WO2011135355A1 - 3-{ [5 -(azetidin-1-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2 -yl] oxy} -5-{ [(1s) -2 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl]oxy} -n- (5 -methylpyrazin-2-) benzamid monohydrate - Google Patents

3-{ [5 -(azetidin-1-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2 -yl] oxy} -5-{ [(1s) -2 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl]oxy} -n- (5 -methylpyrazin-2-) benzamid monohydrate Download PDF

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WO2011135355A1
WO2011135355A1 PCT/GB2011/050828 GB2011050828W WO2011135355A1 WO 2011135355 A1 WO2011135355 A1 WO 2011135355A1 GB 2011050828 W GB2011050828 W GB 2011050828W WO 2011135355 A1 WO2011135355 A1 WO 2011135355A1
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oxy
crystalline form
ray powder
powder diffraction
hydrate
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French (fr)
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Rhea Brent
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Astrazeneca Ab
Astrazeneca Uk Limited
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a novel crystalline form of 3- ⁇ [5-(azetidin-l- ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy ⁇ -5- ⁇ [( 15)-2-hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy ⁇ -N-(5- 5 methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide illustrated in Formula (I) hereinafter, which compound is
  • glucokinase an activator of glucokinase (GLK or GK) and is useful as a pharmaceutical compound, for example in the treatment of diabetes and/or obesity.
  • the invention also relates to
  • WO 2007/007041 discloses the rationale for using an activator of glucokinase (GLK or GK) as a pharmaceutical in the treatment of diabetes and/or obesity.
  • GLK or GK glucokinase
  • Example 59 15 (azetidin- 1 -ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy ⁇ -5 - ⁇ [( 15)-2-hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy ⁇ -N-(5 - methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide as a foam in Example 59.
  • Example 59 In the alternative preparation of Example 59 on pages 230 and 231 two crystal forms, Form 1 melting point 100.6 °C
  • nitromethane or methanol is also disclosed.
  • a new crystalline form of 3- ⁇ [5- (azetidin- 1 -ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy ⁇ -5 - ⁇ [( 15)-2-hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy ⁇ -N-(5 - methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide has been found that is stable and has advantageous
  • composition particularly as an aqueous suspension.
  • This new form is 3- ⁇ [5-(azetidin-l- ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy ⁇ -5- ⁇ [( 15)-2-hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy ⁇ -N-(5- methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide monohydrate herein after referred to as Hydrate.
  • crystalline form, Hydrate which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially the same as the X-ray powder diffraction pattern shown in Figure A.
  • crystalline form, Hydrate which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern as shown in Figure A.
  • DSC analysis of the Hydrate shows an initial event with an onset of 46.9°C and a peak at 66.4°C followed by a subsequent melting endotherm with an onset of 96.3°C and a peak at 100.4° C ( Figure B).
  • DSC analysis shows that the Hydrate is a high melting solid with an onset of melting at about 96.3° C and a peak at about 100.4° C.
  • the degree of crystallinity is conveniently greater than about 60%, more conveniently greater than about 80%, preferably greater than about 90% and more preferably greater than about 95%. Most preferably the degree of crystallinity is greater than about 98%.
  • the Hydrate provides X-ray powder diffraction patterns substantially the same as the X-ray powder diffraction patterns shown in Figure A and has the seven most characteristic peaks (angle 2-theta values) shown in Table A. It will be understood that the 2-theta values of the X-ray powder diffraction pattern may vary slightly from one machine to another or from one sample to another, and so the values quoted are not to be construed as absolute.
  • an X-ray powder diffraction pattern may be obtained which has one or more measurement errors depending on measurement conditions (such as equipment or machine used).
  • intensities in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern may fluctuate depending on measurement conditions. Therefore it should be understood that the Hydrate of the present invention is not limited to the crystals that provide X-ray powder diffraction patterns identical to the X-ray powder diffraction pattern shown in Figure A, and any crystals providing X-ray powder diffraction patterns substantially the same as those shown in A fall within the scope of the present invention.
  • a person skilled in the art of X-ray powder diffraction is able to judge the substantial identity of X-ray powder diffraction patterns.
  • a measurement error of a diffraction angle in an X-ray powder diffractogram is approximately plus or minus 0.5° 2-theta, and such degree of a
  • the hydrate of the present invention has the advantage that it is stable and does not become further hydrated on standing in air. This means that it can be formulated accurately to give a precise dose particularly in aqueous formulation conditions. In contrast forms 1 and 2 are likely to absorb differing amounts of water when used in aqueous formulation conditions such that a precise dose could not be guaranteed which is an unsatisfactory situation that would not be tolerated by regulatory authorities.
  • the X-ray powder diffraction spectra were determined by mounting a sample of the crystalline material on a Bruker single silicon crystal (SSC) wafer mount and spreading out the sample into a thin layer with the aid of a microscope slide. The sample was spun at 30 revolutions per minute (to improve counting statistics) and irradiated with X-rays generated by a copper long-fine focus tube operated at 40kV and 40mA with a wavelength of 1.5418 angstroms. The collimated X-ray source was passed through an automatic variable divergence slit set at V20 and the reflected radiation directed through a 5.89mm antiscatter slit and a 9.55mm detector slit.
  • SSC Bruker single silicon crystal
  • the sample was exposed for 0.03 seconds per 0.00570° 2-theta increment (continuous scan mode) over the range 2 degrees to 40 degrees 2-theta in theta-theta mode.
  • the running time was 3 minutes and 36 seconds.
  • the instrument was equipped with a Position sensitive detector (Lynxeye).
  • Control and data capture was by means of a Dell Optiplex 686 NT 4.0 Workstation operating with Diffract+ software.
  • the relative intensity of peaks can be affected by, for example, grains above 30 microns in size and non-unitary aspect ratios that may affect analysis of samples.
  • the position of reflections can be affected by the precise height at which the sample sits in the diffractometer and the zero calibration of the diffractometer.
  • the surface planarity of the sample may also have a small effect.
  • the diffraction pattern data presented are not to be taken as absolute values.
  • One skilled in the art will have the ability to determine substantial identities of diffractograms, spectra and thermograms.
  • a further feature of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising the Hydrate, together with a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent or carrier.
  • the Hydrate for use as a medicament for treatment of a disease mediated through GLK, in particular type 2 diabetes.
  • the Hydrate for the treatment of a disease mediated through GLK, in particular type 2 diabetes.
  • the Hydrate in the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease mediated through GLK, in particular type 2 diabetes.
  • the compound is suitably formulated as a pharmaceutical composition for use in this way.
  • a method of treating GLK mediated diseases, especially diabetes by administering an effective amount of the Hydrate of the Agent to a mammal in need of such treatment.
  • Specific diseases which may be treated by a compound or composition of the invention include: blood glucose lowering in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without a serious risk of hypoglycaemia (and potential to treat type 1), dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome X, impaired glucose tolerance.
  • the GLK/GLKRP system can be described as a potential "Diabesity" target (of benefit in both Diabetes and Obesity).
  • the Hydrate in the preparation of a medicament for use in the combined treatment or prevention, particularly treatment of diabetes and obesity.
  • the Hydrate in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment or prevention, particularly treatment of obesity.
  • the Hydrate for use as a medicament for treatment or prevention, particularly treatment of obesity.
  • a method for the combined treatment of obesity and diabetes by administering an effective amount of the Hydrate, to a mammal in need of such treatment.
  • a method for the treatment of obesity by administering an effective amount of the Hydrate to a mammal in need of such treatment.
  • compositions of the invention may be in a form suitable for oral use (for example as tablets, lozenges, hard or soft capsules, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, dispersible powders or granules, syrups or elixirs), for topical use (for example as creams, ointments, gels, or aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions), for administration by inhalation (for example as a finely divided powder or a liquid aerosol), for administration by insufflation (for example as a finely divided powder) or for parenteral administration (for example as a sterile aqueous or oily solution for intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intramuscular dosing or as a suppository for rectal dosing).
  • Dosage forms suitable for oral use are preferred.
  • the Hydrate is particularly suitable for use in oral suspension formulations in conjunction with a suspending agent.
  • compositions of the invention may be obtained by conventional procedures using conventional pharmaceutical excipients, well known in the art.
  • compositions intended for oral use may contain, for example, one or more colouring, sweetening, flavouring and/or preservative agents.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for a tablet formulation include, for example, inert diluents such as lactose, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate, granulating and disintegrating agents such as corn starch or algenic acid;
  • binding agents such as starch; lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc; preservative agents such as ethyl or propyl p_-hydroxybenzoate, and anti-oxidants, such as ascorbic acid.
  • Tablet formulations may be uncoated or coated either to modify their disintegration and the subsequent absorption of the active ingredient within the gastrointestinal tract, or to improve their stability and/or appearance, in either case, using conventional coating agents and procedures well known in the art.
  • Compositions for oral use may be in the form of hard gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
  • an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
  • water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
  • Aqueous suspensions generally contain the active ingredient in finely powdered form together with one or more suspending agents, such as sodium
  • polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more
  • preservatives such as ethyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, anti-oxidants (such as ascorbic acid), colouring agents, flavouring agents, and/or sweetening agents (such as sucrose, saccharine or aspartame).
  • a particular formulation comprises an oral suspension of 25 mg/mL of 3- ⁇ [5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy ⁇ -5- ⁇ [(15)-2-hydroxy-l- methylethyl]oxy ⁇ -N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide monohydrate, Hypromellose 4000 mPas, Polysorbate 80 and purified water.
  • Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil (such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil) or in a mineral oil (such as liquid paraffin).
  • the oily suspensions may also contain a thickening agent such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set out above, and flavouring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
  • Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water generally contain the active ingredient together with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients such as sweetening, flavouring and colouring agents, may also be present.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil- in-water emulsions.
  • the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, such as for example liquid paraffin or a mixture of any of these.
  • Suitable emulsifying agents may be, for example, naturally-occurring gums such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides such as soya bean, lecithin, an esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides (for example sorbitan monooleate) and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • the emulsions may also contain sweetening, flavouring and preservative agents.
  • Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, aspartame or sucrose, and may also contain a demulcent, preservative, flavouring and/or colouring agent.
  • sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, aspartame or sucrose, and may also contain a demulcent, preservative, flavouring and/or colouring agent.
  • compositions may also be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oily suspension, which may be formulated according to known procedures using one or more of the appropriate dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents, which have been mentioned above.
  • a sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • Compositions for administration by inhalation may be in the form of a conventional pressurised aerosol arranged to dispense the active ingredient either as an aerosol containing finely divided solid or liquid droplets.
  • Conventional aerosol propellants such as volatile fluorinated hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons may be used and the aerosol device is conveniently arranged to dispense a metered quantity of active ingredient.
  • the amount of active ingredient that is combined with one or more excipients to produce a single dosage form will necessarily vary depending upon the host treated and the particular route of administration.
  • a formulation intended for oral administration to humans will generally contain, for example, from 0.5 mg to 2 g of active agent compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of excipients which may vary from about 5 to about 98 percent by weight of the total composition.
  • Dosage unit forms will generally contain about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient.
  • the size of the dose for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes of a compound will naturally vary according to the nature and severity of the conditions, the age and sex of the animal or patient and the route of administration, according to well known principles of medicine.
  • a daily dose in the range for example, 0.5 mg to 75 mg per kg body weight is received, given if required in divided doses.
  • lower doses will be administered when a parenteral route is employed.
  • a dose in the range for example, 0.5 mg to 30 mg per kg body weight will generally be used.
  • a dose in the range for example, 0.5 mg to 25 mg per kg body weight will be used.
  • Oral administration is however preferred.
  • a process for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition containing the Hydrate as active ingredient which comprises admixing the Hydrate together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the Hydrate as described herein may be applied as a sole therapy or in combination with one or more other substances and/or treatments for the indication being treated.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical combination comprising the Hydrate and another pharmacologically active substance particularly wherein the other pharmacologically active substance is a medicament for the treatment of type 2 diabetes or obesity or a related condition.
  • Such conjoint treatment may be achieved by way of the simultaneous, sequential or separate administration of the individual components of the treatment.
  • Simultaneous treatment may be in a single tablet or in separate tablets.
  • chemotherapy may include the following main categories of treatment:
  • Insulin secretagogues including prandial glucose regulators (for example
  • Agents that improve incretin action for example dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, and GLP-1 agonists;
  • Insulin sensitising agents including PPARgamma agonists (for example
  • pioglitazone and rosiglitazone pioglitazone and rosiglitazone
  • agents with combined PPARalpha and gamma activity agents with combined PPARalpha and gamma activity
  • Agents that modulate hepatic glucose balance for example metformin, fructose 1,
  • aldose reductase inhibitors examples include aldose reductase inhibitors
  • Anti-obesity agents for example sibutramine and orlistat
  • Anti- dyslipidaemia agents such as, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (eg statins);
  • PPAPvOC agonists for example, fibrates, eg gemfibrozil
  • bile acid sequestrants cholesterol absorption inhibitors
  • cholesterol absorption inhibitors plant stanols, synthetic inhibitors
  • bile acid absorption inhibitors IBATi
  • nicotinic acid and analogues nicotinic acid and analogues
  • Antihypertensive agents such as, ⁇ blockers (eg atenolol, inderal); ACE inhibitors (eg lisinopril); Calcium antagonists (eg. nifedipine); Angiotensin receptor antagonists (eg candesartan), a antagonists and diuretic agents (eg. furosemide, benzthiazide);
  • ⁇ blockers eg atenolol, inderal
  • ACE inhibitors eg lisinopril
  • Calcium antagonists eg. nifedipine
  • Angiotensin receptor antagonists eg candesartan
  • diuretic agents eg. furosemide, benzthiazide
  • Haemostasis modulators such as, antithrombotics, activators of fibrinolysis and antiplatelet agents; thrombin antagonists; factor Xa inhibitors; factor Vila inhibitors); antiplatelet agents (eg. aspirin, clopidogrel); anticoagulants (heparin and Low molecular weight analogues, hirudin) and warfarin;
  • Anti-inflammatory agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (eg. aspirin) and steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (eg. cortisone).
  • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs eg. aspirin
  • steroidal anti-inflammatory agents eg. cortisone
  • This Hydrate was determined to be crystalline by XRPD and seen to be different to previously seen forms. This material had a melting point of 96.3°C (onset). The hydrate was determined to be the monohydrate by Karl Fischer analysis. The Hydrate was also prepared by slurrying form 2 as disclosed in WO2007/007041 in water for 90 minutes and isolating the product as described above or by filtration or centrifugation.
  • the aqueous layer was washed a further twice with isopropyl acetate (8 rel vol) in a similar manner and then the pH of the mixture was carefully adjusted to pH 2-4 with 5M hydrochloric acid (3.9 rel vol). Methyl tert-butyl ether (7 rel vol) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 min. The mixture was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether (7 rel vol). The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried and evaporated to give 3-[5-(azetidine-l- carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy-5-[(lS)-2-tert-butoxy-l-methyl-ethoxy]benzoic acid.
  • Trifluoroacetic acid (20.0 mol equiv) was added slowly with stirring to a mixture of 3- [5-(azetidine- 1 -carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy-5-[(l S)-2-tert-butoxy- 1 -methyl-ethoxy]-N-(5- methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide (1 mol equiv) and dichloromethane (6.5 rel vol) maintaining the temperature of the mixture below 25 °C. The mixture was stirred for 16 hours and then added drop-wise with stirring to saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (10 rel vol). The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes and then the organic layer was separated off.
  • Form 1 has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern as shown in Figure C. .
  • Form 1 is characterised in providing an X-ray powder diffraction pattern, substantially as shown in Figure C.
  • Ten X-Ray powder diffraction peaks are shown in Table C:
  • Form 2 is characterised in providing at least one of the following 2 ⁇ values measured using CuKa radiation: 6.5 and 17.0.
  • Form 2 is characterised in providing an X-ray powder diffraction pattern, substantially as shown in Figure D. Ten X-Ray powder diffraction peaks are shown in Table D:
  • Oral glucose tolerance tests were done on conscious Zucker obese fa/fa rats (age 12-13 weeks or older) fed a high fat diet (45 % kcal fat) for at least two weeks prior to experimentation. The animals were fasted for 2 hours before use for experiments.
  • a test compound or a vehicle was given orally 120 minutes before oral administration of a glucose solution at a dose of 2 g/kg body weight. Blood glucose levels were measured using a Accucheck glucometer from tail bled samples taken at different time points before and after administration of glucose (time course of 60 minutes). A time curve of the blood glucose levels was generated and the area-under-the-curve (AUC) for 120 minutes was calculated (the time of glucose administration being time zero). Percent reduction in glucose excursion was determined using the AUC in the vehicle-control group as zero percent reduction.
  • the compound of the invention exhibited 48% OGTT activity at lmg/kg.

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Abstract

Crystalline 3-{[5-(azetidin-1-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5-{[(1S)-2-hydroxy-1- methylethyl]oxy}-N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide monohydrate is an activator of glucokinase (GLK or GK) and is useful as a pharmaceutical compound in the treatment of 5 diabetes and/or obesity. Processes for the manufacture of this crystalline form, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the crystalline form and the use of the crystalline form in medical treatment are also disclosed.

Description

3-{ [5 -(AZETIDIN-1 -YLCARBONYL)PYRAZIN-2 -YL] OXY} -5-{ [(1S) -2 -HYDROXY- 1 -METHYLETHYL]OXY} -N- (5 -METHYLPYRAZIN-2-) BENZAMID MONOHYDRATE
The present invention relates to a novel crystalline form of 3- {[5-(azetidin-l- ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy } -5- { [( 15)-2-hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy} -N-(5- 5 methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide illustrated in Formula (I) hereinafter, which compound is
an activator of glucokinase (GLK or GK) and is useful as a pharmaceutical compound, for example in the treatment of diabetes and/or obesity. The invention also relates to
processes for the manufacture of the crystalline form, pharmaceutical compositions
com rising the crystalline form and the use of the cr stalline form in medical treatment.
Figure imgf000002_0001
Our International Patent Application WO 2007/007041 discloses the rationale for using an activator of glucokinase (GLK or GK) as a pharmaceutical in the treatment of diabetes and/or obesity. WO 2007/007041 also discloses the preparation of 3- {[5-
15 (azetidin- 1 -ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy } -5 - { [( 15)-2-hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy} -N-(5 - methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide as a foam in Example 59. In the alternative preparation of Example 59 on pages 230 and 231 two crystal forms, Form 1 melting point 100.6 °C
(onset) and Form 2 melting point 125 °C (after slurrying in ethyl acetate) are disclosed. In addition crystallisation of 3- {[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5- {[(15)-2-
20 hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy} -N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide from toluene,
nitromethane or methanol is also disclosed. Now a new crystalline form of 3- {[5- (azetidin- 1 -ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy } -5 - { [( 15)-2-hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy} -N-(5 - methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide has been found that is stable and has advantageous
properties which are useful when the compound is formulated into a pharmaceutical
25 composition, particularly as an aqueous suspension. This new form is 3- {[5-(azetidin-l- ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy } -5- { [( 15)-2-hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy} -N-(5- methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide monohydrate herein after referred to as Hydrate. 3- { [5 -(Azetidin- 1 -ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy } -5 - { [( 15)-2-hydroxy- 1 - methylethyl]oxy}-N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide monohydrate (Hydrate) is characterised in providing at least one of the following 2Θ values measured using CuKa radiation: 7.7 and 9.0. The Hydrate is characterised in providing an X-ray powder diffraction pattern, substantially as shown in Figure A. The 7 most characteristic peaks are shown in Table A:
Table A
Seven most characteristic X-Ray Powder Diffraction peaks for the Hydrate
Figure imgf000003_0001
According to the present invention there is provided a crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with at least one specific peak at about 2- theta = 7.7°.
According to the present invention there is provided a crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with at least one specific peak at about 2- theta = 9.0°.
According to the present invention there is provided a crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with at least two specific peaks at about 2- theta = 7.7° and 9.0°.
According to the present invention there is provided a crystalline form,Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with specific peaks at about 2-theta = 7.7, 9.0, 9.9, 15.2, 18.0, 13.4, 19.8°. According to the present invention there is provided crystalline form, Hydrate which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially the same as the X-ray powder diffraction pattern shown in Figure A.
According to the present invention there is provided crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with at least one specific peak at 2-theta = 7.7° plus or minus 0.5° 2-theta.
According to the present invention there is provided a crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with at least one specific peak at 2-theta = 9.0° plus or minus 0.5° 2-theta.
According to the present invention there is provided a crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with at least two specific peaks at 2-theta = 7.7° and 9.0° wherein said values may be plus or minus 0.5° 2-theta.
According to the present invention there is provided a crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with specific peaks at 2-theta = 7.7, 9.0, 9.9, 15.2, 18.0, 13.4, 19.8° wherein said values may be plus or minus 0.5° 2-theta.
According to the present invention there is provided a crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with at least one specific peak at 2-theta = 7.7°.
According to the present invention there is provided a crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with at least one specific peak at 2-theta = 9.0°.
According to the present invention there is provided a crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with at least two specific peaks at 2-theta = 7.7° and 9.0°.
According to the present invention there is provided crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with specific peaks at 2-theta = 7.7, 9.0, 9.9, 15.2, 18.0, 13.4, 19.8°.
Ten X-Ray powder diffraction peaks are shown in Table B: Table B
Ten X-Ray Powder Diffraction peaks for Hydrate
Figure imgf000005_0001
According to the present invention there is provided a crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with specific peaks at 2-theta = 7.7, 9.0, 9.9, 15.2, 18.0, 13.4, 19.8, 24.9, 26.3 and 25.8° wherein said values may be plus or minus 0.5° 2-theta.
According to the present invention there is provided crystalline form, Hydrate, which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern as shown in Figure A.
DSC analysis of the Hydrate shows an initial event with an onset of 46.9°C and a peak at 66.4°C followed by a subsequent melting endotherm with an onset of 96.3°C and a peak at 100.4° C (Figure B). Thus DSC analysis shows that the Hydrate is a high melting solid with an onset of melting at about 96.3° C and a peak at about 100.4° C.
When it is stated that the present invention relates to a crystalline form of the Hydrate, the degree of crystallinity is conveniently greater than about 60%, more conveniently greater than about 80%, preferably greater than about 90% and more preferably greater than about 95%. Most preferably the degree of crystallinity is greater than about 98%.
The Hydrate provides X-ray powder diffraction patterns substantially the same as the X-ray powder diffraction patterns shown in Figure A and has the seven most characteristic peaks (angle 2-theta values) shown in Table A. It will be understood that the 2-theta values of the X-ray powder diffraction pattern may vary slightly from one machine to another or from one sample to another, and so the values quoted are not to be construed as absolute.
It is known that an X-ray powder diffraction pattern may be obtained which has one or more measurement errors depending on measurement conditions (such as equipment or machine used). In particular, it is generally known that intensities in an X-ray powder diffraction pattern may fluctuate depending on measurement conditions. Therefore it should be understood that the Hydrate of the present invention is not limited to the crystals that provide X-ray powder diffraction patterns identical to the X-ray powder diffraction pattern shown in Figure A, and any crystals providing X-ray powder diffraction patterns substantially the same as those shown in A fall within the scope of the present invention. A person skilled in the art of X-ray powder diffraction is able to judge the substantial identity of X-ray powder diffraction patterns.
Persons skilled in the art of X-ray powder diffraction will realise that the relative intensity of peaks can be affected by, for example, grains above 30 microns in size and non-unitary aspect ratios, which may affect analysis of samples. The skilled person will also realise that the position of reflections can be affected by the precise height at which the sample sits in the diffractometer and the zero calibration of the diffractometer. The surface planarity of the sample may also have a small effect. Hence the diffraction pattern data presented are not to be taken as absolute values. (Jenkins, R & Snyder, R.L.
'Introduction to X-Ray Powder Diffractometry' John Wiley & Sons 1996; Bunn, C.W. (1948), Chemical Crystallography, Clarendon Press, London; Klug, H. P. & Alexander, L. E. (1974), X-Ray Diffraction Procedures).
Generally, a measurement error of a diffraction angle in an X-ray powder diffractogram is approximately plus or minus 0.5° 2-theta, and such degree of a
measurement error should be taken into account when considering the X-ray powder diffraction pattern in Figure A and when reading Table A. Furthermore, it should be understood that intensities might fluctuate depending on experimental conditions and sample preparation (preferred orientation).
The hydrate of the present invention has the advantage that it is stable and does not become further hydrated on standing in air. This means that it can be formulated accurately to give a precise dose particularly in aqueous formulation conditions. In contrast forms 1 and 2 are likely to absorb differing amounts of water when used in aqueous formulation conditions such that a precise dose could not be guaranteed which is an unsatisfactory situation that would not be tolerated by regulatory authorities.
Details of Techniques Used
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Analytical Instrument: Bruker D4.
The X-ray powder diffraction spectra were determined by mounting a sample of the crystalline material on a Bruker single silicon crystal (SSC) wafer mount and spreading out the sample into a thin layer with the aid of a microscope slide. The sample was spun at 30 revolutions per minute (to improve counting statistics) and irradiated with X-rays generated by a copper long-fine focus tube operated at 40kV and 40mA with a wavelength of 1.5418 angstroms. The collimated X-ray source was passed through an automatic variable divergence slit set at V20 and the reflected radiation directed through a 5.89mm antiscatter slit and a 9.55mm detector slit. The sample was exposed for 0.03 seconds per 0.00570° 2-theta increment (continuous scan mode) over the range 2 degrees to 40 degrees 2-theta in theta-theta mode. The running time was 3 minutes and 36 seconds. The instrument was equipped with a Position sensitive detector (Lynxeye). Control and data capture was by means of a Dell Optiplex 686 NT 4.0 Workstation operating with Diffract+ software. Persons skilled in the art of X-ray powder diffraction will realise that the relative intensity of peaks can be affected by, for example, grains above 30 microns in size and non-unitary aspect ratios that may affect analysis of samples. The skilled person will also realise that the position of reflections can be affected by the precise height at which the sample sits in the diffractometer and the zero calibration of the diffractometer. The surface planarity of the sample may also have a small effect. Hence the diffraction pattern data presented are not to be taken as absolute values.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Analytical Instrument: TA Instruments Q1000 DSC.
Typically less than 5mg of material contained in a standard aluminium pan fitted with a lid was heated over the temperature range 25°C to 300°C at a constant heating rate of 10°C per minute. A purge gas using nitrogen was used - flow rate 50ml per minute. Caveat
Any crystal form that provides a XRPD diffractogram, Raman/IR spectrum, SSNMR spectrum or DSC thermogram substantially identical to those disclosed herein, fall within the scope of the present disclosures. One skilled in the art will have the ability to determine substantial identities of diffractograms, spectra and thermograms.
The utility of the compound of the invention may be demonstrated by standard tests and clinical studies, including those described in International patent application publication number WO03/015774, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
A further feature of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the Hydrate, together with a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent or carrier.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided the use of the Hydrate for use as a medicament.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided the Hydrate for use as a medicament for treatment of a disease mediated through GLK, in particular type 2 diabetes.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided the Hydrate for the treatment of a disease mediated through GLK, in particular type 2 diabetes.
Further according to the invention there is provided the use the Hydrate in the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease mediated through GLK, in particular type 2 diabetes.
The compound is suitably formulated as a pharmaceutical composition for use in this way.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of treating GLK mediated diseases, especially diabetes, by administering an effective amount of the Hydrate of the Agent to a mammal in need of such treatment.
Specific diseases which may be treated by a compound or composition of the invention include: blood glucose lowering in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without a serious risk of hypoglycaemia (and potential to treat type 1), dyslipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome X, impaired glucose tolerance.
The GLK/GLKRP system can be described as a potential "Diabesity" target (of benefit in both Diabetes and Obesity). Thus, according to another aspect of the invention there is provided the use of the Hydrate, in the preparation of a medicament for use in the combined treatment or prevention, particularly treatment of diabetes and obesity.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided the use of the Hydrate in the preparation of a medicament for use in the treatment or prevention, particularly treatment of obesity.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided the Hydrate for use as a medicament for treatment or prevention, particularly treatment of obesity.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method for the combined treatment of obesity and diabetes by administering an effective amount of the Hydrate, to a mammal in need of such treatment.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method for the treatment of obesity by administering an effective amount of the Hydrate to a mammal in need of such treatment.
The compositions of the invention may be in a form suitable for oral use (for example as tablets, lozenges, hard or soft capsules, aqueous or oily suspensions, emulsions, dispersible powders or granules, syrups or elixirs), for topical use (for example as creams, ointments, gels, or aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions), for administration by inhalation (for example as a finely divided powder or a liquid aerosol), for administration by insufflation (for example as a finely divided powder) or for parenteral administration (for example as a sterile aqueous or oily solution for intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intramuscular dosing or as a suppository for rectal dosing). Dosage forms suitable for oral use are preferred. The Hydrate is particularly suitable for use in oral suspension formulations in conjunction with a suspending agent.
The compositions of the invention may be obtained by conventional procedures using conventional pharmaceutical excipients, well known in the art. Thus, compositions intended for oral use may contain, for example, one or more colouring, sweetening, flavouring and/or preservative agents.
Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients for a tablet formulation include, for example, inert diluents such as lactose, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate, granulating and disintegrating agents such as corn starch or algenic acid;
binding agents such as starch; lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc; preservative agents such as ethyl or propyl p_-hydroxybenzoate, and anti-oxidants, such as ascorbic acid. Tablet formulations may be uncoated or coated either to modify their disintegration and the subsequent absorption of the active ingredient within the gastrointestinal tract, or to improve their stability and/or appearance, in either case, using conventional coating agents and procedures well known in the art.
Compositions for oral use may be in the form of hard gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
Aqueous suspensions generally contain the active ingredient in finely powdered form together with one or more suspending agents, such as sodium
carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as lecithin or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids (for example polyoxethylene stearate), or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as
polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more
preservatives (such as ethyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, anti-oxidants (such as ascorbic acid), colouring agents, flavouring agents, and/or sweetening agents (such as sucrose, saccharine or aspartame). A particular formulation comprises an oral suspension of 25 mg/mL of 3-{[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5-{[(15)-2-hydroxy-l- methylethyl]oxy}-N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide monohydrate, Hypromellose 4000 mPas, Polysorbate 80 and purified water.
Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil (such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil) or in a mineral oil (such as liquid paraffin). The oily suspensions may also contain a thickening agent such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set out above, and flavouring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water generally contain the active ingredient together with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients such as sweetening, flavouring and colouring agents, may also be present.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil- in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, such as for example liquid paraffin or a mixture of any of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may be, for example, naturally-occurring gums such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides such as soya bean, lecithin, an esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides (for example sorbitan monooleate) and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also contain sweetening, flavouring and preservative agents.
Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, aspartame or sucrose, and may also contain a demulcent, preservative, flavouring and/or colouring agent.
The pharmaceutical compositions may also be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oily suspension, which may be formulated according to known procedures using one or more of the appropriate dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents, which have been mentioned above. A sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
Compositions for administration by inhalation may be in the form of a conventional pressurised aerosol arranged to dispense the active ingredient either as an aerosol containing finely divided solid or liquid droplets. Conventional aerosol propellants such as volatile fluorinated hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons may be used and the aerosol device is conveniently arranged to dispense a metered quantity of active ingredient. For further information on formulation the reader is referred to Chapter 25.2 in Volume 5 of Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry (Corwin Hansch; Chairman of Editorial Board), Pergamon Press 1990.
The amount of active ingredient that is combined with one or more excipients to produce a single dosage form will necessarily vary depending upon the host treated and the particular route of administration. For example, a formulation intended for oral administration to humans will generally contain, for example, from 0.5 mg to 2 g of active agent compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of excipients which may vary from about 5 to about 98 percent by weight of the total composition. Dosage unit forms will generally contain about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient. For further information on Routes of Administration and Dosage Regimes the reader is referred to Chapter 25.3 in Volume 5 of Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry (Corwin Hansch; Chairman of Editorial Board), Pergamon Press 1990.
The size of the dose for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes of a compound will naturally vary according to the nature and severity of the conditions, the age and sex of the animal or patient and the route of administration, according to well known principles of medicine.
In using the Hydrate for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes it will generally be administered so that a daily dose in the range, for example, 0.5 mg to 75 mg per kg body weight is received, given if required in divided doses. In general lower doses will be administered when a parenteral route is employed. Thus, for example, for intravenous administration, a dose in the range, for example, 0.5 mg to 30 mg per kg body weight will generally be used. Similarly, for administration by inhalation, a dose in the range, for example, 0.5 mg to 25 mg per kg body weight will be used. Oral administration is however preferred.
According to a further feature of the invention, there is provided a process for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition containing the Hydrate as active ingredient, which comprises admixing the Hydrate together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The Hydrate as described herein may be applied as a sole therapy or in combination with one or more other substances and/or treatments for the indication being treated. In another aspect the invention provides a pharmaceutical combination comprising the Hydrate and another pharmacologically active substance particularly wherein the other pharmacologically active substance is a medicament for the treatment of type 2 diabetes or obesity or a related condition.
Such conjoint treatment may be achieved by way of the simultaneous, sequential or separate administration of the individual components of the treatment. Simultaneous treatment may be in a single tablet or in separate tablets. For example in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, chemotherapy may include the following main categories of treatment:
1) Insulin and insulin analogues;
2) Insulin secretagogues including prandial glucose regulators (for example
repaglinide, nateglinide);
3) Agents that improve incretin action (for example dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, and GLP-1 agonists);
4) Insulin sensitising agents including PPARgamma agonists (for example
pioglitazone and rosiglitazone), and agents with combined PPARalpha and gamma activity;
5) Agents that modulate hepatic glucose balance (for example metformin, fructose 1,
6 bisphosphatase inhibitors, glycogen phopsphorylase inhibitors, glycogen synthase kinase inhibitors);
6) Agents designed to reduce the absorption of glucose from the intestine (for example acarbose);
7) Agents that prevent the reabsorption of glucose by the kidney (SGLT inhibitors);
8) Agents designed to treat the complications of prolonged hyperglycaemia (for
example aldose reductase inhibitors);
9) Anti-obesity agents (for example sibutramine and orlistat);
10) Anti- dyslipidaemia agents such as, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (eg statins);
PPAPvOC agonists (fibrates, eg gemfibrozil); bile acid sequestrants (cholestyramine); cholesterol absorption inhibitors (plant stanols, synthetic inhibitors); bile acid absorption inhibitors (IBATi) and nicotinic acid and analogues (niacin and slow release formulations);
11) Antihypertensive agents such as, β blockers (eg atenolol, inderal); ACE inhibitors (eg lisinopril); Calcium antagonists (eg. nifedipine); Angiotensin receptor antagonists (eg candesartan), a antagonists and diuretic agents (eg. furosemide, benzthiazide);
12) Haemostasis modulators such as, antithrombotics, activators of fibrinolysis and antiplatelet agents; thrombin antagonists; factor Xa inhibitors; factor Vila inhibitors); antiplatelet agents (eg. aspirin, clopidogrel); anticoagulants (heparin and Low molecular weight analogues, hirudin) and warfarin;
13) Agents which antagonise the actions of glucagon; and
14) Anti-inflammatory agents, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (eg. aspirin) and steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (eg. cortisone).
In one aspect of the invention, there is provided a combination of the Hydrate with metformin.
In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a combination of the Hydrate with insulin.
In the following examples the following abbreviations are used:
mol equiv = molar equivalent
rel vol= the number of volumes of a liquid used relative to the weight of the unitary molar equivalent compound in the example for example 3 rel vol = 3 ml per g
Preparation of 3-{[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5-{[(lS)-2-hydroxy-l- methylethyl] oxy}- V-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide monohydrate
The X-ray powder diffraction spectra for 3-{[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}- 5 - { [( 1 iS)-2-hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy } -N-(5 -methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide (Form 1 ) (prepared as described in WO2007/007041 page 230 and 231 alternative example 59) showed the material to be crystalline. This material had a melting point of 104.3°C (onset). Hydrate material was produced by slurrying Form 1 in aqueous methanol (aqueous methanol consists of approximately 20% to 30% methanol in water). Approximately 20mg of 3-{[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5-{[(15)-2-hydroxy-l- methylethyl]oxy}-N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide was placed in a vial with a magnetic flea, and approximately 2ml of aqueous methanol added. The vial was then sealed tightly with a cap and left to stir on a magnetic stirrer plate. After 3 days, the sample was removed from the plate, the cap taken off and the slurry left to dry under ambient conditions before it was analysed by XRPD and DSC. This Hydrate was determined to be crystalline by XRPD and seen to be different to previously seen forms. This material had a melting point of 96.3°C (onset). The hydrate was determined to be the monohydrate by Karl Fischer analysis. The Hydrate was also prepared by slurrying form 2 as disclosed in WO2007/007041 in water for 90 minutes and isolating the product as described above or by filtration or centrifugation.
Alternative Preparation of 3-{[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5-{[(lS)-2- hydroxy-l-methylethyl]oxy}- V-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide monohydrate a) Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (1.2 mol equiv) in toluene (1.05 rel vol) was added slowly to a mixture of methyl 3-benzoyloxy-5-hydroxy-benzoate (1 mol equiv), (2R)-l-tert- butoxypropan-2-ol (1.2 mol equiv), triphenylphosphine (1.2 mol equiv) and
tetrahydrofuran (7 rel vol) at 0 °C with stirring under a nitrogen atmosphere keeping the temperature below 5 °C. After the addition, the mixture was stirred at 24 °C for 2 h . The mixture was concentrated to 2 rel vol at 90 °C, cooled to 20 °C then iso-hexane (5 rel vol) was added with stirring. The solid product was collected by filtration, washed with thrice with iso hexane then dried to give methyl 3-benzoyloxy-5-[(lS)-2-tert-butoxy-l-methyl- ethoxy]benzoate .
b) A mixture of methyl 3-benzoyloxy-5-[(lS)-2-tert-butoxy-l-methyl-ethoxy]benzoate 1.00 equiv), N-methylpyrrolidone (5 rel vol), 4M sodium hydroxide (4 mol equiv) was heated at 50 °C for 30 min with stirring, then cooled to 20 °C and then methyl tert-butyl ether (5 rel vol) was added and the mixture stirred for 15 min. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was washed twice with ethyl acetate then stirred with 5M hydrochloric acid (3.7 mol equiv) and methyl tert-butyl ether (5 rel vol) for 15 minutes. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with methyl tert- butyl ether (5 rel vol). The combined organic phases were washed with water then dried and evaporated to give 3 -[(lR)-2-tert-butoxy-l-methyl-ethoxy] -5 -hydroxy-benzoic acid. c) A mixture of 3-[(lR)-2-tert-butoxy-l-methyl-ethoxy]-5-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1 mol equiv), dimethyl sulfoxide (3.0 rel vol) and potassium carbonate (2.5 mol equiv) was stirred while water (1 rel vol) was added drop-wise keeping the temperature below 25 °C. The mixture was stirred at 50 °C (external temperature) for 2 h and then a warm solution (40 °C) of azetidin-l-yl-(5-chloropyrazin-2-yl)methanone (1.05 mol equiv) in dimethyl sulfoxide (4.8 rel vol) was added over 3 hours to mixture. Dimethyl sulfoxide (0.2 rel vol ) was added and the mixture stirred for 18 h at 50 °C. The mixture was cooled to 22 °C and then water (8 rel vol) was added over 45 min followed by isopropyl acetate (8 rel vol). The mixture was stirred for 20 min and then separated. The aqueous layer was washed a further twice with isopropyl acetate (8 rel vol) in a similar manner and then the pH of the mixture was carefully adjusted to pH 2-4 with 5M hydrochloric acid (3.9 rel vol). Methyl tert-butyl ether (7 rel vol) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 min. The mixture was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with methyl tert-butyl ether (7 rel vol). The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried and evaporated to give 3-[5-(azetidine-l- carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy-5-[(lS)-2-tert-butoxy-l-methyl-ethoxy]benzoic acid.
d) 5-Methylpyrazin-2-amine (1.12 mol equiv) and N-methylmorpholine (5.0 mol equiv) were added with stirring to a mixture of 3-[5-(azetidine-l-carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy-5- [(lS)-2-tert-butoxy-l-methyl-ethoxy]benzoic acid (1 mol equiv) in dry 2-methyl- tetrahydrofuran (4.0 rel vol) at 20 °C under nitrogen. A solution of 1-propanephosphonic acid cyclic anhydride (T3P) (1.7 mol equiv) in dry 2-methyltetrahydrofuran was added drop-wise with stirring and then the mixture was heated at 80 °C for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to 40-45 °C and then 0.62 molar sodium bicarbonate solution (2.8 mol equiv ) was added carefully keeping the temperature below 50°C. The mixture was stirred for 10 min and then the phases allowed to separate. The aqueous phase was removed and 3.63M phosphoric acid (7.5 mol equiv) was added to the organic phase. The mixture was stirred for 5 mins and then the phases allowed to settle. The aqueous phase was removed and 3.63M phosphoric acid (2.3 mol equiv) was added to the organic phase. The mixture was stirred for 5 mins and then the phases allowed to settle then separated. The organic phase was washed with 0.62M sodium bicarbonate solution (1.2 mol equiv) then evaporated to give 3-[5-(azetidine- 1 -carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy-5-[(l S)-2-tert-butoxy- 1 -methyl-ethoxy]- N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide as an oil.
e) Trifluoroacetic acid (20.0 mol equiv) was added slowly with stirring to a mixture of 3- [5-(azetidine- 1 -carbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy-5-[(l S)-2-tert-butoxy- 1 -methyl-ethoxy]-N-(5- methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide (1 mol equiv) and dichloromethane (6.5 rel vol) maintaining the temperature of the mixture below 25 °C. The mixture was stirred for 16 hours and then added drop-wise with stirring to saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (10 rel vol). The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes and then the organic layer was separated off. The organic layer was distilled to the minimum volume that could be stirred and then ethanol (11 rel vol ) was added. Distillation was continued until the mixture had an internal temperature of > 78 °C. The volume was adjusted to 9 rel vol by adding additional ethanol or distilling off more ethanol as required. The mixture was hot filtered keeping the temperature above 60 °C. The filtrate was cooled to 40 °C over 30 minutes and then seeded with 3-{[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5-{[(15)-2-hydroxy-l- methylethyl]oxy}-N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide Form 2. The mixture was stirred at 5 °C for 6 hours then filtered and the residue washed with ethanol and then dried to constant weight at 40 °C under vacuum to give 3-{[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2- yl]oxy} -5- {[(15)-2-hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy} -N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide Form 2.
f) A mixture of 3-{[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5-{[(15)-2-hydroxy-l- methylethyl]oxy}-N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide Form 2 (1 mol equiv) and ethyl acetate (8 rel vol) was stirred for 2 hours at 17 °C and then water (3 mol equiv) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 minutes. Further water (2 mol equiv) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 minutes. Further water (1 mol equiv) was added and the mixture stirred overnight at 30 °C. The slurry was cooled to 10 °C and held at this temperature for 1.5 hours. The mixture was filtered and the residue was washed with cold ethyl acetate then dried to constant weight to give 3-{[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5- {[(liS)-2-hydroxy-l -methylethyljoxy} -N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide hydrate.
Form 1
Form 1 has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern as shown in Figure C. . Form 1 is characterised in providing an X-ray powder diffraction pattern, substantially as shown in Figure C. Ten X-Ray powder diffraction peaks are shown in Table C:
Table C
Angle 2- Intensity % d value
Theta (2Θ)
19.5 100 4.55
23.8 95.7 3.74
19.8 86.3 4.49
18.9 84.4 4.70
25.7 59.2 3.47 21.2 58.8 4.18
9.5 56.9 9.33
22.3 52.1 3.99
22.7 43.6 3.92
26.1 41.2 3.41
Form 2 is characterised in providing at least one of the following 2Θ values measured using CuKa radiation: 6.5 and 17.0. Form 2 is characterised in providing an X-ray powder diffraction pattern, substantially as shown in Figure D. Ten X-Ray powder diffraction peaks are shown in Table D:
Table D
Ten X-Ray Powder Diffraction peaks for Form 2
Figure imgf000018_0001
For comparison the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the methanol solvate, the nitromethane solvate and the toluene solvate are shown in figures E, F and G respectively.
Biological Activity
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Oral glucose tolerance tests were done on conscious Zucker obese fa/fa rats (age 12-13 weeks or older) fed a high fat diet (45 % kcal fat) for at least two weeks prior to experimentation. The animals were fasted for 2 hours before use for experiments. A test compound or a vehicle was given orally 120 minutes before oral administration of a glucose solution at a dose of 2 g/kg body weight. Blood glucose levels were measured using a Accucheck glucometer from tail bled samples taken at different time points before and after administration of glucose (time course of 60 minutes). A time curve of the blood glucose levels was generated and the area-under-the-curve (AUC) for 120 minutes was calculated (the time of glucose administration being time zero). Percent reduction in glucose excursion was determined using the AUC in the vehicle-control group as zero percent reduction.
The compound of the invention exhibited 48% OGTT activity at lmg/kg.

Claims

Claims
1. A crystalline form of the compound 3 - { [5 -(azetidin- 1 -ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2- yl]oxy } -5 - { [( 15)-2-hydroxy- 1 -methylethyljoxy} -N-(5 -methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide monohydrate having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with peaks at at least one of the following 2-theta values measured using CuKa radiation: 7.7° and 9.0°.
2. A crystalline form as claimed in claim 1 which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with at least two specific peaks at about 2-theta = 7.7° and 9.0°.
3. A crystalline form as claimed in claim 1 which has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern with specific peaks at about 2-theta = 7.7, 9.0, 9.9, 15.2, 18.0, 13.4, 19.8°.
4. A crystalline form of 3-{[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5-{[(15)-2- hydroxy-1 -methylethyljoxy} -N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide monohydrate with an onset of melting at about 96.3° C.
5. A crystalline form as claimed in any one of claims 1, 2 or 3 with an onset of melting at about 96.3° C.
6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a crystalline form as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
7. A process for the formation of a crystalline form as defined in any one of claims 1 to 5 comprising slurrying 3-{[5-(azetidin-l-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5-{[(15)-2- hydroxy-1 -methylethyljoxy} -N-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide in the presence of water.
8. A compound according to any one of claims 1 to 5 for use as a medicament.
9. A compound according to Claim 8, wherein the medicament is a medicament for treatment of a disease mediated through GLK, in particular type 2 diabetes.
10. The use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 5 in the preparation of a medicament for treatment of a disease mediated through GLK.
11. The use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 5 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
12. A method of treating GLK mediated diseases by administering an effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1 to 5 to a mammal in need of such treatment.
13. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising an aqueous suspension of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5.
PCT/GB2011/050828 2010-04-29 2011-04-27 3-{ [5 -(azetidin-1-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2 -yl] oxy} -5-{ [(1s) -2 -hydroxy- 1 -methylethyl]oxy} -n- (5 -methylpyrazin-2-) benzamid monohydrate WO2011135355A1 (en)

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WO2023084313A3 (en) * 2021-09-02 2023-07-13 Conduit Uk Management Ltd Therapeutic cocrystals of 3-{[5-(azetidine-1-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5-{[(1 s)-1 -methyl-2- (methyloxy)ethyl]oxy)-n-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide

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WO2018115845A1 (en) * 2016-12-23 2018-06-28 University Of Newcastle Upon Tyne Treatment of liver disease
WO2023084313A3 (en) * 2021-09-02 2023-07-13 Conduit Uk Management Ltd Therapeutic cocrystals of 3-{[5-(azetidine-1-ylcarbonyl)pyrazin-2-yl]oxy}-5-{[(1 s)-1 -methyl-2- (methyloxy)ethyl]oxy)-n-(5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide

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