIP), complexes comprising such peptides bound to recombinant MHC molecules, and cells presenting said peptide in complex with MHC molecules. Also provided by the present invention are binding moieties that bind to the peptides and/or complexes of the invention. Such moieties are useful for the development of immunotherapeutic reagents for the treatment of diseases such as cancer.

T cells are a key part of the cellular arm of the immune system. They specifically recognise peptide fragments that are derived from intracellular proteins and presented in complex with Major

Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). In humans, MHC molecules are known as human leukocyte antigens (HLA), and both terms are used synonymously herein. MHC molecules have a binding groove in which the peptide fragments bind. Recognition of particular peptide-MHC antigens is mediated by a corresponding T cell receptor (TCR). Tumour cells express various tumour associated antigens (TAA) and peptides derived from these antigens are frequently displayed on the tumour cell surface. Detection of a MHC class I- presented TAA-derived peptide by a CD8+ T cell bearing the corresponding T cell receptor, leads to targeted killing of the tumour cell. However, as a consequence of the selection processes which occur during T cell maturation in the thymus, there is a scarcity of T cells (and TCRs) in the circulating which recognise TAA-derived peptides with a sufficiently high level of affinity. Therefore tumour cells often escape detection.

The identification of particular TAA-derived peptides presented by MHC molecules on tumour cells enables the development of novel immunotherapeutic reagents designed to target and destroy said tumour cells. Such reagents may be moieties that bind to the TAA-derived peptide and/or peptide- MHC complexes of the invention, and typically involve the induction of a T cell response. For example, such reagents may be based, exclusively, or in part, on T cells, or TCRs, or antibodies. However, because of the inherent difficulties in identifying TAAs and determining which TAA- derived peptides are presented on the cell surface in complex with a given MHC, only a small number of such peptides, covering a limited number of cancer indications, have been identified to date. It is therefore desirable to provide additional TAA-derived peptides and MHC complexes thereof that can be used for the development of new cancer therapies.

In silico algorithms, such as SYFPETHEI (Rammensee, et ai, Immunogenetics. 1999 50: 213-219 (access via www_..s^fF;gjihLde)) and BIMAS (Parker, et al, J. Immunol. 1994. 152:163 (access via hjtp: i ww - ii : : s cit.nih Qov/molbio/hl.;- bind/)) are available to predict the amino acid sequences of MHC-presented peptides derived from TAAs. However, these methods are known to generate a high proportion of false positives (since they simply define the likelihood of a given peptide being able to bind a given MHC and do not account for intracellular processing). Therefore, it is not possible to accurately predict whether a given peptide-MHC is presented by tumour cells. Direct experimental data is typically required.

TRAF-interacting protein (also known as TRAIP; Uniprot accession number: Q9BWF2) is a RING- type E3 ubiquitin ligase which is known to function as an inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation by tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interact with the tumour suppressor proteins CYLD and Syk (Lee, et al. , J. Exp. Med. 1997, 185:1275-1285 and Regamey, et al. , J. Exp. Med. 2003, 198(12): 1959-64). A role for TRAIP in tumourigenesis has been postulated, (Chapard, et al. , Exp. Dermatol. 2012, 21 (5):321 -6), and elevated expression levels have been reported in basal cell carcinoma (Almeida, et al. , J. Invest. Dermatol. 201 1 . 131 (2):349-57) and multiple breast epithelial cell lines (Zhou et al , Oncogene. 2009. 28:1348-1356). However, at present it remains unclear whether TRAIP has a direct role in tumour formation. It is not known whether TRAIP expression is elevated in other cancer indications and no peptides derived from TRAIP have been identified on the surface of tumour cells in complex with MHC.

In a first aspect, the invention provides a polypeptide comprising

(i) the amino acid sequence FLKNELDNV (SEQ ID NO: 1);

(ii) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 , with the exception of 1 , 2 or 3 amino acid substitutions, and/or 1 , 2 or 3 amino acid insertions, and/or 1 , 2 or 3 amino acid deletions, wherein the polypeptide forms a complex with a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecule.

The inventors have found that polypeptides of the invention are presented by MHC on the surface of tumour cells. Accordingly, the polypeptides and moieties that bind the polypeptide-MHC complexes can be used to develop therapeutic reagents for the treatment of various cancers.

The skilled person can determine whether or not a given polypeptide forms a complex with an MHC molecule by determining whether the MHC can be refolded in the presence of the polypeptide using the process set out in Example 3. If the polypeptide does not form a complex with MHC then MHC will not refold. Refolding is commonly confirmed using an antibody that recognises MHC in a folded state only. Further details can be found in Garboczi D N et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci

USA. 1992 Apr 15;89(8):3429-33.

Preferably, polypeptides of the invention are from about 8 to about 16 amino acids in length, and are most preferably 9, 10 or 1 1 amino acids in length.

The polypeptide of the invention may consist or consist essentially of FLKNELDNV (SEQ ID NO: 1), which corresponds to residues 78-86 of the full length TRAIP protein.

As is known to those skilled in the art, the polypeptides of the invention may be post-translationally modified at one or more positions within the amino acid sequence. Examples of post translational modifications can be found in Engelhard et al Curr Opin Immunol. 2006 Feb; 18(1):92-7, and include phosphorylation, acetylation and deamidation.

Amino acid substitution means that an amino acid residue is substituted for a replacement amino acid residue at the same position. Inserted amino acid residues may be inserted at any position and may be inserted such that some or all of the inserted amino acid residues are immediately adjacent one another or may be inserted such that none of the inserted amino acid residues is immediately adjacent another inserted amino acid residue. One, two or three amino acids may be deleted from the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 . Each deletion can take place at any position of SEQ ID NO: 1 .

In some embodiments, the polypeptide of the invention may comprise one, two or three additional amino acids at the C-terminal end and/or at the N-terminal end of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 . A polypeptide of the invention may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 , with the exception of one amino acid substitution and one amino acid insertion, one amino acid substitution and one amino acid deletion, or one amino acid insertion and one amino acid deletion. A polypeptide of the invention may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 , with the exception of one amino acid substitution, one amino acid insertion and one amino acid deletion. Inserted amino acids and replacement amino acids may be naturally occurring amino acids or may be non-naturally occurring amino acids and, for example, may contain a non-natural side chain. If more than one amino acid residue is substituted and/or inserted, the replacement/inserted amino acid residues may be the same as each other or different from one another. Each replacement amino acid may have a different side chain to the amino acid being replaced.

Preferably, polypeptides of the invention bind to MHC in the peptide binding groove of the MHC molecule. Generally the amino acid modifications described above will not impair the ability of the peptide to bind MHC. In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid modifications improve the ability of the peptide to bind MHC. For example, mutations may be made at positions which anchor the peptide to MHC. Such anchor positions and the preferred residues at these locations are known in the art, particularly for peptides which bind HLA-A*02 (see, e. g. Parkhurst et al., J. Immunol. 157: 2539-2548 (1996)).

A polypeptide of the invention may be used to illicit an immune response. If this is the case, it is important that the immune response is specific to the intended target in order to avoid the risk of unwanted side effects that may be associated with an "off target" immune response. Therefore, it is preferred that the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide of the invention does not match the amino acid sequence of a peptide from any other protein(s), in particular, that of another human protein. A person of skill in the art would understand how to search a database of known protein sequences to ascertain whether a polypeptide according to the invention is present in another protein.

Polypeptides of the invention can be synthesised easily by Merrifield synthesis, also known as solid phase synthesis, or any other peptide synthesis methodology. GMP grade polypeptide is produced by solid-phase synthesis techniques by Multiple Peptide Systems, San Diego, CA. Alternatively, the peptide may be recombinantly produced, if so desired, in accordance with methods known in the art. Such methods typically involve the use of a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide to be expressed, to express the polypeptide in vivo; for example, in bacteria, yeast, insect or mammalian cells. Alternatively, in vitro cell-free systems may be used. Such systems are known in the art and are commercially available for example from Life

Technologies, Paisley, UK. The polypeptides may be isolated and/or may be provided in substantially pure form. For example, they may be provided in a form which is substantially free of other polypeptides or proteins.

In a second aspect the invention provides a complex of the polypeptide of the first aspect and an MHC molecule. Preferably, the polypeptide is bound to the peptide binding groove of the MHC molecule. The MHC molecule may be MHC class I. In a preferred embodiment, the MHC molecule is HLA-A*02. As known to those skilled in the art there a several HLA-A*02 subtypes. A full list of HLA-A*02 alleles can be found on the EMBL Immune Polymorphism Database

(http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/imgt/hla/allele.html). The complex of the invention may be isolated and/or in a substantially pure form. For example, the complex may be provided in a form which is substantially free of other polypeptides or proteins. It should be noted that in the context of the present invention, the term "MHC molecule" includes recombinant MHC molecules, non-naturally occurring MHC molecules and functionally equivalent fragments of MHC, including derivatives or variants thereof, provided that peptide binding is retained. For example, MHC molecules may be fused to a therapeutic moiety, attached to a solid support, in soluble form, and/or in multimeric form. Methods to produce soluble recombinant MHC molecules with which polypeptides of the invention can form a complex are known in the art. Suitable methods include, but are not limited to, expression and purification from E. coli cells or insect cells. A suitable method is provided in Example 3 herein. Alternatively, MHC molecules may be produced synthetically, or using cell free systems.

Polypeptides and/or polypeptide-MHC complexes of the invention may be associated with a moiety capable of eliciting a therapeutic effect. Such a moiety may be a carrier protein which is known to be immunogenic. KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) is an example of a suitable carrier protein used in vaccine compositions. Alternatively, the polypeptides and/or polypeptide-MHC complexes of the invention may be associated with a fusion partner. Fusion partners may be used for detection purposes, or for attaching said polypeptide or MHC to a solid support, or for MHC oligomerisation. The MHC complexes may incorporate a biotinylation site to which biotin can be added, for example, using the BirA enzyme (O'Callaghan et al, 1999 (Anal Biochem 266: 9-15). Other suitable fusion partners include, but are not limited to, fluorescent, or luminescent labels, radiolabels, nucleic acid probes and contrast reagents, antibodies, or enzymes that produce a detectable product. Detection methods may include flow cytometry, microscopy, electrophoresis or scintillation counting.

Polypeptide-MHC complexes of the invention may be provided in soluble form, or may be immobilised by attachment to a suitable solid support. Examples of solid supports include, but are not limited to, a bead, a membrane, sepharose, a magnetic bead, a plate, a tube, a column.

Polypeptide-MHC complexes may be attached to an ELISA plate, a magnetic bead, or a surface plasmon reasonance biosensor chip. Methods of attaching peptide-MHC complexes to a solid support are known to the skilled person, and include, for example, using an affinity binding pair, e.g. biotin and streptavidin, or antibodies and antigens. In a preferred embodiment peptide-MHC complexes are labelled with biotin and attached to streptavidin-coated surfaces.

Polypeptide-MHC complexes of the invention may be in multimeric form, for example, dimeric, or tetrameric, or pentameric, or octomeric, or greater. Examples of suitable methods for the production of multimeric peptide MHC complexes are described in Greten et al, Clin. Diagnostic Lab. Immunol,. 2002, p216-220 and references therein. In general, polypeptide-MHC multimers may be produced using peptide-MHC tagged with a biotin residue and complexed through fluorescent labelled streptavidin. Alternatively, multimeric polypeptide-MHC complexes may be formed by using immunoglobulin as a molecular scaffold. In this system, the extracellular domains of MHC molecules are fused with the constant region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain separated by a short amino acid linker. Polypeptide-MHC multimers have also been produced using carrier molecules such as dextran (WO02072631). Multimeric peptide MHC complexes can be useful for improving the detection of binding moieties, such as T cell receptors, which bind said complex, because of avidity effects.

The polypeptide of the invention may be presented on the surface of a cell in complex with MHC. Thus, the invention also provides a cell presenting on its surface a complex of the invention. Such a cell may be a mammalian cell, preferably a cell of the immune system, and in particular a specialised antigen presenting cell such as a dendritic cell or a B cell. Other preferred cells include T2 cells (Hosken, et al. , Science. 1990. 248:367-70). Cells presenting the polypeptide or complex of the invention may be isolated, preferably in the form of a population, or provided in a substantially pure form. Said cells may not naturally present the complex of the invention, or alternatively said cells may present the complex at a level higher than they would in nature. Such cells may be obtained by pulsing with the polypeptide of the inventionPulsing involves incubating the cells with the polypeptide for several hours using polypeptide concentrations typically ranging from 10^~5 to 10^~12 M. Said cells may additionally, or alternatively, be transduced with HLA-A*02 molecules to further induce presentation of the peptide. Cells may be produced recombinantly. Cells presenting polypeptides of the invention may be used to isolate T cells and T cell receptors (TCRs) which are activated by, or bind to, said cells, as described in more detail below.

In a third aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention. The nucleic acid may be cDNA. The nucleic acid molecule may consist essentially of a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide of the first aspect of the invention or may encode only the peptide of the invention, i.e. encode no other polypeptide.

Such a nucleic acid molecule can be synthesised in accordance with methods known in the art. Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that nucleic acid molecules of different nucleotide sequence can encode the same amino acid sequence.

In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence according to the third aspect of the invention. The vector may include, in addition to a nucleic acid sequence encoding only a polypeptide of the invention, one or more additional nucleic acid sequences encoding one or more additional polypeptides. Such additional polypeptides may, once expressed, be fused to the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the polypeptide of the invention. In one embodiment, the vector includes a nucleic acid sequence encoding a peptide or protein tag such as, for example, a biotinylation site, a FLAG-tag, a MYC-tag, an HA-tag, a GST-tag, a Strep-tag or a poly-histidine tag.

Suitable vectors are known in the art as is vector construction, including the selection of promoters and other regulatory elements, such as enhancer elements. The vector utilised in the context of the present invention desirably comprises sequences appropriate for introduction into cells. For instance, the vector may be an expression vector, a vector in which the coding sequence of the polypeptide is under the control of its own cis-acting regulatory elements, a vector designed to facilitate gene integration or gene replacement in host cells, and the like.

In the context of the present invention, the term "vector" encompasses a DNA molecule, such as a plasmid, bacteriophage, phagemid, virus or other vehicle, which contains one or more heterologous or recombinant nucleotide sequences (e.g., an above-described nucleic acid molecule of the invention, under the control of a functional promoter and, possibly, also an enhancer) and is capable of functioning as a vector in the sense understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Appropriate phage and viral vectors include, but are not limited to, lambda (X) bacteriophage, EMBL bacteriophage, simian virus 40, bovine papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, herpes virus, vaccinia virus, Moloney murine leukemia virus, Harvey murine sarcoma virus, murine mammary tumor virus, lentivirus and Rous sarcoma virus.

In a fifth aspect, the invention provides a cell comprising the vector of the fourth aspect of the invention. The cell may be an antigen presenting cell and is preferably a cell of the immune system. In particular, the cell may be a specialised antigen presenting cell such as a dendritic cell or a B cell. The cell may be a mammalian cell.

Polypeptides and complexes of the invention can be used to identify and/or isolate binding moieties that bind specifically to the polypeptide and/or the complex of the invention. Such binding moieties may be used as immunotherapeutic reagents and may include antibodies and TCRs.

In a sixth aspect, the invention provides a binding moiety that binds the polypeptide of the invention. Such a binding moiety may bind the polypeptide alone or when it is in complex with MHC. In the latter instance, the binding moiety may bind partially to the MHC, provided that it also binds to the polypeptide. Binding of said binding moiety may be specific.

When used with reference to binding moieties that bind the complex of the invention, "specific" is generally used herein to refer to the situation in which the binding moiety does not show any significant binding to one or more alternative polypeptide-MHC complexes other than the polypeptide-MHC complex of the invention or the MHC when it is not in complex with the polypeptide. Binding moieties of the invention may be isolated and/or non-naturally occurring, i.e. having no equivalent in nature, and/or purified and/or engineered. The binding moiety may be a T cell receptor (TCR). TCRs are described using the International Immunogenetics (IMGT) TCR nomenclature, and links to the IMGT public database of TCR sequences. The unique sequences defined by the IMGT nomenclature are widely known and accessible to those working in the TCR field. For example, they can be found in the IMGT public database. The "T cell Receptor Factsbook", (2001) LeFranc and LeFranc, Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-441352-8 also discloses sequences defined by the IMGT nomenclature, but because of its publication date and consequent time-lag, the information therein sometimes needs to be confirmed by reference to the IMGT database.

The TCRs of the invention may be in any format known to those in the art. For example, the TCRs may be αβ heterodimers, or they may be in single chain format (such as those described in

W09918129). Single chain TCRs include αβ TCR polypeptides of the type: Va-L-Vp, Vp-L-Va, Va- Ca-L-Vp, Va-L-Vp-Cp or Va- Ca -L-Vp-Cp, optionally in the reverse orientation, wherein Va and Vp are TCR a and p variable regions respectively, Ca and Cp are TCR a and p constant regions respectively, and L is a linker sequence. The TCR may be in a soluble form (i.e. having no transmembrane or cytoplasmic domains), or may contain full length alpha and beta chains. The TCR may be provided on the surface of a cell, such as a T cell. The TCR may be provided on the surface of the cell by non-natural expression. The cell is preferably a mammalian cell, more preferably an immune cell, even more preferably a T cell. The alpha and/or beta chain constant domain may be truncated relative to the native/naturally occurring TRAC/TRBC sequences. In addition the TRAC/TRBC may contain modifications. For example, the alpha chain extracellular sequence may include a modification relative to the native/naturally occurring TRAC whereby amino acid T48 of TRAC, with reference to IMGT numbering, is replaced with C48. Likewise, the beta chain extracellular sequence may include a modification relative to the native/naturally occurring TRBC1 or TRBC2 whereby S57 of TRBC1 or TRBC2, with reference to IMGT numbering, is replaced with C57. These cysteine substitutions relative to the native alpha and beta chain extracellular sequences enable the formation of a non- native interchain disulphide bond which stabilises the refolded soluble TCR, i.e. the TCR formed by refolding extracellular alpha and beta chains (WO 03/020763). This non-native disulphide bond facilitates the display of correctly folded TCRs on phage. (Li, Y., et al., Nat Biotechnol 2005: 23(3), 349-54). In addition the use of the stable disulphide linked soluble TCR enables more convenient assessment of binding affinity and binding half-life. Alternative positions for the formation of a non- native disulphide bond are described in WO 03/020763. TCRs of the invention may be engineered to include mutations. Methods for producing mutated high affinity TCR variants such as phage display and site directed mutagenesis and are known to those in the art (for example see WO 04/044004 and Li et al, (2005) Nature Biotech 23 (3): 349- 354). TCRs of the invention may also be may be labelled with an imaging compound, for example a label that is suitable for diagnostic purposes. Such labelled high affinity TCRs are useful in a method for detecting a TCR ligand selected from CD1 -antigen complexes, bacterial superantigens, and MHC- peptide/superantigen complexes, which method comprises contacting the TCR ligand with a high affinity TCR (or a multimeric high affinity TCR complex) which is specific for the TCR ligand; and detecting binding to the TCR ligand. In multimeric high affinity TCR complexes such as those described in Zhu et al, (2006) J. Immunol. 176 (5): 3223-3232, (formed, for example, using biotinylated heterodimers) fluorescent streptavidin (commercially available) can be used to provide a detectable label. A fluorescently-labelled multimer is suitable for use in FACS analysis, for example to detect antigen presenting cells carrying the peptide for which the high affinity TCR is specific.

A TCR of the present invention (or multivalent complex thereof) may alternatively or additionally be associated with (e.g. covalently or otherwise linked to) a therapeutic agent which may be, for example, a toxic moiety for use in cell killing, or an immunostimulating agent such as an interleukin or a cytokine. A multivalent high affinity TCR complex of the present invention may have enhanced binding capability for a TCR ligand compared to a non-multimeric wild-type or high affinity T cell receptor heterodimer. Thus, the multivalent high affinity TCR complexes according to the invention are particularly useful for tracking or targeting cells presenting particular antigens in vitro or in vivo, and are also useful as intermediates for the production of further multivalent high affinity TCR complexes having such uses. The high affinity TCR or multivalent high affinity TCR complex may therefore be provided in a pharmaceutically acceptable formulation for use in vivo.

High affinity TCRs of the invention may be used in the production of soluble bi-specific reagents. A preferred embodiment is a reagent which comprises a soluble TCR, fused via a linker to an anti- CD3 specific antibody fragment. Further details including how to produce such reagents are described in W010/133828.

In a further aspect, the invention provides nucleic acid encoding the TCR of the invention, a TCR expression vector comprising nucleic acid encoding a TCR of the invention, as well as a cell harbouring such a vector. The TCR may be encoded either in a single open reading frame or two distinct open reading frames. Also included in the scope of the invention is a cell harbouring a first expression vector which comprises nucleic acid encoding an alpha chain of a TCR of the invention, and a second expression vector which comprises nucleic acid encoding a beta chain of a TCR of the invention. Alternatively, one vector may encode both an alpha and a beta chain of a TCR of the invention.

A further aspect of the invention provides a cell displaying on its surface a TCR of the invention. The cell may be a mammalian cell, such as an immune cells, such as a T cell. There are a number of methods suitable for the transfection of T cells with DNA or RNA encoding the TCRs of the invention (see for example Robbins et al., (2008) J. Immunol. 180: 61 16-6131). T cells expressing the TCRs of the invention are suitable for use in adoptive therapy-based treatment of diseases such as cancers. As will be known to those skilled in the art there are a number of suitable methods by which adoptive therapy can be carried out (see for example Rosenberg et al., (2008) Nat Rev Cancer 8 (4): 299-308). The cells of the invention may be isolated and/or recombinant and/or non-naturally occurring and/or engineered.

The TCRs of the invention intended for use in adoptive therapy are generally glycosylated when expressed by the transfected T cells. As is well known, the glycosylation pattern of transfected TCRs may be modified by mutations of the transfected gene (Kuball J et al. (2009), J Exp Med 206(2) :463-475).

The binding moiety of the invention may be an antibody. The term "antibody" as used herein refers to immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen binding site that specifically binds an antigen, whether natural or partly or wholly synthetically produced. The term "antibody" includes antibody fragments, derivatives, functional equivalents and homologues of antibodies, humanised antibodies, including any polypeptide comprising an immunoglobulin binding domain, whether natural or wholly or partially synthetic and any polypeptide or protein having a binding domain which is, or is homologous to, an antibody binding domain. Chimeric molecules comprising an immunoglobulin binding domain, or equivalent, fused to another polypeptide are therefore included. Cloning and expression of chimeric antibodies are described in EP-A-0120694 and EP-A-0125023. A humanised antibody may be a modified antibody having the variable regions of a non-human, e.g. murine, antibody and the constant region of a human antibody. Methods for making humanised antibodies are described in, for example, US Patent No. 5225539. Examples of antibodies are the immunoglobulin isotypes (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD and IgA) and their isotypic subclasses; fragments which comprise an antigen binding domain such as Fab, scFv, Fv, dAb, Fd; and diabodies. Antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal. A monoclonal antibody may be referred to herein as "mab". It is possible to take an antibody, for example a monoclonal antibody, and use recombinant DNA technology to produce other antibodies or chimeric molecules which retain the specificity of the original antibody. Such techniques may involve introducing DNA encoding the immunoglobulin variable region, or the complementary determining regions (CDRs), of an antibody to the constant regions, or constant regions plus framework regions, of a different immunoglobulin (see, for instance, EP-A-184187, GB 2188638A or EP-A-239400). A hybridoma (or other cell that produces antibodies) may be subject to genetic mutation or other changes, which may or may not alter the binding specificity of antibodies produced.

It has been shown that fragments of a whole antibody can perform the function of binding antigens. Examples of binding fragments are (i) the Fab fragment consisting of VL, VH, CL and CH1 domains; (ii) the Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CH1 domains; (iii) the Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single antibody; (iv) the dAb fragment (Ward, E.S. et ai, Nature 341 :544-546 (1989)) which consists of a VH domain; (v) isolated CDR regions; (vi) F(ab')2 fragments, a bivalent fragment comprising two linked Fab fragments (vii) single chain Fv molecules (scFv), wherein a VH domain and a VL domain are linked by a peptide linker which allows the two domains to associate to form an antigen binding site (Bird et ai, Science 242:423-426 (1988); Huston et ai., PNAS USA 85:5879-5883 (1988)); (viii) bispecific single chain Fv dimers

(PCT/US92/09965) and (ix) "diabodies", multivalent or multispecific fragments constructed by gene fusion (WO94/13804; P. Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6444-6448 (1993)).

Diabodies are multimers of polypeptides, each polypeptide comprising a first domain comprising a binding region of an immunoglobulin light chain and a second domain comprising a binding region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, the two domains being linked (e.g. by a peptide linker) but unable to associate with each other to form an antigen binding site: antigen binding sites are formed by the association of the first domain of one polypeptide within the multimer with the second domain of another polypeptide within the multimer (WQ94/13804). Where bispecific antibodies are to be used, these may be conventional bispecific antibodies, which can be manufactured in a variety of ways (Hollinger & Winter, Current Opinion Biotechnol. 4:446-449 (1993)), e.g. prepared chemically or from hybrid hybridomas, or may be any of the bispecific antibody fragments mentioned above. It may be preferable to use scFv dimers or diabodies rather than whole antibodies. Diabodies and scFv can be constructed without an Fc region, using only variable domains, potentially reducing the effects of anti-id iotypic reaction. Other forms of bispecific antibodies include the single chain "Janusins" described in Traunecker et al., EMBO Journal 10:3655-3659 (1991). Bispecific diabodies, as opposed to bispecific whole antibodies, may also be useful because they can be readily constructed and expressed in E. coli. Diabodies (and many other polypeptides such as antibody fragments) of appropriate binding specificities can be readily selected using phage display (WO94/13804) from libraries. If one arm of the diabody is to be kept constant, for instance, with a specificity directed against antigen X, then a library can be made where the other arm is varied and an antibody of appropriate specificity selected. An "antigen binding domain" is the part of an antibody which comprises the area which specifically binds to and is complementary to part or all of an antigen. Where an antigen is large, an antibody may only bind to a particular part of the antigen, which part is termed an epitope. An antigen binding domain may be provided by one or more antibody variable domains. An antigen binding domain may comprise an antibody light chain variable region (VL) and an antibody heavy chain variable region (VH). The binding moiety may be an antibody like molecule that has been designed to specifically bind a peptide-MHC complex of the invention. Of particular preference are TCR-mimic antibodies, such as, for example those described in WO2007143104 and Sergeeva, A., G. et al. (201 1). Blood 1 17(16): 4262-72 and/or Dahan, R., and Y. Reiter. 2012. Expert Rev Mol Med. 14:e6. Also encompassed within the present invention are binding moieties based on engineered protein scaffolds. Protein scaffolds are derived from stable, soluble, natural protein structures which have been modified to provide a binding site for a target molecule of interest. Examples of engineered protein scaffolds include, but are not limited to, affibodies, which are based on the Z-domain of staphylococcal protein A that provides a binding interface on two of its a-helices (Nygren, P. A. (2008). FEBS J 275(1 1): 2668-76); anticalins, derived from lipocalins, that incorporate binding sites for small ligands at the open end of a beta-barrel fold (Skerra, A. (2008) FEBS J 275(1 1): 2677-83), nanobodies, and DARPins. Engineered protein scaffolds are typically targeted to bind the same antigenic proteins as antibodies, and are potential therapeutic agents. They may act as inhibitors or antagonists, or as delivery vehicles to target molecules, such as toxins, to a specific tissue in vivo (Gebauer, M. and A. Skerra (2009). Curr Opin Chem Biol 13(3): 245-55). Short peptides may also be used to bind a target protein. Phylomers are natural structured peptides derived from bacterial genomes. Such peptides represent a diverse array of protein structural folds and can be used to inhibit/disrupt protein-protein interactions in vivo (Watt, P. M. (2006). Nat Biotechnol 24(2): 177-83)]. In another aspect, the invention further provides a polypeptide of the invention, a nucleic acid molecule of the invention, a vector of the invention, a cell of the invention or a binding moiety of the invention for use in medicine. The polypeptide, complex, nucleic acid, vector, cell or binding moiety may be used for in the treatment or prevention of cancer, in particular, lung, ovarian, colon, melanoma and breast cancer.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide of the invention, a nucleic acid molecule of the invention, a vector of the invention, a cell of the invention or a binding moiety of the invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This pharmaceutical composition may be in any suitable form, (depending upon the desired method of administering it to a patient). It may be provided in unit dosage form, will generally be provided in a sealed container and may be provided as part of a kit. Such a kit would normally (although not necessarily) include instructions for use. It may include a plurality of said unit dosage forms. Suitable compositions and methods of administration are known to those skilled in the art, for example see, Johnson et ai, Blood (1 14):535-46 (2009), with reference to clinical trial numbers NCI-07-C-0175 and NCI-07-C-0174. Cells in accordance with the invention will usually be supplied as part of a sterile, pharmaceutical composition which will normally include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. For example, T cells transfected with TCRs of the invention may be provided in pharmaceutical composition together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The pharmaceutical composition may be adapted for administration by any appropriate route such as a parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or intravenous), inhalation or oral, or nasal, or anal, route. Such compositions may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy, for example by mixing the active ingredient with the carrier(s) or excipient(s) under sterile conditions.

Dosages of the substances of the present invention can vary between wide limits, depending upon the disease or disorder to be treated (such as cancer, viral infection or autoimmune disease), the age and condition of the individual to be treated, etc. For example, a suitable dose range for a reagent comprising a soluble TCR fused to an anti- CD3 domain may be between 25 ng/kg and 50 μg/kg. A physician will ultimately determine appropriate dosages to be used.

The polypeptide of the invention may be provided in the form of a vaccine composition. The vaccine composition may be useful for the treatment or prevention of cancer. All such

compositions are encompassed in the present invention. As will be appreciated, vaccines may take several forms (Schlom J. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012 104 (8): 599-613). For example, the peptide of the invention may be used directly to immunise patients (Salgaller ML. Cancer Res. 1996.

56(20) :4749-57 and Marchand M. Int J Cancer. 1999. 80(2):219-230). The vaccine composition may include additional peptides such that the peptide of the invention is one of a mixture of peptides. Adjuvants may be added to the vaccine composition to augment the immune response Alternatively the vaccine composition may take the form of an antigen presenting cell displaying the peptide of the invention in complex with MHC. Preferably the antigen presenting cell is an immune cell, more preferably a dendritic cell. The peptide may be pulsed onto the surface of the cell (Thurner Bl. et a/., J. Exp. Med. 1999. 190:1669), or nucleic acid encoding for the peptide of the invention may be introduced into dendritic cells (for example by electroporation. Van Tendeloo, VF. et al., Blood 2001 . 98:49).

The polypeptides, complexes, nucleic acid molecules, vectors, cells and binding moieties of the invention may be non-naturally occurring and/or purified and/or engineered and/or recombinant and/or isolated and/or synthetic.

The invention also provides a method of identifying a binding moiety that binds a complex of the invention, the method comprising contacting a candidate binding moiety with the complex and determining whether the candidate binding moiety binds the complex. Methods to determine binding to polypeptide-MHC complexes are well known in the art. Preferred methods include, but are not limited to, surface plasmon resonance, or any other biosensor technique, ELISA, flow cytometry, chromatography, microscopy. Alternatively, or in addition, binding may be determined by functional assays in which a biological response is detected upon binding, for example, cytokine release or cell apoptosis.

The candidate binding moiety may be a binding moiety of the type already described, such as a TCR or an antibody. For example, T cells may be isolated from fresh blood obtained from volunteer donors. Such a method involves stimulating T cells using autologous DCs, followed by autologous B cells, pulsed with the polypeptide of the invention. Several round of stimulation may be carried out, for example three or four rounds. Activated T cells may then be tested for specificity by measuring cytokine release in the presence of T2 cells pulsed with the peptide of the invention (for example using an IFNy ELISpot assay). Activated cells may then be sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using labelled antibodies to detect intracellular cytokine production (e.g. IFNy), or expression of a cell surface marker (such as CD137). Sorted cells may be expanded and further validated, for example, by ELISpot assay and/or cytotoxicity against target cells and/or staining by peptide-MHC tetramer. The TCR chains from validated clones may then be amplified by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and sequenced.

Alternatively, the polypeptide MHC complex of the invention may be used for screening a library of TCRs or antibodies. The production of antibody libraries using phage display is well known in the art, for example see Aitken, Antibody phage display: Methods and Protocols (2009, Humana, New York). Further details on TCR libraries can be found in WO04044004. In a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide-MHC complex of the invention is used to screen a library of diverse TCRs displayed on the surface of phage particles. The TCRs displayed by said library may contain non- natural mutations. Screening may involve panning the phage library with peptide-MHC complexes of the invention and subsequently isolating bound phage. For this purpose peptide-MHC complexes may be attached to a solid support, such as a magnet bead, or column matrix and phage bound peptide MHC complexes isolated, with a magnet, or by chromatography, respectively. The panning steps may be repeated several times for example three or four times. Isolated phage may be further expanded in E. coli cells. Isolated phage particles may be tested for specific binding peptide-MHC complexes of the invention. Binding can be detected using techniques including, but not limited to, ELISA, or SPR for example using a BIAcore instrument. The DNA sequence of the T cell receptor displayed by peptide-MHC binding phage can be further identified by standard PCR methods.

Preferred or optional features of each aspect of the invention are as for each of the other aspects mutatis mutandis.

The present invention will be further illustrated in the following Examples and Figures which are given for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention in any way. Brief description of the Figures

Figure 1 shows RT-PCR analysis of TRAIP expression in colon tumour cells (T) taken from various stages of disease and normal tissue (N) samples. Figure 2 shows a table of tumour cell lines that present the peptide HLA-A*02 complex of the invention, as identified by mass spectroscopy after immuno-affinity purification. The cell lines and highest confidence level are indicated.

Figure 3 shows the results of ELISA analysis for two isolated TCRs that bind to a complex of SEQ ID No. 1 and HLA-A*02. These TCRs bind to said complex (dark well) and not to complexes comprising alternative HLA-A*02 peptides (clear wells). In addition, Figure 3 shows the results of BiaCore analysis of binding of the TCRs to the complex.

Figure 4 shows a representative fragmentation spectrum identifying the peptide on the surface of OV79 cells. Examples

Example 1 - TRAIP expression in tumour tissue Method

TRAIP expression was analysed by Quantitative real-time PCR using the Colon Cancer Array panel I HCRT101 , lot 1 1 13 (Origene) which included 43 tumours tissue samples and 5 normal tissue samples. Primers for TRAIP (TRAF interacting protein, Gene ID: 10293, NM_005879.2) were designed in-house (forward 5'-CCATCATGCCTATCCGTGCT -3' and reverse 5'- TGACCTGGCTGTCTCGTTTC -3') and synthesized by Eurofins MWG Operon. The assay spans over introns to avoid any genomic DNA amplification, and its specificity was validated by resolution on agarose gel and sequencing.

PCR reactions were performed on the lyophilised cDNA for the cancer panel with 250 nM of each forward and reverse primers and 2X Rotor-Gene SYBR Green Mastermix (Qiagen). PCR cycling conditions consisted of: 10min at 95°C; then 40 cycles of 10s at 95°C, 30s at 60°C; followed by a melt curve to check product specificity on an ABI7300 Instrument (Applied Biosystems, Life Technologies). TRAIP purified PCR products were previously cloned in a pCR^®4-TOPO plasmid to produce a standard template of a known copy number: serial 1 :10 dilutions were used to generate a standard curve from 10⁶ to 10 transcripts/reaction, and run in parallel thus allowing the calculation of absolute transcript number in the cancer samples.

Results

Figure 1 shows mRNA transcript levels of TRAIP are elevated in tumour tissue compared to normal tissues, indicating that TRAIP is a TAA.

Example 2 - Identification of TRAIP-derived peptides by Mass spectrometry

Presentation of HLA-A*02 restricted peptides derived from TRAIP on the surface of various tumour cell lines was investigated using mass spectrometry.

Method

Tumour cell lines were obtained from commercial sources and maintained and expanded under standard conditions. Where indicated in Figure 2, cell lines were transfected with a lentivirus vector expressing HLA-A*02/B2M to increase peptide-MHC presentation.

HLA-A*02 complexes were purified by immunoaffinity using a commercially available anti-HLA- A*02 antibody BB7.2. Briefly, cells were lysed in buffer containing non-ionic detergent NP-40 (0.5% v/v) at 5 x 10⁷ cells per ml and incubated at 4°C for 1 h with agitation/mixing. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation and supernatant pre-cleared using proteinA-Sepharose. Supernatant was passed over 5ml of resin containing 8 mg of anti-HLA-A*02 antibody immobilised on a proteinA-Sepharose scaffold. Columns were washed with low salt and high salt buffers and complexes eluted in 10% acetic acid. Eluted peptides were separated from HLA complexes by centrifugation through a 3 kDa molecular weight cut off filter. The peptide extract was desalted using a solid phase extraction cartridge (Phenomenex). Bound material eluted in 80%

acetonitrile/5% ammonia hydroxide and lyophilised.

Peptides were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an Agilent 1 100 system using a C18 column (Phenomenex). Peptides were loaded in 98% buffer A (0.1 % aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) and 2% buffer B (0.1 % TFA in acetonitrile). Peptides were eluted using a gradient of 2-60% B over 12 min and fractions collected at one minute intervals and lyophilised.

Peptides were analysed by nanoLCMS/MS using a Dionex Ultimate 3000 nanoLC, coupled with an AB Sciex Triple TOF 5600 mass spectrometer equipped with a nanoelectrospray ion source. Peptides were loaded onto an Acclaim PepMap 100 trap column (Dionex) and separated using an Acclaim PepMap RSLC column (Dionex). Peptides were loaded in mobile phase A (0.5% formic acid: water) and eluted using a gradient of buffer B (acetonitrile:0.5% formic acid) directly into the nanospray ionisation source. For peptide identification the mass spectrometer was operated using an information dependent acquisition (IDA) workflow. Information acquired in these experiments was used to search the Uniprot database of human proteins for peptides consistent with the fragmentation patterns seen, using Protein pilot software version 4 (Ab Sciex). Peptides identified are assigned a confidence score by the software, based on the match between the observed and expected fragmentation patterns.

Results

Figure 2 lists tumour cell lines that have been shown by mass spectrometry to present the polypeptide HLA-A*02 complex of the invention. The highest confidence score observed is indicated for each cell line. A representative fragmentation spectrum, obtained from OV79 cells, is shown in Figure 4.

Example 3 - Preparation of recombinant peptide-HLA-A*02 complexes The following describes a suitable method for the preparation of soluble recombinant HLA loaded with TAA peptide.

Method

Class I HLA-A*02 molecules (HLA-A*02-heavy chain and HLA light-chain (p2m)) were expressed separately in E. coli as inclusion bodies, using appropriate constructs. HLA-A*02-heavy chain additionally contained a C-terminal biotinylation tag which replaces the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains (O'Callaghan et al. (1999) Anal. Biochem. 266: 9-15). E. coli cells were lysed and inclusion bodies processed to approximately 80% purity. Inclusion bodies of p2m and heavy chain were denatured separately in 6 M guanidine-HCI, 50 mM Tris pH 8.1 , 100 mM NaCI, 10 mM DTT, 10 mM EDTA. Refolding buffer was prepared containing 0.4 M L-Arginine, 100 mM Tris pH 8.1 , 3.7 mM cystamine dihydrochloride, 6.6 mM cysteamine hydrochloride and chilled to <5°C. Synthetic peptide dissolved in DMSO to a final concentration of 4mg/ml is added to the refold buffer at 4 mg/litre (final concentration). Then 30 mg/litre p2m followed by 30 mg/litre heavy chain (final concentrations) are added. Refolding was allowed to reach completion at 4 °C for at least 1 hour.

Buffer was exchanged by dialysis in 10 volumes of 10 mM Tris pH 8.1 . Two changes of buffer were necessary to reduce the ionic strength of the solution sufficiently. The protein solution was then filtered through a 1 .5 μηι cellulose acetate filter and loaded onto a POROS 50HQ anion exchange column (8 ml bed volume). Protein was eluted with a linear 0-500 mM NaCI gradient in 10 mM Tris pH 8.1 using an Akta purifier (GE Healthcare). HLA-A*02-peptide complex eluted at approximately 250 mM NaCI, and peak fractions were collected, a cocktail of protease inhibitors (Calbiochem) was added and the fractions were chilled on ice.

Biotinylation tagged pHLA molecules were buffer exchanged into 10 mM Tris pH 8.1 , 5 mM NaCI using a GE Healthcare fast desalting column equilibrated in the same buffer. Immediately upon elution, the protein-containing fractions were chilled on ice and protease inhibitor cocktail (Calbiochem) was added. Biotinylation reagents were then added: 1 mM biotin, 5 mM ATP (buffered to pH 8), 7.5 mM MgCI2, and 5 μg/ml BirA enzyme (purified according to O'Callaghan et al., (1999) Anal. Biochem. 266: 9-15). The mixture was then allowed to incubate at room temperature overnight.

The biotinylated pHLA-A*02 molecules were purified using gel filtration chromatography. A GE Healthcare Superdex 75 HR 10/30 column was pre-equilibrated with filtered PBS and 1 ml of the biotinylation reaction mixture was loaded and the column was developed with PBS at 0.5 ml/min using an Akta purifier (GE Healthcare). Biotinylated pHLA-A*02 molecules eluted as a single peak at approximately 15 ml. Fractions containing protein were pooled, chilled on ice, and protease inhibitor cocktail was added. Protein concentration was determined using a Coomassie-binding assay (PerBio) and aliquots of biotinylated pHLA-A*02 molecules were stored frozen at -20 °C.

Such peptide-MHC complexes may be used in soluble form or may be immobilised through C terminal biotin moiety on to a solid support, to be used for the detection of T cells and T cell receptors which bind said complex. Example 4 - TCRs that bind to a peptide-MHC complex of the invention

This example provides evidence that isolated TCRs bind to a peptide-MHC complex of the invention.

Method

Methods for the isolation of TCRs are known to those skilled in the art; for example, DNA sequences corresponding to TCR alpha and beta chains may be amplified from a T cell clone (obtained from volunteer blood donors) that is activated by cells presenting the peptide-HLA complex of interest. Other suitable methods include isolation from TCR libraries (as described in WO2005/1 16646 and WO2005/1 16074 for example). The TCR chains can then be cloned into vectors suitable for expression in E. coli, or for expression on the surface of phage. In this example, TCRs were isolated that specifically recognise a complex comprising SEQ ID No. 1 and HLA-A*02. Said TCRs were first displayed on the surface of phage as disulphide-linked heterodimers (to facilitate surface display, a non-native disulphide bond was incorporated into the TCR chains as described in WO2004044004 and Li et al. Nature Biotechnology 23, 349 - 354 (2005)) and then binding detected by ELISA.

ELISAs were carried out as follows: plates were coated with a panel of biotinylated peptide-HLA- A*02 complexes, prepared as described in Example 3, such that each well contained a different peptide-HLA-A*02 complex (10 peptides were used in total, one corresponding to SEQ ID No:1 , and the other 9 derived from alternative antigens known in the art. Phage particles displaying two different TCRs were then applied to each well and detection of bound particles carried out using an anti-Fd antibody (Sigma, Cat. No. B7786) followed by a monoclonal anti-rabbit IgG peroxidase conjugate (gamma chain specific clone RG96) (Sigma, Cat. No. A1949). Bound antibody was visualised using the KPL labs TMB Microwell peroxidase Substrate System (Cat. No. 50-76-00).

To further confirm that the isolated TCRs were able to bind a complex of SEQ ID No. 1 and HLA- A*02, the TCR alpha and beta chain sequences were expressed in E. coli as soluble TCRs, (WO2003020763; Boulter, et al., Protein Eng, 2003. 16: 707-71 1). Binding of the soluble TCRs to the complex was analysed by surface plasmon resonance using a BiaCore 3000 instrument.

Biotinylated peptide-HLA monomers were prepared as previously described (Example 3) and immobilized on to a streptavidin-coupled CM-5 sensor chip. All measurements were performed at 25°C in PBS buffer supplemented with 0.005% Tween at a constant flow rate. To measure affinity, serial dilutions of the soluble TCRs were flowed over the immobilized peptide-MHCs and the response values at equilibrium were determined for each concentration. Data were analysed by plotting the specific equilibrium binding against protein concentration followed by a least squares fit to the Langmuir binding equation, assuming a 1 :1 interaction. Results

Figure 3 shows data for two isolated TCRs that bind to a complex of SEQ ID No. 1 and HLA-A*02. ELISA analysis demonstrates that these TCRs bind to said complex (blue well) and not to complexes comprising alternative HLA-A*02 peptides (clear wells). BiaCore analysis using purified soluble TCRs confirmed binding.

Claims

1 . A polypeptide comprising

(i) the amino acid sequence FLKNELDNV (SEQ ID NO: 1); or

(ii) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 , with the exception of 1 , 2 or 3 amino acid substitutions and/or 1 , 2 or 3 amino acid insertions, and/or 1 , 2 or 3 amino acid deletions, wherein the polypeptide forms a complex with a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecule.

2. The polypeptide of claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide consists of from 8 to 16 amino acids.

3. The polypeptide of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the polypeptide consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 .

4. A complex of the polypeptide of any preceding claim and a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecule.

5. The complex of claim 4, wherein the MHC molecule is HLA-A*02.

6. A nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide as defined in any one of claims 1 -3.

7. A vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence as defined in claim 6.

8. A cell comprising a vector as claimed in claim 7.

9. A binding moiety that binds the polypeptide of any one of claims 1-3.

10. The binding moiety of claim 9, which binds the polypeptide when it is in complex with MHC.

1 1 . The binding moiety of claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the binding moiety is a T cell receptor (TCR) or an antibody.

12. The binding moiety of claim 1 1 , wherein the TCR is on the surface of a cell.

13. A polypeptide as defined in any one of claims 1 -3, a complex as defined in claim 4 or claim 5, a nucleic acid molecule as defined in claim 6, a vector as defined in claim 7, a cell as defined in claim 8 or a binding moiety as defined in any one of claims 9-12 for use in medicine.

14. The polypeptide, complex, nucleic acid, vector or cell for use as defined in claim 13 for use in treating or preventing cancer.

15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide as defined in any one of claims 1 - 3, a complex as defined in claim 4 or claim 5, a nucleic acid molecule as defined in claim 6, a vector as defined in claim 7, a cell as defined in claim 8 or a binding moiety as defined in any one of claims 9-12 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

16. A method of identifying a binding moiety that binds a complex as claimed in claim 4 or claim 5, the method comprising contacting a candidate binding moiety with the complex and determining whether the candidate binding moiety binds the complex.