WO2011140557A1 - A flexible system for car shading - Google Patents

Abstract

A flexible system is provided for shading cars and other vehicles that maximizes solar gain (with photovoltatcs of any type), while minimizing the physical footprint of the system. A charging station for re-charging electric and hybrid-electric vehicles is also provided, as well as mechanisms for returning generated power back to the electric utility's so-called power grid and/or for other more immediate use or storage.

Description

A FLEXIBLE SYSTEM FOR CAR SHADING

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/332,679, which was filed on May 7, 2010. The entire content of the aforementioned application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention provides a car shading system for parking lots that can be used to harness solar energy.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Solar power potentially provides the answer to global energy needs. In ten hours the Sun provides the Earth with more energy than is contained in all proven oil reserves. Even though the amount of solar power theoretically available far exceeds most, if not all, other energy sources (renewable or not), there remain practical challenges to utilizing this energy. In general, solar power remains subject to a number of limitations that have kept it from fulfilling the promise it holds. Harnessing this energy in a cost-efficient manner is one of the major impediments to the more wide-spread use of this energy source.

[0004] Today, across the world there are open-air car parking spaces that are exposed to the elements. In many such car parks attempts are made to provide shade for the individual cars through fixed car port roofs.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] Aspects of the present invention address an important aspect of efficiently harnessing solar power by providing a system that conveniently provides shade for cars in a parking space at the same time as harnessing solar energy in panels erected in a directional flexible assembly. Such systems may incorporate shaded parking, photovoltaic generation of clean power, and use of the power so generated to recharge plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles parked thereunder, as well as mechanisms for returning generated power back to the electric utility's so-called power grid and/or for other more immediate use or storage.

[0006] Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a flexible system that provides a way to maximize solar gain (with photovoltaics of any type) and provides shade for vehicular sheltering, while minimizing the physical footprint. Such systems may include long-spanning structural purlins, which also facilitate fixing of the photovoltaics, and a truss formed in accordance with aspects of the present invention, that includes a long-spanning triangular truss that carries electrical conduit, lighting, car charging infrastructure, advertising space, and/or solar-tracking capability. The purlins and truss are preferably composed of aluminum.

[0007] Certain embodiments of the present invention utilize aluminum extrusions described herein to integrate technologies with the structure which will allow much of the electrical infrastructure to be installed prior to site erection, e.g., the truss marries the electrical infrastructures, lighting, advertising, and/or communications within its long- span cavity. The erection process for such a system may result in a crane-free construction, and the configuration of the solar canopy may provide shade for the drive aisles of parking lots, in addition to providing shade for the parking spaces themselves.

[0008] Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a shading system that provides more shade and solar gain with less impact on-and impact from-the site on which it sits. The process of installing the electrical infrastructure and the system of erection can allow the system to be installed more quickly and less expensively than competing products. [0009] Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a method for transforming a non-energy producing, unshaded parking lot (or portion of a parking lot) into a source of revenue, by providing semi-pre-fabricated, easily erectable structures which shade vehicles parked thereunder, re-charge those vehicles (if electric or electric- hybrid vehicles), collect solar energy and convert it to electrical energy and transfer the electrical energy to the power grid and/or use the electrical energy for more immediate usage locally. Fees may be charged for use of the parking spaces, with a premium charged because they are shaded. Additional fees may be charged for use of the parking spaces, with additional fees for recharging one's vehicle. Other sources of revenue are obtained via tax and other credits and other means as a result of transfer of the excess energy to the power grid, and/or for using the energy to power local facilities.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] Figure 1 shows perspective views of embodiments of shading systems in two configurations in accordance with the present invention. The first configuration is a raked configuration that can be used in the Northern Hemisphere between about September 22-March 20 whereas the flat configuration is ideally suited for use between about March 20-September 22.

[0011] Figure 2 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of a shading system formed in accordance with the present invention, including blow-up views of certain aspects.

[0012] Figure 3A shows an elevation view of an embodiment of a shading system formed in accordance with the present invention, including blow-up views of certain aspects having few vertical structures and obstructions in a parking lot.

[0013] Figure 3B shows an elevation view of an embodiment of a shading system formed in accordance with the present invention, having few vertical structures and obstructions in a parking lot.

[0014] Figure 3C shows a sectional view of an embodiment of an elbow-chord extrusion formed in accordance with the present invention.

[0015] Figure 3D shows a perspective view of an embodiment formed in accordance with the present invention of use of a t-slot for fastening purlins to elbow chords. Also shown is the clamping of the solar panels to the purlins.

[0016] Figure 4 shows a perspective view of the steps in assembling and installing on-site, an embodiment of the present invention.

[0017] Figure 5 shows an elevation view of an embodiment formed in accordance with the present invention illustrating directional tracking orientation specific diurnal or annual tracking of the system.

[0018] Figure 6 provides details of the design specifications for setting up an embodiment formed in accordance with the present invention. Fig. 6A: foundation plan; Fig. 6B: framing plan; Fig. 6C1 : left view of truss and vertical supports; Fig. 6C2: right view of truss and vertical supports; Fig. 6C3: bottom view of truss; Fig. 6C4: connection between a truss and vertical column; Fig. 6D1 : truss connection; Fig. 6D2: truss connection; Fig. 6D3: truss elevation; Fig. 6D4: end view (cross-section) of truss; Fig. 6E1 truss connection; Fig. 6E2: truss connection; Fig. 6E3: truss connection; Fig. 6E4: truss connection; Fig. 6F: steel column at base plate; Fig. 6G: steel column at drilled pier; Fig. 6H: cross-section of aluminum purlin extrusion.

[0019] Figures 7A and 7B show cross-sections of a portion of a shading system formed in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, showing purlins attached to solar panels and to the truss.

[0020] Figures 8A, 8B, 8C, 8D and 8E show various aspects of embodiments of the invention, including a mechanism for attaching purlins to a truss and a winching mechanism for hoisting the truss and solar panels during the process of erecting an embodiment of the system. Figure 8A shows a perspective view of a column with components mounted to it; Fig. 8B shows a plan view of a truss with solar panels in position to be lifted; Fig. 8C shows an elevation view from inside the column; Fig. 8D shows an elevation view from outside the column; Fig. 8E1 shows a blow up of an elevation view of the truss with mounted panels in a lifted position with its angle set; Fig. 8E2 and Fig. 8E3 show a perspective view of a truss with mounted panels in position to be lifted; Fig. 8E4 shows an elevation view of a column with lifting components; Fig. 8E5 shows an elevation view of a column with a truss and mounted panels in a lifted and secured position, with lifting components in a lowered position; and Fig. 8E6 shows a perspective view of one truss with mounted panels in a lifted position, and one truss with mounted panels in a lowered position.

[0021] Figure 9 illustrates a perspective view of an advertising shading system formed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0022] Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a system of carport shades that can be used to shade a portion of a vehicle parking lot. In a preferred embodiment, the system is designed with capacity for parking 12 regular-sized cars (or 22 electric cart-type sized vehicles). Multiple systems can be aggregated together in order to shade larger parking areas. Further, the system can be used to shade areas used to park or store vehicles such as RV's (recreational vehicles, such as motor homes, camping trailers, boats, ATVs, etc.), as well as airplanes and helicopters. The system can span over a wide variety of parking space types and can accommodate a wide variety of solar panel types. The system can also be used to shade other areas that are not used for parking vehicles, such as swimming pools and pedestrian walkways.

[0023] Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a system that can track the sun to provide optimal energy gain and optimal shade. The system of certain embodiments of the present invention provides prioritized energy and a superior span of coverage of parking area. Such a system may be a completely integrated system, comprised of a modular design which allows many of its components to be prefabricated and then transported to and erected at the site. They are simple to erect, as shown in the drawings presented herewith, and can optionally provide directional tracking of the sun throughout the day and the year.

[0024] Referring to Figure 1 , it can be seen that embodiments of the present invention may be placed in a raked configuration 102 or in a flat configuration 104. In the flat configuration 104, the solar panels 106 are arranged substantially horizontally to the ground, while in the raked configuration 102 the solar panels 108 are arranged so that they are at a slope away from the perpendicular or horizontal. In other words, if the ground on which the system is installed is a substantially level (not sloped) surface, then a raked configuration means that the solar panels are at an angle (i.e., not horizontal) relative to the ground. While in most cases it is preferable that the ground be level (i.e., not on a slope or an incline), it is also possible for a system to be installed on or over an inclined surface. Depending upon the time of year, either the raked or flat configuration may be used; for example, in Tempe, Arizona, the raked configuration can be used between about September 22-March 20, or a flat configuration that can be used between about March 20-September 22.

[0025] Such systems may come in a set of different sizes or may all be of a uniform size. In Figure 1 , there are shown exemplary embodiments of systems 110, 112, 114. System 110 provides an entire parking structure in which an about 54 foot wide system would be placed over about 9 foot wide parallel parking spaces. System 112 provides a structure in which an about, 56 foot wide system is placed over about 8 foot wide parallel parking spaces. System 114 provides a structure in which an about 52 foot wide system is placed over about 9 foot wide angled parking spaces. Thus systems 110, 112, 114 have different widths and/or different parking orientations. Embodiments of the present invention may include multiple systems having identical widths and parking orientations, while other embodiments may include systems having different widths and/or parking orientations. Other embodiments may include larger photovoltaic panels and purlins to provide increased area of shading below and/or increased solar energy collection capability.

[0026] Unlike some previously known shade structures that have had photovoltaic panels added to them, systems in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention are designed with energy production as the first priority. An important feature of certain embodiments of the present invention is the truss. The truss may comprise, for example, an elongated triangular shaped truss member. The truss may be pivotably attached to at least one, but preferably two, vertical support member(s). Figure 6C4 illustrates an embodiment of a mechanism for attaching a truss 602 to a vertical support member 603. The mechanism includes an axle 604 that is affixed to the truss 602 and an end plate 606 affixed to the vertical support member 603. Figures 6C1 , 6C2 and 6C3 illustrate different perspective views of the truss attached to the columns. Typically, but not necessarily, embodiments of the present invention involve first attaching the purlins to the truss, and then attaching solar panels to the purlins. [0027] Custom aluminum extrusions are preferably used for the photovoltaic rack system (i.e. the components used to support the photovoltaic panels and secure the panels to the truss) as well as the truss, and these extrusions are preferably designed to carry electrical conduit in a safe and organized series of cavities. This helps assure that the structure will meet all performance and/or structural codes while also looking clean and un-cluttered by conduits and exposed wiring and cables.

[0028] Referring to Figure 2 (see also Figures 7A and 7B), Fig. 2 illustrates a solar panel shading system 202 that includes columns 204, trusses 206, purlins 208, solar panels 210, and rack systems 211 for holding the solar panels 210 to the purlins 208. The trusses 206 include elbow chord extrusions 220 (a cross-section of an elbow chord extrusion 220 is shown in the blow-up of Fig. 2). As seen in Fig. 2, including the blow-up illustrating the solar panels 210, there is a flexible gap 212 provided between the solar panels 210 that are attached to the purlins 208, and that the panels 210 should preferably be equally spaced to fill the purlins 208 from end-to-end. The aforementioned flexible gap 212 permits solar panels of varying sizes/dimensions to be used in the system 202. This is because solar panels are produced by different manufacturers, and thus sizes of panels may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. Also, certain embodiments of the present invention contemplate that solar panels of different dimensions may be chosen for a variety of reasons for incorporation into the system. The "flexible gap" obtains its name from the fact that the gap may be larger or smaller, depending upon the particular solar panels utilized. It is contemplated that the system's prefabricated components (for example, the truss and purlins) may be of a standard size for economy of manufacture and ease of installation (construction on site). However, such a system will still be able to incorporate solar panels of varying sizes.

[0029] As illustrated in the blow-up of the cross-section of a vertex of the truss 206, there is a cylindrical cavity 214 in the elbow-shaped chord extrusion 220 that allows the electrical conduit of the system 202 to be concealed and secured within the structure. The solar panels 210 can be connected to the purlins 208 by bolting directly to the panel frame through the purlin flanges 216 or by clamping the panels 210 down on the purlin flanges 216 from above. In the illustrated structure, the custom purlin/rack system extrusion accomodates a flexible gap for a variety of panel sizes, which allows control when trying to maximize the breadth of the solar array along the truss. During installation, the panels should preferably be installed beginning at the center line of the truss and placed working symmetrically towards each end, so as to leave equal spacing at both ends of the beam.

[0030] At the same time, the illustrated system 202 is designed to include charging capacity for vehicles such that plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles and other Electric Vehicles can be accommodated by a charging technology that is integrated into the truss. For example, the system 202 comprises outlets in electrical communication with the solar panels 210 via electrical wiring that passes through the cavity 214. These outlets may be positioned where they may be accessed by such vehicles.

[0031] Such a system provides a structure that provides superior span and hence more shade and energy with less vertical structures and obstructions. Unlike conventional shading structures which cover parking areas, such a system can span, for example, the width of 6 or more vehicles between supporting columns, although smaller and larger widths are possible. This superior span is advantageous both for installation— where fewer drilled foundations are required— and for everyday use— where fewer columns equal less risk of contact with vehicles. Such a photovoltaic rack- system designed to accompany the truss is also designed to span further than conventional solar rack-systems. In an embodiment of the invention, these two-span conditions allow each truss to carry over 1250 square feet of photovoltaic panels across two simple columns.

[0032] An embodiment of a shading system 302 is shown in Figure 3A, wherein the purlin extrusion 304 spans about 24 feet, cantilevering about 8 feet 6 inches from a face 306 of the truss 308. Such systems may also extend into the drive-aisles of parking lots to maximize the amount of shade that the system can provide in any context. In one embodiment, the elbow-chord extrusion 309 of the truss 308 extends the full about 52 foot width of a system. This extrusion 309 acts as the spine of the truss 308, connecting to the purlins 304 while discretely concealing the many available technologies of the system. The term "many available technologies" includes but is not limited to inverters and electrical panels, tracking mechanisms, vehicle charging mechanisms, data monitoring capabilities, as well as other currently existing functionalities and those to be developed in the future. Such electrical equipment, accompanied by electrical conduit and wiring, as well as related computer control equipment, may be included in a cavity or cavities of the truss and/or purlins.

[0033] A shading system 310 is illustrated in Fig. 3B. The shading system includes columns 312, panel support members 314, and panels 316. The panel support member 314, for example, may include trusses as generally described herein. Each panel support member 314 is pivotally attached to a column 312, allowing the angle of the panels 316 (which are carried by the panel support member 314) to be adjusted. As shown, the shading system 310 accommodates different angular positions. In the illustrated embodiment, the angular range may vary, for example, from a first angle 320 of about 30 degrees to horizontal, to a second angle 322 of about 8 degrees to horizontal. For example, the panels 316 may be about 24 feet 3 inches long and the top of the columns 312 about 15 feet 2 inches above ground. The top of the panels 316 may be about 22 feet 9 inches above the ground at the about 30 degree angle, and about 18 feet 5 inches at the about 8 degree angle. The bottom of the panels 316 may about 10 feet above the ground at the about 8 degree angle, and the bottom of the support member 314 may be about eleven feet 8 inches above the ground. The shading system 310 also includes outlets 324 that cars or other vehicles may plug into to accept energy from the solar panels. These outlets may be mounted, for example, to the columns, truss, purlins, and/or other structure of the system. Additionally or alternatively, charging wires, cables, cords, or the like may be associated with a reel or similar device so that charging cables may be pulled down to charge a car or other vehicle, and then recoiled or otherwise retracted out of the way when not in use.

[0034] An embodiment of an elbow chord extrusion 330 is shown in Figure 3C. The elbow chord extrusion 330 includes a substantially tubular portion 332 that defines a cavity 333, and also includes arms 334. The elbow chord extrusion 330 also includes T-slots 336 located proximate to the junction of the tubular portion 332 and arms 334. The T-slots 336 are configured to facilitate mounting of purlins to the elbow chord extrusion 330. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment shown in Fig. 3C, the elbow chord extrusion 330, and other components of the system (for examples, rack systems, purlins and the like) are fabricated using aluminum. However, extrusion of other materials, including but not limited to steel, titanium, or other materials that have sufficient mechanical strength is also known, and these materials (or combinations of materials) could also be used. The illustrative dimensions for the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 3C are in inches. Other dimensions, geometries and angles may also be used in other embodiments of elbow chord extrusions. The extruded structure can be formed as a single piece. However, in some embodiments, hybrid (or multi-piece) designs can also be used. In some embodiments the structure may be formed using a hybrid of steel (performing as the hollow tube section taking up the primary structural function) and an "accessory" (providing the attachment to the aluminum purlins, which in turn support and fix the solar panels), that can be an extruded part made from aluminum or other materials.

[0035] Figure 3D shows an embodiment of use of an elbow chord extrusion 330 including a t-slot 336 for fastening purlins 338 to the elbow chord extrusion 330. The purlins 338 may come to the site pre-tapped for bolting to the elbow chord extrusion 330, or, as another example, pre-drilled with through-holes for accepting bolts to connect the purlins 338 and elbow chord extrusion 330. Bolts 340 are slid into the continuous t-slot 336 of the elbow chord extrusion 330 to the appropriate locations along the length of the elbow chord extrusion 330 before being tightened into place. Also shown is the clamping of the solar panels 342 to the top face of the purlin 338 with a clamp 348. The purlin 338 is a substantially "I" shaped member with an interior hollow cavity 344. Thus, both the elbow chord extrusion 330 and the purlin 338 extrusion of the illustrated embodiment have large central cavities for chasing electrical conduit, for example. The elbow chord extrusion 330 may also include threaded holes 346 for mounting end-caps (not shown).

[0036] Figure 7A illustrates a side section view through a purlin of a shading system 700 formed in accordance with the present invention, and Fig. 7B illustrates a section view through a truss and extrusion of the system 700. The system 700 includes a truss 702, an extrusion 704, purlins 706, solar panels 708 and clamps 710. The purlin 706 includes a purlin cavity 705 inside which, for example, electrical conduit may be placed. The purlin 706 is secured to the elbow chord extrusion 704 with bolts 712. As seen in Fig. 7A, conduit 714 may run through the purlin 706, while, as seen in Fig. 7B, conduit 716 may run through the truss 702. The clamp 710, for example, may be a S- 51 PV clamp made to manufacturer specifications.

[0037] With reference to Fig. 7B, the truss 702 includes a tubular member 720, support arms 722, and an arm 724. The tubular member 720 runs lengthwise for substantially the length of the truss 702, and includes a cavity 726 that accepts, for example, conduit 716 and/or other electrical equipment.

[0038] The extrusion 704 includes arms 730 a first face 732, and a second face 734. The arms 706 are spaced a distance apart to accept the arm 724 of the truss 702, to allow the extrusion 704 to be secured to the truss 702 with a bolt 750. The first face 732 includes a first T-slot 736, and the second face 734 includes a second T-slot 738. The first T-slot 736 accepts bolt for mounting the purlin 706 to the extrusion 704, with the first face 732 providing support for the purlin 706.

[0039] The second T-slot 738 accepts a bolt for mounting a sign clamp 740 to the second face 734. The sign clamp 740 cooperates with the second face 738, and/or one or more grooves formed on a surface of the second face 738 and/or the sign clamp 740, to secure a sign 742 in place. The sign 742 may be made of sign-grade plastic advertising scrim, and may be secured at its other end (not shown) by a similar structural arrangement to another extrusion and/or portion of the truss 702.

[0040] Another advantage of certain embodiments of systems formed in accordance with the present invention is that these systems obviate the need for a crane in their assembly. The columns play an integral role in the erection of the system, as each column is designed and fabricated to accommodate a winch, as illustrated in Figures 8 (A-E). This allows the truss to be removed from a flatbed truck with a forklift and dropped into place at the base of its two supporting columns. Here the purlins, and the photovoltaic panels that they support, can be installed while the truss is still on the ground. After the purlins and photovoltaics have been installed and fastened to the truss, then the winches can be used to lift the final assembly to its proper height where it can be attached to the supporting columns at the appropriate angle to the Sun. The truss design allows for the optional inclusion of a mechanism(s) for solar-tracking. Whether or not the system is equipped with tracking capability, the solar panels should be set at a relatively precise angle, i.e., for certain embodiments, in the "flattest" position, the angle should be about 8°, and in the "maximum-tilt" position, the angle should be about 30°. These angles are illustrated in the figures, for example, Fig. 3B.

[0041] The isometric drawing (Figure 8A) illustrates a system 800 formed in accordance with the present invention, including winching mechanisms (without the actual truss and canopy obscuring the view). The system 800 includes a column 816, a top cap 802, a pulley 804, a cable 806, a winch mounting location 808, a winch 810, and a cradle 811. The cradle 811 includes outriggers 812 and bearing plates 814. In the illustrated embodiment of Figs. 8A-E, the winch 810 is positioned on the Outside' of the column 800, the pulley 804 (and the top cap 802 to which the pulley 804 is mounted) atop the column 816, and the outriggers 812 with the cradle 811 on the 'inside' of the column. All of these elements (except for, in the illustrated embodiment, the column 816 itself and the winch mounting location 808) are portable, in that they can be moved from column to column with each erection of a shading system. The winch 810, commonly available commercially, temporarily bolts to the column 816 at the winch mounting location 808, which may include pre-drilled holes to accept the bolts. The top cap 802, which may be fabricated of a simple steel shell and bearing plate with an acetal copolymer pulley wheel spinning on a steel axle, sits atop the column 816. For example, the top cap 802 may be bolted to the column 816. The shell of this top cap 802 could also be made of a molded structural material such as fiberglass. The outriggers 812 and cradle 811 , which are connected to one another with a hinged connection 818 in the illustrated embodiment, sit on the ground on the 'inside' of the column 816 before riding up the column 816 as the winch 810 (for example, a standard truck winch) recoils. The cradle 811 , for example, may be fabricated from sheet steel, and may include bearings for assisting the sliding up and down the column 816 (for example, metal bearings, or, as another example, acetal copolymer). The outriggers 812, for example, may be formed of pipe steel. The hinged connection 818 helps provide flexibility and dimensional tolerance, and the bearing plates 814 may be temporarily fixed to the purlins, for example, for stability during erection of the system. The outriggers 812 and cradle 811 remain suspended between two columns 816 by the winching cables 806, as the truss is secured in place, as by welding, to the column 816. For example, the truss may include an axle 830 (see Fig. 8B) that is supported, lifted, and retained in position by the cradle 810 and then welded to the column 816. The cable 806 may attach to the cradle 810, for example, via a two-leg symmetrical bridle hitch 807 (see Fig. 8C). Then the winch 810 can be slacked and the outriggers 812 and cradle 811 can be let back down to the ground. Finally the winching cable 806 can be unhooked and the winch 810 unbolted, the top cap 802 can be lifted off of the column 816, the cradle 811 can be unfastened from the column 816, and each of these components can be gathered for additional future uses. The pulley and axle may be of acetal copolymer, or of another appropriate material including but not limited to delrin or other structural plastics, aluminum, steel, or other metals, and even potentially a conventional wood pulley of high strength.

[0042] The plan or top view (Figure 8B) shows the winch 810 on the Outside' of the column 816, the top cap 802 atop the column 816, and the outrigger 812 and cradle 811 on the 'inside' of the column 816. In Fig. 8B, a distance between the column 816 and the nearest purlin 832 (the purlins 832 support solar panels 834) can be seen. This distance is variable based on the size of the parking spaces below. Hinging of the outriggers allows the tolerance of this dimensional variability.

[0043] The 'inside' elevation diagram (Figure 8C, a view of the column and components from the inside of the system) shows the bridle attachment to the cradle 811 and outrigger 812 assembly. In the illustrated embodiment, the cable 806 is joined to the cradle view a bridle hitch 807. In this embodiment, the hinges of the hinged connection 818 are located proximate the connection between the outrigger arms and the cradle. Fig. 8C also illustrates plates joining the pipe steel of the outriggers at each end. These plate steel assemblies are one type of bearing plate 814.

[0044] The 'outside' elevation diagram (Figure 8D) shows the winch 810 mounted to the column 816 at the winch mounting location 808, and also the connection between the stabilizing outriggers 812 and the purlin 832. This elevation shows the hinges at the connection between the outrigger arms (in the illustrated embodiment, the outrigger arms are pipe steel portions of the outrigger extending to the bearing plates) and the cradle assembly. Further, this elevation also shows the joining of the pipe steel of the outrigger arms to the plate steel assemblies at each end. Further still, this view illustrates a caisson 840 for securing the column 816 in the ground. Additionally, the illustrated system also includes temporary cradle supports 842 for additional stability while placing the truss into the cradle.

[0045] Figures 8E1-6 illustrate various views of the construction of a system similar to that described above. For example, Fig. 8E1 illustrates a perspective view of the field connection between a truss and column. In this embodiment, the truss is sleeved into place after the assembly had been winched to the proper height and set to the desired angle. In some embodiments, the weld joint between the steel column and the steel beam is the only joint not mechanically fastened. In other embodiments, the truss is pivotally connected to the column to allow for adjustment of the angle of the solar panels.

[0046] Figure 8E2 illustrates a perspective view of the hoisting mechanism. For example, a pair of standard 12,000 pound truck winches may be through-bolted to each column during the hoisting and fixing process. These winches can easily be moved from column pair to column pair during the erection process. A custom fabricated support system may also be important to the hoisting process. A saddle which seats an axle of the truss may be employed to lift the truss. The saddle is used in connection with clevis shackles that provide pick points for the winching cable. The illustrated hinged outriggers provide stability during the lift, along with a bearing assisted guide plate that rides up the column to keep the array of solar panels properly aligned and secured during the hoisting process.

[0047] Figure 8E3 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a top cap mounted to a column. The caps are temporarily bolted to the column and provide a pulley for the winching cable. The illustrated top caps are completely open on the inward facing side to allow the truss axle to slide up the column to the weld plate to which the axle is welded. Figures 8E4-5 provide additional views of an embodiment of a system formed in accordance with the present invention. [0048] Figure 4 shows the steps for assembly of a system 400 of the present embodiment. The system 400 includes columns 410, trusses 412, purlins 414, and solar panels 416. In step 401 a truss 412 arrives, pre-assembled and ready to be placed lengthwise between two columns 410. In step 402, the purlins 414 along with any associated rack system are placed along the length of the truss 412, for example positioned along slots as discussed above. Then the solar panels 416 are fastened along the purlins 414 and the array is ready to be winched into place (step 403). In the step 404, once the truss 412 is pinned to the columns 410, the truss 412 is adjusted and fixed to its appropriate angle. See also Figures 8A-8D for an illustration of an embodiment of the winching system, and an illustration of an embodiment of the connections between the truss and the column 410. Figures 8A-8D also illustrate further mechanical details of an embodiment of the invention, as well as its assembly process.

[0049] In yet another advantage of certain embodiments of the invention, the system assembly is capable of orientation specific diurnal tracking or annual tracking. Figure 5 illustrates a system 500 including columns 502 and adjustable solar panels 504. Solar angles are orientation specific, both in regards to the diurnal cycle of sunrise and sunset, as well as the annual cycle from summer to winter. Rows of parking meanwhile— especially when retrofitting existing parking— have their own optimal orientations. The system 500 accounts for optimal solar gain by tracking the cycle that is perpendicular to its axis. When parking rows are oriented roughly North-South, the system 500 tracks the diurnal cycle by tracking from the East in the morning to the West in the afternoon. When the parking rows are oriented roughly East-West, the system 500 can track the annual cycle by lying nearly flat in the summer and being fixed on an appropriately fixed rake angle. In the winter, the sun is lower in the sky, so the solar panels must be tilted at a greater angle in order to maximize solar gain. Figure 5 also illustrates various exemplary angular positions for the sun by time of day (for North- South orientations) and time of year (for East-West orientations). The tracking system may be computer controlled, and may utilize a linear actuator mounted vertically on an inside face of a column, with the linear actuator connected to a lever arm that is in turn connected to the truss, so that the movement of the linear actuator translates into an angular adjustment of the truss. In alternative embodiments, for example, a flywheel arrangement may be used alternatively or additionally to an actuator/lever-arm arrangement.

[0050] Embodiments of the present invention also provide customization for clients with disparate needs. For examples, the faces of the truss can provide an excellent venue for wayfinding signage, corporate/campus branding, or advertising as an additional revenue stream. The cavity within the truss also provides space for additional technologies like customizable lighting, electric vehicle charging, or even wireless access points. These technologies can all be discretely carried within the truss cavity to provide maximum convenience with minimal visual clutter.

[0051] For example, Fig. 9 illustrates an embodiment of an advertising shading system 900 formed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The advertising shading system 900 includes columns 902, a truss 904, purlins 906, solar panels 908, and an advertising panel 910. The system 900 may be generally similar to aspects of the above described embodiments in many respects. The system 900 includes an advertising panel 910 that is mounted to a face of the truss 904 other than the face of the truss 904 to which the purlins 906 and solar panels 908 are mounted. For example, for a triangular truss, one face can provide the connections between the truss and the purlins that support the solar panels. One or both of the other faces are then free to support an advertising panel. The advertising panels may also function to provide additional concealment for electrical components of the system. The advertising panels provide highly visible surfaces for advertising. For example, in a system with about 52 foot wide by about 5 foot high advertising panels, about 260 square feet of advertising surface can be provided per panel. The panels can support static signs, or can be used to support dynamic digital billboards. Further, each panel can be dedicated to a single advertisement, or a panel may be subdivided to provide numerous advertisements.

[0052] Power generated from the energy captured via the solar panels can be used, for example, for generally three purposes: for charging electric and electric-hybrid vehicles, for returning energy to the power grid, or for use locally by a Host entity (i.e., by the organization or entity which owns or otherwise controls the geographical location on or near where the system is installed) for non-vehicle-recharging purposes.

[0053] Embodiments of the present invention provide systems that may optionally be equipped with a device to keep track of (i.e., record or meter) the amount of energy generated, the amount that is fed to the power grid, and/or the amount that is taken up by the vehicle being re-charged that is parked under the system. "Net metering" can be used by which to measure power, in cases where insufficient solar energy is being captured by the solar panels (due to non-sunny days), and power can be drawn from the grid (or the facility where the system is located) and used to re-charge the vehicle.

[0054] EXAMPLES

[0055] The following Example shows the specifications for one embodiment of a shading system design using an embodiment of a truss formed in accordance with the present invention. The structural drawings and specifications shown in Figure 6 represent portions of the finished structure. They do not indicate the method of construction but the skilled construction contractor may use standard construction means methods, techniques, sequences and procedures to produce the finished structure. The example shown is but one example of possible configurations, and is illustrated for exemplary purposes only.

[0056] The following shows the design loads that can be tolerated for the parts:

LIVE LOAD 20 PSF (REDUCIBLE) DEAD LOAD 6 PSF (NOT INCLUDING

STRUCTURAL BEAMS OR PURLINS)

WIND LOADS:

BASIC WIND SPEED (3-SECOND GUST) 90 MILES PER HOUR

WIND IMPORTANCE FACTOR 1.0

EXPOSURE c

OCCUPANCY CATEGORY II

INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT 0.00

BUILDING CLASSIFICATION OPEN

COMPONENTS AND CLADDING WIND PRESSURE SEE DETAIL XXX.

SEISMIC LOADS (PER IBC 2006):

SEISMIC IMPORTANCE FACTOR 1.0

OCCUPANCY/CATEGORY II

SITE CLASS D

SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY B

BASIC SEISMIC FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM STRUCTURAL STEEL SYSTEMS NOT SPECIFICALLY DETAILED FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE.

[0057] The photovoltaic panel supports used are designed to support panel weight plus snow, wind or seismic loading whichever combination produces the most severe condition in accordance with the international building code. Steel supports used preferably meet the requirements of AISC and AWS building codes.

[0058] The foundation is shown in Figure 6A and contains drilled piers. The drilled piers bear on machine cleaned, inspected soil strata, design soil bearing value 2,000 PSF. For the top of drilled pier elevations refer to the Foundation plans in Figure 6. The drilled piers extend into bearing strata a minimum of 1Ό". In an exemplary embodiment it is assumed that the top of the bearing strata will be 26Ό" below the finished floor (at 100.00). The exact shaft diameter, bell diameter, bell shape, total drilled pier depth, bearing elevations and acceptability of bearing surface is recorded at the time of drilling.

[0059] The concrete used in the finish assembly should conform to building codes and preferably has the following properties: CONCRETE PROPERTIES

MINIMUM 28 DAY SLUMP AT

CONCRETE USE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH PLACEMENT

UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE,

ALL CONCRETE SHALL BE 3,000 PSI 4" +/- 1

SLABS ON GRADE 4,000 PSI 4" +/- 1 DRILLED PIERS - 3,000 PSI 6" +/- 1

[0060] The concrete preparation should preferably follow the following specifications:

4. CONCRETE CONTAINING SUPERPLASTICIZING ADMIXTURE SHALL HAVE A SLUMP OF

4" +/- 1", TO BE FIELD VERIFIED, PRIOR TO ADDING ADMIXTURE, AND NOT

EXCEEDING 8" AT PLACEMENT.

5. MECHANICALLY VIBRATE ALL CONCRETE WHEN PLACED, EXCEPT THAT SLABS ON

GRADE NEED BE VIBRATED ONLY AROUND UNDER-FLOOR DUCTS, SLAB EDGES,

REINFORCING, KEYS, ETC. MECHANICALLY VIBRATE ONLY THE TOP 5 FEET OF

DRILLED PIER CONCRETE. REVIBRATE TOP OF DRILLED PIER 15 MINUTES AFTER

PLACING CONCRETE.

6. UNLESS APPROVED OTHERWISE IN WRITING BY THE ARCHITECT, ALL CONCRETE

SLABS ON GRADE SHALL BE BOUND BY CONSTRUCTION JOINTS, KEYED OR SAW CUT.

SUCH THAT THE ENCLOSED AREA DOES NOT EXCEED 250 SQUARE FEET. KEYED

CONSTRUCTION JOINTS NEED ONLY OCCUR AT EXPOSED EDGES DURING POURING.

ALL OTHER JOINTS MAY BE SAW CUT. CAST CLOSURE POUR AROUND COLUMNS

AFTER DEAD LOAD IS APPLIED.

7. DRILLED PIER CONCRETE SHALL BE CHANNELED TO FREE FALL DOWN THE SHAFT

WITHOUT STRIKING THE REINFORCING OR THE SIDES OF THE SHAFT. MAXIMUM

HEIGHT OF FREE-FALL IS 10'-0".

[0061] The grouting mixture should preferably have the following specifications:

DRYPACK/FLOWABLE GROUT: FILE_:O407O₉

THE SPACE BENEATH ALL BASEPLATES AND BEARING PLATES SHALL BE THOROUGHLY CLEANED BEFORE DRYPACKING OR GROUTING. DRYPACK/GROUT SOLID BENEATH ALL BASEPLATES AND BEARING PLATES. NO VOIDS ARE PERMISSIBLE. USE OF DRYPACK OR FLOWABLE GROUT IS AT THE CONTRACTORS OPTION UNLESS SPECIFICALLY NOTED ON THE PLANS OR DETAILS. DRYPACK/GROUT PER THE

FOLLOWING:

a. DRYPACK - PORTLAND CEMENT, ASTM C150, TYPE I; AND CLEAN, NATURAL

SAND, ASTM C404, SIZE NO. 2. MIX AT RATIO OF 1 PART CEMENT TO

2-1/2 PARTS SAND, BY VOLUME, WITH MINIMUM WATER REQUIRED FOR PLACEMENT AND HYDRATION. MINIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH SHALL BE 3000 PSI AT 28 DAYS WHEN TESTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASTM C109. b. FLOWABLE GROUT - PREMIXED, NONMETALLIC, NONCORROSIVE, NONSTAINING

GROUT CONTAINING SELECTED SILICA SANDS, PORTLAND CEMENT, SHRINKAGE COMPENSATI G AGENTS, PLASTICIZING AND WATER-REDUCING AGENTS, COMPLYING WITH ASTM C1107, OF CONSISTENCY SUITABLE FOR APPLICATION, AND A 30-MINUTE WORKING TIME. MINIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH SHALL BE 5000 PSI AT 28 DAYS WHEN TESTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASTM C1107.

[0062] The final assembly will typically require steel reinforcements which will preferably have the following specifications:

1. TYPICAL REINFORCING BAR STRENGTHS

REINFORCING (NON-WELDABLE) ASTM A615, DEFORMED,

Fy = 60 KSI (420 MPa)

2. TYPICAL CLEAR CONCRETE COVERAGES

CONCRETE CAST AGAINST AND PERMANENTLY EXPOSED TO EARTH

FORMED CONCRETE EXPOSED TO

#6 AND LARGER 2" EARTH OR WEATHER

#5 AND SMALLER 1 1/2"

ALL OTHERS PER LATEST EDITION OF ACI 318.

ALL BARS PER CRSI SPECIFICATIONS AND HANDBOOK. LATEST ACI CODE AND

DETAILING MANUAL APPLY. SECURELY TIE ALL BARS IN LOCATION BEFORE PLACING CONCRETE. REINFORCING BAR SPACINGS GIVEN ARE MAXIMUM ON CENTERS.

4. REINFORCING LAP SPLICES IN CONCRETE SHALL BE PER TYPICAL DETAIL UNLESS

NOTED OTHERWISE. ALL SPLICE LOCATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO APPROVAL. PROVIDE BENT CORNER BARS TO MATCH AND LAP WITH HORIZONTAL BARS AT CORNERS AND INTERSECTIONS OF FOOTINGS AND WALLS. ] The structural steel should preferably have the following specifications: ALL STRUCTURAL STEEL SHALL BE FABRICATED BY A FABRICATOR WITH ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS. QUALIFICATIONS SHALL BE IN EFFECT AT TIME OF BID.

1.1 CITY OF PHOENIX APPROVED FABRICATOR.

1.2 AISC CERTIFIED FABRICATOR (STD).

1.3 CITY OF LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA APPROVED FABRICATOR (TYPE I MEDIUM

WEIGHT).

1.4 CLARK COUNTY, NEVADA APPROVED FABRICATOR.

FABRICATOR SHALL SUBMIT DOCUMENTATION OF THEIR CERTIFICATION WITH THE FIRST SHOP DRAWING SUBMITTAL.

LATEST AISC AND AWS CODES APPLY. THE SHOP DRAWING REVIEW TIME OF

SECTION 4.4 OF THE AISC CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE FOR STEEL BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES IS REVISED TO MATCH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS. THE WORD APPROVED IN SECTION 4.4 IS REDEFINED AS REVIEWED.

STEEL PROPERTIES

TUBULAR STEEL ASTM A500 GRADE "B" (Fy = 46 KSi)

BOLTS ASTM F1852, TYPE 1 (TWIST - OFF TENSION

CONTROL BOLTS), INSTALLED PER SECTION 8 TO A MINIMUM PRETENSION AS STATED IN TABLE 8.1

AND INSPECTED PER SECTION 9 OF THE RCSC

SPECIFICATION FOR STRUCTURAL JOINTS USING ASTM

A325 OR A490 BOLTS, DATED JUNE 30, 2004. CONNECTION TYPE IS PRETENSIONED UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE.

BOLTS AT COLUMN CAP PLATES AND WALL BEARING PLATES ASTM A307

ANCHOR RODS ASTM F1554, GRADE 36

ANCHORS ASTM F1554, GRADE 36

WHEN STRUCTURAL STEEL IS FURNISHED TO A SPECIFIED MINIMUM YIELD POINT

GREATER THAN 36 KSI, THE ASTM OR OTHER SPECIFICATION DESIGNATION SHALL BE INCLUDED NEAR THE ERECTION MARK ON EACH SHIPPING ASSEMBLY OR IMPORTANT CONSTRUCTION COMPONENT OVER ANY SHOP COAT OF PAINT PRIOR TO SHIPMENT FROM THE FABRICATORS PLANT.

ALL BOLTS SHALL BE INSTALLED WITH STEEL WASHERS.

ALL WELDING BY WELDERS HOLDING VALID CERTIFICATES AND HAVING CURRENT EXPERIENCE IN TYPE OF WELD SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS OR NOTES, CERTIFICATES SHALL BE THOSE ISSUED BY AN INDEPENDENT TESTING AGENCY.

ALL WELDING DONE BY E70 SERIES LOW HYDROGEN RODS. USE E80 SERIES FOR

ASTM A706 REINFORCING BARS. USE E308 SERIES FOR STAINLESS TO STAINLESS WELDS AND E309 SERIES FOR STAINLESS TO CARBON STEELS.

ALL WELDING PER AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY STANDARDS. ALL WELDS ON

DRAWINGS ARE SHOWN AS SHOP WELDS. CONTRACTOR MAY SHOP WELD OR FIELD

WELD AT HIS DISCRETION. SHOP WELDS OR FIELD WELDS SHALL BE SHOWN ON SHOP DRAWINGS.

SLAG SHALL BE REMOVED FROM ALL COMPLETED WELDS, AND THE WELD AND

ADJACENT BASE METAL SHALL BE CLEANED BY BRUSHING OR OTHER SUITABLE MEANS. WELDED JOINTS SHALL NOT BE PAINTED UNTIL AFTER WELDING HAS BEEN

COMPLETED AND THE WELD ACCEPTED. ALL COMPLETE PENETRATION WELDS SHALL BE TESTED.

STEEL FABRICATOR TO COORDINATE ALL BRACING, PLATES, ERECTION BOLTS, ETC.

WITH STEEL ERECTOR.

] The structural aluminum should preferably have the following specifications: TYPICAL ALUMINUM STRENGTHS

ALUMINUM EXTRUSIONS 6061 - T6 (Ftu = 38 KSI, Fty = 35 KSI)

ALUMINUM TUBES 6061 - T6 (Ftu = 42 KSI, Fty = 35 KSI)

ALUMINUM PLATE 6061 - T6 (Ftu = 42 KSI, Fty = 35 KSI)

BOLTS, NUTS, AND ANY CONNECTION PLATES OF MATERIALS OTHER THAN ALUMINUM

SHALL NOT BE PLACED. IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH ALUMINUM, BUT SHALL BE

ISOLATED WITH NEOPRENE SHIMS, WASHERS, AND SLEEVES. LATEST SPECIFICATIONS FOR ALUMINUM STRUCTURES OF THE ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION APPLY. ALL WELDING BY WELDERS HOLDING VALID CERTIFICATES AND HAVING CURRENT EXPERIENCE IN TYPE OF WELD SHOWN ON THE DRAWINGS, OR NOTES. CERTIFICATES

SHALL BE THOSE ISSUED BY AN ACCEPTED TESTING AGENCY.

ALL WELDING DONE WITH 4043 FILLER. HEAT TREAT AFTER WELDING.

ALL WELDING PER AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY STANDARDS. CONTRACTOR MAY SHOP WELD OR FIELD WELD AT HIS DISCRETION. SHOP WELDS OR FIELD WELDS SHALL BE SHOWN ON SHOP DRAWINGS.

ALL COMPLETE PENETRATION WELDS SHALL BE TESTED AND CERTIFIED BY AN INDEPENDENT TESTING LABORATORY.

SLAG SHALL BE REMOVED FROM ALL COMPLETED WELDS, AND THE WELD AND ADJACENT BASE METAL SHALL BE CLEANED BY BRUSHING OR OTHER SUITABLE MEANS. WELDED

JOINTS SHALL NOT BE PAINTED UNTIL AFTER WELDING HAS BEEN COMPLETED AND THE WELD ACCEPTED.

065] The following legend is used to interpret the abbreviations in Figure 6:

Claims

1. A solar panel shading system for use with parked vehicles, the system including: a truss, the truss including a passageway extending substantially along the length of the truss for carrying electrical equipment, the electrical equipment including electrical wiring;

purlins attached to and supported by the substantially triangular truss, the purlins extending lengthwise across a width of the truss and beyond the width of the truss, wherein the purlins are cantilevered, the purlins positioned at spaced intervals along the length of the truss; and

solar panels connected to the purlins.

2. The solar panel shading system of claim 1 including power outlets operably connected to the solar panels, the power outlets receiving energy from the solar panels via the electrical wiring in the passageway, wherein the power outlets are adapted to transfer electrical power to vehicles parked underneath the system.

3. The solar panel shading system of claim 1 including a lighting system for lighting the solar panel shading system, wherein the solar panels are operably coupled to the lighting system to provide energy to the lighting system.

4. The solar panel shading system of claim 1 including an advertising system, the advertising system including a lighted display, wherein the truss supports the lighted display and the solar panels are operably coupled to the advertising system to provide energy to the advertising system.

5. The solar panel shading system of claim 1 including a solar tracking system, the solar tracking system operably coupled to the purlins to adjust an angular position of the solar panels.

6. The solar panel shading system of claim 5 comprising support columns, wherein the support columns attach to opposite ends of the truss and support the truss, wherein the truss is pivotally connected to the support columns, and wherein the solar tracking system rotates the truss to adjust the angular position of the solar panels.

7. The solar panel shading system of claim 1 comprising support columns, wherein the support columns attach to opposite ends of the truss and support the truss, the support columns including winching locations for securing a winch to raise or lower the truss.

8. The solar panel shading system of claim 1 , wherein the truss includes a substantially triangular cross-section, and the passageway is positioned proximate to a vertex of the substantially triangular cross section.

9. The solar panel shading system of claim 1 , wherein the solar panels are connected to the purlins in a manner that accommodates a flexible gap between each solar panel.

10. A panel shading system for use with parked vehicles, the system including:

first and second support columns;

a truss interposed lengthwise between the first and second columns;

purlins extending lengthwise across a width of at least a portion of the truss, the purlins located at spaced intervals from each other;

panels secured to the purlins;

first and second cradle assemblies slidingly accepted by the first and second support columns, respectively, the first and second cradle assemblies each adapted to accept an end of the truss; and

first and second removable caps removably attachable to the first and second columns respectively, the first and second removable caps each including a lifting mechanism for lifting the removable cradle assemblies, whereby the truss is lifted when positioned in the cradle assemblies and the cradle assemblies are lifted via the lifting mechanisms.

11. The panel shading system of claim 10 wherein the first and second cradle assemblies include outriggers for supporting at least one of the truss and portions of at least one of the purlins.

12. The panel shading system of claim 10 wherein the first and second cradle assemblies include hinged outriggers, the hinged outriggers including plates adapted for securing one of the purlins to the hinged outrigger.

13. The panel shading system of claim 10 wherein the first and second support columns each include a winching location for securing a winch to the support column, the first and second lifting mechanisms each include a wheel configured to accept a cable from the winch and to act as a pulley, and the first and second cradle assemblies accept an end of a cable, wherein activating the winch raises or lowers the cradle assembly.

14. The panel shading system of claim 10 comprising power outlets adapted to provide electrical power to vehicles parked beneath the panel shading system, wherein the panels include solar panels, the truss includes a passageway extending substantially along the length of the truss, the passageway housing electrical equipment including electrical wiring, and the solar panels are operably connected to the power outlets via the electrical wiring in the passageway to provide energy to the power outlets.

15. The panel shading system of claim 14 wherein the truss includes a substantially triangular cross-section, and the passageway is positioned proximate to a vertex of the substantially triangular cross section.

16. The panel shading system of claim 15 wherein the first and second columns each include a weld plate for welding an end of the truss to the column.

17. A method of erecting a panel shading system including:

positioning and securing two vertical support members in place spaced a predetermined distance apart to accept a truss;

placing a cradle assembly and a removable cap on each of the vertical support members, the removable caps each including a lifting assembly, and the removable cradle assemblies each adapted to accept an end of the truss;

positioning the truss lengthwise between the two vertical support members with opposite ends of the truss supported by the cradle assemblies;

positioning and securing purlins lengthwise at spaced intervals across a width of the truss;

positioning and securing panels to the purlins;

employing the lifting mechanisms to lift the cradle assemblies, wherein the truss is lifted to a desired elevation;

securing the truss in place; and

removing the removable caps.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein each lifting assembly includes a wheel that accepts a cable, the method including:

securing a first winch to one of the two vertical support members and a second winch to the other of the two vertical support members; and

activating the first and second winches to actuate cables accepted by the wheels to lift the cradle assemblies.

19. The method of claim 17 wherein positioning and securing the solar panels includes positioning the panels along the purlins with gaps between the panels.

20. The method of claim 17 wherein securing the truss in place includes fixing the opposite ends of the truss to weld plates on the first and second vertical support members.

21. The method of claim 17 wherein the panels include solar panels and the truss includes a passageway pre-loaded with electrical equipment including electrical wiring before the erection of the panel shading system, the method including operably connecting the electrical wiring to the solar panels.