WO2009115948A1 - A closed loop system for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient - Google Patents

A closed loop system for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009115948A1
WO2009115948A1 PCT/IB2009/051017 IB2009051017W WO2009115948A1 WO 2009115948 A1 WO2009115948 A1 WO 2009115948A1 IB 2009051017 W IB2009051017 W IB 2009051017W WO 2009115948 A1 WO2009115948 A1 WO 2009115948A1
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Prior art keywords
patient
value
physiological variable
closed loop
variable
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PCT/IB2009/051017
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French (fr)
Inventor
Rolf Neumann
Gerhard Tivig
Guenter Gegner
Harald Greiner
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Philips Intellectual Property & Standards Gmbh
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
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Publication of WO2009115948A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009115948A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/08—Detecting, measuring or recording devices for evaluating the respiratory organs
    • A61B5/083—Measuring rate of metabolism by using breath test, e.g. measuring rate of oxygen consumption
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/48—Other medical applications
    • A61B5/4836—Diagnosis combined with treatment in closed-loop systems or methods
    • A61B5/4839—Diagnosis combined with treatment in closed-loop systems or methods combined with drug delivery
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
    • A61M5/168—Means for controlling media flow to the body or for metering media to the body, e.g. drip meters, counters ; Monitoring media flow to the body
    • A61M5/172—Means for controlling media flow to the body or for metering media to the body, e.g. drip meters, counters ; Monitoring media flow to the body electrical or electronic
    • A61M5/1723—Means for controlling media flow to the body or for metering media to the body, e.g. drip meters, counters ; Monitoring media flow to the body electrical or electronic using feedback of body parameters, e.g. blood-sugar, pressure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/021—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes operated by electrical means
    • A61M16/022—Control means therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/50—General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers
    • A61M2205/502—User interfaces, e.g. screens or keyboards

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Physiology (AREA)
  • Obesity (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Diabetes (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a closed loop system for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient (1), with a measuring unit (3) for measuring a direct or an indirect value for the physiological variable of the patient (1), and an actuator (2) for treating the patient in order to affect the physiological variable. It is an essential feature of the invention that the actuator (2) is adapted for being controlled by the value measured by the measuring unit (3) and an additional value. Accordingly, a system for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient 1 in a closed loop is provided which is more efficient and reliable.

Description

A CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLING A PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLE OF A PATIENT
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the field of controlling a physiological variable of a patient, especially using a closed loop system. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In a physiological closed loop system the transfer functions of an actuator with which a patient is treated, the patient itself and sometimes also the measurement of the patient variable are not constant and influenced by several external factors. In principle, an automatic closed loop system shall reduce the work load of the care givers by partially replacing their actions with regard to the adjustments of the delivery of oxygen, medication or other treatment of the patient.
In US 5,365,922, for example, a closed loop non-invasive oxygen saturation control system is described. There, it is proposed to provide an adaptive controller for delivering a fractional amount of oxygen to a patient. The controller utilizes an oximeter coupled by a non-invasive sensor to the patient for measuring the blood hemoglobin saturation of the patient. The oximeter generates a blood saturation output signal which is representative of the patient's blood hemoglobin saturation. A processing means evaluates the oximeter output signal and, based on the evaluation, provides a pseudo blood saturation signal. A feedback control means responsive to the pseudo output signal sets the fractional amount of oxygen to be delivered to the patient. When deviations of the oximeter output signal are excessive, the pseudo output signal causes a gradual increase in the fractional amount of oxygen for the patient. Further, the feedback control means is periodically disconnected, and the response of the patient to random changes in the fractional amount of oxygen delivered to the patient is used to adapt the response characteristics of the feedback control means in a manner tailored to the needs of the patient. This way, it is intended to avoid situations in which automatically controlling the variable of the patient, i.e. the patient's blood hemoglobin saturation breaks down due to a change in the other parameters of the patient.
Accordingly, physiological closed loop systems use a patient variable for the control algorithm to calculate the actuator signal. This often has the limitation that any disturbance on that specific patient signal results in either the inability to perform a control adjustment with the activator or, even worse, the control adjustment made is in the false direction. Further, measures as described above which are intended for improving this situation, i.e. regularly checking the patient's reactions to changes in the treatment of the patient, are laborious and can be annoying for the patient. For this and other reasons, the acceptance of the physiological closed loop systems is still low.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is the object of the invention to provide such a system and method for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient in a closed loop which are more efficient and reliable.
This object is achieved by a closed loop system for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient, with a measuring unit for measuring a direct or an indirect value for the physiological variable of the patient, and an actuator for treating the patient in order to affect the physiological variable, wherein the actuator is adapted for being controlled by the value measured by the measuring unit and an additional value.
In this context, the term "patient" does not only apply to human beings but also to animals. Further, the term "patient" does not mean that the respective person/animal is disease-ridden and, thus, also healthy persons who make part of a medical system which is controlled by a closed loop will be referred to as "patients". Further, the term "physiological variable" refers to a specific variable describing the patient's condition with respect to a specific physiological state, i.e. the patient's blood hemoglobin saturation, while the term "value" or "value for the physiological variable" refers to a specific measure or indicator which is characteristic for the "physiological variable" and, thus, can also be an indirect measure, i.e. the varying part of the absorption spectrum of a pulse oximeter measurement in case of blood hemoglobin saturation. According to the invention, it is an essential idea that - additionally to the physiological variable measured with the measuring unit - at least one more value is used to control the treatment of the patient. This way, a more reliable feedback loop is established since feedback on one value can be balanced by the feedback on the other value. For that, different additional values can be used. However, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the additional value is a value of a variable of the patient. This means that the additional value also reflects one or the other physiological variable of the patient.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, an additional measuring unit for measuring the additional value is provided. Thus, the additional value is a measurable value. According to an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention, an input unit for manually inputting the additional value is provided. This way, also non-measurable values, like values being characteristic for the medication of the patient, can be considered. It can be advantageous that the additional value reflects another physiological variable of the patient. However, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the additional value is another direct or an indirect value for the same physiological variable of the patient which is measured with the measuring unit. In other words, according to this preferred embodiment, a different measurement of the same variable is performed. This means that the additional value reflects the same actual physical variable of the patient as the variable measured with the measuring unit, however, measured in a different way. Accordingly, this preferred embodiment of the invention introduces redundancy in order to achieve an even more reliable feedback with respect to the respective physiological variable of the patient.
Above mentioned object is also achieved by a method for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient in a closed loop system, comprising the following steps: automatically measuring a direct or an indirect value for the physiological variable of the patient, and automatically treating the patient in order to affect the physiological variable, wherein the treatment is controlled by the value measured and an additional value. Preferred embodiments of the method according to the invention result from the preferred embodiments of the system according to the invention as described above. Especially, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the additional value is a value of a variable of the patient.
Further, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the additional value is automatically measured. Alternatively, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is automatically requested to input the additional value manually.
According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the additional value is a different direct or an indirect value of the same physiological variable of the patient.
In other words, it is an important idea of the invention to use more than just a single signal input to the control algorithm to achieve a better and more adequate feedback on the patient's condition. This feedback is preferably based on several of the following inputs:
1. The main physiological variable to be controlled.
2. Other (possibly indirect) patient variables that depend on the patient variable which is to be controlled.
3. Patient size and/or weight.
4. General patient state based on history, known diseases etc.
5. Current patient state like sleeping vs. awake, patient stress, fear etc.
6. Procedures the patient is currently going through, like feeding, physiotherapy, patient washing etc.
7. Patient medication that might have influence to how to adjust the actuator.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter. In the drawings:
Fig. 1 is a schematic depiction of a closed loop system for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient according to a first preferred embodiment of the invention, and
Fig. 2 is a schematic depiction of a closed loop system for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient according to a second preferred embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
For elucidation of the principles of the invention in the following description a closed loop system is used as an example that controls the SaO2 value of a neonatal patient by adjusting the FiO2 concentration of the gas mixture that is provided to the patient.
The invention is a multi-input closed loop system that uses at least two of the following inputs to control one or more physiological variables of a living body:
1. The physiological variable to be controlled, either direct or by a physiological measurement that is intended to represent this physiological variable. According to the present example, the SpO2 value of the patient is used as representation of the patient's SaO2.
2. Another, possibly indirect, physiological variable that depends on the physiological variable that is to be controlled. According to the present example, arterial oxygen partial pressure PaO2, measured as transcutaneous 02 (TcO2) is used. 3. Another physiological variables that provides general information about the patient status. Examples are respiration rate, ECG heart rate, venous oxygen saturation, and blood pressure.
4. Patient size and/or weight as entered by the care giver. 5. General patient state based on history, known diseases. A first example is gestation age of the neonatal patient; a second example is manual entry of a general classification of the airway function.
6. Current patient state like sleeping vs. awake, level of patient motion, patient stress, fear. Examples here are the following: Use of measurements to determine the sleep state (respiration rate and HR), use of measurements to determine the stress state (perfusion index or perfusion change index), determination of the patient's motion state by the use of one or more accelerometers, determination of the patient's motion state by using artifact level evaluation of patient measurements, and manual input by the care giver, like sedation information or patient status scores.
7. Procedures the patient is currently going through like feeding, physiotherapy, patient washing, patient transport etc. Examples for that are: Manual input by the care giver if a certain procedure is started or completed. As a safeguard the state could automatically return to "completed" after are pre- defined period of time. Another example is the determination of the transport state by the use of one or more accelerometers. Finally, another example is the determination of the patient's position (sitting vs. laying) by the use of one or more accelerometers.
8. Patient medication that might have influence on to how to adjust the actuator. Examples are: Manual input by the care giver for medication and automatic access of the system to the medical record of the patient.
From Fig. 1, a schematic depiction of a first preferred embodiment of the invention can be seen. This closed loop system is adapted for automatically controlling the SpO2 value as a physiological variable of a patient 1. For that, an actuator 2 is provided which is controlled by a controller unit 5 in which the control algorithm is implemented. This controller unit 5 is fed with two values which are measured with a first measuring unit 3 and a second measuring unit 4, respectively. In detail, the first measuring unit 3 is adapted for directly measuring the SpO2 value of the patient 1, while the second measuring unit 4 is adapted for measuring arterial oxygen partial pressure PaO2, measured as transcutaneous 02 (TcO2). Thus, the second measuring unit 4 provides for another, in this case indirect, physiological variable that depends on the physiological variable that is to be controlled. Both signals, i.e. SpO2 and PaO2 are brought together in the controller unit 5 and, there, used for adequate feedback in order to control the patient's SpO2.
According to an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention which can be seen from Fig. 2, instead of the second measuring unit 4, a manual input device 6 is provided. This manual input device 6 is adapted for inputting information which are more difficult or elaborate to measure like the procedures the patient is currently going through. Such procedures might include: feeding, physiotherapy, patient washing, patient transport etc. This means that according to this preferred embodiment of the invention, the care giver manually inputs via manual input device 6 if a certain procedure is started or completed.
The inventions can be used in various (closed loop) control systems. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the purpose of controlling is not limited to a single type of control loop and includes several variations and different implementations of control loops, e.g. closed loop controls, supervised controls and open loop controls. Further, it is clear that more than two values can be used for improved feedback. For example, the closed loop control systems according the first and second preferred embodiment of the invention, respectively, could be combined, thus, generating feedback based on two measured and one manually input value.
Examples for control loops which can be used with the invention are: • FiO2 control (see detailed example above)
• Infusion pumps medication control (e.g. to control the blood pressure of a patient)
• Control for depth of anaesthesia (e.g. control of intravenous - aesthetic agents during non-volatile anaesthesia procedures) • Glycemic control
One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate many variations and modifications within the scope of this invention. This method and system will be used mainly for hospitalized patients, but there are also applications possible for mobile patients in the hospital environment, during transport or at home. Also devices could make use of this invention that are intended for healthy persons or even animals.
While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, such illustration and description are to be considered illustrative or exemplary and not restrictive; the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments.
Other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measured cannot be used to advantage. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.

Claims

CLAIMS:
1. A closed loop system for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient (1), with a measuring unit (3) for measuring a direct or an indirect value for the physiological variable of the patient (1), and an actuator (2) for treating the patient (1) in order to affect the physiological variable, wherein the actuator (2) is adapted for being controlled by the value measured by the measuring unit (3) and an additional value.
2. The closed loop system according to claim 1, wherein the additional value is a value of a variable of the patient (1).
3. The closed loop system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein an additional measuring unit (4) for measuring the additional value is provided.
4. The closed loop system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein an input unit (6) for manually inputting the additional value is provided.
5. The closed loop system according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the additional value is a different direct or indirect value of the same physiological variable measured with the measuring unit (3).
6. A method for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient in a closed loop system, comprising the following steps: automatically measuring a direct or an indirect value for the physiological variable of the patient, and automatically treating the patient in order to affect the physiological variable, wherein the treatment is controlled by the value measured and an additional value.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the additional value is a value of a variable of the patient.
8. The method according to claim 5 or 6, wherein the additional value is automatically measured.
9. The method according to claim 5 or 6, wherein it is automatically requested to input the additional value manually.
10. The method according to any of claims 6 to 9, wherein the additional value is a different direct or an indirect value of the same physiological variable already measured.
PCT/IB2009/051017 2008-03-17 2009-03-11 A closed loop system for automatically controlling a physiological variable of a patient WO2009115948A1 (en)

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Cited By (19)

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US8136527B2 (en) 2003-08-18 2012-03-20 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Method and device for non-invasive ventilation with nasal interface
US8381729B2 (en) 2003-06-18 2013-02-26 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for minimally invasive respiratory support
US8418694B2 (en) 2003-08-11 2013-04-16 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Systems, methods and apparatus for respiratory support of a patient
US8567399B2 (en) 2007-09-26 2013-10-29 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for providing inspiratory and expiratory flow relief during ventilation therapy
US8677999B2 (en) 2008-08-22 2014-03-25 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for providing mechanical ventilation with an open airway interface
US8770193B2 (en) 2008-04-18 2014-07-08 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for sensing respiration and controlling ventilator functions
US8776793B2 (en) 2008-04-18 2014-07-15 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for sensing respiration and controlling ventilator functions
US8925545B2 (en) 2004-02-04 2015-01-06 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for treating sleep apnea
US8939152B2 (en) 2010-09-30 2015-01-27 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for humidifying a respiratory tract
US8955518B2 (en) 2003-06-18 2015-02-17 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for improving ventilation in a lung area
US8985099B2 (en) 2006-05-18 2015-03-24 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Tracheostoma spacer, tracheotomy method, and device for inserting a tracheostoma spacer
US9132250B2 (en) 2009-09-03 2015-09-15 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive ventilation including a non-sealing ventilation interface with an entrainment port and/or pressure feature
US9180270B2 (en) 2009-04-02 2015-11-10 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive open ventilation with gas delivery nozzles within an outer tube
US9962512B2 (en) 2009-04-02 2018-05-08 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive ventilation including a non-sealing ventilation interface with a free space nozzle feature
US10058668B2 (en) 2007-05-18 2018-08-28 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for sensing respiration and providing ventilation therapy
US10099028B2 (en) 2010-08-16 2018-10-16 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices using LOX to provide ventilatory support
US10252020B2 (en) 2008-10-01 2019-04-09 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Ventilator with biofeedback monitoring and control for improving patient activity and health
US10792449B2 (en) 2017-10-03 2020-10-06 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Patient interface with integrated jet pump
US11154672B2 (en) 2009-09-03 2021-10-26 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive ventilation including a non-sealing ventilation interface with an entrainment port and/or pressure feature

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Cited By (30)

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US8955518B2 (en) 2003-06-18 2015-02-17 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for improving ventilation in a lung area
US8381729B2 (en) 2003-06-18 2013-02-26 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for minimally invasive respiratory support
US8418694B2 (en) 2003-08-11 2013-04-16 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Systems, methods and apparatus for respiratory support of a patient
US8573219B2 (en) 2003-08-18 2013-11-05 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Method and device for non-invasive ventilation with nasal interface
US8136527B2 (en) 2003-08-18 2012-03-20 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Method and device for non-invasive ventilation with nasal interface
US8925545B2 (en) 2004-02-04 2015-01-06 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for treating sleep apnea
US8985099B2 (en) 2006-05-18 2015-03-24 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Tracheostoma spacer, tracheotomy method, and device for inserting a tracheostoma spacer
US10058668B2 (en) 2007-05-18 2018-08-28 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for sensing respiration and providing ventilation therapy
US8567399B2 (en) 2007-09-26 2013-10-29 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for providing inspiratory and expiratory flow relief during ventilation therapy
US8770193B2 (en) 2008-04-18 2014-07-08 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for sensing respiration and controlling ventilator functions
US8776793B2 (en) 2008-04-18 2014-07-15 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for sensing respiration and controlling ventilator functions
US8677999B2 (en) 2008-08-22 2014-03-25 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods and devices for providing mechanical ventilation with an open airway interface
US10252020B2 (en) 2008-10-01 2019-04-09 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Ventilator with biofeedback monitoring and control for improving patient activity and health
US9227034B2 (en) 2009-04-02 2016-01-05 Beathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive open ventilation for treating airway obstructions
US11103667B2 (en) 2009-04-02 2021-08-31 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive ventilation with gas delivery nozzles in free space
US11896766B2 (en) 2009-04-02 2024-02-13 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive ventilation with gas delivery nozzles in free space
US9675774B2 (en) 2009-04-02 2017-06-13 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive open ventilation with gas delivery nozzles in free space
US9962512B2 (en) 2009-04-02 2018-05-08 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive ventilation including a non-sealing ventilation interface with a free space nozzle feature
US10046133B2 (en) 2009-04-02 2018-08-14 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive open ventilation for providing ventilation support
US11707591B2 (en) 2009-04-02 2023-07-25 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive open ventilation with gas delivery nozzles with an outer tube
US9180270B2 (en) 2009-04-02 2015-11-10 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive open ventilation with gas delivery nozzles within an outer tube
US10232136B2 (en) 2009-04-02 2019-03-19 Breathe Technologies, Inc. Methods, systems and devices for non-invasive open ventilation for treating airway obstructions
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