WO2014149524A1

WO2014149524A1 - Well treatment

Info

Publication number: WO2014149524A1
Application number: PCT/US2014/019294
Authority: WO
Inventors: Murtaza Ziauddin; Li Jiang; Bruno Lecerf; Chad KRAEMER; Boingoc DANG; Jian He
Original assignee: Schlumberger Canada Limited; Services Petroliers Schlumberger; Schlumberger Holdings Limited; Schlumberger Technology B.V.; Prad Research And Development Limited; Schlumberger Technology Corporation
Priority date: 2013-03-15
Filing date: 2014-02-28
Publication date: 2014-09-25
Also published as: AR095301A1

Abstract

Compositions comprise an aqueous fluid comprising a first material that may be urea or ammonium chloride. A second material may comprise hydrogen peroxide or sodium nitrite. A foaming agent is also present in the compositions. When the first and second material are allowed to commingle and react in a subterranean well, reactions take place that result in the creation of a foam. The foam may useful for removing proppant from a wellbore.

Description

WELL TREATMENT

BACKGROUND

[0001] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.

[0002] The present disclosure broadly relates to compositions and methods for forming foams in a subterranean well and using the foams for various purposes in the context of well servicing.

[0003] In the oil and gas industry, there are several operations that involve injecting gas into a wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation. Examples include gas lifting, well clean up with coiled tubing, fracturing with foam, using foamed cement for zonal isolation, using foam as diverter during stimulation treatments, and transporting cuttings during drilling operations. Foams are also used during enhanced oil recovery processes. In all these operations a compressed gas, commonly nitrogen and/or carbon dioxide, is injected into the wellbore and sometimes into the formation. Injecting compressed gas typically requires a significant footprint at the wellsite to accommodate equipment such as gas trucks and mandrels. Injecting compressed gas is also an energy intensive operation as a large quantity of gas needs to be compressed and pumped through the wellbore.

SUMMARY

[0004] The present disclosure reveals compositions and methods by which foams may be created by chemical reactions that occur in the wellbore, thereby obviating the need for extensive foam generation equipment at a wellsite.

[0005] In an aspect, embodiments relate to methods for treating a subterranean well. An aqueous fluid containing a first material is introduced into a wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation. A second material is introduced into the wellbore. A foaming agent is introduced into the wellbore. The first and second material are allowed to commingle and react, thereby generating a gas and forming a foam. [0006] In a further aspect, embodiments relate to methods for cleaning a wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation, the wellbore containing proppant therein. An aqueous fluid containing a first material is introduced into a wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation. A second material is introduced into the wellbore. A foaming agent is introduced into the wellbore. The first and second material are allowed to commingle and react, thereby generating a gas and forming a foam. The foam carries the proppant out of the wellbore.

[0007] In yet a further aspect, embodiments relate to compositions. The compositions comprise an aqueous fluid containing a first material that comprises ammonium chloride, tetrazines, tetrazine derivatives, azides, azide derivatives, azoles, azole derivatives, guanidine derivatives, azodicarbon amide derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, urea, urea derivatives, amine complexes, nitrocellulose or salts thereof or combinations thereof. The compositions comprise a second second material that comprises chlorates, perchlorates, oxides, nitrites, nitrates, peroxides, hydroxides, hydrides, dicyanamide compounds, derivatives thereof, or salts thereof, or combinations thereof. The composition comprises a foaming agent that comprises sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl polyethylene oxide sulfates, alkyl alkylolamine sulfates, modified ether alcohol sulfate sodium salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl betaines, alkyl amido betaines, alkyl imidazolines, alkyl amine oxides and alkyl quaternary ammonium carboxylates, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl ether carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, a-olefm sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl phosphates and alkyl ether phosphates, alkyl amines, alkyl diamines, alkyl ether amines, alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds or ester quaternary ammonium compounds, or combinations thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0008] At the outset, it should be noted that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation— specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as compliance with system related and business related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. In addition, the composition used/disclosed herein can also comprise some components other than those cited. In the summary of the invention and this detailed description, each numerical value should be read once as modified by the term "about" (unless already expressly so modified), and then read again as not so modified unless otherwise indicated in context. Also, in the summary of the invention and this detailed description, it should be understood that a concentration range listed or described as being useful, suitable, or the like, is intended that any and every concentration within the range, including the end points, is to be considered as having been stated. For example, "a range of from 1 to 10" is to be read as indicating each and every possible number along the continuum between about 1 and about 10. Thus, even if specific data points within the range, or even no data points within the range, are explicitly identified or refer to only a few specific, it is to be understood that inventors appreciate and understand that any and all data points within the range are to be considered to have been specified, and that inventors possessed knowledge of the entire range and all points within the range.

[0009] In an aspect, embodiments relate to methods for treating a subterranean well. An aqueous fluid containing a first material is introduced into a wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation. A second material is introduced into the wellbore. A foaming agent is introduced into the wellbore. The first and second material are allowed to commingle and react, thereby generating a gas and forming a foam.

[0010] The first material may comprise ammonium chloride, tetrazines, tetrazine derivatives, azides (e.g., sodium azide), azide derivatives, azoles, azole derivatives (e.g., triazole derivatives, tetrazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives), guanidine derivatives, azodicarbon amide derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, urea, urea derivatives, amine complexes, nitrocellulose or salts thereof or combinations thereof. The first material may comprise ammonium chloride or urea.

[0011] The second material may comprise chlorates, perchlorates (e.g., potassium perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, and ammonium perchlorate), oxides (e.g., iron oxide), nitrites, nitrates (e.g., ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and strontium nitrate), peroxides (e.g., hydrogen peroxide or metal peroxides), hydroxides (e.g., metal hydroxides), hydrides (e.g., sodium borohydride), dicyanamide compounds, or derivatives thereof, or salts thereof, or combinations thereof. The second material may be hydrogen peroxide or sodium nitrite. The second material may be introduced simultaneously with the first material, or as after the placement of the first material.

[0012] The foaming agent may comprise sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl polyethylene oxide sulfates, alkyl alkylolamine sulfates, modified ether alcohol sulfate sodium salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl betaines, alkyl amido betaines, alkyl imidazolines, alkyl amine oxides and alkyl quaternary ammonium carboxylates, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl ether carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, a-olefin sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl phosphates and alkyl ether phosphates, alkyl amines, alkyl diamines, alkyl ether amines, alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds or ester quaternary ammonium compounds, or combinations thereof. The foaming agent may comprise sodium dodecyl sulfate.

[0013] In a further aspect, embodiments relate to methods for cleaning a wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation, the wellbore containing proppant therein. An aqueous fluid containing a first material is introduced into a wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation. A second material is introduced into the wellbore. A foaming agent is introduced into the wellbore. The first and second material are allowed to commingle and react, thereby generating a gas and forming a foam. The foam carries the proppant out of the wellbore.

[0014] The first material may comprise ammonium chloride, tetrazines, tetrazine derivatives, azides (e.g., sodium azide), azide derivatives, azoles, azole derivatives (e.g., triazole derivatives, tetrazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives), guanidine derivatives, azodicarbon amide derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, urea, urea derivatives, amine complexes, nitrocellulose or salts thereof or combinations thereof. The first material may comprise ammonium chloride or urea.

[0015] The second material may comprise chlorates, perchlorates (e.g., potassium perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, and ammonium perchlorate), oxides (e.g., iron oxide), nitrites, nitrates (e.g., ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and strontium nitrate), peroxides (e.g., hydrogen peroxide or metal peroxides), hydroxides (e.g., metal hydroxides), hydrides (e.g., sodium borohydride), dicyanamide compounds, or derivatives thereof, or salts thereof, or combinations thereof. The second material may be hydrogen peroxide or sodium nitrite. The second material may be introduced simultaneously with the first material, or as after the placement of the first material.

[0016] When the first material is urea and the second material is hydrogen peroxide, chemical reactions may take place in the following manner.

H₂0₂→H₂0 + -Lo₂

[0017] ² (Eq. 1)

_[0018] 30₂ + 2H₂NCO H₂→ 2N₂ + 2C0₂ + 4H₂0 _{(Eq 2)}

[0019] When the first material is ammonium chloride and the second material is sodium nitrite, chemical reactions may take place in the following manner.

[0020] ^NH4 ^C1 + ^NaN°2→ NaCl + N₂ + 2H₂0 _{(Eq 3)}

[0021] The foaming agent may comprise sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl polyethylene oxide sulfates, alkyl alkylolamine sulfates, modified ether alcohol sulfate sodium salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl betaines, alkyl amido betaines, alkyl imidazolines, alkyl amine oxides and alkyl quaternary ammonium carboxylates, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl ether carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, a-olefin sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl phosphates and alkyl ether phosphates, alkyl amines, alkyl diamines, alkyl ether amines, alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, ester quaternary ammonium compounds, or combinations thereof. The foaming agent may comprise sodium dodecyl sulfate.

[0022] The proppant may comprise sand, bauxite or ceramic proppant or combinations thereof. The proppant may be present in any of the customary particle sizes as are known in the art.

[0023] In some embodiments, an aqueous solution of the first material (urea or NH₄CI) may be pumped downhole as a postflush after stimulation. The second material (H₂O₂ for urea or NaN0₂ for NH₄C1) may be injected downhole using, for example, coiled tubing while pulling out or other devices or methods known in the art. Surfactant may be added to the solution containing either material. Foam will be generated as the reaction proceeds. The fluids may start to lift out of the well after sufficient foam has been generated to overcome the hydrostatic pressure.

[0024] In some embodiments, the first and second materials may be pumped as a mixture from coiled tubing placed at the toe of a horizontal well. The mixture may foam as it travels downhole and mix with the fiowback fluids, thereby reducing the hydrostatic pressure. The foam generating mixture may be continuously injected until all the treatment fluids are produced or until such time as desired by the operator.

[0025] In some embodiments, the foam generating materials may be pumped as a mixture into the production tubing. Optionally, a delaying agent may be included. The foam will be generated as the reactive mixture travels downhole. The wellbore fluids will be lifted once the hydrostatic pressure is reduced sufficiently.

[0026] In some embodiments, the foam generating mixture may be pumped downhole after the treatment fluid stage. The foam generating mixture may invade previously acidized layers and, once inside, may start foaming and thus preventing flow of further acid into these formation layers.

[0027] In some embodiments, the foam generating mixture may be pumped as a preflush. The aqueous foam generating fluids may invade the watered-out layers foam, thus diverting the subsequent acid stages to oil bearing layers.

[0028] In some embodiments, the foam generating mixture may be pumped as part of the main stimulation fluid to energize the treatment fluid as well as function as a self- diverting fluid.

[0029] In some embodiments, the foam generating mixture may be pumped to replace the use of foam in enhanced oil recovery applications. For example, the foam generating mixture may be be injected in watered out layers rather than a conventional foam.

[0030] In some embodiments, the foam generating mixture may be used in drilling operations in lieu of the conventional foam.

[0031] In some embodiments, the foam generating mixture may be used to generate a low-density cement for zonal isolation. [0032] In some embodiments, the foam generating mixture may be delayed or triggered inside the fracture in order to release energy in the fracture, thereby lowering the equipment horsepower requirements to generate a given fracture.

[0033] In some embodiments, the foam generation reaction may triggered at a certain depth in the wellbore in order to pump a foam with lower friction force than pumping a foam generated on surface and transported all the way downhole, thereby lowering the horsepower requirements to pump foam downhole.

[0034] In some embodiments, the foam generation mixture may be placed in the fracture and at the tip of the fracture during the fracturing treatment, and be triggered by temperature or any other suitable factors after the treatment is completed, thereby improving the cleanup of gel residues and other damaging compounds from the fracture.

[0035] In yet a further aspect, embodiments relate to compositions. The compositions comprise an aqueous fluid containing a first material that comprises ammonium chloride, tetrazines, tetrazine derivatives, azides, azide derivatives, azoles, azole derivatives, guanidine derivatives, azodicarbon amide derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, urea, urea derivatives, amine complexes, nitrocellulose or salts thereof or combinations thereof. The compositions comprise a second second material that comprises chlorates, perchlorates, oxides, nitrites, nitrates, peroxides, hydroxides, hydrides, dicyanamide compounds, derivatives thereof, or salts thereof, or combinations thereof. The composition comprises a foaming agent that comprises sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl polyethylene oxide sulfates, alkyl alkylolamine sulfates, modified ether alcohol sulfate sodium salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl betaines, alkyl amido betaines, alkyl imidazolines, alkyl amine oxides and alkyl quaternary ammonium carboxylates, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl ether carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, α-olefm sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl phosphates and alkyl ether phosphates, alkyl amines, alkyl diamines, alkyl ether amines, alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds or ester quaternary ammonium compounds, or combinations thereof. The first and second material may be urea and hydrogen peroxide, or ammonium chloride and sodium nitrite. The foaming agent may be sodium dodecyl sulfate. [0036] For all aspects, when the first material is urea and the second material is hydrogen peroxide, the hydrogen peroxide may be present at concentrations between 25% and 100% by weight of the urea.

[0037] For all aspects, the composition may further comprise a rare earth metal oxide, or transition-metal oxide or a mixture thereof. Without wishing to held to any particular theory, Applicant believes the oxides help modulate the reaction rate and thereby control the rate at which a foam develops. The oxides may be present at a concentration between 0.1 wt% and 5.0 wt%, or between 0.25 wt% and 2.0 wt%, or between 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt%. The oxide may be ceria.

[0038] For all aspects, the composition may further comprise a catalyst. The catalyst may comprise alkali halides, alkaline-earth halides or elemental halogens or mixtures thereof. The catalyst may be encapsulated in the form of coated particles or as the internal phase of an emulsion. The catalyst may be present at a concentration between 0.01 wt% and 5.0 wt%, or 0.1 wt% and 2.0 wt% or between 0.2 wt% and 1.0 wt%. The catalyst may be potassium iodide.

[0039] For all aspects, the foaming agent concentration may be between about 0.01 wt% and about 10 wt%, or between about 0.2 wt% and about 1.0 wt%.

[0040] For all aspects, the foaming agent may a blend of two or more of the foaming agents described above, or a blend of any of the foaming agents described above with one or more nonionic surfactants. Suitable nonionic surfactants may comprise alkyl alcohol ethoxylates, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, alkyl acid ethoxylates, alkyl amine ethoxylates, sorbitan alkanoates and ethoxylated sorbitan alkanoates. Any effective amount of surfactant or blend of surfactants may be used in aqueous energized fluids.

[0041] For all aspects, the composition may further comprise fibers to aid proppant transport. The fibers may comprise substituted and unsubstituted lactides, glycolides, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid, copolymers of glycolic acid with other hydroxy-, carboxylic acid-, or hydroxycarboxylic acid-containing moieties, copolymers of lactic acid with other hydroxy-, carboxylic acid-, or hydroxycarboxylic acid-containing moieties, or mixtures thereof. The fibers may be present at a concentration between 0.1 wt% and 5 wt%, or 0.35 wt% and 4 wt% or between 0.5 wt% and 2.5 wt %.

[0042] For all aspects, at least a portion of the aqueous solvent may be replaced by an alcohol. The alcohol may be methanol. The presence of an alcohol causes the reaction to be more energetic.

[0043] Lifting proppant with in situ generation of foam may also be used for lowering the settling rate of proppant during fracturing treatments and transporting proppant deeper into the fracture compared with traditional fracturing operations. Also, it may enable alternatively pumping slugs of slurries, such as a first slurry that contains foam and proppant, followed by a second slurry that contains essentially a spacer fluid, and repeating the sequence of first and second slurries such that proppant is heterogeneously placed into the fracture.

[0044] The following examples serve to further illustrate the disclosure. EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1

[0045] A mixture with the following composition was prepared in the laboratory: 10 mL H₂O₂ (30%); 6.0 g urea; 0.5 g polylactic acid (PLA) fiber, 1.0 g 20/40 carbolite proppant; 0.5 g sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); 0.25%> ceria nano dispersion (15%>) and 0.1 g potassium iodide. The composition reacted and produced 550 mL of foam that was able to suspend the proppant.

EXAMPLE 2

[0046] The results of a series of foaming experiments with fluids containing urea and hydrogen peroxide are presented in Table 1.

20 7.5 0.3 — 60.0 68.3 117.8 600 106.1 18

20 5.0 0.3 — 57.2 63.9 125.6 500 117.2 20

20 15 0.4 — 40.0 62.8 116.7 1700 95.6 25

20 15 0.5 — 42.2 65.6 113.9 2000 107.8 25

20 20 0.4 — 51.7 73.3 115.0 2000 111.7 19

20 20 0.3 — 37.8 79.4 113.9 2000 108.9 —

20 20 0.3 37% HC1/ 0.1 g 51.7 68.3 113.9 1900 108.9 18

20 20 0.3 Methanol/ 5.0 g 39.4 75.0 108.3 1500 108.3 —

20 20 0.3 KI/ 0.1 g 35.6 43.3 78.3 2000 78.3 20 dissolved in

.0.15 ml water

20 20 0.4 KI/ 0.1 g 37.8 56.1 110.0 1600 100.6 23 dissolved in

.0.15 ml water

20 20 0.5 KI/ 0.1 g 38.3 45.0 103.9 1700 97.2 16 dissolved in

.0.15 ml water

20 20 0.5 KI/ 0.1 g 38.9 42.8 83.9 2200 83.9

dissolved in

.0.15 ml water

20 Na₂0 54.4 60.0 82.2 1000 82.2 >60

Hg,

H₂0:

7mL

Table 1. Results of foaming experiments conducted with urea and hydrogen peroxide.

[0047] Although various embodiments have been described with respect to enabling disclosures, it is to be understood that this document is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Variations and modifications that would occur to one of skill in the art upon reading the specification are also within the scope of the disclosure, which is defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for treating a subterranean well, comprising:

(i) introducing an aqueous fluid containing a first material into a wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation;

(ii) introducing a second material into the wellbore;

(iii) introducing a foaming agent into the wellbore; and

(iv) allowing the first material and the second material to commingle, react and generate a gas in the wellbore, thereby forming a foam.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second material is introduced after introducing the fluid containing the first material.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second material is introduced simultaneously with the fluid containing the first material.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first material comprises ammonium chloride, tetrazines, tetrazine derivatives, azides, azide derivatives, azoles, azole derivatives, guanidine derivatives, azodicarbon amide derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, urea, urea derivatives, amine complexes, nitrocellulose or salts thereof or combinations thereof.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second material comprises chlorates, perchlorates, oxides, nitrites, nitrates, peroxides, hydroxides, hydrides, dicyanamide compounds, or derivatives thereof, or salts thereof, or combinations thereof.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the foaming agent comprises sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl polyethylene oxide sulfates, alkyl alkylolamine sulfates, modified ether alcohol sulfate sodium salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl betaines, alkyl amido betaines, alkyl imidazolines, alkyl amine oxides and alkyl quaternary ammonium carboxylates, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl ether carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, a-olefm sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl phosphates and alkyl ether phosphates, alkyl amines, alkyl diamines, alkyl ether amines, alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds or ester quaternary ammonium compounds, or combinations thereof.

7. A method for cleaning a wellbore penetrating a subterranean formation, comprising:

(i) introducing an aqueous fluid containing a first material into the wellbore, the wellbore containing proppant therein;

(ii) introducing a second material into the wellbore;

(iii) introducing a foaming agent into the wellbore; and

(iv) allowing the first material and the second material to commingle, react and generate a gas in the wellbore, thereby forming a foam,

wherein the foam carries the proppant out of the wellbore.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second material is introduced after the introducing of the fluid containing the first material.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the second material is introduced simultaneously with the fluid containing the first material.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first material comprises ammonium chloride, tetrazines, tetrazine derivatives, azides, azide derivatives, azoles, azole derivatives, guanidine derivatives, azodicarbon amide derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, urea, urea derivatives, amine complexes, nitrocellulose or salts thereof or combinations thereof.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second material comprises chlorates, perchlorates, oxides, nitrites, nitrates, peroxides, hydroxides, hydrides, dicyanamide compounds, or derivatives thereof, or salts thereof, or combinations thereof

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the foaming agent comprises sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl polyethylene oxide sulfates, alkyl alkylolamine sulfates, modified ether alcohol sulfate sodium salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl betaines, alkyl amido betaines, alkyl imidazolines, alkyl amine oxides and alkyl quaternary ammonium carboxylates, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl ether carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, α-olefm sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl phosphates and alkyl ether phosphates, alkyl amines, alkyl diamines, alkyl ether amines, alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds or ester quaternary ammonium compounds, or combinations thereof.

13. A composition, comprising :

(i) an aqueous fluid containing a first material comprising ammonium chloride, tetrazines, tetrazine derivatives, azides, azide derivatives, azoles, azole derivatives, guanidine derivatives, azodicarbon amide derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, urea, urea derivatives, amine complexes, nitrocellulose or salts thereof or combinations thereof;

(ii) a second material comprising chlorates, perchlorates, oxides, nitrites, nitrates, peroxides, hydroxides, hydrides, dicyanamide compounds, derivatives thereof, or salts thereof, or combinations thereof; and

(iii) a foaming agent comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl polyethylene oxide sulfates, alkyl alkylolamine sulfates, modified ether alcohol sulfate sodium salts, sodium lauryl sulfate, alkyl betaines, alkyl amido betaines, alkyl imidazolines, alkyl amine oxides and alkyl quaternary ammonium carboxylates, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl ether carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, a-olefm sulfonates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl phosphates and alkyl ether phosphates, alkyl amines, alkyl diamines, alkyl ether amines, alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds, dialkyl quaternary ammonium compounds or ester quaternary ammonium compounds, or combinations thereof.

14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the first material is urea and the second material is hydrogen peroxide.

15. The composition of claim 14, wherein the hydrogen peroxide is present at a concentration between 25% and 100% by weight of the urea.

16. The composition of claim 13, wherein the first material is ammonium chloride and the second material is sodium nitrite.

17. The composition of claim 13, wherein the foaming agent is sodium dodecyl sulfate.

18. The composition of claim 13, further comprising a rare earth metal oxide.

19. The composition of claim 13, further comprising a catalyst, the catalyst being an alkali halide, an alkaline-earth halide or an elemental halogen or mixtures thereof.

20. The composition of claim 13, further comprising fibers comprising substituted and unsubstituted lactides, glycolides, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid, copolymers of glycolic acid with other hydroxy-, carboxylic acid-, or hydroxycarboxylic acid-containing moieties, copolymers of lactic acid with other hydroxy-, carboxylic acid-, or hydroxycarboxylic acid-containing moieties, or mixtures thereof.