WO2010035004A1 - Déionisation capacitive - Google Patents

Déionisation capacitive Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010035004A1
WO2010035004A1 PCT/GB2009/002290 GB2009002290W WO2010035004A1 WO 2010035004 A1 WO2010035004 A1 WO 2010035004A1 GB 2009002290 W GB2009002290 W GB 2009002290W WO 2010035004 A1 WO2010035004 A1 WO 2010035004A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
surfactant
aqueous medium
charged
electrodes
organic compounds
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2009/002290
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ali Altaee
Original Assignee
The University Of Surrey
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The University Of Surrey filed Critical The University Of Surrey
Publication of WO2010035004A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010035004A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
    • C02F1/4691—Capacitive deionisation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/68—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/32—Hydrocarbons, e.g. oil
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/34—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/36—Organic compounds containing halogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/007—Contaminated open waterways, rivers, lakes or ponds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/20—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from animal husbandry
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/32—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the food or foodstuff industry, e.g. brewery waste waters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/34—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from industrial activities not provided for in groups C02F2103/12 - C02F2103/32
    • C02F2103/343—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from industrial activities not provided for in groups C02F2103/12 - C02F2103/32 from the pharmaceutical industry, e.g. containing antibiotics
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/34—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from industrial activities not provided for in groups C02F2103/12 - C02F2103/32
    • C02F2103/36—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from industrial activities not provided for in groups C02F2103/12 - C02F2103/32 from the manufacture of organic compounds
    • C02F2103/365—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from industrial activities not provided for in groups C02F2103/12 - C02F2103/32 from the manufacture of organic compounds from petrochemical industry (e.g. refineries)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
    • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
    • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
    • C02F2201/4618—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolyte
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/05—Conductivity or salinity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/40—Liquid flow rate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/18—Removal of treatment agents after treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F5/00—Softening water; Preventing scale; Adding scale preventatives or scale removers to water, e.g. adding sequestering agents
    • C02F5/08—Treatment of water with complexing chemicals or other solubilising agents for softening, scale prevention or scale removal, e.g. adding sequestering agents

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for separating organic compounds from an aqueous medium.
  • organic substances may be separated from an aqueous medium by passing the aqueous medium through a membrane, such as a nanofiltration or reverse osmosis membrane.
  • a membrane such as a nanofiltration or reverse osmosis membrane.
  • Such membranes are susceptible to fouling, particularly after prolonged periods of use. It is therefore among the objects of embodiments of the present invention to provide an alternative or improved process for separating organic compounds from an aqueous medium.
  • a process for separating organic compounds from an aqueous medium comprising: adding surfactant to the aqueous medium, such that the organic compounds interact with the surfactant to form charged or polar entities; passing the aqueous medium between charged electrodes, whereby the charged or polar entities are electrosorbed onto the electrodes.
  • a surfactant is added to the aqueous medium, such that the organic compound (s) in the aqueous medium interact with the surfactant to form charged or polar entities.
  • the surfactant molecules assemble in bulk solution to form aggregates known as micelles.
  • Micelles have hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads. The hydrophobic tails bind the organic compounds while the hydrophilic heads form an outer shell that maintains favourable contact with water. Thus bound, the organic compounds form charged or polar entities, which remain dissolved in solution.
  • the aqueous medium containing the charged or polar entities is then passed between a pair of electrodes.
  • the charged or polar entities are attracted and held ("electrosorbed") on the electrodes.
  • any positively charged entities are attracted and retained on the cathode, while any negatively charged entities are attracted and retained on the anode .
  • the technique is known as capacitive deionisation.
  • the process of the present invention may be used to treat any aqueous medium.
  • the aqueous medium may be seawater, brackish water, river water, lake water, produced water, process fluid, pharmaceutical fluid and/or a waste stream from an industrial or agricultural process.
  • the process may be used to treat water for domestic use.
  • the organic compounds that may be present in the aqueous medium include n-Hexanol, n-Heptanol, n-Octanol, Phenol, m-Cresol, 4-tert-Butylphenol, Benzene, Chlorobenzene , Chlorethene, Dichlormethane , Tetrachlorethane, Toluene, n- Hexane and Cyclohexane.
  • the initial concentration of organic compounds in the aqueous medium may be 1 mg/1, preferably 10 mg/1.
  • the concentration of organic compounds in the aqueous medium may be 5 mg/1, preferably 0.01 mg/1.
  • the concentration of organic compounds is reduced by at least 10%, more preferably at least 30%, even more preferably at least 50%, and yet more preferably at least 70%. In one embodiment, the concentration of organic compounds is reduced by at least 80%, preferably at least 90%.
  • Suitable surfactant may be employed in the process of the present invention.
  • Suitable surfactants include anionic, cationic and/or zwitterionic surfactants.
  • Further suitable surfactants include non-ionic surfactants.
  • the surfactant may also be a polyelectrolyte .
  • Suitable surfactants include Carboxylates , sulphonates, petroleum sulphonates, alkylbenzenesulphonates, naphthalenesulphonates , olefin sulphonates, alkyl sulphates, sulphates, sulphated natural oils & fats, sulphated esters,, sulphated alkanolamides , alkylphenols (ethoxylated & sulphated) , ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol, polyoxyethylene surfactants, carboxylic esters, polyethylene glycol esters, anhydrosorbitol ester & it's ethoxylated derivatives, glycol esters of fatty acids, carboxylic amides, monoalkanolamine condensates, polyoxyethylene fatty acid amides, quaternary ammonium salts, amines with amide linkages, polyoxyethylene alkyl & alicyclic amines, n,
  • the surfactant may be chosen such that it binds with a particular species within the aqueous medium, which it may be desirable to remove or concentrate.
  • the surfactant may be added to the aqueous medium at a concentration of 200 mM, or in the range of from 10OmM to 50OmM, or from 150 mM to 300 mM. It will be understood that the amount of surfactant may be adjusted depending on the level of organic compounds to be targeted for removal.
  • the potential difference applied across the electrodes is 0.2 to 5V, preferably 1 to 3V, for example, 1.3 V.
  • the distance between the electrodes is between 0.1 and 5 mm, preferably 0.5 to 2 mm.
  • the electrodes are carbon electrodes and, more preferably, they are carbon aerogel electrodes with high surface micropores .
  • the electrodes may become saturated with charged and/or polar entities.
  • the electrodes may be regenerated by removing the applied potential across the electrode and flushing the cell with water.
  • the polarity of the electrodes may be reversed and the cell flushed with water or any other suitable fluid.
  • Specific applications may include the removal of dissolved toxic organic compounds from waste waters, preferably without introducing substantial toxicity from the excess surfactant.
  • the process of the present invention allows recovery of valuable products from a process stream and/or recovery of a valuable product from a biotechnology process.
  • the surfactant may be added in excess.
  • added in excess means that the number of moles of surfactant is greater than the stoichiometric number of moles of organic compound (s) .
  • the number moles of surfactant are at least two times, at least five times, more preferably at least ten times, more preferably at least twenty times the stoichiometric amount of the organic compound (s) .
  • the excess surfactant may be removed by chemical treatment, physical treatment and/or biological treatment .
  • the organic compounds are recovered from the electrodes .
  • Capacitive Deionization or CDI is a novel technique of ion removal from aqueous solution using a low voltage direct current.
  • a simple CDI unit consists of at least two strategically placed flat sheet electrode layers which are connected to a power supply. When the saline water flows between the electrodes, the charged ions are electrosorbed onto the electrodes leaving fresh water behind.
  • the energy required for ion separation by the CDI technology is very low.
  • the energy requirements for brackish water desalination (salt concentration -2500 mg/1) are between 0.1 and 0.05 kWh/m 3 .
  • a low DC voltage of 1.3 V is applied across the electrode layers.
  • the electrode materials are made of carbon aerogel because they have high specific surface area and low electric resistivity.
  • the CDI unit can efficiently remove ionic species from the contaminated aqueous solution; however, it is ineffective in the removal of uncharged particles such as organic substances.
  • the organic substance must be charged or connected to a charged molecule before it can be treated by the CDI.
  • surfactant is added to the aqueous solution in order to give the organic substance an electric charge.
  • the product of reaction is a charged molecule of surfactant and organic substance dissolved in the aqueous solution.
  • Surfactants have also the advantage of keeping the organic substance in soluble form and prevent precipitation. They can be classified according to their ionic charge into: anionic, cationic, non- ionic, and zwitterionic (dual charge) .
  • the adsorption mechanism of the organic substance onto the surfactants is achieved by- reducing the interfacial tension between the oil and the water by adsorbing at the liquid-liquid interface.
  • surfactant When surfactant is added to the source water it assembles in bulk solution into aggregates which are known as micelles. Micelles have hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads. The hydrophobic tails encapsulate the organic substance while the hydrophilic heads form an outer shell that maintains favourable contact with water.
  • the organic substance will be susceptible to the CDI treatment .
  • the organic substances When the contaminated aqueous solution is fed into the CDI unit, the organic substances will be electrosorbed onto the electrode layers.
  • Any ionic surfactant i.e. anionic, cationic or zwitterionic, can be applied to the feed water before the CDI treatment.
  • the dual charge (zwitterionic) surfactants has a slight advantage over anionic and cationic surfactant because of their versatile charge which offers more flexible removal of organic substances due to their attraction towards both cathodic and anodic electrode layers.
  • the electrode layers Overtime the electrode layers will be saturated due to the adsorption of ions.
  • the regeneration of the electrode layers can be achieved by reversing their polarity charge and flushing with clean water.
  • the CDI unit has been used only for the removal of charged ions from aqueous solution. Due to the neutral charge of the organic substances, they remain in the aqueous solution unaffected by the CDI treatment. The removal of organic substances can only be achieved when they become charged or connected to a charged molecule . On the other hand they must remain in soluble form in the aqueous solution
  • the CDI unit requires only a very low voltage (-1.3 V) .
  • the process of capacitive deionization is currently used in the removal of inorganic charged ions (such as metal ions) from aqueous solution. It has been used in desalting of brackish water at bench and pilot scale experiments. The technique has been applied at different laboratory scale experiments to remove charged particles from water. A unit is currently under testing at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Inc. to remove charged particles from aqueous solution. However, there is no attempt have been made yet to remove organic substances by using the capacitive deionization process .
  • the market for application 1 is likely to be any water treatment plant which supplies drinking water to towns and cities.
  • the surfactant aided-capacitive deionization is likely to replace the currently applied processes for the removal of low molecular weight organic substances from water such as resin adsorption and membrane process.
  • the market for application 2 is wastewater treatment or industrial effluent treatment plants to remove toxic and/or carcinogenic organic substances which are difficult and expensive to remove by conventional technologies.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un processus visant à séparer des composés organiques d’un milieu aqueux, ledit processus comportant les étapes consistant à : ajouter un agent tensio-actif au milieu aqueux de telle sorte que les composés organiques interagissent avec l’agent tensio-actif pour former des entités chargées ou polarisées ; faire passer le milieu aqueux entre des électrodes chargées, les entités chargées ou polarisées étant fixées par électrosorption sur les électrodes.
PCT/GB2009/002290 2008-09-24 2009-09-24 Déionisation capacitive WO2010035004A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0817517A GB0817517D0 (en) 2008-09-24 2008-09-24 Capacitive deionization
GB0817517.6 2008-09-24

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2010035004A1 true WO2010035004A1 (fr) 2010-04-01

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PCT/GB2009/002290 WO2010035004A1 (fr) 2008-09-24 2009-09-24 Déionisation capacitive

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GB (1) GB0817517D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010035004A1 (fr)

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006074277A1 (fr) * 2005-01-06 2006-07-13 Biosource, Inc. Condensateur a flux traversant combine a un agent tensioactif

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006074277A1 (fr) * 2005-01-06 2006-07-13 Biosource, Inc. Condensateur a flux traversant combine a un agent tensioactif

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Publication number Publication date
GB0817517D0 (en) 2008-10-29

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