WO2009151741A1 - Methods and compositions for the intracerebroventricular administration of felbamate - Google Patents
Methods and compositions for the intracerebroventricular administration of felbamate Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009151741A1 WO2009151741A1 PCT/US2009/039205 US2009039205W WO2009151741A1 WO 2009151741 A1 WO2009151741 A1 WO 2009151741A1 US 2009039205 W US2009039205 W US 2009039205W WO 2009151741 A1 WO2009151741 A1 WO 2009151741A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/54—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
- A61K31/27—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carbamic or thiocarbamic acids, meprobamate, carbachol, neostigmine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0085—Brain, e.g. brain implants; Spinal cord
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/08—Antiepileptics; Anticonvulsants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
Definitions
- Epilepsy affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Within the U.S. and European Union, the prevalence of epilepsy is reported to be 5 - 10 cases per 1,000 with an incidence of approximately 50 new cases per 100,000. The World Health Organization reports nearly double these numbers in developing countries. Despite the introduction of new medications and increased use of polypharmacy, 30% of epilepsy patients continue to suffer from uncontrolled seizures. More than 24% of total patients experience more than one seizure per month.
- Seizure types are organized according to whether the source of the seizure within the brain is localized (partial or focal onset seizures) or distributed (generalized seizures). Partial seizures are further divided based on the extent to which consciousness is affected. If it is unaffected, then it is a simple partial seizure; otherwise, it is a complex partial (psychomotor) seizure. A partial seizure may spread within the brain - a process known as secondary generalization. Generalized seizures are divided according to the effect on the body, but all involve loss of consciousness. These include absence (petit mal), myoclonic, clonic, tonic, tonic-clonic (grand mal), and atonic seizures.
- VNS vagal nerve stimulator implantation
- Non-compliance is a major cause of increased health care costs, driven by increased hospitalization as compared to the compliant patient. On average, between 30-40% of epileptic patients appear to be non- compliant with their drug regimen.
- Some refractory epilepsy patients are candidates for removing part of the brain through neurosurgical procedures that are expensive and risky. Evaluation and selection of patients for surgery requires a significant investment of time and expense to identify the appropriate candidates. It is estimated that while approximately 10% of patients referred for neurosurgical evaluation may benefit from surgery less than 1% actually receives the surgical procedure. Issues impacting this include cost, availability of surgeons to perform these complicated procedures, and patient concerns related to removing parts of the brain.
- Felbamate (2-phenyl- 1,3 -propanediol dicarbamate, marketed under the brand name Felbatol by MedPointe) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is used to treat, e.g., partial seizures (with and without generalization) in adults and partial and generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in children.
- felbamate In humans, the most common adverse events associated with oral felbamate administration as monotherapy are anorexia, vomiting, insomnia, nausea, and headache (Felbatol Prescribing Information). However, post-marketing reports of serious and potentially life-threatening adverse effects have limited the use of felbamate. There have been 34 reported cases of aplastic anemia and 18 cases of liver failure reports to date. The increased risk of potentially fatal aplastic anemia and/or liver failure limit the usage of felbamate to severe refractory epilepsy. As described by current practice guidelines of the American Academy of Neurology, given the risk/benefit ratio, felbamate should be considered and used with close clinical monitoring in patients with seizures that have been uncontrolled by other anti-epilepsy agents.
- the present invention provides methods, formulations, apparatuses containing one or more compositions, and kits containing compositions for intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of felbamate for a condition for which treatment with felbamate is beneficial, such as epilepsy.
- ICV intracerebroventricular
- the invention provides methods for treating epilepsy in an individual (such as a human) in need thereof.
- the method involves administering to the human a pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) between about 1 mg to about 250 mg of felbamate and (ii) a cyclodextrin, a polyethylene glycol (PEG), or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
- the total daily dose of felbamate for the human is between about 1 mg to about 250 mg of felbamate, such as between about 1 mg to about 180 mg, and between about 10 mg to about 40 mg of felbamate.
- the amount of felbamate administered is below the level that produces a clinically unacceptable level of toxicity (such as toxicity measured in rats, dogs, or humans using any of the methods described herein).
- the pharmaceutical composition is administered using an ICV route of administration.
- felbamate is administered to the third and/or fourth cerebral ventricle.
- felbamate is administered to one or both lateral cerebral ventricles.
- the method also includes administering felbamate by a second route of administration other than ICV administration.
- the second route of administration involves administration of felbamate to the lumbar cistern and/or cisterna magna.
- felbamate is administered by an ICV route of administration and a second route of administration sequentially.
- felbamate is administered by an ICV route of administration and a second route of administration simultaneously.
- ICV delivery results in a lower concentration of felbamate in one or more peripheral tissues when compared to systemic drug delivery.
- the pharmaceutical composition is administered over at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more months via an implantable delivery device.
- the human is selected from a population of humans who are refractory to treatment via systemic administration of felbamate. In some embodiments, the human is selected from a population of humans who are refractory to treatment via systemic administration of one or more compounds for the treatment of epilepsy other than felbamate. In some embodiments, the refractory human shows an alleviation or prevention of one or more symptoms when treated by ICV administration of the pharmaceutical composition.
- the cyclodextrin is ⁇ -hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin.
- the pharmaceutical composition contains between about 1 to about 35% cyclodextrin (w/w).
- the pharmaceutical composition comprises felbamate and PEG.
- the PEG is PEG 300, PEG 400, or PEG 600.
- the concentration of felbamate in PEG is between about 1 mg/ml to about 150 mg/ml (such as between about 100 mg/ml to about 150 mg/ml).
- the pharmaceutical composition comprises felbamate and DMSO.
- the concentration of felbamate in DMSO is between about 1 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml (such as between about 350 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml).
- felbamate maintains solubility in the pharmaceutical composition for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more months at physiological temperature and pH. In some embodiments, the felbamate maintains solubility in cerebral spinal fluid upon ICV administration to the human.
- the method includes administering a second therapy comprising another compound for the treatment of epilepsy.
- the second therapy is an anti-epilepsy agent that acts on the GABA system, a sodium channel, and/or a calcium channel.
- the second therapy is selected from the group consisting of lamictal, bumex, tegretol, valproate, adenosine, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and acids thereof, and combinations thereof.
- the second therapy is administered using an ICV route of administration.
- the second therapy is administered to the third and/or fourth cerebral ventricle.
- the second therapy is administered to one or both lateral cerebral ventricles.
- the second therapy is administered to the lumbar cistern and/or cisterna magna.
- felbamate and the second therapy are contained in the same pharmaceutical composition.
- felbamate and the second therapy are contained in the separate pharmaceutical compositions.
- felbamate and the second therapy are administered sequentially.
- felbamate and the second therapy are administered simultaneously.
- the invention features pharmaceutical compositions that comprise (i) between about 1 mg to about 250 mg of felbamate (such as about 1 mg to about 180 mg) and (ii) a cyclodextrin, a PEG, or DMSO.
- compositions may be designed that are soluble and stabilized for long-term storage, for example in a fluid reservoir of a delivery apparatus.
- These compositions may be provided in kits containing the composition in solution or in dry form in an appropriate receptacle.
- the kit may also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and instructions for use.
- the kit may also contain an appropriate delivery apparatus for delivering the composition to the individual to be treated, or an appropriate device for delivering the composition to a fluid reservoir of a pump system.
- An appropriate receptacle for the composition may be a fluid reservoir that can be used as part of a delivery apparatus.
- a delivery apparatus may comprise one or more of the following: a pump, fluid reservoir, monitoring system, a programmable control system, an ICV catheter, a battery, and/or other elements known in the art.
- methods for ICV administration of felbamate may comprise administering a stabilized composition via an ICV route of administration to an individual (such as a human) in need thereof.
- the methods may comprise obtaining a stabilized composition of felbamate, storing the stabilized composition in a delivery apparatus (for example an ICV delivery apparatus), and delivering via an ICV route of administration measured amounts of felbamate at predetermined time intervals.
- ICV administration may be particularly efficacious in individuals who have been found to be refractory to standard systemic administration of felbamate or other anti-epilepsy agents.
- individuals who have failed two or more standard systemic therapies or whose conditions are severe enough to warrant more aggressive treatment than standard systemic therapies may benefit from ICV delivery.
- the invention features an ICV formation of felbamate for use as a medicament.
- the medicament is used to treat any condition for which treatment with felbamate is beneficial, such as epilepsy.
- the ICV formulation comprises any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
- the invention features the use of an ICV formation of felbamate for the manufacture of a medicament.
- the medicament is used to treat any condition for which treatment with felbamate is beneficial, such as epilepsy.
- the ICV formulation comprises any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
- APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- Figure 3 is a calibration curve of felbamate in canine brain.
- Figure 7 is a calibration curve A of felbamate in canine plasma.
- Figure 8 is a calibration B curve of felbamate in canine plasma.
- Figure 9 is a calibration C curve of felbamate in canine plasma.
- Figure 1OA is a graph showing the stability of a felbamate and hydroxypropyl- ⁇ - cyclodextrin formulation at 37 °C up to 12 months.
- Figure 1OB is a table showing the assay accuracy and precision for measuring felbamate levels.
- Figure 11 is a graph showing that ICV administration of felbamate delayed the onset of seizures in a rat animal model.
- Figure 12A is a table showing the CSF and plasma levels of felbamate in a single beagle dog during ICV felbamate administration.
- Figure 12B is a graph of the CSF and plasma levels of felbamate in a single beagle dog during ICV felbamate administration.
- Figures 13A-13H are graphs of the effect of felbamate on rats in open field and elevated plus maze assays.
- Figure 14 is a graph of the effect of felbamate on rats in the Porsolt FST assay.
- Figure 15 is a table summarizing the effect of felbamate on sedation and ataxia in rats.
- Figures 16A and 16B are graphs of the effect of felbamate and vehicle controls on weight gain in rats.
- Figure 17 is a table summarizing the effect of felbamate on blood analysis in rats.
- Figures 18A- 18C are a table showing the concentration of felbamate in the brain of rats after ICV administration of felbamate.
- Figures 19A and 19B are a table showing the concentration of felbamate in the CSF of rats after ICV administration of felbamate.
- Figures 2OA and 2OB are a table showing the concentration of felbamate in the plasma of rats after ICV administration of felbamate.
- Figure 21 is a table showing the concentration of felbamate in the bone marrow of rats after ICV administration of felbamate.
- Figures 22A and 22B are a table showing the concentration of felbamate in the heart of rats after ICV administration of felbamate.
- Figures 23 A and 23B are a table showing the concentration of felbamate in the kidney of rats after ICV administration of felbamate.
- Figures 24A and 24B are a table showing the concentration of felbamate in the liver of rats after ICV administration of felbamate.
- the present invention relates to methods, pharmaceutical compositions, apparatuses containing one or more compositions, and kits containing compositions for intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of felbamate for the treatment of epilepsy, such as refractory epilepsy.
- felbamate is used for the treatment of severe partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalization in patients who have failed adequate oral drug treatment regimens. Included in this subset of epilepsy patients are patients with debilitating disease and patients who have failed treatment with at least two effective medications given at adequate doses.
- ICV administration allows much lower doses to be used than required for oral administration of felbamate. These lower doses may reduce or prevent adverse side-effects from felbamate.
- ICV administration may have superior efficacy, substantially decreased systemic exposure of felbamate, improved patient compliance, and decreased drug-drug interactions due to decreased drug effects on hepatic drug metabolism.
- the animal studies described herein strongly suggest that ICV administration can effectively deliver therapeutic levels of felbamate to the brain with relatively low systemic exposure.
- potential benefits from ICV administration also include: 1) a reduction in systemic exposure and systemic side-effects; 2) improved compliance and dosing, as the infusion pump is filled, e.g., every three months by a physician who provides the capacity to improve patient adherence and can program delivery to adjust to clinical results; and 3) improved overall therapeutic response (such as improved response due to sustained exposure of epileptogenic foci within the brain to near constant therapeutic levels of felbamate.
- Medication administered via an ICV delivery device has less varied drug levels than a similar drug administered orally and intermittently, while computerized delivery offers the potential for programmed titration and tapering. Lastly, this procedure is much less expensive than traditional epilepsy surgery.
- compositions of felbamate for ICV administration at relatively high concentrations so that small injection volumes are sufficient to attain therapeutic drug levels within the brain.
- These small dosages result in marked advantages in therapeutic outcome in terms of toxicity, side-effects, dosing regimens, patient compliance, etc.
- rat and dog animal models have been used to assess the efficacy, distribution, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of felbamate when administered ICV.
- the ICV efficacy of felbamate has been established in acute (single-dose) rat studies.
- a dose of 17 mM of felbamate in 5 uL in rats was the lowest effective dose effective in acutely diminishing the PTZ threshold in a rat model of acute status epilepticus.
- Dosing of a concentration 4.5 fold higher for 28 days in rats demonstrated no evidence of overt toxicity or neurobehavioral effects (activation, sedation, weight gain, ataxia, depression, or anxiety).
- a 28-day toxicology study was performed in rats.
- felbamate produced no clinical observations or alterations in behavior (including no evidence of anxiety, ataxia, or sedation), did not alter body weight, and was not associated with any neuropathology or systemic tissue pathology.
- the low and high dosing levels in this study were more than 15000- and 5000-fold lower, respectively, than therapeutic doses in humans (3600 mg/day).
- Therapeutic doses in human generally produce average plasma concentrations of approximately 50 ug/mL.
- the low and high dosing levels in this study were approximately 3800 - 1300 fold lower than oral doses in dogs that are associated with a 50 ug/mL plasma concentration range (100 mg/kg) (McGee et al, 1998). No overt signs of toxicity were noted in this study.
- additional canine dosing studies ca be performed to test higher ICV felbamate doses, as well as analyze the regional distribution of felbamate.
- One aspect of the invention is drawn to pharmaceutical compositions of felbamate suitable for ICV administration, particularly long term or chronic ICV administration, e.g., using implantable pumps.
- the pharmaceutical composition includes felbamate and a cyclodextrin.
- the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention allow for formulation of felbamate at higher dosage concentrations than typically used for systemic administration.
- the compositions of the present invention in certain embodiments, provide for maximal solubility and stability under conditions of use during ICV administration, particularly chronic ICV administration.
- the compositions, when administered via ICV administration routes are suitable for use at higher dosage concentrations without increased risks of toxicity, as compared to systemic administration routes.
- significantly smaller amounts of the compositions of the present invention need to be administered via ICV delivery to achieve equipotent effect, as compared to systemic administration.
- the pharmaceutical composition includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier any material which, when combined with an active ingredient, allows the ingredient to retain biological activity and does not provoke an unacceptable immune response (e.g., a severe allergy or anaphylactic shock) based on the knowledge of a skilled practitioner. Examples include, but are not limited to, any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers such as phosphate buffered saline solutions, water, and various types of wetting agents. Compositions comprising such carriers are formulated by well known conventional methods (see, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th edition, A. Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA, 1990; and Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 20th Ed. Mack Publishing, 2000, which are each hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties, particularly with respect to formulations).
- the pharmaceutical compositions includes a buffer (e.g. , neutral buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline, etc), a carbohydrate (e.g., glucose, mannose, sucrose, dextran, etc), an antioxidant, a chelating agent (e.g., EDTA, glutathione, etc.), a preservative, another compound useful for treating epilepsy, an inactive ingredient (e.g., a stabilizer, filler, etc), or combinations of two or more of the foregoing.
- the composition is formulated as a lyophilizate.
- felbamate may exhibit increased stability and/or solubility at acid or alkaline pH and may be administered in such form.
- a physiologically suitable pH e.g., in the range of about pH 1.2-1 A
- any suitable buffer known in the pharmaceutical arts may be used (e.g., phosphate, acetate, glycine, citrate, imidazole, TRIS, MES, or MOPS).
- an osmolality ranging from about 100 to about 1000 mmol/kg, more particularly from about 280 to about 320 mmol/kg, may be desired. Any suitable manner of adjusting osmolality known in the pharmaceutical arts may be used, e.g., adjustment with NaCl.
- felbamate is solubilized in saline at pH 7.4 by including various optional solubilizing agents/stabilizing excipients in the formulation.
- compositions of felbamate (and an optional second therapy) remain in solution and maintain chemical integrity (e.g., less than about 10% degradation, less than about 5% degradation, less than about 2% degradation, etc.) for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more months at physiological temperatures (e.g., about 37 0 C), thereby providing suitable formulations for chronic ICV administration in accordance with certain aspects of the invention.
- mass spectrometry may be utilized to assess the chemical stability of felbamate in the composition under conditions to simulate chronic ICV administration.
- conditions include, e.g., physiological pH at about 37°C for at least about 3 months, at least about 4 months, at least about 5 months, at least about 6 months, etc.
- Exemplary formulations of felbamate include felbamate cyclodextrin (CDEX) (such as at 10 mg/ml), felbamate PEG, and felbamate in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (such as felbamate 10 mg/mL in DMSO, and felbamate 100 mg/mL in DMSO).
- CDEX felbamate cyclodextrin
- DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
- the maximum solubility of felbamate in PEG is about 150 mg/ml.
- Felbamate PEG formulation may have a concentration of felbamate between about 0.1 mg/ml to about 150 mg/ml, about 1 mg/ml to about 150 mg/ml, about 5 mg/ml to about 150 mg/ml, about 10 mg/ml to about 150 mg/ml, about 50 mg/ml to about 150 mg/ml, or about 100 mg/ml to about 150 mg/ml.
- Any polyethylene glycol such as PEG 300, PEG 400, and PEG 600
- the maximum solubility of felbamate in DMSO is about 450 mg/ml.
- Felbamate DMSO formulation may have a concentration of felbamate between about 0.1 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 1 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 10 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 50 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 100 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 200 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 300 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, or about 400 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml.
- Exemplary Second Therapies are examples of felbamate between about 0.1 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 1 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 10 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 50 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 100 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 200 mg/ml to about 450 mg/ml, about 300 mg/ml
- the pharmaceutical composition includes a second therapy (in addition to felbamate) that is useful for treating a condition for which treatment with felbamate is beneficial (such as epilepsy, e.g., refractory epilepsy) or is useful for treating a side-effect of felbamate.
- a second therapy in addition to felbamate
- such agents include anti-epilepsy agents that act on the GABA system, a sodium channel, and/or a calcium channel. Any suitable synergistic or collaborative therapy known in the art may be used.
- Additional active agents are shown in Table 1 below, along with certain physical properties useful in selecting suitable solubility enhancing agents and/or stabilizing excipients. As generally understood by those skilled in the art, the listing of an active agent includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, and acids thereof.
- Other exemplary second therapies include Adenosine, Adenosine 1 and 2 receptor analogues, Tegretol, Lamictal, Bumex and other loop diuretics, and Valproate.
- VALPROIC ACID 2-Propylpentanoic acid Addiction Pain Disorders; Anxiety; Depression; Schizophrenia; Bipolar Disorder; Epilepsy
- the pharmaceutical composition includes one or more cyclodextrins, e.g., ⁇ -hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) or sulfobutyl-ether- ⁇ cyclodextrin.
- HPBCD ⁇ -hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrin
- sulfobutyl-ether- ⁇ cyclodextrin e.g., sulfobutyl-ether- ⁇ cyclodextrin.
- the hydrophobicity of felbamate makes it difficult to formulate in aqueous dosage forms for ICV administration with physiological tonicity and pH.
- Formulations for ICV use are further complicated by the need for high concentrations within the injection device so that small injection volumes can attain therapeutic drug levels within the CSF.
- organic solvents e.g., octanol
- cyclodextrin can be used a means of allowing high felbamate concentrations (such as about 10 mg/m/L) to be formulated at physiological pH.
- Cyclodextrins are potent solubilizers because they possess both nonpolar and hydrophilic moieties that aid in the solubilization process. The nonpolar portion of these solubilizing agents interacts with hydrophobic drugs, while their hydrophilic moieties interact with water molecules to enhance solubility.
- HPBCD is used as the cyclodextrin since it has minimal hydrophobic character, and hence greater potential for better tolerability under conditions of chronic administration.
- HPBCD cyclodextrins may have low toxicity since the hydrophobic pocket of these circular molecules can interact with individual felbamate molecules while being relatively inaccessible to large membranous structures.
- toxicity is likely to be reduced if the formulation components are readily degraded in a cellular environment. The ability of cells to degrade compounds prevents their accumulation during chronic administration.
- HPBCD contains chemically labile ether and ester linkages that can reduce or prevent significant cellular accumulation during chronic ICV injection. If desired, the toxicity profile of the HPBCD excipient administered via the ICV route can be assessed using standard methods.
- any suitable amount of cyclodextrin sufficient to solubilize felbamate to the desired concentration may be used.
- molar ratios of felbamate to cyclodextrin ranging from about 1 :1 to about 1 :10, particularly, about 1 :1 to about 1:5, more particularly about 1 :1 to about 1 :2, about 1 :2 to about 1 :3, or about 1 :3 to about 1 :4, may be used to achieve adequate solubility of felbamate to the desired concentrations.
- the molar ratio of felbamate to cyclodextrin is about 1 :3.
- the pharmaceutical composition contains between about 1 to about 40% cyclodextrin (w/w), such as about 1 to about 5%, about 5 to about 10%, about 10 to about 15%, about 15 to about 20%, about 20 to about 25%, about 25 to about 30%, about 30 to about 35%, or about 35% to about 40%.
- the pharmaceutical composition contains between about 5 to about 30%, about 10 to about 30%, or about 20 to about 30% cyclodextrin (w/w).
- the pharmaceutical composition contains about 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20% cyclodextrin (w/w).
- the pharmaceutical composition contains about 16.5% cyclodextrin (w/w).
- the amount of cyclodextrin is low enough to prevent the viscosity of the pharmaceutical composition from being too high.
- compositions of the present invention may further include a stabilizing excipient and/or buffer.
- compositions of the invention may be deoxygenated (e.g., by saturating with nitrogen gas) to minimize the formation of reactive oxygen species that would degrade felbamate during storage. Another method would be to ensure that formulations are stored in a container that does not allow passage of light, thereby minimizing photo-induced degradation. Clearly, both the removal of oxygen and protection from light can be easily accomplished in a device designed for use in chronic ICV administration.
- stabilizing excipients may optionally be used to, e.g. , prevent or slow degradation by oxidation and/or hydrolysis of felbamate.
- Stabilizing excipients useful in the context of the compositions described herein include any pharmaceutically acceptable components which function to enhance the physical stability, and/or chemical stability of felbamate in the compositions of the invention.
- the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may include one or more stabilizing excipient, and each excipient may have one or more stabilizing functions.
- the stabilizing excipient functions to stabilize felbamate against chemical degradation, e.g., oxidation, deamidation, deamination, or hydrolysis.
- the stabilizing excipients may optionally be selected from antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), vitamin E, tocopherol conjugates, tocopherol succinate, PEGylated tocopherol succinate, Tris salt of tocopherol succinate, Trolox, mannitol, sucrose, phytic acid, trimercaprol, and glutathione.
- an optional antioxidant of modified vitamin E compounds, (e.g., Trolox or PEG-Tocopherol succinate) at about 50 micrograms/mL to about 1 mg/mL is included in the pharmaceutical composition.
- compositions of the invention may further include optional penetration enhancing excipients.
- penetration enhancing excipients may include any pharmaceutically acceptable excipient known in the art which is capable of maintaining felbamate within the brain or CSF, or otherwise maximizing the active agents residence time in the brain or CSF.
- excipients may act to decrease drug resistance.
- the penetration enhancing excipients may act to avoid, bind, or otherwise mask glycoprotein pumps which act to clear felbamate from the brain or CSF.
- any suitable excipient capable of maintaining felbamate in the brain or CSF, or otherwise maximize brain or CSF residence time may be used.
- the methods generally comprise ICV delivery of a pharmaceutical composition described herein (e.g., a composition with between about 1 mg to about 180 mg of felbamate and a cyclodextrin) to an individual (e.g., a human) in need thereof.
- a pharmaceutical composition described herein e.g., a composition with between about 1 mg to about 180 mg of felbamate and a cyclodextrin
- the total daily dose of felbamate for the human is between about 1 mg to about 180 mg of felbamate, such as between about 10 mg to about 40 mg of felbamate.
- the methods can be used in any therapeutic or prophylactic context in which felbamate may be useful.
- the methods may include treating a condition for which treatment with felbamate is beneficial (such as epilepsy, e.g., refractory epilepsy).
- the method is used to treat partial or focal onset seizures, such as simple partial seizures or complex partial seizures.
- the method is used to treat generalized seizures, such as absence (petit mal), myoclonic, clonic, tonic, tonic-clonic (grand mal), or atonic seizures.
- the method is used to treat infantile spasms (West syndrome), childhood absence epilepsy, Dravet's syndrome, a benign focal epilepsy of childhood (such as benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes, benign rolandic epilepsy, or benign childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy, fetal alcohol syndrome, frontal lobe epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, occipital lobe epilepsy, or any combination of two or more of the foregoing.
- the method involves treatment of severe partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalization in individuals who have failed adequate 1, 2, 3, 4, or more oral drug treatment regimens.
- an individual intends a mammal, including but not limited to, a primate (e.g., a human, monkey, gorilla, ape, lemur, etc.), a bovine, an equine, a porcine, a canine, and a feline.
- a primate e.g., a human, monkey, gorilla, ape, lemur, etc.
- bovine e.g., a bovine
- an equine e.g., a porcine
- a canine e.g., a canine
- feline e.g., a bovine
- the individual may have been diagnosed with, is suspected of having, or is at risk of developing an indication for which treatment with felbamate is beneficial, such as epilepsy.
- the individual may exhibit one or more symptoms (such as seizures) associated with the indication.
- the individual can be genetically or otherwise predisposed to developing such a condition.
- the individual (such as a human) has refractory epilepsy.
- the individual is selected from the population of individuals who are refractory to treatment via oral or systemic administration of a compound for the treatment of epilepsy other than felbamate.
- the individual has not responded to 1, 2, 3, 4, or more compounds (administered as separate monotherapies or as combination therapies) for the treatment of epilepsy (such as anti-epilepsy agents other than felbamate) prior to treatment with a method of the invention.
- the individual has seizures that have not be adequately controlled by 1, 2, 3, 4, or more compounds for the treatment of epilepsy (such as anti-epilepsy agents other than felbamate) prior to treatment with a method of the invention.
- the individual is selected from the population of individuals who are refractory to treatment via oral or systemic administration of felbamate.
- the individual has failed surgical treatment (such as vagus nerve stimulation) or has been determined to not have a surgical option for treatment.
- the individual has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more complex partial or generalized tonic-clonic seizures per month for at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more months prior to treatment with a method of the invention.
- an "at risk” individual is an individual who is at risk of development of a condition for which treatment with felbamate is beneficial, such as epilepsy.
- An individual “at risk” may or may not have a detectable disease or condition, and may or may not have displayed detectable disease prior to the treatment methods described herein.
- At risk denotes that an individual has one or more so-called risk factors, which are measurable parameters that correlate with development of a disease or condition and are known in the art.
- risk factors include, but are not limited to, age, sex, race, diet, history of previous disease, presence of precursor disease, genetic ⁇ i.e., hereditary) considerations, and environmental exposure.
- Methods for the diagnosis of epilepsy, as well as procedures for the identification of individuals at risk for developing epilepsy, are well known to those in the art. Such procedures may include clinical tests, physical examination, personal interviews, and assessment of family history.
- treatment or “treating” is meant an approach for obtaining a beneficial or desired result, including clinical results.
- beneficial or desired results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms (such as seizures) associated with a condition (such as, but not limited to, epilepsy), diminishment of the extent of the symptoms associated with a condition (such as the severity or duration of seizures), delaying the development of a condition, or prevention of a worsening of the symptoms associated with a condition.
- treatment with a one or more pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is accompanied by no or fewer side-effects than are associated with currently available therapies.
- delaying development of a disease or condition means to defer, hinder, slow, retard, stabilize and/or postpone development of the disease or condition for which treatment with felbamate is beneficial, such as epilepsy.
- This delay can be of varying lengths of time, depending on the history of the disease and/or individual being treated.
- a sufficient or significant delay can, in effect, encompass prevention, in that the individual does not develop the disease or condition.
- the method may reduce the probability of disease development in a given time frame and/or reduce the extent of the disease in a given time frame, when compared to not using the method. In some embodiments, such comparisons are based on clinical studies using a statistically significant number of subjects.
- Disease development can be detectable using standard clinical techniques. Development may also refer to disease progression that can be initially undetectable and includes occurrence, recurrence, and onset.
- the methods used to administer felbamate maximize the amount of felbamate (or a metabolite thereof) delivered to one or more areas of the brain associated with epilepsy in an individual and minimize (i) the amount of felbamate (or a metabolite thereof) delivered to other areas of the brain and/or (ii) the amount of felbamate that is cleared from the brain or nervous system. Delivery of felbamate to specific regions of the brain improves bioavailability, reduces systemic toxicity, improves patient compliance, and facilitates complex dosing regimens.
- Standard methods of quantifying how fast and how far felbamate has penetrated into the brain are the basis for the "coefficient of penetration” and can be used to understand how much felbamate is getting into the tissue of interest (Blasberg et al. 1975, 1977, Collins et al. 1983). Standard methods can be used to determine the region(s) of the brain (such as the temporal lobe) associated with epilepsy in a particular individual using techniques such as MRI or PET scanning.
- the activity of felbamate is substantially local to the delivery site within the CSF.
- Bernards et al. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Spinal Cord Distribution of Baclofen and Bupivacaine during Slow Intrathecal Infusion in Pigs, Pain And Regional Anesthesia Anesthesiology. 105(l):169-178, July 2006) studied slow drug administration into the spinal CSF and found that both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds bind within ⁇ 1 cm of the local area of drug administration.
- felbamate may be administered in close proximity to the location(s) in the brain of a particular individual that are associated with epilepsy in that individual.
- the ICV delivery device may be advantageously placed in close proximity to the desired location for therapeutic activity of felbamate.
- felbamate administration into one or more cerebral ventricles.
- felbamate is administered to only one cerebral ventricle.
- felbamate is administered to more than one cerebral ventricle (such as 2, 3, or 4 cerebral ventricles).
- felbamate is administered to the third and/or fourth cerebral ventricle.
- felbamate is administered to one or both lateral cerebral ventricles.
- any of the methods described herein also include administering felbamate by a second route of administration other than ICV administration.
- the second route of administration involves administration of felbamate to the lumbar cistern and/or cisterna magna.
- a lumbar placed catheter in the cisterna magna is used to administer felbamate.
- felbamate is administered by 1, 2, 3, 4, or more different routes of administration.
- felbamate is administered by an ICV route of administration and a second route of administration simultaneously.
- a therapy in reference to two routes of administration, as used herein, means that a therapy (such as felbamate) is administered by two different routes of administration with a time separation of no more than about 15 minutes, such as no more than about any of 10, 5, or 1 minutes.
- felbamate is administered by an ICV route of administration and a second route of administration sequentially.
- the term "sequential administration" in reference to two routes of administration means a therapy (such as felbamate) is administered by two different routes of administration with a time separation of more than about 15 minutes, such as more than about any of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or more minutes. Either route of administration may be used first.
- felbamate can first be administered by an ICV route of administration and then administered by a different route of administration.
- felbamate can first be administered by a route of administration other than ICV administration and then administered by an ICV route of administration.
- the administration of felbamate by an ICV route of administration overlaps the administration of felbamate by a second route of administration.
- the administration is non-concurrent.
- the ICV administration of felbamate is terminated before the felbamate is administered by a second route of administration.
- the administration by a route of administration other than ICV delivery is terminated before felbamate is administered by an ICV route of administration.
- felbamate may be administered by an ICV route of administration prior to, during, or following administration by a second route of administration.
- the timing between the ICV administration of felbamate and the delivery by a second route of administration is about 1 month or less, about 2 weeks or less, about 1 week or less, about 3 days or less, about 1 day or less, about 12 hours or less, about 6 hours or less, about 4 hour less, or about 2 hours or less.
- the ratio of the amount felbamate administered by an ICV route of administration to the amount felbamate administered by a second route of administration is less than or about any of 100:1, 50:1, 30:1, 10:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1
- the ratio of the amount felbamate administered by an ICV route of administration to the amount felbamate administered by a second route of administration is more than about any of 1 :1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 30:1, 50:1, 100:1.
- the amount felbamate administered by lumbar injection is about 100%, 200%, 500%, or more than the amount of felbamate administered by ICV delivery. Other ratios are contemplated.
- the method also involves administering a second therapy (in addition to felbamate) that is useful for treating a condition for which treatment with felbamate is beneficial (such as epilepsy, e.g., refractory epilepsy) or is useful for treating a side-effect of felbamate.
- a second therapy in addition to felbamate
- This second therapy can be administered using any appropriate route of administration.
- any suitable manner of central administration known in the art is used, e.g., intrathecal delivery, intrathecal (administration into the cerebrospinal fluid-containing space), spinal or lumbar delivery into the subarachnoid space, intracranial delivery (administration into the brain parenchyma), ICV delivery, or delivery to the lumbar cistern and/or cisterna magna.
- the second therapy is administered by 1, 2, 3, 4, or more different routes of administration.
- felbamate and the second therapy are administered simultaneously.
- the term "simultaneous administration" in reference to the administration of two different therapies, as used herein, means that a first therapy (such as felbamate) and a second therapy (such as an anti-epilepsy agent other than felbamate) in a combination therapy are administered with a time separation of no more than about 15 minutes, such as no more than about any of 10, 5, or 1 minutes.
- the first and second therapies may be contained in the same composition (e.g., a composition comprising felbamate and another anti-epilepsy agent) or in separate compositions (e.g., felbamate is contained in one composition and another anti-epilepsy agent is contained in another composition).
- felbamate and the second therapy are administered sequentially.
- the term "sequential administration" in reference to the administration of two different therapies means that the first therapy and second therapy in a combination therapy are administered with a time separation of more than about 15 minutes, such as more than about any of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or more minutes. Either the first therapy or the second therapy may be administered first.
- the first and second therapies are contained in separate compositions, which may be contained in the same or different packages or kits.
- the administration of felbamate overlaps the administration of the second therapy.
- the administration is non-concurrent.
- the administration of felbamate is terminated before the second therapy is administered.
- the administration of the second therapy is terminated before felbamate is administered.
- felbamate may be administered prior to, during, or following administration of the second therapy.
- the timing between at least one administration of felbamate and at least one administration of the second therapy is about 1 month or less, about 2 weeks or less, about 1 week or less, about 3 days or less, about 1 day or less, about 12 hours or less, about 6 hours or less, about 4 hour less, or about 2 hours or less.
- felbamate and the second therapy are administered concurrently to an individual in a single formulation or separate formulations.
- the administration of felbamate and/or the optional second therapy may be acute or chronic, and may be via injection, infusion, pump, implantable pump, etc.
- establishing drug efficacy in the central nervous system through ICV administration may be maximized using several strategies.
- Felbamate and/or another anti-epilepsy agent are likely to be more ideally suited to administration into the ventricle of the brain or the cisterna magna than into the spine.
- anti-epilepsy agents may need greater exposure to the brain in the cranium than via the spinal canal.
- Epilepsy may be more effectively treated by tighter control of dosing regimens for CSF delivery. For example, administering felbamate before waking may eliminate a patient's seizures that occur on waking in the morning. Women who have seizures at their menstrual period can be given higher level of medication for the 5-7 days around their period than at other times of the month to maximize medication efficacy.
- Dosing strategies also incorporate various approaches to initiating treatment, stopping treatment, switching treatment, and responding to different patient states. These various dosing strategies can be selected by a manual adjustment of a computer program and/or algorithm. Different initiating treatments include rapid initiation, moderate initiation, or slow initiation. Altered initial dosing patterns may be necessary due to such issues as central side-effect profiles which may necessitate slower loading. Patients with this approach may differ because of the central side-effect profile which may necessitate slower loading. Patients may need to have rapid or slow medication taper depending on side-effect issues and patient safety. Reasons for performing a rapid taper include reacting to a medication allergy or cross-taper with initiation of another treatment.
- Examples of manual or programmed dosing modes or strategies include night time administration, administration before waking, increased administration one week a month, three times a day, continuous dosing, bolus dosing, taper dosing, need based dosing, feedback dosing by the physician, provider, patient or family.
- the clinical scenarios where these can be employed include chronic disease, disease exacerbation, need for suppression treatment, need for recurrence treatment, or increase in frequency of seizures.
- Toxicity due to local delivery to the CNS can be minimized or prevented by using computer programming to identify a precise dosing amount that is within the therapeutic window. This amount could be determined by clinical response and complaints, electrophysiological tests like EEG, EP, or MEG or by scanning like MRI and PET scanning.
- pH pH-dependent solubility
- Toxicology experiments can be constructed in vitro and in vivo to prepare for medications administered in the CSF.
- Initial in vitro toxicology work for CSF based drug delivery involves testing whether medication/excipient combinations cause cell death, oxidation, or other metabolic changes.
- In vitro experiments ideally are performed in two animal species, such as the rat and the dog experiments described herein.
- the rat is a good for preliminary testing because of availability of dosing to 28 days but the volume of the ventricle is very small and therefore less dilution occurs than in human ventricular delivery.
- the dog offers the capacity for 90 day drug testing using an implanted catheter and a pump that is carried on the animal's body.
- fenestration of the septum pellucidum is performed using standard methods to facilitate higher or equal bilateral tissue distribution of felbamate and/or a second therapy for the treatment of epilepsy ⁇ see, for example, Gangemi et al. , Endoscopic surgery for monoventricular hydrocephalus, 52(3):246-50; discussion 250-1, 1999 Sep, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, particular with respect to fenestration methods).
- administration can be a prophylactic treatment, beginning concurrently with the diagnosis or observation of condition(s) ⁇ e.g., lifestyle, genetic history, surgery, etc.) which places a subject at risk of developing a specific disease or disorder.
- condition(s) e.g., lifestyle, genetic history, surgery, etc.
- administration can occur subsequent to occurrence of symptoms associated with a specific disease or disorder.
- felbamate is administered ICV over a predetermined duration of time, and the composition is formulated so as to maintain solubility and stability over the predetermined time period and conditions of use ⁇ e.g., physiological pH, temperature, and/or tonicity, etc.).
- the duration of time may be, e.g., at least about 1 month, at least about 2 months, at least about 3 months, at least about 4 months, at least about 5 months, at least about 6 months, etc.
- Exemplary dosing frequencies include, but are not limited to, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 times (i.e., daily) a week.
- felbamate is administered at least about any of 2, 3, 4, or 6 times a day.
- felbamate is administered continuously.
- Felbamate is be administered, e.g., over a period of a few days or weeks.
- felbamate is administrated for a longer period, such as a few months or years.
- the dosing frequency of the composition may be adjusted over the course of the treatment based on the judgment of the administering physician.
- the administration is via an implantable pump, e.g., an ICV or subarachnoid delivery device for chronic administration.
- an implantable pump e.g., an ICV or subarachnoid delivery device for chronic administration.
- devices such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication 2004/0133184, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, may be used.
- Continuous administration may be achieved using an implantable or attachable pump controlled delivery device, such as those marketed by Medtronic, Inc. However, any implanted controlled delivery device known in the art may be used. Certain embodiments involve using an implanted catheter pump system for at least one month, at least about two months, at least about three months, at least about 4 months, at least about 5 months, at least about 6 months, etc. of chronic ICV administration.
- the pump may be implanted as currently approved in the product labeling.
- the spinal catheter is approved for use in intrathecal drug delivery with the Synchromed pump and not as yet for ICV modes of drug delivery, the approved spinal catheter has been used successfully by several clinicians for ICV administration of drugs (e.g., in pediatric patients).
- stealth technology is used for catheter placement using standard methods. Standard interoperative navigation methods can be used to insert the catheter into the desired location within the brain for administration of felbamate.
- the Medtronic Synchromed II Pump is implanted in a 45-minute procedure performed by anesthesiologists, neurosurgeons, and general surgeons. The pump is located in the abdomen and the catheter is placed into the CSF through a spinal tap. The catheter lies outside the spinal cord tissue and medication is administered from the tip of the catheter.
- ICV administration of felbamate involves placing a 4 mm hole in the cranium through which a tube is placed. Placement of a small cranial hole for a hollow tube insertion is a frequently performed neurosurgical procedure and has a very low risk of any complication including major complications of epilepsy, stroke, hemorrhage or death (Lamer, TJ. "Treatment of cancer-related pain: when orally administered medications fail," Mayo Clin Proc ⁇ 994; 69:473-80).
- the pump drug reservoir is designed for refill at approximately 3 month intervals, dependent upon patient dosing requirements.
- physicians or their nursing and physician assistants
- Typical follow-up after a pump placement is 1 week, with a second visit 1 month later.
- patients are seen at a maximum of once per week for programmable dose adjustment in the first two to three months and thereafter every three months unless symptoms or medication side-effects require programming adjustment of the drug dose.
- ICV delivery of felbamate with an implantable pump could potentially minimize/eliminate peripheral side-effects (dramatic dose reduction), while optimizing compliance through continuous drug delivery.
- This approach may help establish felbamate as a more effective drug, by potentially limiting its well known side-effects and thereby expanding the patient pool for whom this drug may be useful.
- injection is continuous, using a computerized pump to provide a delivery rate of about 0.01 to about 1 mg of felbamate per hour, depending on the severity of symptoms.
- CSF concentration is periodically monitored and the delivery rate is adjusted accordingly to provide a steady-state concentration of about 1 to about 50 micrograms per milliliter of cerebrospinal fluid.
- the pharmaceutical composition contains an effective amount of felbamate.
- the pharmaceutical composition contains an effective amount of a second therapy (in addition to felbamate) that is useful for treating a condition for which treatment with felbamate is beneficial (such as epilepsy, e.g., refractory epilepsy) or is useful for treating a side-effect of felbamate.
- a second therapy in addition to felbamate
- the term "effective amount” intends such amount of one or more therapeutic agents described herein which in combination with its parameters of efficacy and toxicity should be effective in a given therapeutic form based on the knowledge of the practicing specialist. As is understood in the art, an effective amount can be in one or more doses.
- an effective dosage of a pharmaceutical composition may or may not be achieved in conjunction with another drug, compound, or pharmaceutical composition.
- an effective amount can be considered in the context of administering one or more therapeutic agents, and a single agent can be considered to be given in an effective amount if, in conjunction with one or more other agents, a desirable or beneficial result can be or is achieved.
- An exemplary total daily dose of felbamate for an individual is between about 1 mg to about 250 mg, such as between about 1 to about 180 mg, between about 1 to about 5 mg, about 5 to about 10 mg, about 10 to about 15 mg, about 15 to about 20 mg, about 20 to about 25 mg, about 25 to about 30 mg, about 30 to about 35 mg, about 35 to about 40 mg, about 40 to about 50 mg, about 50 to about 60 mg, about 60 to about 70 mg, about 70 to about 80 mg, about 80 to about 90 mg, about 90 to about 100 mg, about 100 to about 110 mg, about 110 to about 120 mg, about 120 to about 130 mg, about 130 to about 140 mg, about 140 to about 150 mg, about 150 to about 160 mg, about 160 to about 170 mg, about 170 to about 180 mg, about 180 to about 200 mg, about 200 to about 250 mg.
- total daily dose of felbamate for an individual is between about 10 to about 40 mg, about 40 mg to about 100 mg, about 100 mg to about 140 mg, about 140 mg to about 180 mg, or about 180 mg to about 250 mg.
- about 1 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml of felbamate is administered at about 5 microliters per hour to about 100 microliters per hour.
- about any of 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 425, or 450 mg/ ml of felbamate is administered.
- about any of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 microliters per hour are administered.
- the ICV administered dose to an individual may range from about 0.4% to about 225% of the corresponding systemic administration dosage.
- the ICV administered dose to an individual is from about 30-fold lower to about 30-fold higher than the ICV dose in rodents, e.g., the ICV administered dosage in humans is about 30-fold lower to about 30-fold higher than the effective ICV dose in rats.
- the dosage administered to an individual is about 30-fold lower to about 30-fold higher than the rodent ICV dose.
- the ICV administered dosage is about 20-fold lower to about 30-fold higher, about 10-fold lower to about 30-fold higher, about 10-fold lower to about 20-fold higher, about 10-fold higher to about 10-fold higher, about 10-fold higher, about 20-fold higher, about 30-fold higher, about 10-fold lower, about 20-fold lower, or about 30-fold lower.
- the invention also features methods of determining a dosing regimen for the ICV administration of felbamate to an individual (such as a human).
- the dose for ICV administration to the individual is determined by dividing the typical oral dose for the same population of individuals (such as humans with the same type of epilepsy) by about 10 to about 100 (such as dividing the oral dose by about 30 to about 50). For example, if about 3600 mg of felbamate is orally administered per day in an adult human, then the corresponding ICV dose is about 36 to about 360 mg per day in an adult human.
- the dose for ICV administration to the individual is determined by measuring or estimating the dose required to obtain an intraventricular CSF concentration of free felbamate of between about 20 to about 60 micrograms/microliters, which is the target CSF level in the ventricle, lumbar cistern, or cisterna magna.
- different doses of increasing amounts could be administered to determine what dose is sufficient to obtain a free felbamate of between about 20 to about 60 micrograms/microliters in a cerebral ventricle, lumbar cistern, or cisterna magna in the individual.
- the initial ICV dose is approximately 1/30 1 of the oral dose. Other doses can also be tested.
- the dose for ICV administration to the individual is determined by measuring or estimating the dose required to obtain about 15 to about 60 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue in the individual as the target brain concentration for effective treatment.
- the target dose for humans is the amount estimated based on extrapolations from large animal ICV administration models to be required to attain a maximum concentration of between about 15 to about 60 ug of felbamate per gram of brain tissue.
- the dose required for humans relative to that required in animal ICV models is assumed to be proportional to total brain weight.
- the predicted target ICV dose in humans is 25 fold greater than that required in beagles (since the adult human brain weight of 1700 g is 25 fold greater than the beagle brain weight of 70 grams).
- the amount of felbamate cleared by humans is estimated to be about 2, 3, 4, or 5-fold less than the amount of felbamate cleared by dogs.
- Brain felbamate concentrations in animals are estimated from the amount of felbamate infused, minus the amount of felbamate cleared, divided by the brain weight.
- the amount of felbamate that remains in the brain of humans divided by the brain weight is desirably between about 15 to about 60 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue. In some embodiments, the amount of felbamate that remains in the brain of humans divided by the brain weight is desirably between about 29 to about 60 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue, such as between about 30 to about 35, about 35 to about 40, about 40 to about 45, about 45 to about 50, about 50 to about 55, or about 55 to about 60 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue.
- the cortex of the brain of the individual has a felbamate concentration of about 15 to about 60 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue.
- the felbamate concentration in regions of the brain other than the cortex is less than about 15, 10, 5, 3, 2, 1, or 0.5 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue.
- the felbamate concentration in regions of the brain other than the cortex is between about 0.5 to about 10 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue, such as between about 1 to about 10 or between about 1 to about 5 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue.
- one or more locations in the brain associated with epilepsy in the individual have a felbamate concentration of about 15 to about 60 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue.
- white matter and/or other location/region unlikely to be epileptogenic zones have a lower concentration of felbamate (such as less than about 15, 10, 5, 3, 2, 1, or 0.5 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue).
- the temporal lobe in some embodiments has a felbamate concentration of about 15 to about 60 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue. Standard methods, such as those described herein, can be used to measure the amount of felbamate in any tissue of interest (such as cisterna magna, lumbar, CSF, or plasma sampling).
- the concentrations of the felbamate may vary based on binding sites for felbamate in the brain tissue and critical levels of felbamate may be required at those binding sites.
- the felbamate concentration at one or more of these binding sites (such as one or more binding sites in the hippocampus) is about 15 to about 60 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue.
- the felbamate concentration is about 15 to about 60 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue in one or more locations pertinent to seizure spread or origination of seizure discharge.
- the dosage is higher than the CNS clearance rate. Clearance can be accomplished by felbamate traversing the arachnoid granulations, the head and neck lymphatic system, the lumbar CSF, and potentially traversing the blood brain barrier with or without the transport being affected by pglycoprotein which can facilitate drug extravasation. Furthermore, the size of the molecule administered in this fashion needs to take into account the extracellular space and ideally is less than 35 nanometers.
- the concentration of felbamate in one or more locations in the brain is about or greater than any of 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 200- fold, 300-fold, or more than the concentration of felbamate in the plasma and/or CSF.
- the concentration of felbamate in the CSF is the same or approximately the same as the target felbamate concentration in the brain (such as about 15 to about 60 micrograms of felbamate per gram of brain tissue).
- the amount of felbamate in the brain at steady state is related to the relative steady concentration of felbamate in the CSF.
- Felbamate in the CSF is also a function of the amount administered from the ventricular catheter and the clearance from the brain. Dog CSF is cleared five times per day, which is about twice as frequent as humans. Based on bulk CSF flow alone, the clearance in dogs is twice as fast as in humans. Another difference between dogs and humans is that dogs are rapid metabolizers in the liver, which increases the amount of felbamate cleared and eliminated from the body. This metabolism impacts serum concentrations of felbamate, thereby affecting minimal constant blood level of felbamate, which may be about 2, 3, 4, or 5 times lower in dogs than in humans.
- the clearance rate of felbamate in humans is estimated to be about 2, 3, 4, or 5- fold less than the clearance rate in dogs.
- the unit content of active ingredients contained in an individual dose of each dosage form need not in itself constitute an effective amount since the necessary effective amount could be reached by the combined effect of a plurality of administrations.
- the selection of the amount of felbamate to include in a pharmaceutical composition depends upon the dosage form utilized, the condition being treated, and the particular purpose to be achieved according to the determination of the ordinarily skilled artisan in the field.
- compositions are designed to maximize solubility and stability in the CSF and under conditions of use for chronic administration to the CSF.
- the maximum aqueous solubility for felbamate in some embodiments is close to its effective concentration.
- the concentration of felbamate in the formulation is increased five-fold over the aqueous solubility limit in order to achieve therapeutic concentrations in rat ventricles.
- the effective amount can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in animal models, such as rat, mouse, or dog models (such as those described herein).
- animal models such as rat, mouse, or dog models (such as those described herein).
- An animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and routes of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.
- model systems such as the animal models described herein
- exemplary models of epilepsy include the acute PTZ model, carotid ligation, and Kainate. As described further below, using an acute PTZ model demonstrated alteration of the seizure threshold.
- Epilepsy may be modeled using generalized seizure models with DBA/2 mice, genetically epilepsy prone rats or gerbils, maximal electroshock models, simple parietal seizure models such as with microapplication of convulsant drugs, penicillin, picrotoxin, bicuculin, strychnine, or kainic acid.
- Chronic seizure models such as application of alumina hydroxide, cobalt, tungsten, or zinc can be used.
- An exemplary complex parietal seizure model involves injecting tetanus toxin into the hippocampus.
- animal models including elevated plus, open maze, and water tank models.
- alteration of time in the elevated plus open arm and open maze showed efficacy for felbamate.
- Such behavioral paradigms can demonstrate decreased anxiety by increased entry into the open arms of the elevated plus maze, and increased activity in the central areas of the open field maze (Mechiel Korte and De Boer, 2003; Crawley, 1985).
- Both the open field and elevated plus mazes can demonstrate increased generalized activity levels by showing increased distances traveled over a give time period, or sedation by decreased distances traveled.
- the swim tank can show decreased behavioral despair (interpreted to represent depression) by increased struggling to escape the water (Russig et al, 2003).
- Model systems for anxiety include fear-potentiated startle reflex, conflicts test (food in open field, or Vogel punished drinking), an elevated plus maze, social interaction, or approach/avoidance paradigm.
- Depression may be modeled with Porsolt (forced) swim, tail suspension, olfactory bulbectomized rats, Flinders Sensitive Line rates, Fawn Hooded rats, learned helplessness, or maternal separation.
- Anhedonia may be modeled using novelty object place conditioning.
- kits for ICV administration of the pharmaceutical compositions and formulations described herein ⁇ e.g., compositions with between about 1 mg to about 250 mg of felbamate (such as about 1 mg to about 180 mg) and a cyclodextrin, a PEG or DMSO).
- kits may include a desired amount of at least one pharmaceutical formulation as disclosed herein. Kits may further comprise suitable packaging and/or instructions for use of the formulation. Kits may also comprise a means for the delivery of the formulation, for example, for delivery to the receptacle of a pump. Kits may also comprise a receptacle of the pump that contains the formulation in the appropriate amount and concentration. Other devices that are used as part of a system for ICV administration are known to those of skill in the art, and these may be included as part of a kit. [0136] The kits may include other agents for use in conjunction with felbamate.
- the second therapy is compatible with ICV administration. In some embodiments, the second therapy is formulated for delivery by a route of administration other than ICV administration.
- kits may include appropriate instructions for preparation and administration of the formulation, side-effects of the formulation, and any other relevant information.
- the instructions may be in any suitable format, including, but not limited to, printed matter, videotape, computer readable disk, or optical disk.
- kits for treating an individual who suffers from the conditions described herein comprising a first container comprising the appropriate dosage amount of a formulation described herein, and instructions for us.
- the container may be any of those known in the art and appropriate for storage and delivery of the formulations.
- the kit further comprises a second container comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, adjuvant, etc. for preparation of the composition to be administered to the individual.
- Kits may also be provided that contain sufficient dosages of the formulations as disclosed herein to provide effective treatment for an individual for an extended period, such as about any of 1-3 days, 1-5 days, a week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, or more.
- Kits may also include multiple doses of the formulations and instructions for use and packaged in quantities sufficient for storage and use in pharmacies, for example, hospital pharmacies and compounding pharmacies.
- Example 1 Exemplary Felbamate Composition and its Stability
- NMT denotes "not more than.”
- felbamate is packaged in a 40 mL USP Type 3 glass vial with an appropriate stopper/closure.
- the formulation does not contain a preservative.
- the target pH of the final reconstituted dosing solution is between about 7.3 and about 7.5.
- the components used in the manufacture of the formulation include HPBCD, WFI, and sodium hydroxide for pH adjustments.
- the commercial source of HPBCD is parenteral grade CDEX.
- Felbamate is insoluble at neutral pH, requiring either organic solvents or a low pH in order to be solubilized (Merck Index, 2004). Because it is desirable to formulate drugs at physiological pH (-7.4), and because degradation accelerates under acidic conditions (Hasan et ah, 2002, Yaksh 1999), HPBCD was used to solubilize felbamate at pH 7.4. Felbamate was formulated with increasing mole ratios of HPBCD (0-4). Since precipitation causes felbamate to form insoluble particulates, light scattering (absorbance at 500 nm in a Hitachi UV/VIS spectrophotometer; model U-2001) was used to monitor the loss of solubility as the formulation is alkalinized.
- the stability of felbamate in a ready-to-use solution was studied for use as a pump injection mixture inside the human body in the future.
- the admixtures of felbamate and hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cylodextrin (HPBCD) in water solution were prepared in triplicate with the pH adjusted to 7.4 under 6 different storage modes and kept in a 37 °C incubator to mimic the human body environment. Samples were removed at various time points over a one-year storage period.
- the stability (the concentration of felbamate in mixture) was determined using the stability-indicating HPLC assay described below after suitable dilution in water.
- any of the felbamate compositions described herein can be tested with a pump system (such as the Synchromed II pump system) for stability, compatibility leachables, extractables, degradation products, and adsorptivity at body temperature, room temperature, and at zero degrees at the reservoir site and the tip of the catheter using the MS LC techniques described herein.
- a pump system such as the Synchromed II pump system
- felbamate formulations can be tested for sterility and endotoxin annually for samples stored at various storage conditions (such as at about 25, 40, or 60 0 C). At various time points (such as at about 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and/or 36 months), felbamate formulations can be tested for potency and related substances (such as using the HPLC assay described herein), pH, particulates, and/or appearance.
- the goal of this study was to determine the dose level of ICV felbamate required for anti-epileptic efficacy in an established preclinical model.
- the dose of ICV administered felbamate required to achieve an increase in the seizure threshold in Sprague Dawley rats was determined by acute administration of reformulated felbamate using the NIH recommended PTZ suppression test in a non-GLP setting.
- the dose of 17 mM (3.8 ug/mL, for a total dose of 0.019 ug) was determined with 5 uL injected directly ICV and tested using the acute PTZ suppression model (Figure 11).
- PTZ pentylenetetrazol
- the time from initial application of PTZ to the first clonic seizure ⁇ i.e., forelimb clonus) was measured and defined as "latency to seizure onset.”
- the total amount of PTZ infused was calculated and then divided by each rat's body weight to obtain the dose (mg/kg) of PTZ. This process has been characterized as a "threshold dose" (Pollack and Shen, 1985).
- rats were euthanized with 100 mg/kg of sodium pentobarbital.
- ICV administration of felbamate delayed the onset of seizures in this animal model.
- ICV felbamate significantly increased the latency to PTZ-induced seizure onset compared to control.
- C-ICV continuous intracerebroventricular
- felbamate levels required to achieve efficacy are not yet known, one study using surgical samples from 8 refractory epilepsy patients has shown that oral doses of 3600 mg/day were associated with felbamate concentrations ranging from 13 ⁇ g - 74 ⁇ g/gram in varied brain regions. Although these data do not provide evidence that these concentrations are required for efficacy, they infer a reasonable target range to assist in design of studies for development of an ICV felbamate formulation. These data have been considered together with other preclinical findings in the design of an ICV felbamate formulation that produces therapeutic efficacy at the same time as reducing substantially the levels of systemic exposure, and hence produces a significant reduction in therapy-limiting side effects.
- Felbamate was administered to two dogs at doses corresponding to 15,000- (0.24 mg/day) and 5000-fold less (0.72 mg/day), respectively, than the recommended human oral dose of 3600 mg.
- Felbamate at 0.72 mg/day dose achieved a maximum brain felbamate concentration of 1.34 ⁇ g/gram brain in the lateral ventricle as described below.
- felbamate was detected in all brain samples studied, with levels in other areas ranging from 12.3 - 194 ⁇ g/g.
- Felbamate at lower doses of 0.24 mg day achieved correspondingly lower felbamate brain levels, with a maximum concentration in the 4 th lateral ventricle of 0.282 ⁇ g/g, 0.162 ⁇ g/g in the hippocampus, 0.073 ⁇ g/g in the fourth ventricle, and 0.0656 ⁇ g/g in the caudate/putamen.
- Significant CSF levels of felbamate were achieved up to 8 days of dosing, and appeared to have achieved a steady state level.
- Plasma levels of felbamate were considerably less than CSF levels, indicating the potential for a low level of systemic felbamate exposure with ICV dosing.
- Plasma drug levels were approximately 6 - 17 fold lower than CSF levels by day 8 of continuous dosing.
- the felbamate dosing regimen for this dog study was determined as follows.
- the ratio of brain to plasma felbamate concentration (Drug Concentrations in Human Brain Tissue Samples from Epileptic Patients Treated with Felbamate, Drug Metabolism and Distribution VoI 22, No.1) was found to be a mean of 66 + 26% in humans.
- Doses across species (rat, dog, and human) produce equivalent C max concentrations (Felbamate Pharmacokinetics in Rat, Rabbit and Dog, Drag Metabolism and Distribution VoI 19, No.6.) in dose ranges from 11 to 100 mg/kg.
- Considering the rat brain/plasma data is consistent (Distribution of the anticonvulsant felbamate to CSF and brain tissue of adult and neonatal rats.
- a human dose of 25 mg/kg should produce a plasma C max of approximately 30 ug/ml and brain concentrations of 19.9 ug/g.
- brain concentrations in the cortex averaged 214 ng/ml. Plasma levels were below the limits of quantitation in this study. Based on this data, the dose level in a study in beagle dogs was lowered several fold as the single day dose was provided over a one week period.
- the beagle dog was chosen as the test system because of its established usefulness and acceptance as a model for toxicological and pharmacological studies in a large animal species. All animals on this study were na ⁇ ve with respect to prior treatment. [0164] Each test animal was assigned a unique nine (9) digit test animal/study number within the population making up the study. This number appeared on the cage card visible on each cage. The cage card contained the study number, treatment group, dose, and tattoo. If desired, the animals may be implanted with a transponder microchip programmed with the nine-digit animal number. The unique test animal number and/or tattoo identified raw data records and specimens.
- the animals were housed individually in stainless steel cages.
- the housing was in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, DHHS, (NIH) No. 86-23, and the Animal Welfare Act (9 CFR 3).
- Non-contact absorbable wood chips were used to line the pans underneath the animal's cage. Room temperatures were maintained at 72° ⁇ 4°F. The relative humidity during the study was maintained at 50% ⁇ 30%.
- the air- handling unit was set to provide 10 room air changes per hour. Lighting was automatically controlled providing 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. The light-dark cycle was interrupted as required to maintain the health of the animal (e.g., observations of a moribund animal). These lighting changes were documented. Temperature, humidity, and lighting was monitored and recorded daily.
- test article felbamate
- vehicle were maintained at 20-37°C. Storage temperatures were monitored and recorded daily. Vials of the test articles that were opened were not used for dose solution formulation on subsequent days.
- Table 5 lists exemplary concentrations of felbamate. In this study, 0.2 mg/ml and 0.6 mg/ml felbamate concentrations were used.
- test article stability is 12 months. Standard laboratory safety procedures were employed for handling the test and control articles. Specifically, gloves, facemask, and eye protection were worn while preparing and administering doses.
- Two female beagle dogs were surgically implanted with two polyurethane catheters each; one catheter had the tip located in a lateral cerebroventricle (ICV) and the other catheter tip was located in the cisterna magna (CM).
- the ICV catheter was utilized for test article delivery and the CM catheter was utilized for CSF sampling.
- Each catheter terminated in a subcutaneous titanium access port.
- a continuous infusion (Phase 1) of 0.2 mg/ml of the test article at a rate of 50 ⁇ L/hour was delivered for 7 days in two beagle dogs. This resulted in a total daily felbamate dose of 0.24 mg.
- this dose level is 15,000 times less than the therapeutic dose in humans (3600 mg/day), and 3800 times less the oral dose level in dogs (100 mg/kg, or approximately 900 mg/day) that produces plasma levels approximating those in humans at therapeutic levels (50 ug/mL).
- Blood ( ⁇ 1 ml) and CSF (0.1 ml) were sampled predose and at 1 , 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours. After the pumps were turned off, blood ( ⁇ 1 ml) and CSF (0.1 ml) were sampled at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hour in one low dose dog (0.24 mg/day dose level).
- a second infusion (Phase 2) at a dose of 0.6 mg/ml of the test article at a rate of 50 ⁇ L/hour, for a daily dose of 0.72 mg/day, for 7 days began after Phase 1 (infusion and recovery) was completed in one of the two dogs. The animal was infused by C-ICV for 7 full days.
- Body weights, clinical observations, and food consumption were monitored. Neurological and physical examinations were conducted. Body weights were recorded on all animals prior to surgery, on the day of surgery, weekly during the study, and at necropsy. Additional body weights were taken to ascertain the health of the animal. Food consumption was collected daily beginning prior to surgery and continuing throughout the treatment period. The animals were observed at least twice daily for morbidity and mortality beginning on the first day of dosing. One of the morbidity and mortality checks may be done concurrently with clinical observations. Clinical signs were recorded at least once daily post surgery throughout the study period. The animals were observed for signs of clinical effects, illness, and/or death. Additional observations may be recorded based upon the condition of the animal.
- the animals were pretreated with atropine sulfate as a subcutaneous injection at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg. Approximately 15 minutes later, an IV dose of 15 mg/kg of thiopental Na was provided to induce anesthesia. Each animal was masked to a surgical plane of anesthesia (if needed), intubated, and maintained on approximately 1 liter/minute of oxygen and approximately 2.0% halothane or isoflurane. The anesthetic gases and mixtures may be varied as required by the animal. Prednisolone sodium succinate IV, 30 mg/kg, and flunixin meglumine IM 5 2 mg/kg, was administered prior to surgery.
- One 0.9 mm OD and 0.5 mm ID polyurethane catheter was inserted ICV and another catheter was implanted CM.
- the catheters terminated in a subcutaneous titanium access port.
- the skin was closed with sutures and tissue adhesive.
- the animal Upon recovery from anesthesia, the animal was provided butorphanol tartrate IM, 0.05 mg/kg, for analgesia and placed on post-surgical antibiotic ceftiofur sodium IM, 5.0 mg/kg, BID (one injection during or prior to surgery followed by three injections). A jacket was placed on the animal post surgery.
- Physical examination parameters included heart rate, respiration, temperature, auscultation (respiratory and cardiovascular), gait, disposition, abdominal palpation, lymph nodes, and general appearance of the eyes, ears, oral cavity (teeth and mucosa), skin, and nails.
- MRI scans were performed prior to surgery for determination of lateral ventricle target coordinates.
- the sequences was a pilot, T-I , Contrast T-I, Fast Spin Echo (FSE) T-2 coronal, and T-2 sagittal and axial at a thickness of 3 mm with 0.5 mm gap.
- Gadolinium [0.1 mmol/kg, 0.2 ml/kg, IV] was injected into a peripheral vein immediately prior to the contrast sequence.
- the scans were acquired in a custom built acrylic head holder placed in a knee coil. The coil was loaded to increase the signal to noise. Additional scans/sequences may be performed if desired. Documentation of the scans was recorded in the raw data.
- Blood samples ( ⁇ 1 ml) were collected from a peripheral vein for felbamate analysis prior to dosing and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours. After the pumps were turned off, blood ( ⁇ 1 ml) was sampled in one low dose dog only at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours post-infusion. Phase 2 samples, in the high dose dog, were collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours during infusion. The samples were collected in potassium EDTA, and the times were recorded. The tubes were maintained on ice packs, and then centrifuged at approximately 2400 rpm at ⁇ 4°C/room temperature for 15 minutes. The plasma was harvested, split (duplicates), placed in labeled vials, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -60°C or below until shipment on dry ice.
- CSF samples (0.1 ml) were collected via the CM catheter predose and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours during infusion. After the pump was turned off, CSF (0.1 ml) was sampled in one low dose dog at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours post-infusion. Phase 2 samples were collected at I 5 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours. The animals were spinal tapped prior to necropsy.
- Any animal(s) determined moribund during the study period may be sacrificed (such as with the approval of a veterinarian). Animals deemed too ill to proceed with the study may be removed from the study and treated as determined to be appropriate. Samples (e.g., clinical pathology) may be obtained from the animal to determine the condition of the animal prior to sacrifice and/or treatment.
- a gross necropsy may be performed on any animal found dead or sacrificed moribund, and at the scheduled necropsy, following at least 7 days of treatment (Phase 2).
- AU animals were sedated with 16.0 mg/kg of thiopental sodium IV, maintained on a halothane or isoflurane/oxygen mixture, and provided with an intravenous bolus of heparin Na, 200 IU/kg.
- the animals were perfused with saline via the left cardiac ventricle. Animals found dead are necropsied but not perfused. In this study, no animals were found dead.
- the tissues that were saved included brain, dorsal root ganglia, gross lesions, and spinal cord samples. Table 6: Summary of Data that was Collected
- SRM Scan Type Selected Reaction Monitoring
- SRM Scan Type Selected Reaction Monitoring
- Sample Preparation Precipitate 50 ⁇ L of unknown brain/CSF/plasma sample or standard solution with 50 ⁇ L aliquot of 50% methanol and 100 ⁇ L of acetonitrile containing internal standard. Centrifuge at 14,000 rpm at 4 0 C for 10 min.
- Tables 10-13 summarize calculated concentrations of felbamate found in canine brain slice and punch samples.
- Table 10 Calculated Concentrations of Felbamate found in 001 A-CYMAWJ Brain Slice Samples
- Table 15 and Figure 8 summarize the calibration of felbamate in canine plasma (calibration curve B).
- Table 16 and Figure 9 summarize the calibration of felbamate in canine plasma (calibration curve C).
- Tables 17 and 18 summarize calculated concentrations of felbamate found in canine plasma samples. Calculated concentrations of felbamate presented in Tables 17 and 18 were derived from the regression obtained for plasma calibration A (Table 14 and Figure 7).
- Tables 19 and 20 summarize calculated concentrations of felbamate found in canine plasma samples. Calculated concentrations of felbamate presented in Tables 19 and 20 were derived from the regression obtained for plasma calibration B (Table 15 and Figure 8).
- IA-CYMAWJ Plasma (Pump On) 96-Hr, Day-19 1.34E-03 15.8 00 IA-CYMAWJ Plasma (Pump On) 120-Hr, Day-20 1.48E-03 17.5 00 IA-CYMAWJ Plasma (Pump On) 144-Hr, Day-21 1.24E-03 14.6 00 IA-CYMAWJ Plasma (Pump On) 168-Hr, Day-22 1.30E-03 15.3
- Table 21 summarizes calculated concentrations of felbamate found in canine plasma samples. Calculated concentrations of felbamate presented in Table 21 were derived from the regression obtained for plasma calibration C (Table 16 and Figure 9).
- Tables 22 and 23 summarize calculated concentrations of felbamate found in canine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Calculated concentrations of felbamate presented in Tables 22 and 23 were derived from the regression obtained for plasma calibration A (Table 14 and Figure 7).
- Tables 24 and 25 summarize calculated concentrations of felbamate found in canine CSF samples. Calculated concentrations of felbamate presented in Tables 24 and 25 were derived from the regression obtained for plasma calibration B (Table 15 and Figure 6).
- Tables 26 summarizes calculated concentrations of felbamate found in canine CSF samples. Calculated concentrations of felbamate presented in Table 26 were derived from the regression obtained for plasma calibration C (Table 16 and Figure 9). No cerebrospinal samples were provided for the 72, 96 and 120 hour time points.
- Table 27 summarizes the concentration of felbamate in the canine CSF, plasma, and brain for two different doses of felbamate.
- Table 27 Concentration of Felbamate in the canine CSF, plasma, and brain.
- felbamate can be tested in dogs as described herein.
- the location of the drug delivery catheter can be optimized (such as lateral ventricle versus 3 rd ventricle).
- Catheter-tubing interaction studies may be performed to assess whether the formulation adheres to the tubing. Metabolites of felbamate can be measured.
- dosing titration is performed by dosing up to a maximum level of tolerability and then back down. Alternatively, dosing up to 6 mg/day, 18 mg/day, and/or 50 mg/day may be performed.
- a neuropharmacokinetic assessment using radiolabeled felbamate and/or neural imaging studies may also be performed.
- the toxicology of ICV administered felbamate was tested in a rat animal model. Specifically, male Sprague Dawley rats (250-300 g, Harlan Sprague Dawley, San Diego, CA) were implanted with Alzet osmotic minipumps connected to brain infusion cannula (Alzet, Cupertino, CA) aimed at the lateral anterior ventricle. The pumps delivered vehicle, formulated felbamate 1.73mM, and formulated felbamate 17.3 mM in HPBCD at a rate of 0.25 ml/hr for 28 days. The rats were permitted to recover for 7 days prior to behavioral testing.
- Alzet osmotic minipumps connected to brain infusion cannula (Alzet, Cupertino, CA) aimed at the lateral anterior ventricle.
- the pumps delivered vehicle, formulated felbamate 1.73mM, and formulated felbamate 17.3 mM in HPBCD at a rate of
- the movements of the rat were computer tracked for the 5 minutes of the paradigm and the percent time spent in each type of arm and distance traveled in each arm (open, closed, or in the center square) computer analyzed (Limelight 2, Actimetrics, Wilmette, IL). Open field has also been described elsewhere (Overstreet et al, 2003). The open field consisted of a 104 X 104 cm square of black plexiglass with 39 cm high walls. A rat was placed near one side wall of the field and allowed to explore at will for 5 minutes during which its activity was computer monitored (Limelight 2, Actimetrics, Wilmette, IL). The field was divided into 3 regions (3 concentric squares), the outer region (adjacent to the walls), a middle region, and the center square. The percent time and distance traveled in each region were analyzed.
- ICV administered felbamate produced an increase in the distance traveled in both arms of the elevated plus maze and a similar, though non-significant increase in distance traveled in the open field, indicating no sedation ( Figures 13A- 13H).
- There is a dose-dependent decrease in the time spent in the closed arm of the elevated plus which corresponds to the increase in time spent in the open arm. This indicated a reduction in anxiety for the doses tested.
- activation the opposite of sedation and a central side-effect of oral felbamate
- the quiescent time in the Porsolt Forced Swim test (FST) of behavioral despair (depression) was also measured. Briefly, a 20 cm diameter, 56 cm tall acrylic cylinder was filled with about 45 cm of water (35 0 C), and a rat was placed in the water for 5 minutes and behavior was monitored. The amount of time spent quiescent (non-struggling) was compared between animals receiving the drug and those receiving saline controls. A reduction in quiescent time is thought to reflect a reduction in behavioral despair. The doses of felbamate tested did not alter the quiescent time in the Porsolt FST ( Figure 14) suggesting that this drug does not have antidepressant effects in this test system.
- the tissue distribution of felbamate following ICV administration of felbamate to rats was also measured using standard methods. Briefly, a group of Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with a ventricular cannula attached to an osmotic minipump containing tritiated felbamate in the excipient. Various concentrations (as indicted in Figures 18 A-24B) of felbamate were administered at a rate of 50 ⁇ L/hour over 8 days. There were five rats given a felbamate concentration of 17.3mM, and three rats given a felbamate concentration of 51.9 mM. After 8 days, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia, the brain and various tissues were dissected out, frozen, and sectioned. Sections were apposed to tritium sensitive film; the film was exposed and developed.
- Figures 18A- 18C The brain ( Figures 18A- 18C), CSF ( Figures 19A and 19B), plasma ( Figures 2OA and 20B), bone marrow ( Figure 21), heart ( Figures 22A and 22B), kidney ( Figures 23 A and 23B), and liver ( Figures 24A and 24B) were analyzed using standard methods to determine the concentration of felbamate present (using essentially the same methods as described in Example 3 above for dogs).
- Figures 18A-24B list the measured concentration of felbamate, the theoretical concentration of felbamate, and the accuracy of the measured concentration of felbamate.
- any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be tested in additional animal studies, such as the rat or dog studies described below.
- toxicology studies with ICV administered felbamate for a 3-month duration can be conducted in rats and dogs. These studies may be preceded by dose range-finding studies in order to select proper dosage levels.
- the 3 -month studies include recovery groups with a duration of recovery of 1 month to assess the reversibility or persistence of any potential treatment effects. Rats and dogs are selected as the nonclinical test species because these species have been utilized in previous oral toxicology studies with felbamate.
- the rat studies employ Alzet mini pumps for the delivery of reformulated felbamate and vehicle. The pumps are refilled/replaced every 4 weeks. In dogs, the same pump to be utilized in the clinical trial are implanted and used for the delivery of reformulated felbamate.
- Analytical testing is conducted to characterize the stability of the test formulations in both the Alzet and Medtronic pumps. Periodic testing is conducted during the course of the toxicology studies to verify the concentration of the dosing formulation both prior to and after placement in the delivery apparatus.
- the definitive animal GLP studies are conducted using formulated material representative of that which is utilized in proposed clinical trials.
- the high doses employed in the definitive toxicology studies is either a maximum feasible dose based upon formulation and/or dose volume considerations or approximates a maximum tolerated dose (MTD).
- MTD maximum tolerated dose
- CSF samples are collected in the rat and dog in order to characterize the toxicokinetics of felbamate and HPBCD. Brain samples are also analyzed for the parent felbamate compound in the 90-day dog study. Brain samples are from multiple cortical areas of the brain in both hemispheres. In addition, CSF and plasma samples are obtained at different times of dosing. All analyses are performed under GLP conditions with a validated assay. The definitive studies include comprehensive clinical endpoints, including a Functional Observational Battery (FOB) in rats and histopathology evaluations of a full list of tissues which include head-only perfusion fixation and employment of special stains in the brain.
- FOB Functional Observational Battery
- Body weights Recorded pre-study and approximately weekly thereafter
- Necropsy Includes an examination of the external features of the carcass
- CSF and brain samples are collected from satellite groups of animals in the low, mid, and high dose groups on Days 1 and 14. Sampling includes 3 rat/sex/timepoint. Samples are analyzed using a validated method for felbamate and CDEX. (Ii) Rat 90-Day Continuous Infusion ICV Dose Toxicity Study with a 28-Day Recovery Period
- the objective of this GLP study is to assess the continuous dose toxicity and toxicokinetics of reformulated felbamate in rats.
- Reformulated felbamate is administered continuously ICV for 90 days to three dose groups; a vehicle and saline control group are also included.
- Dose solution analyses are conducted at various time points throughout the study to confirm the concentration and/or homogeneity of the dosing solutions. The study design and a brief outline of the study are provided below (Table 29).
- Body weights Recorded pre-study and approximately weekly thereafter
- Necropsy The day following the last dose (Day 91), 20 rat/sex/group are euthanized and perfusion fixation performed. Gross abnormalities are documented. The remaining rats (up to 5 rats/sex/group in the control and high-dose groups) are allowed a 28-day recovery period and are similarly sacrificed on Day 119.
- Tissues to be weighed include adrenals, brain, epididymides, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, ovaries, spleen, thyroid/parathyroid, testes, and uterus.
- Histopathology A standard list of tissues are collected, and preserved. Tissues from control and high-dose animals are processed, and evaluated microscopically from all animals. The brain and spinal cord are systematically sectioned and special stains employed (anti-GFAP and Fluoro Jade-B) to facilitate the identification of any subtle neuropathological changes.
- Toxicokinetics Serial blood and CSF samples are collected from satellite groups of animals in the low, mid, and high dose groups on Days 1 and 90. Samples are analyzed for parent drug using a validated method. The brain are also analyzed for parent drag and CYDEX following the final blood collection. (iii) Dog 90-Day Continuous infusion ICV Dose Toxicity Study with a 28-Day Recovery Period
- the objective of this GLP study is to assess the continuous infusion dose toxicity and toxicokinetics of reformulated felbamate in dogs.
- Reformulated felbamate are administered continuously ICV for 90 days to three dose groups; a vehicle and saline control group are also included.
- Dose solution analyses are conducted at various time-points throughout the study to confirm the concentration and/or homogeneity of the dosing solutions.
- the study design and a brief outline of the study are provided below (Table 30).
- Body weights Recorded pre-study and approximately weekly thereafter
- Ophthalmology All animals are subjected to an ophthalmological examination by a qualified veterinarian prior to initiation and near the end of the dosing and recovery phases.
- Necropsy The day following the last dose (Day 91), 4 dogs/sex/group are euthanized and perfusion fixation performed. Gross abnormalities are documented. The remaining dogs (up to 2 animals/sex/group in the control and high-dose groups) are allowed a 28-day recovery period and are similarly sacrificed on Day 119.
- Tissues to be weighed include adrenals, brain, epididymides, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, ovaries, spleen, thyroid/parathyroid, testes, and uterus.
- Histopathology A standard list of tissues are collected, preserved, processed and examined microscopically from all animals. The brain and spinal cord are systematically sectioned and special stains employed (anti-GFAP and Fluoro Jade-B) to facilitate the identification of any subtle neuropathological changes.
- Toxicokinetics Serial blood samples are collected from groups of animals in the control low, mid, and high dose groups on Days 1, 30, 60, and 90. Samples are analyzed for parent drug and CDEX using a validated method.
- standard animal models can be used to measure any CNS and/or systemic toxicity from any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
- a rat model is used.
- blood is collected via cardiac puncture and placed in Na-EDTA anticoagulant or serum-separator tubes (SST).
- Anticoagulant blood is used to generate complete blood counts (CBCs).
- CBCs complete blood counts
- SST blood is spun down and serum collected to generate biochemical profiles
- CSF is collected via a cisterna magna puncture.
- Tissues collected at necropsy for histopathology analysis include brain, skeletal muscle, eye, liver and kidney, and are preserved in 10% neutral-buffered formalin (5:1 formalin to tissue) for a minimum of 48 hours prior to processing. Tissues are processed for routine light microscopic analysis. Briefly, tissues are dehydrated, imbedded in wax, cut into 8 ⁇ m sections and mounted on slides, re-hydrated, and hematoxylin/eosin stained (H&E).
- H&E hematoxylin/eosin stained
- Biochemical and CBC values are pooled by treatment group and means compared to sham control group values using paired t-tests. Histopathology samples are assigned a point value based on the degree of necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltrate, and fibrosis. Scores for each are summed by group and compared to sham control tissues.
- tissue from euthanized animals are collected and drug levels quantitated as follows. Tissues are recovered, place in an Eppendorf tube and weighed. Tissue solubilizer (Biolute-S, Serva Electrophoresis) is added and the mixture is allowed digesting for a minimum of twelve hours on a rocking platform. Digests are then mixed with scintillation fluid (Scinti-safe, Fisher Scientific, 50:50 v/v) and counts are quantitated utilizing a Beckman model LS 6500 scintillation counter.
- Tissue solubilizer Biolute-S, Serva Electrophoresis
- Counts are normalized to initial tissue weights and drug distribution comparisons made between ICV and IP delivery routes.
- any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can also be tested in humans.
- the initial felbamate study in humans is conducted in patients with refractory epilepsy rather than healthy subjects due to both ethical and practical considerations that result from the invasive nature of the ICV delivery system and the risk profile of felbamate.
- patients are maintained throughout on the same dose of antiepileptic agents present at the time of enrollment.
- the study's primary goals are to assess subject safety and tolerance to the ICV administration of felbamate/cyclodextrin composition and to obtain human pharmacokinetic data on CSF clearance of the drug and vehicle.
- a secondary goal is to obtain preliminary within subject comparisons of seizure rate parameters before exposure to study drug (felbamate) before and after pump implantation and after exposure to maximally tolerated doses (the dose at which minimal side-effects are present) of felbamate during the double-blind maintenance phase of the study.
- Seizure rate parameters consist of percent reduction in total seizure frequency, and the percent of subjects with reduction in seizure frequency of > 50%. It may be possible to obtain estimates of the drug's therapeutic effect, if any, from a comparison of seizure rates observed among patients in the study's 2nd and 3rd cohorts who are randomized to drug and placebo.
- Another secondary goal is to determine whether there is any evidence of a relationship between the level of CNS exposure to felbamate and seizure frequency.
- correlational analyses may provide insight into felbamate' s therapeutic potential as a treatment for epilepsy.
- the study includes refractory epilepsy patients who have failed to respond adequately to treatment with two or more anti-epilepsy drugs (AEDs).
- AEDs anti-epilepsy drugs
- the patients enter the study receiving the same stable regimen at the time of enrollment and maintain this throughout. They can be receiving AEDs as polytherapy and may have an active vagus nerve stimulator in place. Approximately 35 patients from up to 5 centers are recruited; it is estimated that at least 29 of the 35 complete the study.
- the study employs a rising dose, 3 sequential cohort design. Treatment is administered openly to the first cohort. In the 2 nd and 3 rd cohorts, treatment assignment to drug and placebo is randomized (2:1 allocation).
- the study is divided into 5 phases: i) a pretreatment baseline phase of 12 weeks, ii) an open phase of approximately 4 weeks to assess safety in 5 subjects prior to commencement of the double-phase portion of the study, iii) a double-blind phase of 12 weeks, iv) a post-treatment phase for patients who do not wish to enter the open-label extension, and v) the final, optional phase, which is an open-label extension in which eligible patients may continue to receive a known dose of the drug.
- Study drug treatment in both the open-label and double-blind cohorts consists of an initial hospital dose-titration period and an out-patient maintenance period. [0230] In the first cohort, all 5 subjects receive active treatment under open label and uncontrolled conditions. During the double-blind phase of the study, both the 2 n and 3 rd cohorts have 12 patients randomized and treated under blinded, controlled conditions (8 active; 4 placebo per cohort).
- the regimen begun immediately prior to discharge is maintained if the regimen is tolerated.
- subjects are seen monthly at formal visits. Patients are also contacted weekly throughout the outpatient phase to assess pump functionality and adverse events.
- the patients are contacted daily to assess patient well-being.
- the pump is programmed to taper the felbamate dose over 10 days in all subjects. Subjects are then seen in clinic to discuss the open extension study.
- the brain concentrations of felbamate achieved with an oral dose of 3600 mg per day is reported to range from 13 to 73 micrograms per gram of brain tissue.
- the target dose for human subjects is the amount estimated, based on extrapolations from large animal ICV administration models, to be required to attain a maximum concentration of 60 ug/gm of felbamate within brain tissue.
- the dose required for humans relative to that required in animal ICV models is assumed be proportional to total brain weight.
- the predicted target ICV dose in humans is 25 fold greater than that required in beagles (beagle brain weight is 70 grams; adult human brain weight is 1700 grams).
- Brain drug concentrations (in dogs) are estimated from the amount of drug infused, minus the amount of drug cleared, divided by the brain weight.
- the delivery device is implanted during the first day of hospitalization.
- the reservoir is filled and the pump set to flow at a rate that begins delivering active drug to the CSF on day 3.
- the first subject receives a bolus consisting of a dose calculated from the dog study to achieve CSF levels in the range of 30 ug/gm of brain tissue.
- the dose is administered over one hour.
- 12 lumbar CSF samples is obtained from a catheter, which is removed at the end of this period. Six samples are obtained the first day, 4 samples are obtained the second day, and 2 samples are obtained on the third day. Blood samples are obtained at the same time points.
- the samples are assayed for felbamate and cyclodextrin concentrations, as well as common laboratory parameters of toxicity and/or indices of hematologic and biochemical functions.
- CSF is analyzed for protein and white cell content. If the dose for the first subject is well tolerated, the next 4 subjects receive a dose calculated to give an initial brain concentration of 60 ug/gm of brain tissue. Elimination from CSF kinetics is calculated from these samples to be used for the 2 nd and 3 rd group dosing schedules.
- each subject begins a 20-day long dose escalation period.
- the starting dose is 5% of the estimated target dose and is increased by 5% each subsequent day as tolerated.
- Judgments concerning whether or not a subject is tolerating a given dose is based on daily clinical interviews using both a structured and open- ended assessment measures. In addition, subjects are asked to report any symptoms occurring at any time.
- Dose escalation ceases when a subject has been deemed to reach his maximally tolerated dose or 100% of his predicted target dose. Those subjects who experience side- effects have the dose reduced by 10% from the minimally tolerated dose, or, if still not tolerated, decreased to a dose at which no side-effects are experienced.
- the next cohort of 12 subjects are entered, and treatment started at 1/3 of the average dose tolerated by the first cohort.
- the 12 patients are randomized (2:1 allocation) to active drug and placebo. Assuming that the cohort 2's starting dose is higher than cohort l's, a shorter titration period to attain the target dose may be considered. Thus, if all patients in cohort tolerated a 20-day titration to the predicted target dose, an up titration period of approximately 12 days is attempted.
- a lumbar CSF sample is obtained at the end of the titration to measure felbamate and cyclodextran concentrations, as well as safety parameters.
- the third cohort of 12 subjects (8 active; 4 controls) is started at 2/3 of the mean tolerated of the first cohort.
- a single lumbar CSF sample is obtained when the maximum dose is attained by lumbar puncture prior to discharge. This is assayed as done for the other samples.
- study subjects are advised to be alert for signs of infection, bleeding, easy bruising, or signs of anemia and are advised to report to a physician immediately if any such signs or symptoms appear. Patients are also advised to be alert for signs of liver dysfunction and to report them to the study investigator immediately if they occur. This also applies to patients who discontinue from the study.
- any of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can also be tested in additional humans clinical trials, such as the clinical trial described below to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, and initial efficacy of reformulated felbamate given by IVC infusions to patients with uncontrolled partial seizures.
- the study includes male and female subjects, aged 18 years and older, with partial onset or complex partial seizures, with or without secondary generalization who are taking at least one AED at entry. Approximately 35 subjects at 5 sites are enrolled. The length of the study is up to 7.5 months. The study includes a three months baseline, 2-4 weeks in the hospital for implantation and dose escalation, three months of blinded treatment, and 2 weeks to taper the dose of the drug.
- Acute symptomatic seizures (caused by brain tumor, acute stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, or encephalitis) or psychogenic seizures
- Drug treatment acting primarily on the central nervous system other than the regular anticonvulsant treatment and one antidepressant that lowers the seizure threshold such as antipsychotic drugs (chlorpromazine or clozapine) or tricyclic antidepressants
- i) Establish preliminary safety, tolerability, and dosing ranges in patients, ⁇ using laboratory and clinical endpoints.
- ii) Assess pharmacokinetic parameters of felbamate and cyclodextran behavior in CSF and blood. Study assumes hospitalization for treatment and observation with studies including MRIs, clinical assessment, blood, and CSF studies. Assumes placement of a CSF tap for measurement of CSF levels. Routine laboratory safety parameters is monitored. PK parameters are also assessed using standard methods, such as those described herein.
- An exploratory outcome includes correlation of pharmacokinetic parameters with preliminary efficacy data obtained during the double-blind phase.
- any of the methods described herein can be tested in a human phase III clinical trial to determine their ability to treat epilepsy in humans.
- any of the methods described herein can be compared to the oral administration of felbamate.
- the efficacy and safety of ICV administration of felbamate can be compared with an oral standard of care group as a treatment for medically refractory complex partial and/or generalized seizures.
- a multicenter, inpatient and outpatient, randomized, double-blinded study is used.
- Standard methods can be used for this clinical trial.
- a suitable number of patients is used, such as the number of patients estimated from the Phase I/II study described above that is sufficient to achieve statistically significant end-point for greater than 50% reduction in seizures.
- Male and female subjects, aged 18 years and above, with partial onset or complex partial seizure disorders, with or without secondary generalization are included in the study. Patients must experience at least four seizures per month to be enrolled.
- a stable anticonvulsant regimen (not more than three anticonvulsants) defined as unchanged dose or dose modifications lower than 20% in the last month (Blood levels of anticonvulsants are measured at the beginning of the study, prior, and after intervention, and after the study to assure that the type and dose of medication remains constant).
- the stimulation parameters have to be unchanged for at least one month.
- Acute symptomatic seizures (caused by brain tumor, acute stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, or encephalitis) or psychogenic seizures.
- More than moderate uncontrolled medical problems e.g. , cardiovascular disease, active cancer or renal disease, any kind of end-stage pulmonary or cardiovascular disease, hypo/hyperthyroidism, severe diabetes, peripheral arteriopathy, a deteriorated condition due to age, or other medical conditions as determined by the study physician that would interfere with participation in this study).
- Drug treatment acting primarily on the central nervous system other than the regular anticonvulsant treatment and one antidepressant
- antidepressant that lowers the seizure threshold
- antipsychotic drugs chlorpromazine or clozapine
- tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants
- the primary outcome measure is the reduction in the mean seizure frequency in the active and control arms during a three-month observation period, with baseline seizure frequency established by observation. Secondary endpoints include 50 and 75% reduction in seizure frequency and seizure freedom. Control patients have an identical procedure to active patients, i.e., implantation of an ICV catheter for medication infusion, and receive vehicle infusion during the double blind study period.
- TMS single- and paired- pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Ballantyne JC Carwood CM. Comparative efficacy of epidural, subarachnoid, and intracerebroventricular opioids in patients with pain due to cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jan 25;(l):CD005178.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
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EP09763034A EP2273993A4 (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-04-01 | Methods and compositions for the intracerebroventricular administration of felbamate |
CA2720254A CA2720254A1 (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-04-01 | Methods and compositions for the intracerebroventricular administration of felbamate |
AU2009257994A AU2009257994A1 (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-04-01 | Methods and compositions for the intracerebroventricular administration of felbamate |
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US4149308P | 2008-04-01 | 2008-04-01 | |
US61/041,493 | 2008-04-01 |
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WO2009151741A1 true WO2009151741A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 |
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PCT/US2009/039205 WO2009151741A1 (en) | 2008-04-01 | 2009-04-01 | Methods and compositions for the intracerebroventricular administration of felbamate |
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EP (1) | EP2273993A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2009257994A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2720254A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009151741A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20140178479A1 (en) * | 2011-08-12 | 2014-06-26 | Perosphere, Inc. | Concentrated Felbamate Formulations for Parenteral Administration |
WO2019084038A1 (en) * | 2017-10-23 | 2019-05-02 | Cerebral Therapeutics LLC | High concentration valproic acid solutions for treating neurological disorders |
US11511035B2 (en) | 2016-07-28 | 2022-11-29 | Cerebral Therapeutics, Inc. | Implantable intraventricular sampling and infusion access device |
US11590105B2 (en) | 2019-08-14 | 2023-02-28 | Sintetica S.A. | Intrathecal administration of levetiracetam |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20050090548A1 (en) * | 2003-10-23 | 2005-04-28 | Medtronic, Inc. | Intrathecal gabapentin for treatment of epilepsy |
WO2007084541A2 (en) * | 2006-01-17 | 2007-07-26 | Regents Of The University Of Colorado | Central administration of stable formulations of therapeutic agents for cns conditions |
US20080058284A1 (en) * | 2002-02-06 | 2008-03-06 | Universidale Federal De Minas Gerais | Pharmaceutical compositions of semicarbazones and/or thiosemicarbazones and/or their derivatives and products of these compositions and their uses as anticonvulsant, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory agents, and in the angiogenic therapy |
Family Cites Families (1)
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AU2008279636A1 (en) * | 2007-07-25 | 2009-01-29 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado | Central administration of stable formulations of therapeutic agents for CNS conditions |
-
2009
- 2009-04-01 AU AU2009257994A patent/AU2009257994A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-04-01 WO PCT/US2009/039205 patent/WO2009151741A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-04-01 CA CA2720254A patent/CA2720254A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-04-01 EP EP09763034A patent/EP2273993A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20080058284A1 (en) * | 2002-02-06 | 2008-03-06 | Universidale Federal De Minas Gerais | Pharmaceutical compositions of semicarbazones and/or thiosemicarbazones and/or their derivatives and products of these compositions and their uses as anticonvulsant, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory agents, and in the angiogenic therapy |
US20050090548A1 (en) * | 2003-10-23 | 2005-04-28 | Medtronic, Inc. | Intrathecal gabapentin for treatment of epilepsy |
WO2007084541A2 (en) * | 2006-01-17 | 2007-07-26 | Regents Of The University Of Colorado | Central administration of stable formulations of therapeutic agents for cns conditions |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of EP2273993A4 * |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20140178479A1 (en) * | 2011-08-12 | 2014-06-26 | Perosphere, Inc. | Concentrated Felbamate Formulations for Parenteral Administration |
US20170157083A1 (en) * | 2011-08-12 | 2017-06-08 | Perosphere Inc. | Concentrated felbamate formulations for parenteral administration |
JP2017122127A (en) * | 2011-08-12 | 2017-07-13 | ペロスフィア インコーポレイテッド | Concentrated felbamate formulations for parenteral administration |
US11511035B2 (en) | 2016-07-28 | 2022-11-29 | Cerebral Therapeutics, Inc. | Implantable intraventricular sampling and infusion access device |
WO2019084038A1 (en) * | 2017-10-23 | 2019-05-02 | Cerebral Therapeutics LLC | High concentration valproic acid solutions for treating neurological disorders |
CN111263634A (en) * | 2017-10-23 | 2020-06-09 | 智力疗法有限公司 | High concentration valproic acid solutions for the treatment of neurological disorders |
US10772857B2 (en) | 2017-10-23 | 2020-09-15 | Cerebral Therapeutics, Inc. | High concentration medicant solutions for treating neurological disorders |
US11433038B2 (en) | 2017-10-23 | 2022-09-06 | Cerebral Therapeutics, Inc. | High concentration medicant solutions for treating neurological disorders |
EP4230197A3 (en) * | 2017-10-23 | 2024-01-24 | Cerebral Therapeutics LLC | High concentration medicant solutions for treating neurological disorders |
US11590105B2 (en) | 2019-08-14 | 2023-02-28 | Sintetica S.A. | Intrathecal administration of levetiracetam |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2273993A4 (en) | 2011-06-15 |
AU2009257994A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 |
CA2720254A1 (en) | 2009-12-17 |
EP2273993A1 (en) | 2011-01-19 |
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