WO2014058538A1 - Inhibiteurs de thrombine pyrrolidine substituée - Google Patents

Inhibiteurs de thrombine pyrrolidine substituée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014058538A1
WO2014058538A1 PCT/US2013/056076 US2013056076W WO2014058538A1 WO 2014058538 A1 WO2014058538 A1 WO 2014058538A1 US 2013056076 W US2013056076 W US 2013056076W WO 2014058538 A1 WO2014058538 A1 WO 2014058538A1
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mmol
hydroxy
pharmaceutically acceptable
compound
dimethylbutanoyl
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PCT/US2013/056076
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English (en)
Inventor
Timothy A. Blizzard
Harry Chobanian
William Greenlee
Sanjay Singh
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Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.
Albany Molecular Research Inc.
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Publication of WO2014058538A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014058538A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
    • C07D209/54—Spiro-condensed
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D217/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems
    • C07D217/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring
    • C07D217/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring other than aralkyl radicals
    • C07D217/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring other than aralkyl radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic System
    • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
    • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
    • C07F7/0803—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages
    • C07F7/081—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te
    • C07F7/0812—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te comprising a heterocyclic ring
    • C07F7/0816—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te comprising a heterocyclic ring said ring comprising Si as a ring atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic System
    • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
    • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
    • C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
    • C07F7/1804—Compounds having Si-O-C linkages

Definitions

  • Thrombin is a serine protease present in blood plasma in the form of a precursor, prothrombin. Thrombin plays a central role in the mechanism of blood coagulation by converting the solution plasma protein, fibrinogen, into insoluble fibrin.
  • the invention includes compounds that may be useful for inhibiting loss of blood platelets, inhibiting formation of blood platelet aggregates, inhibiting fomiation of fibrin, inhibiting thrombus formation, and inhibiting embolus foraiation in a mammal, comprising a compound of the invention in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • These compounds may optionally include anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and thrombolytic agents.
  • the compounds can be added to blood, blood products, or mammalian organs in order to effect the desired inhibitions.
  • the compounds of the invention may also be useful for preventing or treating unstable angina, refractory angina, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attacks, atrial fibrillation, thrombotic stroke, embolic stroke, deep vein thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, ocular build up of fibrin, and reocclusion or restenosis of recanalized vessels, in a mammal, comprising a compound of the invention in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • These compounds may optionally include anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and thrombolytic agents.
  • the invention also includes a method for reducing the thrombogenicity of a surface in a mammal by attaching to the surface, either covalently or
  • Compounds of the invention are thrombin inhibitors and may have therapeutic value in, for example, preventing coronary artery disease.
  • the invention includes compounds of formula I:
  • Q is C or Si
  • R is a heterocycle or -(CR R )i-2 H2, wherein R and R , each time in which they occur, are independently H, Cj.g alkyl, -CH2F, -CHF2, CF3 or -CH20H;
  • R is hydrogen, or together with R , forms C3.8 carbocycle
  • R is halogen, CF3, Ci _6 alkyl, or together with R , forms C3.8 carbocycle, or together with R , forms C3.8 carbocycle; and R is hydrogen, halogen, OH, Cj.g alkyl, or together with R , forms C3.8 carbocycle.
  • R is -CH2NH2 or tetrazole.
  • R is hydrogen, or together
  • R is F, CF3, CH3, or
  • R is F, CF3, CH3, or 3
  • R ⁇ is hydrogen
  • R is hydrogen, F, OH, CH3, 2
  • the compound is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl
  • Table 1 shows structures and names of compounds of the invention:
  • the present invention encompasses all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of Formula I. Centers of asymmetry that are present in the compounds of Formula I can all independently of one another have (R) configuration or (S) configuration. When bonds to the chiral carbon are depicted as straight lines in the structural Formulas of the invention, it is understood that both the (R) and (S) configurations of the chiral carbon, and hence both enantiomers and mixtures thereof, are embraced within the Formula. Similarly, when a compound name is recited without a chiral designation for a chiral carbon, it is understood that both the (R) and (S) configurations of the chiral carbon, and hence individual enantiomers and mixtures thereof, are embraced by the name. The production of specific stereoisomers or mixtures thereof may be identified in the Examples where such stereoisomers or mixtures were obtained, but this in no way limits the inclusion of all stereoisomers and mixtures thereof from being within the scope of this invention.
  • the invention includes all possible enantiomers and diastereomers and mixtures of two or more stereoisomers, for example mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereomers, in all ratios.
  • enantiomers are a subject of the invention in enantiomerically pure form, both as levorotatory and as dextrorotatory antipodes, in the form of racemates and in the form of mixtures of the two enantiomers in all ratios.
  • the invention includes both the cis form and the trans form as well as mixtures of these forms in all ratios.
  • the preparation of individual stereoisomers can be carried out, if desired, by separation of a mixture by customary methods, for example by chromatography or crystallization, by the use of stereochemically uniform starting materials for the synthesis or by stereoselective synthesis.
  • a derivatization can be carried out before a separation of stereoisomers.
  • the separation of a mixture of stereoisomers can be carried out at an intermediate step during the synthesis of a compound of Formula I or it can be done on a final racemic product.
  • Absolute stereochemistry may be determined by X-ray crystallography of crystalline products or crystalline intermediates which are derivatized, if necessary, with a reagent containing a stereo genie center of known configuration.
  • compounds of the present invention may exist in amorphous form and/or one or more crystalline forms, and as such all amorphous and crystalline forms and mixtures thereof of the compounds of Formula I are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
  • some of the compounds of the instant invention may form solvates with water (i.e., a hydrate) or common organic solvents. Such solvates and hydrates, particularly the
  • the atoms may exhibit their natural isotopic abundances, or one or more of the atoms may be artificially enriched in a particular isotope having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number predominantly found in nature.
  • the present invention is meant to include all suitable isotopic variations of the compounds of Formula I.
  • different isotopic forms of hydrogen (H) include protium (iH) and deuterium (2H).
  • Protium is the predominant hydrogen isotope found in nature. Enriching for deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages, such as increasing in vivo half-life or reducing dosage requirements, or may provide a compound useful as a standard for characterization of biological samples.
  • Isotopically-enriched compounds within Formula I can be prepared without undue experimentation by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Schemes and Examples herein using appropriate isotopically-enriched reagents and/or intermediates.
  • references to the compounds of structural Formula I are meant to also include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and also salts that are not phamiaceutically acceptable when they are used as precursors to the free compounds or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts or in other synthetic manipulations.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be administered in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic or organic bases and inorganic or organic acids. Salts of basic compounds encompassed within the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refer to non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable organic or inorganic acid.
  • Representative salts of basic compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following: acetate, ascorbate, adipate, alginate, aspirate,
  • benzenesulfonate benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, cyclopentane propionate, diethylacetic, digluconate, dihydrochloride, dodecylsulfanate, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, ethanesulfonate, formic, fumarate, gluceptate, glucoheptanoate, gluconate, glutamate, glycerophosphate, glycollylarsanilate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hexylresorcinate,
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof include, but are not limited to, salts derived from inorganic bases including aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic, mangamous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts.
  • Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, cyclic amines, dicyclohexyl amines and basic ion- exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N- dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2- dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, N- ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like.
  • basic ion- exchange resins
  • the basic nitrogen- containing groups may be quatemized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl; and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others.
  • lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides
  • dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl
  • diamyl sulfates long chain halides
  • esters of carboxylic acid derivatives such as methyl, ethyl, or pivaloyloxymethyl
  • acyl derivatives of alcohols such as O-acetyl, O-pivaloyl, ( -benzoyl, and ( -aminoacyl
  • esters and acyl groups known in the art for modifying the solubility or hydrolysis characteristics for use as sustained-release or prodrug formulations.
  • the invention also includes, in addition to the salt forms mentioned, inner salts or betaines (zwitterions). Salts can be obtained from the compounds of Formula I by customary methods which are known to the person skilled in the art, for example by combination with an organic or inorganic acid or base in a solvent or dispersant, or by anion exchange or cation exchange from other salts.
  • the present invention also includes all salts of the compounds of Formula I which, owing to low physiological compatibility, are not directly suitable for use in pharmaceuticals but which can be used, for example, as intermediates for chemical reactions or for the preparation of physiologically acceptable salts.
  • esters can optionally be made by esterification of an available carboxylic acid group or by formation of an ester on an available hydroxy group in a compound.
  • labile amides can be made.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable esters or amides of the compounds of this invention may be prepared to act as pro-drugs which can be hydrolyzed back to an acid (or -COO- depending on the pH of the fluid or tissue where conversion takes place) or hydroxy form particularly in vivo and as such are encompassed within the scope of this invention.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable pro-drug modifications include, but are not limited to, -C j _ 6 alkyl esters and -C j _ 6 alkyl substituted with phenyl esters.
  • the compounds within the generic structural formulas, embodiments and specific compounds described and claimed herein encompass salts, all possible stereoisomers and tautomers, physical forms (e.g., amorphous and crystalline forms), solvate and hydrate forms thereof and any combination of these forms, as well as the salts thereof, pro-drug forms thereof, and salts of pro-drug forms thereof, where such forms are possible unless specified otherwise.
  • Celite® Celite® (Fluka) diatomite is diatomaceous earth
  • alkyl refers to both branched- and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms (Me is methyl, Et is ethyl, Pr is propyl, Bu is butyl), unsubstituted or substituted with C1 -4 alkyl or halogen.
  • halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • C3.8 cycloalkyl refers to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl, and the like, unsubstituted or substituted with C]-4 alkyl or halogen.
  • carbocycle (and variations thereof such as “carbocyclic” or “carbocyclyl”) as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, refers to a C 3 to C 8 monocyclic saturated ring. Saturated carbocyclic rings are also referred to as cycloalkyl rings, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, etc.
  • aryl refers to a stable 6- to 10- membered mono- or bicyclic ring system such as phenyl, or naphthyl.
  • the aryl ring can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of Ci-4 alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, halogen, or amino.
  • heterocycle refers to a stable 5- to 7-membered mono- or bicyclic or stable 7- to 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring system unsubstituted or substituted with C] _4 alkyl or halogen, any ring of which may be saturated or unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized, and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring.
  • heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable structure.
  • heterocyclic groups include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2- oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, pyrrolyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyridyl, pyridyl N-oxide, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazo
  • methyl substituents may be represented by .
  • Anticoagulant therapy is indicated for the treatment and prevention of a variety of thrombotic conditions, particularly coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Those experienced in this field are readily aware of the circumstances requiring anticoagulant therapy.
  • patient used herein is taken to mean mammals such as primates, including humans, sheep, horses, cattle, pigs, dogs, cats, rats, and mice.
  • Thrombin inhibition may be useful not only in the anticoagulant therapy of individuals having thrombotic conditions, but may be useful whenever inhibition of blood coagulation is required such as to prevent coagulation of stored whole blood and to prevent coagulation in other biological samples for testing or storage.
  • the thrombin inhibitors can be added to or contacted with any medium containing or suspected of containing thrombin and in which it is desired that blood coagulation be inhibited, e.g., when contacting the mammal's blood with material selected from the group consisting of vascular grafts, stents, orthopedic prosthesis, cardiac prosthesis, and extracorporeal circulation systems, and may be useful for inhibiting thrombin.
  • Compounds of the invention may be useful for treating or preventing venous thromboembolism (e.g. obstruction or occlusion of a vein by a detached thrombus; obstruction or occlusion of a lung artery by a detached thrombus), cardiogenic thromboembolism (e.g. obstruction or occlusion of the heart by a detached thrombus), arterial thrombosis (e.g. formation of a thrombus within an artery that may cause infarction of tissue supplied by the artery), atherosclerosis (e.g.
  • arteriosclerosis characterized by irregularly distributed lipid deposits
  • arteriosclerosis characterized by irregularly distributed lipid deposits
  • venous thromboembolism examples include obstruction of a vein, obstruction of a lung artery (pulmonary embolism), deep vein thrombosis, thrombosis associated with cancer and cancer chemotherapy, thrombosis inherited with thrombophilic diseases such as Protein C deficiency, Protein S deficiency, antithrombin III deficiency, and Factor V Leiden, and thrombosis resulting from acquired
  • thrombophilic disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (inflammatory connective tissue disease).
  • compounds of the invention may be useful for maintaining patency of indwelling catheters.
  • cardiogenic thromboembolism examples include thromboembolic stroke (detached thrombus causing neurological affliction related to impaired cerebral blood supply), cardiogenic thromboembolism associated with atrial fibrillation (rapid, irregular twitching of upper heart chamber muscular fibrils), cardiogenic thromboembolism associated with prosthetic heart valves such as mechanical heart valves, and cardiogenic thromboembolism associated with heart disease.
  • arterial thrombosis examples include unstable angina (severe constrictive pain in chest of coronary origin), myocardial infarction (heart muscle cell death resulting from insufficient blood supply), ischemic heart disease (local anemia due to obstruction (such as by arterial narrowing) of blood supply), reocclusion during or after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, occlusion of coronary artery bypass grafts, and occlusive cerebrovascular disease.
  • compounds of the invention may be useful for maintaining patency in arteriovenous cannulas.
  • Atherosclerosis examples include arteriosclerosis.
  • Examples of devices that come into contact with blood include vascular grafts, stents, orthopedic prosthesis, cardiac prosthesis, and extracorporeal circulation systems
  • the thrombin inhibitors of the invention can be administered in such oral forms as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixers, tinctures, suspensions, syrups, and emulsions. Likewise, they may be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular form, all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. An effective but nontoxic amount of the compound desired may be employed as an anti-aggregation agent. For treating ocular build up of fibrin, the compounds may be administered
  • the thrombin inhibitors can be administered in the form of a depot injection or implant preparation which may be formulated in such a manner as to permit a sustained release of the active ingredient.
  • the active ingredient can be compressed into pellets or small cylinders and implanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly as depot injections or implants.
  • Implants may employ inert materials such as biodegradable polymers or synthetic silicones, for example, Silastic, silicone rubber or other polymers manufactured by the Dow-Corning Corporation.
  • the thrombin inhibitors can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles.
  • Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.
  • the thrombin inhibitors may also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled.
  • the thrombin inhibitors may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers.
  • Such polymers can include polyvinlypyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxy-propyl-methacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethyl- aspartamide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues.
  • the thrombin inhibitors may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and cross linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
  • biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug
  • a drug for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and cross linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
  • the dosage regimen utilizing the thrombin inhibitors is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound or salt thereof employed.
  • An ordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter, or arrest the progress of the condition.
  • Oral dosages of the thrombin inhibitors when used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0.01 mg per kg of body weight per day (mg/kg/day) to about 30 mg/kg/day, preferably 0.025-7.5 mg/kg/day, more preferably 0.1 -2.5 mg/kg/day, and most preferably 0.1 -0.5 mg/kg/day (unless specificed otherwise, amounts of active ingredients are on free base basis).
  • an 80 kg patient would receive between about 0.8 mg/day and 2.4 g/day, preferably 2-600 mg/day, more preferably 8-200 mg/day, and most preferably 8-40 mg/kg/day.
  • a suitably prepared medicament for once a day administration would thus contain between 0.8 mg and 2.4 g, preferably between 2 mg and 600 mg, more preferably between 8 mg and 200 mg, and most preferably 8 mg and 40 mg, e.g., 8 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg and 40 mg.
  • the thrombin inhibitors may be administered in divided doses of two, three, or four times daily.
  • a suitably prepared medicament would contain between 0.4 mg and 4 g, preferably between 1 mg and 300 mg, more preferably between 4 mg and 100 mg, and most preferably 4 mg and 20 mg, e.g., 4 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg.
  • the patient would receive the active ingredient in quantities sufficient to deliver between 0.025-7.5 mg/kg/day, preferably 0.1-2.5 mg/kg/day, and more preferably 0.1-0.5 mg/kg/day.
  • Such quantities may be administered in a number of suitable ways, e.g. large volumes of low concentrations of active ingredient during one extended period of time or several times a day, low volumes of high concentrations of active ingredient during a short period of time, e.g. once a day.
  • a conventional intravenous formulation may be prepared which contains a concentration of active ingredient of between about 0.01-1.0 mg/ml, e.g.
  • 0.1 mg/ml, 0.3 mg/ml, and 0.6 mg/ml and administered in amounts per day of between 0.01 ml/kg patient weight and 10.0 ml/kg patient weight, e.g. 0.1 ml/kg, 0.2 ml/kg, 0.5 ml/kg.
  • an 80 kg patient receiving 8 ml twice a day of an intravenous formulation having a concentration of active ingredient of 0.5 mg/ml, receives 8 mg of active ingredient per day.
  • Glucuronic acid, L-lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid or any pharmaceutically acceptable acid/conjugate base with reasonable buffering capacity in the pH range acceptable for intravenous administration may be used as buffers.
  • the choice of appropriate buffer and pH of a formulation, depending on solubility of the drug to be administered, is readily made by a person having ordinary skill in the art.
  • the compounds can also be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art.
  • the dosage administration will, or course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regime.
  • thrombin inhibitors are typically administered as active ingredients in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients or earners (collectively referred to herein as "carrier” materials) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixers, syrups and the like, and consistent with convention pharmaceutical practices.
  • carrier suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients or earners
  • the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, phannaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like; for oral administration in liquid form, the oral drug components can be combined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture.
  • suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture.
  • Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn-sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like.
  • Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like.
  • Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like.
  • the thrombin inhibitors can also be co-administered with suitable anticoagulants, including, but not limited to, other thrombin inhibitors, thrombin receptor antagonists, factor Vila inhibitors, factor IXa inhibitors, factor Xa inhibitors, factor XIa inhibitors, adenosine diphosphate antiplatelet agents (e.g., P2Y12 antagonists), fibrinogen receptor antagonists (e.g. to treat or prevent unstable angina or to prevent reocclusion after angioplasty and restenosis), other anticoagulants such as aspirin, and thrombolytic agents such as plasminogen activators or streptokinase to achieve synergistic effects in the treatment of various vascular pathologies.
  • suitable anticoagulants including, but not limited to, other thrombin inhibitors, thrombin receptor antagonists, factor Vila inhibitors, factor IXa inhibitors, factor Xa inhibitors, factor XIa inhibitors, adenosine diphosphate antiplate
  • Such anticoagulants include, for example, apixaban, dabigatran, cangrelor, ticagrelor, vorapaxar, clopidogrel, edoxaban, mipomersen, prasugrel, rivaroxaban, and semuloparin.
  • apixaban dabigatran
  • cangrelor cangrelor
  • ticagrelor vorapaxar
  • clopidogrel clopidogrel
  • edoxaban mipomersen
  • prasugrel rivaroxaban
  • semuloparin semuloparin.
  • thrombin inhibitors enhance the efficiency of tissue plasminogen activator-mediated thrombolytic reperfusion.
  • Thrombin inhibitors may be administered first following thrombus formation, and tissue plasminogen activator or other plasminogen activator is administered thereafter.
  • one or more additional pharmacologically active agents may be administered in combination with a compound of Formula I.
  • the additional active agent (or agents) is intended to mean a pharmaceutically active agent (or agents) that is active in the body, including pro-drugs that convert to pharmaceutically active form after administration, which is different from the compound of Formula I, and also includes free- acid, free-base and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said additional active agents when such forms are sold
  • any suitable additional active agent or agents including but not limited to anti-hypertensive agents, additional diuretics, anti-atherosclerotic agents such as a lipid modifying compound, antidiabetic agents and/or anti-obesity agents may be used in any combination with the compound of Formula I in a single dosage formulation (a fixed dose drug
  • angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors e.g, alacepril, benazepril, captopril, ceronapril, cilazapril, delapril, enalapril, enalaprilat, fosinopril, imidapril, lisinopril, moveltipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril, spirapril, temocapril, or trandolapril); angiotensin II receptor antagonists also known as angiotensin receptor blockers or ARBs (e.g., losartan i.e., COZAAR®, valsartan, candesartan, olmesartan, telmesartan
  • hydrochlorothiazide HCTZ
  • potassium sparing diuretics such as amiloride HCl, spironolactone, epleranone, triamterene, each with or without HCTZ
  • neutral endopeptidase inhibitors e.g., thiorphan and
  • aldosterone antagonists aldosterone synthase inhibitors
  • renin inhibitors enalkrein; RO 42-5892; A 65317; CP 80794; ES 1005; ES 8891 ; SQ 34017; aliskiren (2(S),4(S),5(S),7(S)-N-(2-carbamoyl-2-methylpropyl)-5-amino-4- hydroxy-2,7-diisopropyl-8-[4-methoxy-3-(3-methoxypropoxy)-phenyl]-octanamid hemifumarate) SPP600, SPP630 and SPP635); endothelin receptor antagonists;
  • vasodilators e.g. nitroprusside
  • calcium channel blockers e.g., amlodipine, nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem, , felodipine, gallopamil, niludipine, nimodipine, nicardipine
  • potassium channel activators e.g., nicorandil, pinacidil, cromakalim, minoxidil, aprilkalim, loprazolam
  • sympatholitics e.g., beta-adrenergic blocking drugs (e.g., acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, metoprolol tartate, nadolol, propranolol, sotalol, timolol); alpha adrenergic blocking drugs (e.g., doxazocin,
  • peripheral vasodilators e.g. hydralazine
  • lipid lowering agents e.g., HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as simvastatin and lovastatin which are marketed as ZOCOR® and MEVACOR® in lactone pro-drag form and function as inhibitors after administration, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of dihydroxy open ring acid HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as atorvastatin (particularly the calcium salt sold in LIPITOR®), rosuvastatin (particularly the calcium salt sold in CRESTOR®), pravastatin (particularly the sodium salt sold in PRAVACHOL®), and fluvastatin (particularly the sodium salt sold in LESCOL®); a cholesterol absorption inhibitor such as ezetimibe (ZETIA®), and ezetimibe in combination with any other lipid lowering agents such as the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors noted above and particularly with simvastatin (VYTORIN®) or with
  • niacin receptor agonists such as acipimox and acifran, as well as niacin receptor partial agonists
  • metabolic altering agents including insulin sensitizing agents and related compounds for the treatment of diabetes such as biguanides (e.g., metformin), meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide, nateglinide), sulfonylureas (e.g., chlorpropamide, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, tolazamide, tolbutamide), thiazolidinediones also referred to as glitazones (e.g., pioglitazone, rosiglitazone), alpha glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose, miglitol), dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, (e.g.
  • Typical doses of thrombin inhibitors of the invention in combination with other suitable anti-platelet agents, anticoagulation agents, or thrombolytic agents may be the same as those doses of thrombin inhibitors administered without coadministration of additional anti-platelet agents, anticoagulation agents, or thrombolytic agents, or may be substantially less that those doses of thrombin inhibitors administered without coadministration of additional anti-platelet agents, anticoagulation agents, or thrombolytic agents, depending on a patient's therapeutic needs.
  • Intermediate 1 is coupled to intermediate 2 in the presence of a peptide coupling reagent such as EDC in a solvent such as DMF to form intermediate 3.
  • a peptide coupling reagent such as EDC in a solvent such as DMF
  • intermediate 4 is subject to amide coupling with an carboxylic acid reagent 5 using an amide coupling reagent such as HATU in a solvent such as DMF.
  • a carbamate such as Boc
  • an acid such as TFA
  • intermediate 7 can be acylated first with intermediate 8 to form intermediate 9 in a solvent such as THF in the presence of base such as triethylamine.
  • base such as triethylamine.
  • the carboxylic acid intermediate 10 is coupled to intermediate 2 in the presence of a peptide coupling reagent such as EDC in a solvent such as DMF to form intermediate 6.
  • a peptide coupling reagent such as EDC in a solvent such as DMF
  • R has an amino group
  • it requires protection of the amino group in reagent 2 with a carbamate such as Boc, and deprotection with an acid such as TFA to get to the final compound.
  • Separation of diastereomers can be earned out at various stages in the preparation of the desired final compounds; however, it is typically carried out on intermediate 6 before removal of the protective group using supercritical fluid chromatography. Separation of enantiomeric pairs is achieved by supercritical fluid chromatography using various chiral columns. The absolute configuration is not determined.
  • Boc anhydride (3.92 g, 18.1 mmol) was added to the solution of ester h1 ⁇ 2 (3.0 g, 16.5 mmol) in THF (50 mL) and H 2 0 (50 mL) followed by addition of solid Na 2 C0 3 (3.67 g, 34.6 mmol). The reaction mixture stirred at room temperature overnight. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue dissolved in water (20 mL) and neutralized to pH 6-7 with 2M aqueous HC1 and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 100 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 . and, concentrated to provide Boc protected hydroxyl proline ester 1 ⁇ 3 (3.90 g) as a colorless oil.
  • Trifluoro acetic acid (12 mL, 50% solution in CH 2 C1 2 ) was added to the solution of Boc proline1 ⁇ 6 (1.78 g, 7.08 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (6 mL) and reaction mixture was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere for 3 h. The solvent was removed at reduced pressure and the residue was azeotroped with toluene (2 10 mL) and dried under high vacuum for 1 h. The crude residue (2.06 g, 7.76 mmol) was dissolved in 1 ,4-dioxane (8 mL) and aqueous solution of Na 2 C0 3 (2.00 g, 1.90 mmol, 10 mL) was added to it at 0 °C.
  • Trifluoroacetic acid (4 mL, 50% solution in CH 2 C1 2 ) was added to the solution of Boc protected 1-12 (0.06 g, 0.16 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (4 mL) and reaction mixture was stirred under nitrogen for 2 h. The solvent was removed at reduced pressure and the residue was azeotroped with toluene (5 mL). Hygroscopic solid was dissolved in 1 :1 acetonitrile/water (3 mL) and lyophilized for 24 h to obtain 1-13 as a white hygroscopic solid.
  • proline intermediate 2 2 6 (0.21 g) as colorless gum.
  • the alkylated bis lactim ether intermediate 3 (1.5 g, 3.78 mmol), freshly purified by chromatography, was stirred in MeOH/10% aqueous HC1 (3 : 1 , 8 mL) at room temperature for 4 h. The solvent was removed at reduced pressure and residue was co-evaporated with MeOH (3 x 10 mL) and the residue was dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 /Et 2 0 (4:6, 20 mL). DIPEA (1.0 mL, 8.36 mmol) was added and reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. Boc 2 0 (180 mg, 8.36 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with CH 2 C1 2 (20 mL) and washed with water (20 mL), brine solution (20 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by combiflash column chromatography (silica gel; eluent: 20%-25% EtOAc/hexanes) to provide ester 3-10 (135 mg) as white solid.
  • the aqueous layer was acidified to pH 2 with IN aqueous HC1 and extracted with CH 2 C1 2 (4 x 200 mL).
  • the combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide acid 6-10 (1.09 g) as colorless solid which was used without purification
  • Trifiuoro acetic acid (0.30 mL, 3.92 mmol) was added to the solution of Boc protected amine 6-15 (0.055 g, 0.1 1 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (3 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. Solvent and volatile by-products were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase combiflash column chromatography (CI 8; eluent: 10-100% acetonitrile/water) to obtain 6 6 as off-white solid.
  • the layers of the filtrate were separated and the organic phase was dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated.
  • the oil 7 ⁇ 3 was purified via HPLC using a Biotage on a 100 g SNAP column with a 0 to 50% gradient EA/Hex).
  • Trypsin assays also contained 1 mM CaCl2- In assays wherein rates of hydrolysis of a p-nitroanilide (pna) substrate were determined, a Thermomax 96-well plate reader was used was used to measure (at 405 nm) the time dependent appearance of p-nitroaniline.
  • p- Nitroanilide substrate concentration was determined from measurements of absorbance at 342 nm using an extinction coefficient of 8270 cm " l]vH .
  • Concentrations of stock solutions of Z-GPR-afc were determined from measurements of absorbance at 380 nm of the 7-amino-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin produced upon complete hydrolysis of an aliquot of the stock solution by thrombin.
  • Activity assays were performed by diluting a stock solution of substrate at least tenfold to a final concentration ⁇ 0.1 K m into a solution containing enzyme or enzyme equilibrated with inhibitor. Times required to achieve
  • V 0 /Vi l + [I]/Ki
  • compositions A-C Tablets containing 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 mg., respectively, of the following active compounds are prepared as illustrated below (compositions A-C).
  • Active I is (S)-N- ⁇ 2-(Aminomethyl)-5-chlorobenzyl ⁇ -4,4-difluoro-l - ⁇ (/?)-2-hydroxy- 3,3-dimethylbutanoyl ⁇ pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide-2,2,2-trifluoroacetate.
  • All of the active compound, cellulose, and a portion of the corn starch are mixed and granulated to 10% corn starch paste.
  • the resulting granulation is sieved, dried and blended with the remainder of the corn starch and the magnesium stearate.
  • the resulting granulation is then compressed into tablets, containing 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 mg, respectively, of active ingredient per tablet.
  • compositions of (5)-iV- ⁇ 2-(Aminomethyl)-5-chlorobenzyl ⁇ -4,4-difluoro-l - ⁇ (7?)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl ⁇ pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide-2,2,2- trifluoroacetate (Active I) tablets are shown below:
  • 2, 10 and 50 mg tablets are film-coated with an aqueous dispersion of hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and titanium dioxide, providing a nominal weight gain of 2.4%.
  • Active I, mannitol and microcrystalline cellulose are sieved through mesh screens of specified size (generally 250 to 750 ⁇ ) and combined in a suitable blender. The mixture is subsequently blended (typically 15 to 30 min) until the drug is uniformly distributed in the resulting dry powder blend. Magnesium stearate is screened and added to the blender, after which a precompression tablet blend is achieved upon additional mixing (typically 2 to 10 min). The precompression tablet blend is then compacted under an applied force, typically ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 metric tons, sufficient to yield tablets of suitable physical strength with acceptable disintegration times (specifications will vary with the size and potency of the compressed tablet). In the case of the 2, 10 and 50 mg potencies, the tablets are dedusted and film-coated with an aqueous dispersion of water-soluble polymers and pigment.
  • a dry powder blend is compacted under modest forces and remilled to afford granules of specified particle size.
  • the granules are then mixed with magnesium stearate and tabletted as stated above.
  • Intravenous formulations (5)-N- ⁇ 2-(Aminomethyl)-5-chlorobenzyl ⁇ - 4,4-difluoro-l- ⁇ (i?)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl ⁇ pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide- 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (Active I) are prepared according to general intravenous formulation procedures.
  • buffer acids such as L-lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid or any pharmaceutically acceptable acid/conjugate base with reasonable buffering capacity in the pH range acceptable for intravenous administration may be substituted for glucuronic acid.

Abstract

L'invention concerne des composés carboxamide pyrrolidine 4-substitués utiles pour inhiber la thrombine et la formation de thrombus associée afin de traiter ou de prévenir les thrombo-embolies veineuses.
PCT/US2013/056076 2012-08-27 2013-08-22 Inhibiteurs de thrombine pyrrolidine substituée WO2014058538A1 (fr)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102014108210A1 (de) 2014-06-11 2015-12-17 Dietrich Gulba Rodentizid
WO2017201132A2 (fr) 2016-05-18 2017-11-23 Mersana Therapeutics, Inc. Pyrrolobenzodiazépines et leurs conjugués
EP4070658A1 (fr) 2021-04-06 2022-10-12 BIORoxx GmbH Utilisation de composés anticoagulants comme rodenticides

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WO1995009859A1 (fr) * 1993-10-07 1995-04-13 The Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company Inhibiteurs boropeptidiques de la thrombine contenant un noyau de pyrrolidine substitue
US6528503B2 (en) * 2000-12-18 2003-03-04 Merck & Co., Inc. Thrombin inhibitors

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995009859A1 (fr) * 1993-10-07 1995-04-13 The Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company Inhibiteurs boropeptidiques de la thrombine contenant un noyau de pyrrolidine substitue
US6528503B2 (en) * 2000-12-18 2003-03-04 Merck & Co., Inc. Thrombin inhibitors

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RIESTER, D E ET AL.: "Thrombin inhibitors identified by computer-assisted multiparameter design.", PNAS, vol. 102, no. 24, 14 June 2005 (2005-06-14), pages 8597 - 8602, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.pnas.org/content/102/24/8597.full.pdf> [retrieved on 20131226] *

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102014108210A1 (de) 2014-06-11 2015-12-17 Dietrich Gulba Rodentizid
US11678659B2 (en) 2014-06-11 2023-06-20 Dietrich Gulba Use as rodenticides of compounds that inhibit blood coagulation
WO2017201132A2 (fr) 2016-05-18 2017-11-23 Mersana Therapeutics, Inc. Pyrrolobenzodiazépines et leurs conjugués
EP4070658A1 (fr) 2021-04-06 2022-10-12 BIORoxx GmbH Utilisation de composés anticoagulants comme rodenticides
WO2022214485A1 (fr) 2021-04-06 2022-10-13 Bioroxx Gmbh Utilisation de composés inhibiteurs de coagulation sanguine comme rodenticides

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