WO2011061729A1

WO2011061729A1 - Method of overcoming gravity and a flight vehicle for the implementation thereof

Info

Publication number: WO2011061729A1
Application number: PCT/IL2010/000662
Authority: WO
Inventors: Anatoly Greiser
Original assignee: Stenenko, Maria; Greiser, Julia
Priority date: 2009-11-17
Filing date: 2010-08-17
Publication date: 2011-05-26
Also published as: IL202175A0

Abstract

A method of overcoming gravity, comprising forming a magnetic field covering the area occupied by a flight vehicle and by means of the flight vehicle itself in such a way that this magnetic field has a component perpendicular to the direction of the lines of force of an external gravitational field, this external gravitational field being used as a reference field; the proposed design of the flight vehicle comprises a torus (2) with a current-conducting winding wound around its outer surface, system of concentric closed conductive loops (8) located in the horizontal plane within the flight vehicle, a source (3) of electric current, devices for the attitude-control of the flight vehicle and other onboard devices (4) ensuring the accomplishment of functional tasks.

Description

METHOD OF OVERCOMING GRAVITY AND A FLIGHT VEHICLE FOR

THE IMPLEMENTATION THEREOF

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of flight vehicles that do not use an ambient air to create a lift force, such as spacecrafts, to the field of flight vehicles that make the combined use of an ambient air to create a lift force and rocket engines that serve the same purpose, for example, in vertical take-off aircrafts, in re-entry spacecrafts, as well as to magnetic levitation vehicles and other ones. Rocket engines are known which use the method based on the ejection of reaction mass, which allows to overcome the attraction force exerted by space objects. One of the disadvantages of this method of overcoming gravity is the need for accommodating the large reserve of reaction mass— jet fuel in the flight vehicle, which increases the attraction force to overcome and limits the range of the flight vehicle.

Method to overcome gravity is known, which is based on the use of electromagnetic fields (for example, US20060091262, RU2004110898), in which an induced magnetic field is used as a reference field. Among the disadvantages of this method are tying the flight vehicle to the terrain where supporting electromagnets are placed, and the impossibility of substantial movement in the vertical direction due to magnetic field dissipation with the distance from the source of the reference field.

Method of overcoming gravity is also known, in which the magnetic field of the Earth or another space object is used as a reference field (for example, GB 19912241480, GB19832121564,

RU200112162812, RU2004124116, RU2004119071). The above method is applied to maintain orientation and to change orbital parameters of satellites of space objects or space vehicles placed into a satellite orbit of a space object. One of the disadvantages of this method is a low value of the developed thrust due to the smallness of the magnetic field of the space object.

The basis of the invention lies in the task of creating a universal method of overcoming gravity allowing to decrease the required amount of fuel consumption and to reduce the mass of a flight vehicle and creating a flight vehicle as one of the embodiments of this method.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

These and further features and advantages of the invention will become more clearly understood in the light of the preferred embodiment of the invention, given by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, where: Fig. 1 schematically shows a circular electric current, which generates in the plane of a ring (plane z = 0) a magnetic field; the lines of magnetic induction are perpendicular to the plane of the ring and parallel to the lines of force of an external uniform gravitational field;

Fig. 2 is the same as in Fig. 1, the only difference being that the lines of magnetic induction B in the plane of the current ring are perpendicular to the lines of force of the external uniform gravitational field;

Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram of section D-D (Fig. 4) in the vertical plane, in which the axis NN of the torus, relating to an embodiment of the flight vehicle implementing the proposed method; Fig. 4 shows a schematic diagram of section C-C (Fig. 3) in the horizontal plane that is

perpendicular to the axis NN of the torus, relating to an embodiment of the flight vehicle

implementing the proposed method;

Fig. 5 schematically shows a torus with a current-conducting winding wound around its outer surface, through which electric current is passed;

Fig. 6 schematically shows the physical situation within the flight vehicle associated with the presence of a set of electric current loops lying in the horizontal plane;

Fig. 7 schematically shows the above-mentioned torus and the set of concentric closed conductive loops lying in the horizontal plane.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The proposed method of overcoming gravity (Fig. 1 - Fig. 7) comprises creating, in a flight vehicle by means of the flight vehicle itself, a magnetic field with lines of magnetic induction including components perpendicular to lines of force of an external gravitational field; placing elements made of a material with high magnetic permeability and locating a payload mass of the flight vehicle in the areas of the flight vehicle with the highest value of the magnetic field.

In the case where body A (Fig. 1 , Fig. 2) with gravitational radius r_g is immersed in a space with a magnetic field with induction B, cross terms proportional to r_g * |B|² appear in the elements of metric tensor g^. Their appearance is due to the nonlinearity of the Einstein-Maxwell equations for the elements of metric tensor g¾. When deriving the equations of motion (geodesies equations), these terms, with a certain configuration of the magnetic field, are responsible for the weakening of the initial gravitational acceleration.

External gravitational field is defined as a gravitational field corresponding to metric tensor g^Gik in the absence of a magnetic field and in the presence of a massive source of gravity A (Fig. 1 , Fig. 2). Lines of force of the gravitational field are defined as lines in space, in every point of which the vector of gravitational acceleration g (Fig. 1, Fig. 2) is tangential to such a line. The conclusion about the presence of the effect of reducing gravity by action of the magnetic field is based on obtaining the metric tensor gi_¾ as a solution of Einstein-Maxwell equations in two cases: the first one when the magnetic field is parallel to the lines of force of the external gravitational field (Fig. 1), and the second one when the magnetic field is perpendicular to the lines of force of the external gravitational field (Fig. 2). In the first case, the equation of motion constructed using the obtained metric tensor does not contain terms that are responsible for the decrease of the gravitational acceleration, whereas in the second case, such terms are available. This result is taken as a basis for the proposed embodiment of the flight vehicle. As an additional argument in support of the effect of reducing gravity by a component of the magnetic field perpendicular to the lines of force of the external gravitational field, an intermediate variant has been considered, in which the induction vector B of the magnetic field makes an angle π - θ or θ, 0 < θ < π/2 with a line of force of the external gravitational field. Derivation of the equations of motion is given below.

A system of units is used, in which the speed of light and gravitational constant are unity. The signature of the metric is (- +++), the Latin indices run through the values 0, 1 , 2, 3, (unless otherwise stated), so that the time coordinate t corresponds to the index 0. The summation is supposed over the same indices.

The equations of motion in the case of a static source of gravity and a test body being at rest in a given moment, are reduced to equations for the lines of force of the gravitational field

In(l) Γ'οο - coefficients of affine connection. Equations (1) can be applied also when the test body is in a static gravitational field and its velocity is much less than the speed of light: |v| « 1.

The condition of the absence of magnetic charges contained in the first pair of Maxwell's equations for the case in question (B_x = 0, B_y = 0, B_z≠ 0) has the form dB_z/dz = 0. Thus, B_z is not a function

of z-coordinate and the corresponding magnetic field is cylindrical ( B_z = B_z ( p ) , p = (x² + y² ) ^1/2 ) .. The second pair of Maxwell's equations in the presence of a static gravitational field is reduced in this case to

where j is a three-dimensional vector of electric current density.

Formula (2) implies the Biot-Savart-Laplace law that is modified for the presence of the

gravitational field, allowing to express the component of magnetic induction B_z through an electric current which generates a magnetic field. Relationship (2) can be considered also as equation for determining the vector of electric current density j in terms of the known values goo and B.

The magnetic field with components H_x = H_y = 0, H_z≠ 0 corresponds to the physical situation in the plane of the current ring which is perpendicular to the Z-axis. Therefore, when simulating this situation for the current ring, solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations using the solutions for the above magnetic field should be sought in the plane of the current ring, hereafter taken as plane z = 0.

Consider the model of the gravitational field whose source is a distant gravitating mass A (Fig. 1, Fig. 2) and the solution of Einstein's equations for empty space is located outside of this mass. In the region of space that is commensurate with the size of the flight vehicle, the

gravitational field of the source whose center of mass is removed at a much greater distance than the size of the flight vehicle can be considered as homogeneous with a reasonable degree of accuracy.

The gravitational field whose lines of force are directed in a direction opposite to the X'-axis (i = 1 ,2,3) in the coordinate system

is realized by a metric tensor:

where ' Kronecker symbol, the parameter ko = r_g / L², L is a distance from the observation point to the center of mass of a body whose gravity field is modeled. Solution (3) simulates a constant gravitational field in the plane x¹ = 0, since the gravitational acceleration in this plane is a constant: d In addition, solution (3) simulates a

gravitational field with a constant gravitational acceleration ko / 2 in the whole 3-space, taking into account only the zero and first powers of the parameter ko- In what follows the decomposition of expressions in powers of ko will be done taking into account only the terms with zero and first powers of ko-

In the case of the gravitational field whose source is the magnetic field, is a precise

"magnetic" solution of Einstein-Maxwell equations, which in the coordinates (t, z, p, φ) has the form:

where λ = Bo and Bo is a value of component Bz of the magnetic induction along the Z-axis.

A significant feature of the solution (4) is that (4) simulates in the plane of the current ring the dependence of Bz(p) on the distance p from the center of the ring in the formula derived from the Biot-Savart-Laplace law: in the plane of the ring, B_z(p) first slightly increases with the distance, but as p approaches to the ring radius po, B_z(p) increases infinitely (in this case p₀= 1/ λ^1/2).

To simulate a situation in which a remote far enough away massive body A (Fig. 1, Fig. 2) is immersed in a space with a magnetic field, it is necessary to combine solutions (3) and (4). In doing so, it is necessary to consider two variants differing in the relative position of the lines of force of the gravitational field and the Z-axis, along which the lines of force of the magnetic field are directed: the first variant where the lines of force of the gravitational field are parallel to the Z-axis (Fig. 1) and the second one where they are perpendicular to the Z-axis (Fig. 2).

Consider a variant in which the model of the magnetic space (4) is combined with the model of the gravitational field (3), whose lines of force are parallel to the lines of force of the magnetic field (Fig. 1).

An exact two-parametric solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations for this cross-model in the coordinate system (t, z, p, φ) has the form:

with non-zero elements of the electromagnetic tensor

Substituting (5) in (1), we obtain the equations of motion in the direction of the Z-axis in the plane body being at rest in a given moment:

Since ko = r_g/L², formula (6) is in fact the Newtonian equation of motion. Note that equations (6) and (5), like (4), are valid for a spatial region

Consider the cross-^nodel, in which the solution (4) for a limited region of the magnetic space is combined with the solution for the gravitational field (3) whose lines of force are directed in the opposite direction relative to the X-axis and hence are perpendicular to the lines of force of the magnetic field (Fig. 2). With a view to further expansion of the expressions to first power of ko, the metric tensor in this case is written in the form:

where g⁽⁽\ is the Lorentz metric: is defined in (3), is obtained

from (4) by the transformation of coordinates and the functions f_fc do not

depend on kO and are regular at λ = 0. Non-zero elements of the electromagnetic tensor:

Then the equation of motion (1) in the plane z = 0 for the x coordinate will be written as

where the notations foo^=dfoo/dx and foo,y=dfoo/dy are introduced.

The solution of equations Einstein-Maxwell for foo(x, y, z) (the solution is valid on the plane z=0 with an accuracy up to the first power of parameter ko) is:

Substituting (9) in (8), we find:

Comparison of formulas (10) and (6) allows the conclusion that the decrease of gravitational attraction takes place only on condition of the mutual perpendicularity of the lines of force of the magnetic field and the lines of force of the external gravitational field, which forms the basis of the proposed method of overcoming gravity.

As an additional argument in support of the proposed method, an intermediate variant of the cross-model between (5) and (7) is considered below, in which the induction vector B is directed at ar angle π - Θ or θ, 0 < θ < π/2 to a line of force of the external gravitational field at a given point (Fig. 6 Melvin cylindrical solution for the magnetic space in the coordinate system (t, z, p, q>) has the form

where G

An exact two-parametric solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations in the cross-model, in which the Melvin solution (11) for the magnetic space is combined with the Schwarzschild solution for a spherically symmetric gravitational field, in the coordinate system (t, r, θ, φ) is

2^{2 2 2}

with non— zero elements of the electromagnetic tensor

The equation of motion along Z axis for a test body, which is fixed at a given moment, is

Assume that p = r * sin(θ). Then the equation of motion in the direction perpendicular to the Z-axis can be written for a test body, which is fixed at a given moment, as

The absolute value of the component of the magnetic induction B perpendicular to the gravitational acceleration g caused by the external gravitational field (Fig. 6) is

In view of (15), formulas (13) and (14) can be written as

2^{4 2 2}

Assuming azimuthal symmetry of the structure of the flight vehicle, the ap component, which is perpendicular to the Z-axis, of the gravitational acceleration of the flight vehicle as a whole is equal to zero (Fig. 6).

An exact two-parametric solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations in the cross-model, in which the Melvin solution (11) for the magnetic space is combined with the solution (3) for the

gravitational field in such a way that the vector B is parallel to the lines of force of the external gravitational field that are also directed along the Z-axis, in coordinate system (t, z, p, φ), is

with non-zero elements of the electromagnetic tensor

The equation of motion along the Z-axis corresponding to (18) has the form

Comparison of (19) with the equations of motion along the Z-axis that are appropriate to the metric (3) points out that, under the condition that the vector B is parallel to the vector of gravitational acceleration g generated by the external gravitational field, there is no effect of the magnetic field on the component of gravitational acceleration d^/dt².

Formulas (16) and (19) confirm the finding of reducing the gravitational attraction of the flight vehicle to the source of gravity due to the component of magnetic induction perpendicular to the lines of force of the external gravitational field, which forms the basis of the proposed method of overcoming gravity.

Below is a rough estimate of the electric current needed to create a magnetic field leading to an effective weakening of gravity inside the torus with a circular electric current on its outer surface (Fig. 2, Fig. 5).

Assume in equation (2) that |goo|=l. Then the Biot-Savart-Laplace law modified for the presence of the gravitational field takes the classical form, according to which the induction Bo in the center of the ring of radius po with an electric current I, expressed in SI units, is:

Β₀= μ * μ₀ * Ι / (2 * ρ₀), (20) where μ is the relative magnetic permeability, μο=4π*10^-7 Newton /Amper² is the absolute magnetic permeability. Induction Bo calculated by formula (20) is measured in Teslas (Tesla = Newton/ Ampere/meter) . To convert Tesla into the system of units where the speed of light and the gravitational constant are unity and all the physical quantities have the dimensions of the powers of length, one should assume that 1 kg = 0.74 * 10^-27 m, 1 sec. = 0.34 * 10^-12 m,

1 A = 0.25 * 10^-4 whence it follows that Tesla = 250 1/m and

Β₀ = π / 2 * 10-⁴ * μ * Ι / ρ₀, (21) where the electric current I is numerically given in Amperes, the radius of the ring po is numerically given in meters, and the dimension of Bo in 1 /meter. Since the induction inside the ring with the current increases with increasing p, the resulting estimate of Bo is the lower limit of the function

approximately describing the B_z(x,y) inside the torus (Fig. 2, Fig. 5). Substituting λ = B₀ ² into (10), taking account of (21), we obtain

The value of the electric current, at which, in accordance with (22), the gravity is fully compensated so that the gravitational acceleration

Amperes. (23)

The obtained estimate (23) demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed method of overcoming gravity.

The above-mentioned flying vehicle that implements the proposed method comprises a disk- shaped body 1 (Fig. 3, Fig. 4), inside which are located a torus 2 with a current-conducting winding wound around its outer surface, sources 3 of electric current, units 4 of control and life support systems, fuel tanks 5 fastened within the torus 2, elements 6 made of a material with high magnetic permeability, propulsion units 7, a set of concentric closed current-conducting loops 8.

When connecting the current-conducting winding of the torus 2 (Fig. 3, Fig. 4) to the source 3 of electric current, the electric current arising in this current-conducting winding creates a magnetic field whose lines of induction B are circles with centers on the axis NN of the torus 2 (Fig. 5), so that these lines of induction B in the form of circles are perpendicular to the lines of force of the external gravitational field.

When connecting the set of current-conducting loops 8 (Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 6, Fig.7) to the above- mentioned source of electric current 3, this current generates a magnetic field whose lines of induction B in the horizontal sectional plane C-C of the flight vehicle (Fig. 3, Fig. 4), in which the set of above-^nentioned loops lies, are parallel to the vertical axis Z and have components perpendicular to the lines of force of the external gravitational field (Fig. 6, Fig.7).

The above— mentioned units 4 of the control and life support systems provide the necessary orientation, speed, direction and other required parameters of physical and technical condition of the flight vehicle.

The above-mentioned elements 6 (Fig. 3, Fig. 4) made of a material with high magnetic

permeability are placed inside the torus 2 in such a way that the closed circular lines of magnetic induction B inside the torus 2 pass both through the

volume of the above-^nentioned fuel tanks 5 and through these elements 6 to provide a high value of magnetic induction B in this volume.

Then the above-mentioned propulsion units 7 provide the means for moving the flight vehicle in the space at a given speed in the vertical and/or horizontal directions. Fonning a magnetic field in the area within the flight vehicle and by means of the flight vehicle itself, so that the lines of magnetic induction of this magnetic field have components that are perpendicular to the vector of gravitational acceleration caused by the external gravitational field, reduces the resulting gravitational acceleration (free fall acceleration) of the flight vehicle as a whole.

Such a reduction of the gravitational acceleration of the flight vehicle reduces the thrust of the propulsion units needed to overcome the gravity, thereby reducing the required amount of fuel and consequently reducing the launch mass of the flight vehicle, which in turn enhances the effect of reduction of the required amount of fuel.

With the availability of the azimuthal asymmetry in accordance with (27) in the flight vehicle, there is an additional positive effect, namely, the formation of thrust in the horizontal direction.

Use of the external gravitational field as a reference one provides no need for matching the flight vehicle to the terrain.

Since the proposed method of overcoming gravity requires no fuel combustion and no ejection of reaction mass, this method does not pollute the environment and is environmentally clean.

A disk-shaped body of the flight vehicle provides its high aerodynamic performance.

The embodiment of the generator of the magnetic field in the form of a torus with a current- conducting winding wound around its outer surface makes it possible to create such a magnetic field which is perpendicular to the lines of force of the

external gravitational field, which is a prerequisite for the implementation of the proposed method. The placement of the set of concentric closed current-conducting loops in the horizontal plane inside the flight vehicle allows to increase the components of the magnetic field perpendicular to the lines of force of the aforementioned external gravitational field, which enhances the effect of reducing the gravity and creates the effect of the formation of thrust in the horizontal direction. The placement of the above-mentioned fuel tanks inside the torus, in the area with the highest magnetic induction value, reduces the gravitational acceleration of the flight vehicle as a whole, and the presence of the above-mentioned structural elements made of a material with high magnetic permeability enhances the effect of weakening the gravity by the magnetic field due to the increase in the magnetic induction value.

The placement of payload mass of the flight vehicle in the areas with the highest magnetic induction value and the implementation of this payload mass, including fuel, made of high magnetic permeability materials also increases the effect of weakening the gravitational attraction.

Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that various configurations and modifications may be applied to the above exemplified embodiment of the invention without departing from its scope as defined in and by the appended claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method of overcoming gravity, comprising the formation of a magnetic field in the area occupied by a flight vehicle and by means of the flight vehicle itself, said magnetic field being of such a configuration that the lines of force of said magnetic field have components that are perpendicular to the lines of force of an external gravitational field, and furthermore comprising the use of the external gravitational field as a reference field.

2. A flight vehicle for the implementation of said method, comprising a disk-shaped body, inside which are located a torus with a current-conducting winding wound around its outer surface, a set of concentric closed current-conducting loops lying in a horizontal plane, sources of electric current, units of control and life support systems, fuel tanks, propulsion units for creating thrust in two directions: vertically, along the lines of force of the external gravitational field, and/or horizontally, perpendicular to the lines of force of the external gravitational field.

3. A method according to Claim 1 and Claim 2, wherein, to enhance the effect of weakening gravity by said magnetic field and to reduce the required value of electric current inducing said magnetic field, elements made of a material with high magnetic permeability are placed in the area of the highest value of said magnetic field inside said flight vehicle.

4. A flight vehicle according to Claim 2 and Claim 3, wherein, to enhance the effect of weakening gravity and to reduce the required value of electric current inducing said magnetic field, said elements made of a material with high magnetic permeability are placed inside said torus, so that closed circular lines of the magnetic induction inside said torus pass both through said elements and through a volume occupied by the fuel.

5. A flight vehicle according to claim 2, wherein a payload mass of said flight vehicle is located primarily in the area of the highest value of the magnetic induction.

6. A flight vehicle according to claim 2, wherein said payload mass, including the fuel, is made of a material with high magnetic permeability.