WO2011121535A2

WO2011121535A2 - A system and method for managing resources

Info

Publication number: WO2011121535A2
Application number: PCT/IB2011/051326
Authority: WO
Inventors: Arthur Manfred Kruger; Douglas Shannon Swanson; Lyon Van Der Merwe; Victor Manuel Santos Das Neves
Original assignee: Goliath Power Ventures (Pty) Limited
Priority date: 2010-04-01
Filing date: 2011-03-29
Publication date: 2011-10-06
Also published as: WO2011121535A3

Abstract

There is provided a system for managing resources including a resource requirement module to determine the resource requirements of a user and a resource measurement module to determine the number and status of a plurality of sources of resources, wherein at least, some of the plurality of sources provide a resource of a different quality or better applicability. A calculation module applies a plurality of criteria to calculate which one or more sources to access and the amount of resource to use from the one or more sources to optimally supply the user with their resource requirements. Finally, a feedback module to measure the use of the resources by the user to determine whether the user's requirements have been met and to determine if the resources have been used optimally. In one example the resource is energy.

Description

A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MANAGING RESOURCES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method and system for managing resources.

Broadly speaking, a resource is any physical or virtual entity of limited availability.

In the context of the present invention, the resource will be something used by humans or animals to uphold standard of living or sustain the environment. Typical examples of resources include: energy (electricity, gas, paraffin, coal, and renewable energy sources), water, food, clothing, infrastructure (sanitation, transport, and financial system) and other such items that undergo a process of conversion from a raw form to a processed form, followed by a process of packaging, distribution and delivery, suitable for consumption or use.

In many parts of the world it is obvious resource management is either inadequate or lacking.

For example, with water, there exists a dire need for a system to manage the use of water, particularly by households.

With energy, it is trivial to state that there is a current global energy and pollution crisis.

Many different solutions have been proposed to these problems. However, in today's world, almost all needs are provided for drawing from one or two energy sources which normally are the most convenient, have a historically established infrastructure or have accumulated vested interest. An example would be the use of oil for home and space heating whilst electricity provides for lighting. In less developed areas oil may be used for lighting and not space heating.

However no consideration has been given to carefully selecting energy sources, energy conversion processes, by-products of energy conversion processes, potentially useful waste products, and user consumption/behaviour to meet the energy needs of a consumer where multiple sources are available.

The present invention seeks to address this by providing a method and system for managing resources.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an example embodiment of the present invention there is provided a system for managing resources, the system including: a resource requirement module to determine the resource requirements of a user; a resource measurement module to determine the number and status of a plurality of sources of resources, wherein at least some of the plurality of sources provide a resource of a different quality or better applicability; a calculation module to apply a plurality of criteria to calculate which one or more sources to access and the amount of resource to use from the one or more sources to optimally supply the user with their resource requirements; and a feedback module to measure the use of the resources by the user to determine whether the user's requirements have been met and to determine if the resources have been used optimally. The feedback module further identifies changes in needs or resource availability.

The feedback module is further adapted that if the resources have not been used optimally then to suggest more optimal options to the user.

The system further includes an annunciation module that provides information regarding the status of the resources and environmental conditions, the consumption conditions, the average rate of consumption and other such parameters that may provide the user with a sense of the resources' condition and consumption behaviour.

According to another example embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method for managing resources, the method including: determining the resource requirements of a user; determining the number and status of a plurality of sources of resources, wherein at least some of the plurality of sources provide a resource of a different quality or better applicability; applying a plurality of criteria to calculate which one or more sources to access and the amount of resource to use from the one or more sources to optimally supply the user with their resource requirements; and measuring the use of the resources by the user to determine whether the user's requirements have been met and to determine if the resources have been used optimally.

According to another example embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of managing the flow of energy, the method including: determining the number and status of a plurality of energy sources, wherein the plurality of energy sources are different types of energy sources; determining the amount of energy required for a future period for a plurality of energy using devices wherein the plurality of energy using devices are different types of energy using devices; calculating the most efficient method of using the plurality of energy sources to meet the energy requirements for the future period of the plurality of energy using devices; and managing the flow of energy from the plurality of energy sources to the plurality of energy using devices in accordance with the calculated most efficient method.

The status of the energy sources may include the availability of the energy source and the amount of energy that the energy source is able to supply for the future period.

The status of the energy sources may also include the amount of power that the energy source is able to supply for the future period.

The method may also include controlling at least one energy storage device which is able to receive energy from one or more of the energy sources and to store energy therein until it is required to meet the energy needs of one or more of the plurality of energy using devices.

The method may further include: detecting a request for energy supply to one or more of the plurality of energy using devices; using the calculated most efficient method to determine which of the one or more of the energy sources should be selected to supply the energy to meet the request; and activating the selected energy source to meet the request.

The method may also include suggesting alternative energy sources available or suggesting alternative user behaviour in order that the collective energy sources are used more effectively.

The plurality of energy sources could be one or more of solar energy, wind energy, electricity, a residual heat source such as from a cooking device, coal or wood burning fire, gas burning fire or a mechanical generator operable by human power to name a few examples.

According to another example embodiment of the present invention there is provided a system for managing the flow of energy, the system including: a plurality of energy sources wherein the plurality of energy sources are different types of energy sources; a plurality of energy using devices wherein the plurality of energy using devices are different types of energy using devices; and a controller to: determine the number and status of a plurality of energy sources; determine the amount of energy required for a future period for a plurality of energy using devices; calculate the most efficient method of using the plurality of energy sources to meet the energy requirements for the future period of the plurality of energy using devices; and manage the flow of energy from the plurality of energy sources to the plurality of energy using devices in accordance with the calculated most efficient method.

The system may include at least one energy storing device wherein the controller determines the status of the at least one energy storing device and uses any energy stored therein during the energy flow management process, if such use will contribute to overall energy conversion optimization.

According to another example embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of managing water, the method including: determining the number and status of a plurality of water sources, wherein the plurality of sources provide water of a different quality; determining the amount and quality of water required for a future period for at least one water user; calculating the most efficient method of using the plurality of water sources to meet the requirements for the future period; and managing the flow of water from the plurality of sources to the user in accordance with the calculated most efficient method.

According to another example embodiment of the present invention there is provided a system for managing water, the system including: a controller to: determine the number and status of a plurality of water sources, wherein the plurality of sources provide water of a different quality; determine the amount and quality of water required for a future period for at least one water user; and calculate the most efficient method of using the plurality of water sources to meet the requirements for the future period; and

The controller is further adapted to control a plurality of valves to allow water to flow from the plurality of sources to the user in accordance with the calculated most efficient method.

Furthermore the controller is adapted to either direct water flow through a filter or bypass the filter if not required.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

Figure 1 shows a resource management system according to one embodiment;

Figure 2 is an example method to be implemented using the system illustrated in Figure 1 ;

Figure 3 is a schematic view of a system for managing the flow of energy according to an example embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 4 shows an example of input and output parameters for the controller illustrated in Figure 3; Figure 5 is a flow chart illustrating an example methodology that can be implemented by the system of Figure 3;

Figure 6 is an example integrated system for a household using the system of Figure 3;

Figure 7 is a rear view of the example integrated system for a household of Figure 6;

Figure 8 is an example showing example efficiencies of various energy conversion paths;

Figure 9 shows a water management system according to one embodiment;

Figure 10 shows the controller and associated components to control the system of Figure 9;

Figure 11 is an example method to be implemented using the system illustrated in Figures 9 and 10; and

Figure 12 shows another example embodiment of a water management system.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The. present invention according to this preferred embodiment provides a system and method to manage resources.

As mentioned above, a resource could be any physical or virtual entity of limited availability.

Referring to Figure 1 , a system 10 for managing resources is illustrated. I n one embodiment of the invention, the system 10 includes a number of modules as illustrated.

These modules described below may be implemented by a machine- readable medium embodying instructions which, when executed by a machine, cause the machine to perform any of the methods described herein.

In another example embodiment the modules may be implemented using firmware programmed specifically to execute the method described herein.

It will be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention are not limited to such architecture, and could equally well find application in a distributed or peer-to-peer architecture system. Thus the modules illustrated could be located on one or more servers operated by one or more institutions.

It will also be appreciated that in any of these cases the modules form a physical apparatus with physical modules specifically for executing the steps of the method described herein.

The system also includes a memory 20, typically in the form of one or more databases that store data therein used by the modules of the system.

In any event, the system 10 includes a resource requirement module 12 to determine the resource requirements of a user.

These resource requirements could be determined by accessing the memory 20 and obtaining resource usage data from the memory 20 which data sets out the resource usage of the user for one or more past predetermined periods.

This resource usage data could then be used as is, or alternatively, this data could be massaged using resource usage altering factor data also storecl in the memory 20, which may affect the user's resource requirements for a future predetermined period when compared to the one or more past predetermined periods.

In another example, the resource requirement module 12 determines the resource requirements of the user by receiving a request for resources from the user via a communications network 24.

The resource requirements module 12, once the resource requirements of the user have been determined, typically stores this information in memory 20.

A resource measurement module 14 determines the number and status of a plurality of sources of resources, wherein at least some of the plurality of sources provide a resource of a different quality or better applicability, given a particular need or demand.

These resources may be assessed on the basis of best cost, best availability and most suitable infrastructure availability or provision.

The number and status of a plurality of sources are either measured by sensors connected to these sources which feed data directly into the system 10 or alternatively or in addition, the system 10 can receive data from external systems with this information.

Additionally, the system 10 may access data available from an open forum such as the global positioning system (GPS) or other such wireless or cable based system or systems and incorporate such data to enhance the evaluation of a resource status.

It will be appreciated that depending on the nature of the resource to be supplied the information received regarding the source and the quality or suitability of the resource supplied will differ. Where the resource needs to be purchased by the user, one important factor will be the cost of the resource including the costs of delivery of the resource to the user.

Another important factor will almost always be the quantity of the resource that is available.

Non-limiting example of said resources may be any one of the following:

Nutritional health or food requirement - it is well known that one of the largest industries globally is the weight control industry. This is a misnomer in many respects as the problem may relate not necessarily to obesity or a medical condition but a lack of information on the part of the user or person to be able to make informed decisions with respect to his or her own dietary needs. The natural evolution of man and the accompanying uplifting of living standards invariably have led to an oversupply of resources (commonly called food in this case) and free choice that has become debilitating. Accompanying this situation is the lack of resource measurement in this case, primarily due to a lack of access to a proper needs analysis or nutritional needs analysis for the individual.

Even in today's modern environment we then have a situation where nutritional health of the individual is and 'averaging affair' and only in cases of health risk or high performance requirements are the costly efforts of measuring metabolism behaviour and nutritional status warranted.

The current invention proposes a solution to the progressive decay in general health conditions, aggravated by ill nutrition and lack of information by making use of an apparatus that measures the individual's metabolic condition and other physiological parameters to determine nutrient requirements at any given time; the said time being immediate or possibly an average weekly need or any other period that may produce positive results. The measurement is done by determining for example the following parameters but not limited to the following parameters: levels of blood sugar, glucose affinity, cholesterol status, blood group, body mass index, heart rate, blood pressure, time of day, ambient temperature, anticipated level of activity, sex, age and possibly other relevant parameters.

Said parameters are then processed through known medical references and knowledge to arrive at a diagnosis of physical health or condition of the individual. Given the average known health indicators of an average healthy person and drawing from past stored information of the particular individual, recommendations can now be made, regarding nutritional requirements or needs. These requirements can then be translated into food types, food volume and desired or preferred food groups.

Finally the apparatus can be supplied with an inventory of available food to choose from which enables the apparatus to find or seek an optimum selection of food type and food volume to meet the define individual's nutritional needs.

It will be appreciated that this embodiment eliminates the uncertainty of selecting the correct nutritional food types and groups for a specific individual. It can also be appreciated that, given a limited supply of food the apparatus can make recommendation as to the most appropriate or optimum means of providing for the individual's nutritional needs.

Clearly a history can be built up that will create a self learning environment as the history record grows, thereby aiding the individual not only in selecting the most appropriate food but also improving recommendations as time progresses.

The recommendations will be generated by calculation to determine the optimal solution, given the measured nutritional needs and measured available resources or food, as well as making use of prior information stored, that will be fed back to the new calculations to improve accuracy and relevance.

It will also be appreciated that this apparatus need not be classified as a medical device to be useful. Even a rudimentary guide with respect to the required nutrients required by the individual could make a substantial difference in the individual's health.

A calculation module 16 applies a plurality of criteria to calculate which one or more sources to access and the amount of resource to use from the one or more sources to optimally supply the user with their resource requirements.

Criteria applied may include but are not limited to a) maximizing the availability of a particular resource, b) anticipating or predicting the need for a particular resource with special character, based on consumption patterns and therefore diverting consumptions of such resource to a later or future time which will lead to the ultimate future optimised result, c) determining the status of all available resources and all needs prior to making a calculation, using past, present and predicted future conditions of resources and needs and including such in the calculation process and d) incorporating known long term time line information such as seasonality and its implications.

It will be appreciated that in this application a local optimum (maximising of resources through conversion efficiency optimisation or through selection of the most suitable resource for the required need and hence efficacy optimisation - where a resource may by measured in monetary terms and the need be in energy, water, time or other terms) may not necessarily be a global optimum, as in the case of a collection of users of which the measured optimum forms a collection of all user optima. The concept of optimum therefore will be embedded in the specific application and the specific definition of the optimisation goal. Nevertheless, the current invention makes provision for the inclusion of this variability and the possibility of determining the specific optimisation objective to be built into the device or apparatus at the time of defining the specific application. This capability makes it possible to devise a system that makes use of a multiplicity of locally optimising systems whilst recognizing the collective effect and hence already incorporating in each individual system the capability to integrate and work towards a global optimum as first priority with all local optima as secondary priority.

A feedback module 18 measures the use of the resources by the user to determine whether the user's requirements have been met and to determine if the resources have been used optimally.

This can again either be done by sensors set up to measure the usage of the resources by the user. Alternatively or in addition, usage data could be supplied by third-party systems back to the system 10.

The feedback module 18 further identifies changes in needs or resource availability.

Another characteristic of the feedback module 18 may be to provide a scalable system that can be offered or delivered to the user, thereby optimally satisfying his or her needs. As an example, a typical embodiment of this characteristic may be described as follows. When the user needs a specific amount of energy provided by a container containing liquid petroleum gas, methane gas or other energy carrier in the measured quantity, the feedback module 18 can be informed of such a predetermined quantity such as a specific weight of gas available per predetermined period, for example a month.

The feedback module 18 can then determine the best allocation of resources to ensure that the amount of energy available extends to the end of the predetermined period. It is then possible to provide an upgraded system if the amount of gas is available per predetermined period. The feedback module 18 can be programmed with this new or different information and can now recalculate the availability of the resources, based on the consumption patterns that exist. The end result will be a perceived larger/high energy availability system, making energy available on increased daily basis but still providing a means to extend the resource availability over the predetermined period.

The feedback module 18 is further adapted that if the resources have not been used optimally then to suggest more optimal options to the user.

This is typically done via annunciation device 22. The annunciation device 22 could be a screen on which text is displayed to a user or could be a speaker that plays voice prompts to a user to name but two examples.

Thus it will be appreciated that an integrated resource management system and method optimises the resource supply, maximizing usefulness of all resources to meet a user's needs.

In one example embodiment, the resource is energy and a system and method are provided to select the most appropriate sources, conversion processes and needs at any given point in time, such that it will result in providing for a user's needs for the longest possible time.

The above statement can be written mathematically as follows: max

where

E_need. = energy required for need i,

E_S0UTCe = energy available from source j, Effk ⁼ efficiency of conversion process k and

= maximum product selected from all viable conversion possibilities given n sources andp conversion paths with respective efficiencies.

Referring to Figures 3-8 of the accompanying drawings, a system for managing the flow of energy is illustrated.

The system includes a plurality of energy sources 26 wherein the plurality of energy sources are different types of energy sources. These could be one or more of solar energy, wind energy, electricity, a residual heat source such as from a cooking device, coal or wood burning fire, gas burning fire or a mechanical generator operable by human power to name a few examples.

The system also includes at least one energy storing device (not shown) for storing energy. Such energy storing devices may be an electrochemical battery or cell, a container containing methane gas or liquid petroleum gas or a container containing heated water, for example

In addition, energy sources could also include combined sources such as a combined cycle generator producing electrical power and heat power from a single energy source.

In this regard, the system may further include at least one energy conversion device to convert energy from one form to another either as a single conversion or as a co-conversion whereby a single energy source is converted to multiple energy forms, different to the original energy source. An example of this might be a gas driven generator delivering electricity while being water cooled thereby heating the water.

For purposes of this specification, power is understood in the natural sense as the rate at which an energy resource can supply energy. The system also includes a plurality of energy using devices 28 wherein the plurality of energy using devices are different types of energy using devices. These may include electric lights, heating devices, cooling devices, refrigeration, water heating devices, cooking devices, electrical or electronic devices to name but a few examples.

A controller 30 is used to control the system as will be described in more detail below.

The controller 30 can be a microcontroller, a field programmable logic array, or a combination of components that can execute an algorithm of the kind described, for example.

The controller includes a plurality of modules as described in Figure 1 which carry out the functions of the controller.

In any event, the controller 30 includes a memory 20 and a central processing unit 32 or similar logic processing device.

The controller is connected to the plurality of energy sources 26 via a data module 34 to input sensors 36.

The input sensors 36 are connected to the plurality of sources 26 to determine the status of the plurality of sources. This includes whether the source is operational, partially operational or not operational.

The input sensors 36 also measure certain measurable parameters pertaining to the plurality of sources 26 which may include mass, pressure, volume, temperature, flow, intensity, electrical potential, electrical current, kinetic energy or any other parameter that can be measured and would give an indication of the energy content of the source. The input sensors 36 are therefore selected to operate on the suitable measurable parameter. ln addition, the input sensors are able to determine at any given time the amount of energy being supplied by a particular source 26 and/or the amount of energy that can be supplied.

This data is fed back to a resource measurement module 14 of the controller 30 via data module 34. It will be appreciated that the controller 30 must be able to interpret the data according to the characteristics of the measurable source parameters and must be flexible to be updated as the source type and status changes.

In addition, the resource requirements module 12 of the controller 30 is connected to the plurality of energy using devices 28, typically via at least one output device 38. In this manner, the controller 30 is able measure the plurality of energy using devices and an energy controller module (not shown) is used to send control signals 40 to the plurality of energy using devices.

The output devices 28 are chosen to operate on the necessary output requirements and may be electrical switches, electromechanical valves, servomotors, stepper motors, electromagnetic device, electromagnetic fields or similar or combination of the above to name but a few examples.

The controller 30 is also connected to an annunciation device 22. The device 22 is used to inform the user of the system's condition or conditions. The annunciation device 22 could be a screen on which text is displayed to a user or could be a speaker that plays voice prompts to a user to name but two examples.

The annunciation device 22 can be used to suggest alternative behaviour patterns to the user that will result in more efficient use of the collective energy sources available.

In any event, the controller 30 via the sensors 36 determines the number and status of the plurality of energy sources 26. It is understood that suggested alternative user behaviour can come about once the controller has collected sufficient user behaviour data and energy source data and can suggest viable alternate user behavior or automatically introduce alternate behaviour through modifying access to various energy sources

The controller 30, specifically the calculation module 16, also determines the amount of energy required for a future period for the plurality of energy using devices 28.

The future period could be 24 hours, for example.

It will be appreciated that in the case of solar power, for example, a future period of 24 hours will be useful while in the case of a gas container, a future period could be the period that the container will last, for example. This period could be one month or two weeks for example when two gas containers per month are provided

The energy requirements for the future period could be determined based on a monitoring of historical usage or could be user defined. The historical usage includes not only the amount of energy required but also the time at which energy is required and therefore also includes the total amount of energy required at any given time during the future period.

Using this information, the calculation module 16 of the controller 30 calculates the most efficient method of using the plurality of energy sources 26 to meet the energy requirements for the future period of the plurality of energy using devices 28.

An example of a mechanism that the controller can use to determine the most efficient energy conversion process is a Bayesian decision making process, with some adaption. In the case of making use of the mathematical advantages of Bayesian networks, nodes are replaced with conversion processes, intermediate storages and/or secondary conversion processes whilst arcs (probabilistic dependences) are replaced with process efficiency. It is understood that other multivariate optimization methods can be used to determine the most efficient energy conversion process and path.

In one example embodiment, the Bayesian decision making process is implemented as follows. Bayesian networks (causal probabilistic networks, or causal networks) are acyclic graphs in which nodes represent random variables and arcs represent probabilistic dependences among them. A Bayesian network is a graphical, qualitative illustration of the interactions among the set of variables that it models. Usually the structure of the directed graph mimics the causal structure of the modeled domain, although this is not necessary. In some cases it may mimic the functional nature of a system. Given that the structure is causal, (variables interact on each other in a predetermined structure but without predetermined results due to the interaction being complex and varying) modular insight into the interactions among the variables can be obtained which allows for prediction of effects of external manipulation.

A Bayesian network also represents the quantitative relationships among the modeled variables. Usually it represents the (numerical) joint probability distribution among the modeled variables. It is typical to describe each node by a probability distribution conditional on its direct predecessors. Nodes with no predecessors are described by prior probability distributions. Such distributions can then be described efficiently by exploring the probabilistic independences among the modeled variables.

Referring now to Figure 5 and Figure 8 of the drawings, in Figure 5 the process defined as "Evaluate all energy conversion path efficiencies" can be further explained as follows.

In Figure 8 the system and more specifically the energy flow paths are depicted in a similar fashion as one would find in the case of a Bayesian network. As mentioned above, Bayesian network nodes are replaced with conversion processes, intermediate storages and/or secondary conversion processes whilst Bayesian network arcs (probabilistic dependences) are replaced with process efficiency. This makes it possible to use the mathematical tools and advantages thereof to calculate various efficiency paths and determine the most efficient option possible at any given point in time, given that the mathematical calculation is done continuously and in time.

As an example of how modified Bayesian network theory (variables and arcs used as described above) can be applied, consider the total efficiencies of the following gas energy flow paths in Figure 6. Path A (Gas- Hot water-Water storage-Hot water for personal hygiene) results in an overall efficiency of 56% whilst path B (Gas- Stove- Hot water- Water storage-Hot water for personal hygiene) results in 20% and path C (Gas- Engine-Hot water-Water storage-Hot water for personal hygiene) results in 44%. This information being, calculated in time and therefore being available in real time as the system operates and conditions vary, makes it possible to make informed decisions that will result in energy optimal use, being the primary objective. Considering the above situation, three matters arise, the first being priority, the second being preference of one conversion path compared to another and the third being the availability of energy or power source (renewable energy source).

Firstly, path A should be the preferred path at 56% to generate hot water for personal use. However the integrated approach of this embodiment makes it possible to consider alternate paths of which the conversion efficiencies are know in advance through the modified Bayesian network approach. Consider path -C which comes about if, at the same time as requiring hot water, it is necessary to run the generator to charge batteries or power other appliances. This process will result in residual heat with which water can be heated using residual heat from the engine (the latter which will be wasted if not used). Given that the engine residual heat is extracted in such a manner that it can be used to heat water, such a secondary conversion path - path C, will result in a 44% conversion efficiency of energy. While this is less than the 56% of path A it needs to be recognised that the residual heat energy lost in the engine should be used while it is available, prior to using path A, the latter of which will result in the consumption of gas that can be utilsed at a later stage. In this case then, path C will be utilized at first and only when not adequate to meet the hot water demand will path A be added.

Alternatively, consider path B which, similarly, results in a 20% conversion efficiency, but utilizes the lost heat energy from a conventional stove or cooking utility Again, priority will be given to path B and path A utilized only when paths C and B prove inadequate.

Secondly, in the matter of preference, when considering the additional Gas- Engine-Generator-Battery path, which is relevant, when charging the battery is also necessary for anticipated later use to provide in electrical power, this path, together with path C now results in 58% total conversion efficiency, meaning that the combined path C may now be preferred over path A.

In the third place, in this example three gas energy conversion paths are possible. In addition, another conversion path needs to be considered. Path D (Solar thermal energy-Thermal collector-Hot water-Water storage-Hot water for personal hygiene) with 17% conversion efficiency uses a renewable source (solar thermal energy or infra red energy from the sun). When this source is available during day time it should take precedence over the use of gas. However, it should be considered in conjunction with possible residual energy available (for example from the generator engine when the latter is running) and possibly be diverted to other needs where required.

Given other additional information (availability of gas in this case, availability of solar thermal energy, need for hot water, user usage patterns built up based on history of usage), together with the available energy path efficiencies obtained from using a modified Bayesian network, it is possible to always select the optimal energy usage path or paths to satisfy demand. Similarly, other examples in the same preferred embodiment may include decision making resulting from the availability and use of electrical power (grid power), solar electric energy or gas for the powering of electrical appliances. It is obvious that the complexity of such a system, viewed holistically, necessitates the use of multivariate decision making to obtain the individual path efficiencies continuously and in addition provide information with respect to the availability of energy as well as priority.

Once the most efficient method or path or paths is calculated, the controller 30 manages the flow of energy from the plurality of energy sources 26 to the plurality of energy using devices 28 in accordance with the calculated most efficient method or path or paths.

Figure 5 is a flow chart illustrating an example methodology that can be implemented by the system of Figure 3.

A 24 hour cycle is started because renewable resources are often coupled to a 24 hour cycle such as solar power and to a lesser extent wind power. It will be appreciated that this period could be any other suitably selected time period such as the estimated period for a gas container to empty.

The status of all available energy sources is then determined. Depending on the energy source, this will be done in any one of a number of different methods. For example, the weight of a gas bottle could be determined or the volume of liquid petroleum fuel could be measured. In addition the available power levels can be determined by measuring levels from solar radiation collection devices. Heat available from a secondary process such as an open flame cooking process that may be taking place may be detected and the excess heat available determined.

In any event, once all sources of energy are identified, measured and quantified an inventory is established, together with knowledge of convertibility, possible efficiency levels and suitable format for compatibility with needs that may be determined later.

A short term 24 hour prediction can now be made of the available energy for that period. This is done by reading a user consumption history file from memory 20 to determine longer term behaviour.

Next, the real time status of all energy requirements is determined. The energy requirements include real time usage and real time rate of use or more specifically real time power levels. Needs may include lighting, cooking, space heating, refrigeration, space cooling, power for radios, TVs etc. All needs are considered as separate energy needs. The result is that, because each of these needs is treated differently, specific energy sources can be considered for specific needs such that all conversion processes when summed will result in the best possible collective efficiency. This is only possible when viewing all needs and resources collectively.

Given the above determination of all needs and the prior knowledge of long term user behaviour, alternative user behaviour can be identified. If no alternative is possible, all conversion path efficiencies are evaluated as a collective. The most efficient collective energy conversion path may be determined using a decision tool based on Bayesian networks (in modified form, elaborated on elsewhere) or similar method.

Collective evaluation implies that the equation set out above is met, resulting in a maximized energy conversion efficiency for the current conditions. Once the best efficiency path (combination of paths) is determined it is selected.

Now the available energy and the user needs can be compared and it is possible to determine the probability of meeting the user's needs. It is also necessary to consider the probability that not all energy sources are deterministically known such as the availability of solar power for the rest of the current 24 hour cycle. If the user needs can be met it is possible to proceed using the determined best efficiency path. At the same time the user profile can be updated for future use.

If alternative user behaviour is possible this can be suggested to the user via the annunciation device 22. Examples of this may include using hot water towards the latter part of a day (which will make it possible to use solar thermal energy and not non-renewable sources for the heating of water). Another example would be to suggest the combination of cooking and the use of hot water, the latter heated by collected residual heat from the cooking process or any other situation that will result in better potential total energy conversion efficiency. If the suggested alternative behaviour is acceptable the controller 30 can proceed to evaluate all energy conversion paths in order that the best efficiency option can be found. If the alternative is not acceptable the controller 30 can proceed to determine if all needs can be met.

If it is not possible to meet all the user needs the user will be informed and alternatives suggested. Alternatives may include the suggested reduction of consumption or decision by the user to reduce consumption.

It should be appreciated that, different to known demand side management techniques, the current proposed technology, recognises a multiple of sources that could meet a specific need and therefore does not only act on the demand but also on intelligent selection from more than one possible source, in addition to providing demand side information and/or advise.

Referring now to Figures 6 and 7, in one embodiment of the invention, a single integrated unit is supplied that can become transported individually, mounted and assembled on-site in a convenient location such as in a household. Said embodiment can be constructed in such a manner that service delivery equipment (lighting, stove, microwave, inverter) can be mounted internal to the dwelling, whilst energy storage and conversion devices (gas bottles, battery, engine/generator) can be mounted external to the dwelling. This can be done by constructing the mentioned embodiment in a compartmentalized way such that, once placed in a typical standard door frame the mentioned results (internal and external to the dwelling) are achieved.

In an example application, a rural home may have energy needs that exhibit all the aspects of a typical family home with respect to lighting, heating, refrigeration, cooking etc. but may not necessarily require the same levels of consumption (kWh demand). Such an application presents a particular problem in that, being rural the cost of electrical reticulation is higher than the consumption would warrant. Secondly, the use of LPG or other petroleum based products does not address energy needs such as electrical power for lighting, entertainment and education. In addition, if the latter is currently the only accessible form of energy, low efficiency lighting results as well as inconvenient and wasteful cooking methods based on wood and coal.

The proposed system, an example of which is illustrated in Figures 6 and 7, is constructed as a single stand-alone unit 42, containing all the elements of a typical energy system. The advantage of the proposed solution is vested in its modularity. All energy sources, energy needs and conversion processed are included in a single unit. Apart from its applicability in the mentioned application, it lends itself to the implementation of the proposed new technology being an integrated energy flow management algorithm.

Available energy sources include LPG 44, electricity 46, solar thermal modules (not shown), photovoltaic modules 48, a generator 50 and human power (not shown). Needs that can be addressed (including the necessary equipment) are cooking 52, heating 54 (water and space heating), lighting and 230Vac electrical supply 56. Conversion processes include an inverter, gas powered engine with generator, thermal exchanger and batteries. The components (supply and demand) are all integrated through the integrated energy flow management system, based on the proposed algorithm. Thus the modular system can supply to the household with its energy needs whilst implementing the efficiency advantages of the system and method described above.

Thus it will be appreciated that an integrated energy flow management system and method is developed that aims at optimising total energy efficiency, maximizing usefulness of all energy sources to meet a user's needs.

The proposed technology integrates the user decision making as part of the system, thereby creating a system which determines the best possible user consumption conditions, given a specific set of energy input conditions, resulting in the best efficiency possible. This characteristic, made possible by the integrated nature of viewing the energy flow system, builds some of the environmental consciousness (responsible consumption) into a mechanical energy management system and thereby starts to introduce global policy decision making into user equipment. As such a new possibility opens up whereby envisioned difficult global environmental legislation may now be introduced in user equipment that will not only result in the implementation of non-enforceable policy or legislation but will also benefit the user (energy consumer) almost directly.

A significant further novelty of the new technology is found in the fact that it can be used to influence the consumer patterns with respect to energy sources. If LPG is used in a low income household it is costly to supply all energy needs using this source only. In addition LPG is viewed as a luxury energy source. Therefore low income households revert to less efficient and less clean energy sources.

If a technology should become available that can supply in the low energy consumption household's needs whereby all needs are addresses including heating, electricity, cooking etc. with LPG as the main carrier but also making use of other sources such as solar heat energy (infra red) and solar photovoltaic (near UV) being the sources, it is possible that lower income households may start using this as an energy source and therefore solve the presently existing problem whereby no single energy source (or carrier) can meet the energy needs of lower income, lower energy consuming households.

The latter can result in a change in the energy sources being consumed today. Since the new technology takes cognisance of all energy requirements or needs and can assist in managing the decision making with respect to considering the best source for a given need, it may result in a lower energy consumption household consumption pattern shifting to LPG. This would be in line with the world trend, which does not consider lower income household behaviour at this time.

Therefore it should be recognised that the proposed system and method for managing the flow of energy, results in energy optimal use that, different from supply (more efficient generation) or demand (energy saving through checked use) focus makes it possible to address overall energy efficient use starting at the dwelling (private home) level but resulting in a global effect if implemented area wide, regionally, nationally, continentally and in the final analysis globally. While the latter statement seems obvious, the mechanism through which this can be achieved (made possible by the proposed system and method) now becomes realistic and not simply an esoteric wish.

Essentially the proposed technology could inherently lead to behavioral change, including preferred energy source/s as mentioned due to its fractal nature. It can be illustrated as follows. The proposed system and method can be implemented as a free standing operational unit (per house or dwelling - used as an example of the smallest feasible unit). No regulation, education (on energy saving or management), control or external management is required to operate energy optimally. Once the same system and method is applied to a multiple of homes, dwellings or service points a level of usage of a particular energy source may be reached that will start to modify infrastructure, as in the example of LPG mentioned above. As such the advantage of energy optimal use can start to duplicate itself on a macro (community, area) scale, based on the same micro (household) pattern.

It will also be appreciated that by implementing the system at a microlevel (for individual households) the system will have a macro effect.

The proposed system and method aims to modify energy use and profiles without the need for legislated or enforced management and/or control, leading to optimal use of available energy sources or similar.

One natural energy source that now exists is biogas which typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas originates from biogenic material and is a type of biofuel.

Biogas is practically produced as landfill gas (LFG) or digester gas.

A biogas plant is the name often given to an anaerobic digester that treats farm wastes or energy crops.

As with the uncovering of other new sources of energy (shale gas, coal seam gas, algae growth), especially in lesser developed countries, a particular problem arises. This problem relates to demand and not supply. It is conceivable that the same applies to biogas in that it is, in reality, freely available as a byproduct of human existence but it is not utilized due to the fact that no viable system or method exists that can make use of it.

This new system and method can provide a solution to situations where biomass can be made available as an energy source and be used for all energy needs including electrical power for lighting, TV, radio microwave and not only heat for space heating, cooking etc. Biogas can be produced utilizing anaerobic digesters. These plants can be fed with energy crops such as maize silage or biodegradable wastes including sewage sludge and food waste. During the process, an air-tight tank transforms biomass waste into methane producing renewable energy that can be used for heating, electricity, and many other operations that use any variation of an internal combustion engine or external combustion engine.

In developing nations, domestic biogas plants can be used to convert livestock manure and night soil into biogas and slurry, the fermented manure. This technology is feasible for small holders with livestock producing 50 kg manure per day, an equivalent of about 6 pigs or 3 cows. This manure has to be collectable to mix it with water and feed it into the plant. Toilets can be connected. Another precondition is the temperature that affects the fermentation process. With an optimum at 36 C° the technology especially applies for those living in a (sub) tropical climate. This makes the technology for small holders in developing countries often suitable.

Biogas in bottled form has interesting potential and an extract from a research paper conducted in Pakistan sketches the picture.

Pakistan is one of the developing countries with very low energy consumption, correspondingly low standard of living and high population growth. The country is trying to improve its living standards by increasing its energy consumption and establishing appropriate industries. It has immense hydropower potential, which is almost untapped at the present time. Employment generation and poverty alleviation are the two main issues related with rural development. These issues can be tackled by rural industrialization using local resources and appropriate technologies. However, a sufficient number of industries cannot be set up in rural areas due to the scarcity of energy supply i.e. electricity, diesel etc. Biogas, a renewable fuel may be able to fill the gap in energy availability in the rural areas. Biogas can supply energy in close proximity to biogas plants. The wide spread application and therefore mobility of biogas is only possible through the bottling of biogas. In Pakistan a model was conceptualized to bottle the biogas in cylinders and then use it to power the rural industries. It is found that use of bottled biogas can save diesel of the worth US $ 147 in 12 hours and also generate employment for 12 persons.

Rarely, as also in this case, is the importance of biogas for a household or single home recognised. This is one of the aims of the proposed system and technology - to create a mechanism through which biogas become the preferred energy source for households, where applicable in rural and less densely populated parts of the world.

Referring to Figures 9-12, in another embodiment a system for managing water is illustrated.

The present invention according to this preferred embodiment provides a system and method to select the most appropriate water sources and delivery mechanisms at any given point in time, such that it will result in providing for a user's water needs while optimizing available water and minimizing cost and energy required to treat and manage the process.

Referring to Figure 9, a system for managing the flow of water is illustrated.

In one embodiment of the invention, the system controls the supply of water to a single dwelling 58. It will be appreciated that the system could supply water to a number of such dwellings.

The system has a number of water inputs 60-66 where each of the water inputs supplies water from a different water source.

In addition, in the illustrated embodiment, the quality of water from the different sources is also different. It will be appreciated that the number of water inputs may differ and the various qualities of water may differ from installation to installation.

In the illustrated embodiment the water sources are rain water which is collected in a reservoir 68 and then fed into water input 60.

Input 62 is connected to a mains water supply such as the water supplied from a central water works. This water is also typically potable.

Input 64 is connected to a borehole water source which supplies potable water.

Input 66 is connected to a grey water source. Grey water refers to water generated from domestic activities such as laundry and dishwashing for example. It is able to be recycled on-site for use such as irrigation.

It will be appreciated that whilst each of the inputs shown in the Figure are supply water of a different quality, there could be more than one input that supplies water of the same quality. For example, there could be a second input from a mains water supply or a second input from a bore hole.

The system includes a number of valves 70 associated with the various inputs to control the flow of water from each input to the house. These valves are controlled by a controller 72 shown in more detail in Figure 10. Each of the valves incorporates a check valve. Such a check valve prevents the flow of water from one source directly into another source.

The input pipes 60-66 are connected via the system to output pipes 74 which carry the water to the house. There may be a number of output pipes 74 for different types of water, even though only two of these are illustrated. The controller can be a microcontroller, a field programmable logic array, or a combination of components that can execute an algorithm of the kind described, for example.

The controller 72 receives input parameters indicating availability of water from all sources via a plurality of input sensors 76. The input parameters may include information such as the. weight or volume of the water source and the quality of the water. For example, collected rainwater can be considered available water at the lowest cost, provided that the quality is acceptable and should therefore be the preferred source if available. Controller 72 may also measure water quality using the appropriate input from sensors installed in the water paths.

The input sensors 76 are connected to the plurality of water sources to determine the status of the plurality of water sources. This includes whether the source is available, how much reserve is left and what the condition/quality of the water is (whether it is fit for human consumption, irrigation or grey water usage such as flushing toilets).

Additionally the controller 72 can also manage the operation of a water purifying unit should it be required. This water purifier can be any of several known technologies one of which may be ultraviolet radiation, active carbon and small particle filtering, reverse osmosis or similar processes.

The controller 72 incorporates data collection capability whilst a memory is connected to the controller.

The controller 72 controls the valves 70 by way of outputs 78.

In addition, the input sensors 76 are able to determine at any given time the amount of water being supplied by a particular source and/or the amount of water that can be supplied. This data is fed back to the controller 72. It will be appreciated that the controller 72 must be able to interpret the data according to the characteristics of the measurable source parameters and must be flexible to be updated as the source type and status changes.

According to the embodiment the availability of water from the various sources may vary from time to time or in some cases may not be available.

Similarly the water needs of the dwelling or dwellings may vary from time to time and from season to season. Incorporated in the water need may be inadvertent wasteful habits and or water leakages that can often compete with normal consumption. The present invention has as its objective the adaption of the available water sources to the dwelling water needs at all points in time.

The proposed system, incorporated in the embodiment, contains all the elements required to achieve the objective. It will be appreciated that the integrated water flow management system, process and apparatus aims at optimising water resources thereby prolonging the usefulness of the available resources. Additionally according to another objective of the invention, by relying on the integrated approach, the cost of the water can be optimised. This is made possible through taking cognizance of all available sources at all times and placing priority on the least cost water source or conversely the most potable water. As an example this may be collected uncontaminated rainwater or grey water. This could be waste water from sources in which water contamination is minimal or from a river or stream.

From the perspective of consumption it may be that clean potable water fit for human consumption is not always required. In some cases water for irrigation may be required. In such cases less clean water may suffice.

The controller 72 in the embodiment has additional input sensors 80 that indicate the water use or water needs so that the controller can therefore make available the most appropriate water - in volume and quality - for the application. This prevents the unnecessary expense in providing clean water when not required, especially if suitable water for say, irrigation is available. The latter may be from a local borehole that can now provide in the water demand without purification. The same borehole as a source may then be used at a later point in time to provide water for human consumption by passing it through a purification system 82 provided in the embodiment.

The controller 72 is also connected to an annunciation device 22. The device 22 is used to inform the user of the water condition or conditions. The annunciation device 22 could be a screen on which text is displayed to a user or could be a speaker that plays voice prompts to a user to name but two examples.

The annunciation device 22 can be used to suggest alternative behaviour patterns to the user that will result in more efficient use of the collective water sources available.

It is understood that suggested alternative user behaviour can come about once the controller has collected sufficient user behaviour data and water source data and can suggest viable alternate user behaviour.

The controller 72 also determines the amount of water required for a future period for the plurality of water using devices.

The future period could be one month, for example.

The water requirements for the future period could be determined based on a monitoring of historical usage or could be user defined. The historical usage includes not only the amount of water required but also the quality of water required by defining water used for human consumption, irrigation and grey water applications. Using this information, the controller 72 calculates the most efficient method of using the plurality of water sources to meet the water requirements for the future period.

An example of a mechanism that the controller can use to determine the most efficient water consumption process is the prioritizing of water sources according to water quality, availability and applicability. This will build up an inventory of the available resources. Following that the controller can use the historical usage of the water (for the various needs) to determine the optimal allocation of the water to achieve the most economical route to follow in providing the user's needs for the lowest water production input cost and prolonging the available water supply for the longest possible period.

Given other additional information (long term weather patterns, geographical location availability of solar data (impacting on evaporation), local user usage patterns built up based on history of usage), together with the available water volumes (suitable for any give application), it is possible to always select the optimal water usage option or options to satisfy demand. It is obvious that the complexity of such a system, viewed holistically, necessitates the use of multivariate decision making to obtain the most applicable source of water continuously and in addition provide information with respect to the availability of water.

Once the most efficient water delivery path/s is/are calculated, the controller 72 manages the flow of water from the plurality of water sources to the water flow management system in accordance with the calculated most effective method or path or paths.

The status of all available water sources is determined continuously. Depending on the water source, this will be done in any one of a number of different methods. For example, the weight of a rain storage tank could be measured or the level of water in a storage tank could be measured. In addition the available rain water potential can be determined by measuring humidity levels and other parameters indicative of rainfall potential.

In any event, once all sources of water are identified, measured and quantified an inventory is established, together with knowledge of applicability.

A short term prediction (one month) can now be made of the available water for that period. This is done by reading a user consumption history file from memory 20 to determine longer term behaviour.

Next, the real time status of all water requirements is determined. The water requirements include real time usage and real time rate of use or more specifically real time consumption levels. Needs may include human consumption, cleaning, irrigation, toilet flushing and other. All needs are considered as separate water needs. The result is that, because each of these needs is treated differently, specific water sources can be considered for specific needs such that all delivery processes when summed will result in the best possible collective application of the available water resources. This is only possible when viewing all water needs and resources collectively, together with historical data and future predictions.

It should be noted that water loss through leaking pipes and abusive behaviour can also be considered a water use. The proposed system and apparatus can be used to identify such leaks or losses that may be substantial - as much as 30% of all consumption - and the user informed accordingly.

It is possible to detect leaks by making use of an algorithm that can recognise the signature of a water leak - typically low, continuous flow - that is significantly different from usual patterns of usage.

Given the above determination of all needs and the prior knowledge of long term user behaviour, alternative user behaviour can be identified. If no alternative is possible, all water delivery paths are evaluated as a collective. The most efficient collective water delivery may be determined using actual data, statistical data, predicted needs and mathematical models

Now the available water and the user needs can be compared and it is possible to determine the probability of meeting the user's needs. It is also necessary to consider the probability that not all water sources are deterministically known such as the availability of rain water for the rest of the current one month cycle. If the user needs can be met it is possible to proceed using the determined best delivery plan. At the same time the user profile can be updated for future use.

If alternative user water consumption is possible this can be suggested to the user via the annunciation device 22. Examples of this may include using less water for specific needs (which will save water). Another example would be to suggest the elimination of leaky pipes, once detected. If the suggested alternative behaviour is acceptable the controller 72 can proceed to evaluate all water delivery paths in order that the best efficiency option can be found. If the alternative is not acceptable the controller 72 can proceed to determine if all water needs can be met.

It should be appreciated that, different to known demand side management techniques, the current proposed technology, recognizes a multiple of water sources that could meet a specific water need and therefore does not only act on the demand but also on intelligent selection from more than one possible source, in addition to providing demand side information and/or advise.

Thus the system can supply to the household with its water needs whilst implementing the efficacy advantages of the system and method described above. Thus it will be appreciated that an integrated water flow management system and method is developed that aims at optimising total water supply, maximizing usefulness of all water sources to meet a user's needs.

The proposed technology integrates the user decision making as part of the system, thereby creating a system which determines the best possible user water consumption conditions, given a specific set of water input conditions, resulting in the best efficacy possible. This characteristic, made possible by the integrated nature of viewing the water flow system, builds some of the environmental consciousness (responsible consumption) into a mechanical water management system and thereby starts to introduce global policy decision making into user equipment. As such a new possibility opens up whereby envisioned difficult global environmental legislation may now be introduced in user equipment that will not only result in the implementation of non-enforceable policy or legislation but will also benefit the user (water consumer) almost directly and immediately.

A significant further novelty of the new technology is found in the fact that it can be used to influence the consumer patterns with respect to water sources. If potable water is used for all water needs it is unnecessarily costly.

If a technology should become available that can supply in a household's water needs whereby all needs are addresses including potable water (fit for human consumption), irrigation, grey water, based on using the most appropriate water source available, it is possible that available water resources will be extended to meet an ever growing water demand.

The latter can result in a change in the water sources being consumed today. Since the new technology takes cognisance of all water requirements or needs and can assist in managing the decision making with respect to considering the best water source for a given need, it may result in a lower water household consumption pattern and expand the scope of available water. P T/IB2011/051326

-40-

Therefore it should be recognized that the proposed system and method for managing the flow of water, results in water optimal use that, different from supply (more efficient bulk water management) or demand (water saving through checked use) focus makes it possible to address overall water efficacy starting at the dwelling (private home) level but resulting in a global effect if implemented area wide, regionally, nationally, continentally and in the final analysis globally. While the latter statement seems obvious, the mechanism through which this can be achieved (made possible by the proposed system and method) now becomes realistic and not simply an esoteric wish.

Essentially the proposed technology could inherently lead to behavioral change, including preferred water source/s as mentioned due to its fractal nature. It can be illustrated as follows. The proposed system and method can be implemented as a free standing operational unit (per house or dwelling - used as an example of the smallest feasible unit). No regulation, education (on water saving or management), control or external management is required to operate water optimally at this level. Once the same system and method is applied to a multiple of homes, dwellings or service points a level of usage of a particular water source may be reached that will start to modify infrastructure, as in the example of rain water collection. As such the advantage of water optimal use can start to duplicate itself on a macro (community, area) scale, based on the same micro (household) pattern.

It will also be appreciated that by implementing the system at a micro level (for individual households) the system will have a macro effect.

The proposed system and method aims to modify water use and profiles without the need for legislated or enforced management and/or control, leading to optimal use of available water sources or similar. T/IB2011/051326

-41-

One natural water source that exists is rain water which typically refers to water collected on a seasonal basis and of unclear quality. Should such a system of rain water collection be integrated in a total household water supply and management schemes, including one of several known water purification systems such as ultraviolet use, the available water for human consumption and application can be extended considerably. This will only have positive results if such a system is integrated with other water sources available (such as borehole or community water (piped water) which can supplement the rain water collected.

The proposed system, process and apparatus will make such integration possible.

In a further example illustrated in Figure 12, the controller 72 and a rain water storage tank 68 may form an integral part, effectively making it possible to provide such a rain water storage facility to a home owner with the advantage of being able to utilize additional water sources, should it be available. The advantage would be that the rain water will still be used as before, when appropriate and not discarded altogether once an alternative water source is found.

Claims

S:

A system for managing the flow of energy, the system including:

a plurality of energy sources wherein the plurality of energy sources are different types of energy sources; a plurality of energy using devices wherein the plurality of energy using devices are different types of energy using devices; and a controller to: determine the number and status of a plurality of energy sources; determine the amount of energy required for a future period for a plurality of energy using devices; calculate the most efficient method of using the plurality of energy sources to meet the energy requirements for the future period of the plurality of energy using devices; and manage the flow of energy from the plurality of energy sources to the plurality of energy using devices in accordance with the calculated most efficient method.

A system according to claim 1 further including at least one energy storing device wherein the controller determines the status of the at least one energy storing device and uses any energy stored therein during the energy flow management process, if such use will contribute to overall energy conversion optimization.

3. A system according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the plurality of energy sources includes at least one or more of solar energy, wind energy, electricity, a residual heat source, coal or wood burning fire, gas burning fire and a mechanical generator.

4. A system according to any of claims 1 to 3 wherein the plurality of energy using devices includes one or more of electric lights, heating devices, cooling devices, refrigeration, water heating devices, cooking devices and electrical or electronic devices.

5. A system according to any of claims 1 to 4 wherein the system further includes a plurality of input sensors to determine at any given time the amount of energy being supplied by a particular source and/or the amount of energy that can be supplied.

6. A system according to any of claims 1 to 5 wherein the controller includes a resources requirements module, a resource measurement module, a calculation module and a feedback module to carry out the functions of the controller.

7. A method of managing the flow of energy, the method including: determining the number and status of a plurality of energy sources, wherein the plurality of energy sources are different types of energy sources; determining the amount of energy required for a future period for a plurality of energy using devices wherein the plurality of energy using devices are different types of energy using devices; calculating the most efficient method of using the plurality of energy sources to meet the energy requirements for the future period of the plurality of energy using devices; and managing the flow of energy from the plurality of energy sources to the plurality of energy using devices in accordance with the calculated most efficient method.

8. A method according to claim 7 wherein the method includes determining the availability of the energy source and the amount of energy that the energy source is able to supply for the future period.

9. A method according to claim 7 or claim 8 wherein the status of the energy sources also includes the amount of energy that the energy source is able to supply for the future period.

10. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 9 wherein the method also includes controlling at least one energy storage device which is able to receive energy from one or more of the energy sources and to store energy therein until it is required to meet the energy needs of one or more of the plurality of energy using devices.

11. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 10 wherein the method further includes:

detecting a request for energy supply to one or more of the plurality of energy using devices; using the calculated most efficient method to determine which of the one or more of the energy sources should be selected to supply the energy to meet the request; and activating the selected energy source to meet the request.

12. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 11 wherein the method also includes suggesting alternative energy sources available or suggesting alternative user behaviour in order that the collective energy sources are used more effectively.

13. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 12 wherein the plurality of energy sources could be one or more of solar energy, wind energy, electricity, a residual heat source, coal or wood burning fire, gas burning fire or a mechanical generator.

14. A system for managing the flow of energy, the system including: a resource measurement module to determine the number and status of a plurality of energy sources; a resource requirements module to determine the amount of energy required for a future period for a plurality of energy using devices; a calculation module to calculate the most efficient method of using the plurality of energy sources to meet the energy requirements for the future period of the plurality of energy using devices; and an energy controller module to manage the flow of energy from the plurality of energy sources to the plurality of energy using devices in accordance with the calculated most efficient method.

15. A system according to claim 14 further including at least one energy storing device wherein the calculation module determines the status of the at least one energy storing device and the energy controller module uses any energy stored therein during the energy flow management process, if such use will contribute to overall energy conversion optimization.

16. A system according to claim 14 or claim 15 wherein the plurality of energy sources includes at least one or more of solar energy, wind energy, electricity, a residual heat source, coal or wood burning fire, gas burning fire and a mechanical generator.

17. A system according to any of claims 14 to 16 wherein the plurality of energy using devices includes one or more of electric lights, heating devices, cooling devices, refrigeration, water heating devices, cooking devices and electrical or electronic devices.

18. A system according to any of claims 14 to 17 wherein the system further includes a plurality of input sensors to determine at any given time the amount of energy being supplied by a particular source and/or the amount of energy that can be supplied.