WO2008045529A1

WO2008045529A1 - Purine and pyrimidine derivatives for treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases

Info

Publication number: WO2008045529A1
Application number: PCT/US2007/021788
Authority: WO
Inventors: Kenneth He Huang; James Veal
Original assignee: Serenex, Inc.
Priority date: 2006-10-12
Filing date: 2007-10-12
Publication date: 2008-04-17

Abstract

Disclosed are compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of Formula (I); wherein A, R7, X, X1, X2, X3, Y, a, b, and n are defined herein. Compounds of Formula (I) are useful in the treatment of diseases and/or conditions related to cell proliferation, such as cancer, inflammation, arthritis, angiogenesis, or the like. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of the invention and methods of treating the aforementioned conditions using such compounds.

Description

PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES FOR TREATMENT OF CANCER AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES

Background of the Invention Field of the invention The invention relates to purine and pyrimidine derivatives and more specifically to such compounds that are useful in the treatment and/or prevention of diseases and/or conditions related to cell proliferation, such as cancer, inflammation and inflammation-associated disorders, and conditions associated with angiogenesis . Compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment and/or prevention of infectious diseasaes, in particular, fungal infections.

Description of the Related Art Cancer is characterized by abnormal cellular proliferation. Cancer cells exhibit a number of properties that make them dangerous to the host, typically including an ability to invade other tissues and to induce capillary ingrowth, which assures that the proliferating cancer cells0 have an adequate supply of blood. A hallmark of cancerous cells is their abnormal response to control mechanisms that regulate cell division in normal cells and continue to divide until they ultimately kill the host.

Angiogenesis is a highly regulated process under normal5 conditions, however many diseases are driven by persistent unregulated angiogenesis. Unregulated angiogenesis may either cause a particular disease directly or exacerbate an existing pathological condition. For example, ocular neovascularization has not only been implicated as the most common cause of0 blindness, but also is believed the dominant cause of many eye diseases. Further, in certain existing conditions, for example arthritis, newly formed capillary blood vessels invade the joints and destroy cartilage, or in the case of diabetes, new capillaries formed in the retina invade the vitreous, bleed,5 and cause blindness. Growth and metastasis of solid tumors are also dependent on angiogenesis (Folkman, J. , Cancer Research, 46, 467-473 (1986), Folkman, J., Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 82, 4-6 (1989) . It has been shown, for example, that tumors which enlarge to greater than 2 mm must obtain their own blood supply and do so by inducing the growth of new capillary blood vessels. Once these new blood vessels become embedded in the tumor, they provide a means for tumor cells to enter the circulation and metastasize to distant sites such as liver, lung or bone (Weidner, N., et al . , The New England Journal of Medicine, 324(1), 1-8 (1991). Under conditions of unregulated angiogenesis, therapeutic methods designed to control, repress, and/or inhibit angiogenesis could lead to the abrogation or mitigation of these conditions and diseases. Inflammation is related to a variety of disorders such as pain, headaches, fever, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, menstrual cramps, tendonitis, bursitis, psoriasis, eczema, burns, dermatitis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, vascular diseases, Hodgkin's disease, sclerodoma, rheumatic fever, type I diabetes, myasthenia gravis, sarcoidosis, nephrotic syndrome, Behcet's syndrome, polymyositis, hypersensitivity, conjunctivitis, gingivitis, post-injury swelling, myocardial ischemia, and the like. Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP-90) is a cellular chaperone protein required for the activation of several eukaryotic protein kinases, including the eye1in-dependent kinase CDK4. Geldanamycin, an inhibitor of the protein-refolding activity of HSP-90, has been shown to have antiproliferative and antitumor activities.

HSP-90 is a molecular chaperone that guides the normal folding, intracellular disposition and proteolytic turnover of many key regulators of cell growth and survival. Its function is subverted during oncogenesis to make malignant transformation possible and to facilitate rapid somatic evolution, and to allow mutant proteins to retain or even gain function. Inhibition of HSP-90 will slow those process thus has potential therapeutic use (Whitesell L, Lindquist, SL, Nature Rev. Cancer, 2005, 10, 761-72).

Ansamycin antibiotics, e.g., herbimycin A (HA), geldanamycin (GM) , and 17-allylaminogeldanamycin (17-AAG) are thought to exert their anticancerous effects by tight binding of the N-terminus pocket of HSP-90, thereby destabilizing substrates that normally interact with HSP-90 (Stebbins, C. et al. Cell 1997, 89, 239-250). This pocket is highly conserved and has weak homology to the ATP-binding siteof DNA gyrase (Stebbins, C. et al . , supra ; Grenert, J. P. et al.J. Biol. Chem. 1997,272,23843-50). In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that occupancy of this N-terminal pocket by ansamycins and other HSP-90 inhibitors alters HSP-90 function and inhibits protein folding. At high concentrations, ansamycins and other HSP-90 inhibitors have been shown to prevent binding of protein substrates to HSP-90 (Scheibel, T. H. et al . Proc . Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96, 1297-302; Schulte, T. W. et al.J. Biol. Chem. 1995,270,24585-8 ; Whitesell, L. , et al . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91, 8324-8328). Ansamycins have also been demonstrated to inhibit the ATP-dependent release of chaperone-associated protein substrates (Schneider, C. L. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 1996, 93, 14536-41; Sepp- Lorenzinoet al . J. Biol Chem. 1995,270,16580-16587). In either event, the substrates are degraded by a ubiquitin- dependent process in the proteasome (Schneider, C. L., supra ; Sepp- Lorenzino, L. , et al . J. Biol. Claim. 1995,270, 16580-16587; Whitesell, L. et al . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91, 8324- 8328) . HSP-90 substrate destabilization occurs in tumor and non-transformed cells alike and has been shown to be especially effective on a subset of signaling regulators, e.g., Raf (Schulte, T. W. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res.

Commun. 1997, 239, 655-9 Schulte, T. W., et al . , J. Biol. Chem. 1995,270, 24585-8), nuclear steroid receptors (Segnitz, B.; U. Gehring J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 18694-18701 ; Smith, D. F. et al. MoI. Cell Biol. 1995,15, 6804-12), v-Src (Whitesell, L. , et al . Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91, 8324-8328) and certain transmembrane tyrosine kinases (Sepp- Lorenzino,L. et al . J. Biol. Chez. 1995,270, 16580-16587) such as EGF receptor (EGFR) and HER2/Neu (Hartmann, F. , et al . Int. J. Cancer 1997,70, 221-9; Miller, P. et al .CancerRes . 1994,54, 2724-2730; Mimnaugh, E. G. , et al.J.Biol. Clzem. 1996,271, 22796-801 ; Schnur, R. et al . J. Med.Chenu. 1995, 38,3806- 3812), CDK4, and mutant p53. Erlichman et al . Proc. AACR 2001, 42, abstract 4474. The ansamycin-induced loss of these proteins leads to the selective disruption of certain regulatory pathways and results in growth arrest at specific phases of the cell cycle (Muise-Heimericks, R. C. et al . J. Biol. Chez. 1998, 273, 29864-72), and apoptosis, and/or differentiation of cells so treated (Vasilevskaya, A. et al . CancerRes., 1999,59, 3935-40). Inhibitors of HSP-90 thus hold great promise for the treatment and/or prevention of many types of cancers and proliferative disorders, and also hold promise as traditional antibiotics.

Inhibition of HSP-90 is also known to result in up regulation of the expression of the chaperone HSP70. HSP70 up regulation is considered to be of therapeutic benefit for treatment of a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases including, but not limited to: Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; Dementia with Lewy bodies; Amyotropic lateral scleriosis (ALS); Polyglutamine disease; Huntington's disease; Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) ; and Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAl-3,7). Therefore, the compounds described in the invention are of potential therapeutic use for treatment of such neurodegenerative diseases (Muchowski, P.J., Wacker J. L., Nat. Rev. Neurosci . 2005, 6, 11-22. ; Shen

H. Y., et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280, 39962-9).

Inhibition of HSP-90 also has anti-fungal activity, both as a stand alone therapy and in combination with standard anti-fungal therapies such as the azole class of drugs. Therefore, the compounds described in the invention are of potential therapeutic use for treatment of fungal infections including, but not limited to, life threatening systemic fungal infections (Cowen, L. E., Lindquist, S., Science 2005, 309, 2185-9).

Inhibition of HSP-90 also has antimalarial activity; thus, inhibitors of this protein are useful as antimalarial drugs .

HSP-90 has also been shown to be important to viral transcription and replicationn, in particular for such processes in HIV-I and Hepatitis C virus. See J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 7; 275 (1) : 279-87; J Virol. 2004 Dec; 78 (23 ): 13122-31; and Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Feb 23 ; 353 (4) : 882-8. Epub 2006 Dec 22. Inhibitors of HSP-90 have been shown to attenuate inflammation via lowering the level of a number of client proteins associated inflammation process. See FASEB J. 2007 JuI; 21 (9) : 2113-23.Therefore, there is a continuing need in the art for new methods of treating cancer, inflammation and inflammation-associated disorders, and conditions or diseases related to uncontrolled angiogenesis .

Therefore, there is a continuing need in the art for new methods of treating cancer, inflammation and inflammation- associated disorders, and conditions or diseases related to uncontrolled angiogenesis. Summary of the Invention

In a broad aspect, the invention provides compounds of formula I,

(I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein A, R₇, X, Xi, X₂, X3, Y, a, b, and n, are defined herein, pharmaceutical compositions containing those compounds, and methods employing such compounds or compositions in the treatment of diseases and/or conditions related to cell proliferation, such as cancer, inflammation, arthritis, angiogenesis, or the like.

The invention also includes intermediates that are useful in making the compounds of the invention. The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of Formula I and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, solvent, adjuvant or diluent.

The invention further provides methods of treating disease such as cancer, inflammation, arthritis, angiogenesis, and infection in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the patient a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of Formula I, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or salt of Formula I.

The invention also provides methods of treating and/or preventing viral infections in patients in needs of such treatment comprising administration of a compound or salt of formula I . The invention also provides the use of a compound or salt according to Formula I for the manufacture of a medicament for use in treating cancer, inflammation, arthritis, angiogenesis, or infection. The invention also provides methods of preparing the compounds of the invention and the intermediates used in those methods .

The invention also provides methods of treating a disease or condition related to cell proliferation comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I to a patient in need of such treatment.

The invention also provides methods of treating a disease or condition related to cell proliferation comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I to a patient in need of such treatment, where the disease of condition is cancer, inflammation, or arthritis .

The invention further provides methods of treating a subject suffering from a disease or disorder of proteins that are either client proteins for HSP-90 or indirectly affect its client proteins, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I .

The invention further provides methods of treating a subject suffering from a disease or disorder of proteins that are either client proteins for HSP-90 or indirectly affect its client proteins, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I wherein the HSP-90 mediated disorder is selected from the group of inflammatory diseases, infections, autoimmune disorders, stroke, ischemia, cardiac disorders, neurological disorders, fibrogenetic disorders, proliferative disorders, tumors, leukemias, neoplasms, cancers, carcinomas, metabolic diseases and malignant disease. The invention further provides methods of treating a subject suffering from a fibrogenetic disorder of proteins that are either client proteins for HSP-90 or indirectly affect its client proteins, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I, wherein the fibrogenetic disorder is selected from the group of scleroderma, polymyositis, systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, liver cirrhosis, keloid formation, interstitial nephritis and pulmonary fibrosis.

The invention provides methods of protecting a subject from infection caused by an organism selected from Plasmodium species, preferably Plasmodium falciparum. These methods comprising administering a compound or salt of Formula I, preferably in an effective amount, to a subject at risk of infection due to exposure to such organism.

The invention additionally provides methods of reducing the level of infection in a subject where the infection is caused by an organism selected from Plasmodium species, again preferably Plasmodium falciparum. These methods comprise administering to an infected subject an effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I.

The invention further provides methods for treating a patient infected with a metazoan parasite. These methods involve administering an amount of a compound of the invention effective to kill the parasite.

The invention further provides methods for treating a patient infected with a metazoan parasite wherein the parasite is Plasmodium falciparum. These methods involve administering an amount of a compound or salt of the invention effective to kill the parasite.

The invention further provides a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof in a kit with instructions for using he compound or composition. The invention further provides compounds that may be administered alone or in combination with other drugs or therapies known to be effective to treat the disease to enhance overall effectiveness of therapy.

The invention further provides methods for treating a fungal infection in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I and an optional anti-fungal agent or drug.

Detailed Description of the Invention

In one aspect, the invention provides compounds of Formula I,

(I) and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein one of bonds a and b is a double bond, and the other is a single bond; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; R₇ is 0, S, or NR₇-, wherein

R₇- is H, -OH, -NH₂, -NHR₂₂, -NH-(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -C-(C₀- C₆)alkyl-R₂₂, or -(Ci-C₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with carboxy) ;

X is C or N, provided that when bond a is a double bond, then X is C; and when bond b is a double bond, then X is N; Xi is N or CR_C;Y is Yi or Y₂, provided that when bond a is a double bond, then Y is Y₂; and when bond b is a double bond, then Y is Yi, wherein Yi is N or CR_C; and

Y₂ is S, S(O), S(O)₂, 0, C(O), or N-R₈, wherein R₈ is H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with from 1-2 groups that are independently Ci-C₆ alkyl, C_x-C₆ alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, halo (C₁- C₆) alkoxy, or carboxamide; X₂ and X₃ are independently C(R₅)(R₆), O, N(R₅), or S(O)_n, wherein

R₅ and R₆ are independently H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl , or aryl , wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with from

1 to 4 R groups , or wherein any two adjacent substituted aryl positions, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form an unsaturated cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; or R₅ and R₆ together with the carbon to which they are attached form a 3-8 membered ring;

A is a group of one of the following formulas (i) , (ii) , or (iii),

ii)) ,, ((lili)) ,, oorr (in) , wherein

L is CH₂ , C (0) , S (O) , S ( O ) ₂ ;

Qi/ Q2 and Q₃ are each independently N or CR₄; Q is S(O)_1n, 0, C(O) , or N-R₃; R₃ is (a) H or (b) a Ci-Ci₃ alkyl group where up to four of the carbon atoms in said alkyl group are optionally replaced independently by R₂₂, carbonyl, ethenyl, ethynyl or a moiety selected from N, 0, S, SO₂, or SO, with the proviso that two 0 atoms, two S atoms, or an 0 and S atom are not immediately adjacent each other, wherein R₂₂ is

(i) heteroaryl, (ii) aryl,

(iii) saturated or unsaturated C₃-Ci_O cycloalkyl, or (iv) saturated or unsaturated C2-C10 heterocycloalkyl, wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, or saturated or unsaturated heterocycloalkyl, independently, is optionally substituted with at least one group, which independently is hydroxy, halo, amino, cyano, carboxy, carboxamido, nitro, oxo, -SO_1n-(Ci- C₆)alkyl, -SO_m-aryl, -SO₂NH₂, -SO₂NH- (Ci-C₆) alkyl, -S0₂NH-aryl, (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, or mono- or di- (Ci-

C₁₀) alkylamino; and each R2₂ is optionally fused to a C₆-Ci₀ aryl group, C5-C8 saturated cyclic group, or a C5-C₁Q heterocycloalkyl group; wherein each (b) is optionally substituted at any available position with Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, hydroxy, carboxy, carboxamido, oxo, halo, amino, cyano, nitro, -SH, -S0_m- (Ci-

C₆) alkyl, -SO₂NH₂, -SO₂NH- (Ci-C₆) alkyl, -S0₂NH-aryl, -SO_m-aryl, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyloxy, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyloxy, mono- or di- (Ci-Ci₀) alkylamino, or R₂₃; wherein

R23 is

(1) heteroaryl,

(2) aryl,

(3) saturated or unsaturated C5-C10 cycloalkyl, or

(4) saturated or unsaturated C₅-Ci₀ heterocycloalkyl, and the R₂₃ groups are optionally substituted at least one group which is independently hydroxy, oxo, halo, amino, cyano, nitro, -SH, -SO_n-(Ci- C₆)alkyl, -SO_m-aryl, -SO₂NH₂, -SO₂NH- (C₁-C₆) alkyl, -S0₂NH-aryl, (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, or mono- or di- (Ci- Cio) alkylamino; R₄ is halogen or R₃;

Ri and R₂ are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, cyano, nitro, -SH, -S-Ci-C₆ alkyl, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di- aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH(CO)aryl, -NH(SO₂)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH ( SO₂) aryl , Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups; each m is independently 0, 1, or 2; each R is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₆ alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halo (C₁-C₆) alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, carboxy, carboxamide, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ; and each Rc independently is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, Ci-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₃- C₇ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, or heteroaryl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, wherein each R_c is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups .

In Formula I, R₃ is, as noted above, independently (a) hydrogen, or (b) an alkyl group having from 1-13 carbon atoms.

All, but no more than about six, of the carbon atoms in the alkyl group may be replaced independently by the various groups listed above in connection with Formula I. Thus, when the alkyl group is methyl, i.e., a one carbon atom alkyl group, replacement of that carbon atom with, for example, nitrogen or sulfur, the resulting group will not be an alkyl group but instead will be an amino or thio group, respectively. Similarly, when the carbon atom being replaced ^' terminates the alkyl group, the terminal group will become another moiety such as pyrimidinyl, amino, phenyl, or hydroxy.

Replacement of a carbon atom with a group such as, for example, oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur will require appropriate adjustment of the number of hydrogens or other atoms required to satisfy the replacing atom's valency. Thus, when the replacement is N or 0, the number of groups attached to the atom being replaced will be reduced by one or two to satisfy the valency of the nitrogen or oxygen respectively. Similar considerations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art with respect to replacement by ethenyl and ethynyl .

Thus, replacement as permitted herein results in the term "C1-C13 alkyl" as defined in connection with Formula I encompassing groups such as, but not limited to: amino, hydroxy, phenyl, benzyl, propylaminoethoxy, butoxyethylamino, pyrid-2-ylpropyl, diethylaminomethyl, pentylsulfonyl , methylsulfonamidoethyl, 3- [4- (butylpyrimidin-2-yl) ethyl] phenyl, butoxy, dimethylamino, 4- (2- (benzylamino) ethyl ) pyridyl , but-2-enylamino, 4-(l- (methylamino)pent-3-en-2-ylthio) phenyl, 2- (N-methyl- hexanamido) ethoxy)methyl, and 4- ( ( (3-methoxy-4- (4-methyl- lH-imidazol-2-yl)but-l-enyl) (methyl) amino) -methyl ) phenyl . Preferred compounds of formula (I) are those of formulas (Ia) and (Ib) ,

In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, wherein Ri is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH (CO) (Ci-C₆ alkyl) , NH(CO)aryl, -NH (SO₂) (Ci-C₆ alkyl) , -NH ( SO₂ ) aryl , wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, wherein

Ri is amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di- aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, or C_x-C₆ alkyl, wherein Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, wherein

R₂ is independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH(CO)aryl, -NH(SO₂)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH ( SO₂ ) aryl , Ci-C₆ alkyl, or Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein .

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, wherein

R₂ is independently amino, hydroxyl, hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₆ alkyl, or Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, wherein Q is S, 0, or N(R₃) .

In another preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, wherein L is CH₂, C(O) , S(O) , or S(O)₂.

Other preferred compounds of formula I are those where Xi is N.

Other preferred compounds of formula I are those where Xi is CRc-

In another embodiment, preferred compounds Formula I are those where Y is S, 0, or N-R₈; and X is C.

More preferred compounds of Formula I are those where Y is N-R₈; and X is C. Even more preferred compounds of Formula I are those where Y is N-R₈, wherein R₈ is H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-Cε haloalkyl, or C₃-C7 cycloalkyl; and X is C.

Other preferred compounds of formula I are those where Xi is N; Y is S, O, or N-R₈; and X is C. Other preferred compounds of formula I are those where Xi is CRc; Y is S, 0, or N-R₈; and X is C

More preferred embodiments of formula I are those compounds where X is N; Xi is N; and Y is CR_C. Even more preferred compounds of formula I are those where, Xi is N and Y is CRc, wherein R_c is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, wherein each R_c is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. Even more preferred compounds of formula I are those where, X is N; Xi is N; and Y is CR_C, wherein R₀ is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃- C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl.

Even more preferred compounds of formula I are those where, X is N; Xi is N and Y is CR_C, wherein R_c is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₃ alkyl, Ci-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

Even more preferred compounds of formula I are those where, X is N; Xi is N and Y is CRc, wherein R₀ is independently hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

In another embodiment, more preferred compounds formula I are those where X is N; and Xi and Y are each CR₀, wherein each R_c is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, wherein each R_c is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. Even more preferred compounds of formula I are those where, Xi and Y are each CRc, wherein each R₀ is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl .

Even more preferred compounds of formula I are those where, X is N; and Xi and Y are each CR_C, wherein each R_c is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₃ alkyl, Ci-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl.

Even more preferred compounds of formula I are those where, X is N; and Xi and Y are each CRc, wherein each R_c is independently hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl.

In another embodiment, preferred compounds of formula I are those where X₃ is CH₂.

In another embodiment, preferred compounds of formula I are those where X₂ is CR₅R₆. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of formula I where X₃ is CH₂ and X₂ is CR₅R₆.

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of formula I where X₃ is CH₂ and X₂ is CR5R6, wherein R₅ and Re are each independently hydrogen or Ci-Cβ alkyl. In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of formula I where X₃ is CH₂ and X₂ is CR5R6, wherein R₅ and Rε are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C3 alkyl .

In another preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, wherein R₇ is 0 or N-OH.

In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, wherein R₇ is 0.

In another more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, wherein R₇ is N-OH.

In another preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, wherein n is 0 or 1. In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula I, wherein n is 1.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula II,

(II) wherein L, Ri, R₂, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₀, Qi, Q₂, Q₃, and X_x are as defined for Formula I.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula III,

( III ) wherein L, Ri, R₂, R₅, R₆, R7, Ro Qi/ Q2, and Xi are as defined for Formula I .

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula IV,

(IV) wherein L, R₁, R₂, R₅, R₆, R7/ Rc- Q/ Q2, and Xi are as defined for Formula I.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula II, III, and IV, wherein

Ri is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO) (Ci-C₆ alkyl) , NH(CO)aryl, -NH (SO₂) (Ci-C₆ alkyl) , -NH ( SO₂ ) aryl , wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula II, III, and IV, wherein Ri is amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di- aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, or Ci-C₆ alkyl, wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula II, III, and IV, wherein

R₂ is independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO) (Ci-C₆ alkyl) , -NH(C0)aryl, -NH(SO₂)(Ci-C₆ alkyl) , -NH ( SO₂) aryl , Ci-C₆ alkyl, or Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula II, III, and IV, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula IV, wherein Q is S, O, or N(R₃) .

In another preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula II, III, and IV, wherein L is CH₂, C(O), S(O), or S(O)₂.

Other preferred compounds of Formula II, III, and IV, are those where Xi is N.

Other preferred compounds of Formula II, III, and IV, are those where Xi is CR_C. Even more preferred compounds of Formula II, III, and IV, are those where, Xi is N and Rc is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, wherein each R₀ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. Even more preferred compounds of Formula II, III, and IV, are those where, Xi is N and R_c is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Cio alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃- C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl . Even more preferred compounds of Formula II, III, and IV, are those where, Xi is N and R₀ is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C3 alkyl, C_x-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

Even more preferred compounds of Formula II, III, and IV, are those where, Xi is N and R_c is independently hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl.

In another embodiment, more preferred compounds Formula

II, III, and IV, are those where Xi is CRc, wherein each Rc is independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl,

C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (C₁-C₁₀) alkyl, wherein each

Rc is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups . Even more preferred compounds of Formula II, III, and IV, are those where, Xi is CR_C, wherein each R_c is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₁-C₁₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C7 cycloalkyl, or C₃-

C₇ cycloalkyl (C₁-C₁₀) alkyl.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula II, III, and IV, are those where, Xi is CRc, wherein each R_c is independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, Ci-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula II, III, and IV, are those where, Xi is CRc, wherein each R_c is independently hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl.

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula II, III, and IV, wherein R₅ and Re are each independently hydrogen or Ci-Cε alkyl.

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula II, III, and IV, wherein R₅ and R_& are each independently hydrogen or Ci-C₃ alkyl.

In another preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula II, III, and IV, wherein R₇ is O or N-OH. In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula II, III, and IV, wherein R₇ is 0.

In another more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula II, III, and IV, wherein R₇ is N-OH.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula Va, Vb, and Vc,

(Va) (Vb) (Vc) wherein Ri, R₂, R₄, R5, Rε, Xi, and R_c are as defined for Formula I.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula Via, VIb, and VIc,

wherein R_x , R₂, R₄, R₅, Re, Ro Xi , and Qi are as defined for Formula I .

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula Vila, VIIb, and VIIc,

wherein Ri , R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, Rc, Xi, and Q are as defined for Formula I . In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula Va-c, Vla-c, and VIIa-C, wherein Xi is N.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula Va-c, VIa-c, and Vlla-c, wherein X₁ is CRc.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula Va-c, VIa-c, and Vlla-c, wherein

Ri is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO) (Ci-C₆ alkyl) , NH(CO)aryl, -NH(SO₂) (Ci-C₆ alkyl) , -NH ( SO₂ ) aryl , wherein Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula Va-c, VIa-c, and Vlla-c, wherein

Ri is amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di- aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, or Ci-C₆ alkyl, wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula Va-c, VIa-c, and Vlla-c, wherein

R₂ is independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH (CO) aryl, -NH(SO₂)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH ( SO₂ ) aryl , Ci-C₆ alkyl, or Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula Va-c, VIa-c, and Vlla-c, wherein

R₂ is independently amino, hydroxyl, hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C_δ alkyl, or Ci-Cβ haloalkyl, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula Vlla-c, wherein Q is S, 0, or N(R₃) . Even more preferred compounds of Formula Va-c, VIa-c, and Vlla-c, are those where each Rc is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃- C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Cio) alkyl, wherein R₀ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups . Even more preferred compounds of Formula Va-c, VIa-c, and Vlla-c, are those where, each R₀ is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl .

Even more preferred compounds of Formula Va-c, VIa-c, and Vlla-c, are those where each R_c is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₃ alkyl, Ci-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

Even more preferred compounds of Formula Va-c, VIa-c, and Vlla-c, are those where each R_c is independently hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl.

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula Va-c, VIa-c, and Vlla-c, wherein R₅ and R₆ are each independently hydrogen or Ci-Cβ alkyl.

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula Va-c, VIa-c, and Vlla-c, wherein R₅ and Re are each independently hydrogen or Ci-C₃ alkyl.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula VIII,

(VIII ) wherein L, Ri, R₂, R5, Re, R7, Qi, Q2, Q3, Xi/ and Y are as defined for Formula I . In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula IX,

(IX) wherein L, Ri, R₂, R5, Rε, R7, Qi, Q₂, Xi, and Y are as defined for Formula I.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula X,

(X) wherein L, Ri, R₂, R₅, R₆, R₇, Q, Q₂, Xi, and Y are as defined for Formula I.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula VIII, IX, and X, wherein Ri is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO)(Ci-C₆ alkyl) , NH(CO)aryl, -NH (SO₂) (Ci-C₆ alkyl) , -NH ( SO₂ ) aryl , wherein Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula VIII, IX, and X, wherein

Ri is amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di- aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, or C_x-C₆ alkyl, wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula VIII, IX, and X, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula VIII, IX, and X, wherein

R₂ is independently amino, hydroxyl, hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₆ alkyl, or Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula X, wherein Q is S, 0, or N(R₃) .

In another preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula VIII, IX, and X, wherein L is CH₂, C(O), S(O), or S(O)₂.

Other preferred compounds of Formula VIII, IX, and X, are those where Xi is N. Other preferred compounds of Formula VIII, IX, and X, are those where Xi is CR_C.

In another embodiment, more preferred compounds Formula VIII, IX, and X, are those where Xi is CR₀, wherein each R₀ is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C7 cycloalkyl, or C₃-C7 cycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, wherein each Rc is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. Even more preferred compounds of Formula VIII, IX^', and X, are those where, Xi is CR_C, wherein each R_c is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃- C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl:

Even more preferred compounds of Formula VIII, IX, and X, are those where, Xi is CRc, wherein each R₀ is independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

Even more preferred compounds of Formula VIII, IX, and X, are those where, Xi is CR_C, wherein each R₀ is independently hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl.

In another embodiment, more preferred compounds Formula VIII, IX, and X, are those where Y is S, 0, or N-R₈.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula VIII, IX, and X, are those where Y is N-Rs . Even more preferred compounds of Formula VIII, IX, and X, are those where Y is N-R₈, wherein R₈ is H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl.

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula VIII, IX, and X, wherein R₅ and R₆ are each independently hydrogen or Ci-C₆ alkyl.

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula VIII, IX, and X, wherein R₅ and R₆ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl. In another preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula VIII, IX, and X, wherein R₇ is 0 or N-OH.

In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula VIII, IX, and X, wherein R₇ is 0.

In another more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula VIII, IX, and X, wherein R₇ is N-OH. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula XI,

(XI) wherein L, Ri, R₂, R₅, Rε, Rs / Qi/ 0.2/ Cb- and Xi are as defined for Formula I.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula XII,

(XII) wherein L, Ri, R₂, R₅, Rε, Re, Qi, Q₂, and Xi are as defined for Formula I .

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula XIII,

(XIII) wherein L, R₁, R₂, R₅, R₆, Rs / Q/ Q2, and Xi are as defined for Formula I . In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, wherein

Ri is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO)(Ci-C₆ alkyl) , NH(CO)aryl, -NH (SO₂) (C_x-C₆ alkyl) , -NH(SO₂) aryl, wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, wherein R₂ is independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH (CO) aryl, -NH(SO₂)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH ( SO₂) aryl , Ci-C₆ alkyl, or Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, wherein R₂ is independently amino, hydroxyl, hydrogen, halogen,

Ci-Cε alkyl, or Ci-Cβ haloalkyl, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula XIII, wherein Q is S, O, or N(R₃) .

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula XIII, wherein Q is S, 0, or N(R₃); and Q₂ is CR₄. In another preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, wherein L is CH₂, C(O), S(O), or S(O)₂.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, are those where R₈ is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, Ci-Cε haloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, are those where R₈ is hydrogen, Ci-C₃ alkyl, Ci-C₃ haloalkyl, or cyclopropyl.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, are those where R₈ is independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, or cyclopropyl .

Other preferred compounds of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, are those where Xi is N. Other preferred compounds of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, are those where Xi is CR₀.

Other preferred compounds of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, are those where Xi is CR₀, wherein R₀ is hydrogen, halogen, Ci- Cio alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Cio) alkyl.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, are those where Xi is CR₀, wherein R₀ is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₃ alkyl, Ci-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl . Even more preferred compounds of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, are those where Xi is CR_C, wherein Rc is hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, wherein R₅ and R₆ are each independently hydrogen or Cχ-C₆ alkyl .

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula XI, XII, and XIII, wherein R₅ and R₆ are each independently hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula XIa, XIb, and XIc,

wherein Ri, R₂, R₅, R₆, Rs, Qi, Q₂/ Q3, and Xi are as defined for Formula I .

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula XIIa, XIIb, and XIIc,

wherein Ri, R₂, R₅, R₆, Rs , Qi, Q₂/ and Xi are as defined for Formula I . In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula XIIIa, XIIIb, and XIIIc,

(XIIIb)

wherein R₁, R₂, R₅, R₆, Rs, Q, Q₂/ and Xi are as defined for Formula I .

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and XIIIa-C, wherein Ri is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO)(Ci-C₆ alkyl) , NH(CO)aryl, -NH(SO₂) (Ci-C₆ alkyl) , -NH ( SO₂ ) aryl , wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and Xllla-c, wherein

Ri is amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di- aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, or Ci-C₆ alkyl, wherein Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and Xllla-c, wherein

R₂ is independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH(CO)aryl, -NH(SO₂)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH ( SO₂) aryl , Ci-C₆ alkyl, or Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and Xllla-c, wherein

R.₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula XIIIa-C, wherein Q is S, 0, or N(R₃) . In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula Xllla-c, wherein Q is S, 0, or N(R₃); and Q₂ is CR₄.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and Xllla-c, are those where R₈ is H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and Xllla-c, are those where R₈ is hydrogen, Ci-C₃ alkyl, Ci-C₃ haloalkyl, or cyclopropyl.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and Xllla-c, are those where R₈ is independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, or cyclopropyl.

Other preferred compounds of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and Xllla-c, are those where Xi is N. Other preferred compounds of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and Xllla-c, are those where Xi is CR_C.

Other preferred compounds of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and Xllla-c, are those where Xi is CR_C, wherein R₀ is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃- C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Cio) alkyl.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and Xllla-c, are those where Xi is CR₀, wherein R₀ is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₃ alkyl, Ci-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl . Even more preferred compounds of Formula XIa-c, XIIa-C, and Xllla-c, are those where Xi is CRc; wherein R₀ is hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and XIIIa-C, wherein R₅ and Re are each independently hydrogen or Ci-Cβ alkyl .

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of Formula XIa-c, Xlla-c, and Xllla-c, wherein R₅ and Re are each independently hydrogen or Ci-C₃ alkyl.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula XIVa, XIVb, and XIVc,

wherein R₁, R₂, R₄, R₅, Re, Rs / and Xi are as defined for Formula I.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of formula XVa, XVb, and XVc,

wherein R_x, R₂, R₄, R5, Re, Rβ» Qi # and Xi are as defined for Formula I . In a preferred embodiment , the invention provides the compound of formula XVIa , XVIb, and XVIc ,

whe

for Formula I .

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula XIVa-C, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, wherein

Ri is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO)(Ci-C₆ alkyl) , NH(C0)aryl, -NH (SO₂) (C_x-C₆ alkyl) , -NH ( SO₂ ) aryl , wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula XlVa-c, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides the compound of Formula XIVa-C, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, wherein

R₂ is independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di-aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH(C0)aryl, -NH(SO₂)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH ( SO₂ ) aryl , Ci-C₆ alkyl, or Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a more preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula XIVa-C, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups. In a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the invention provides the compound of Formula XVIa-c, wherein Q is S, 0, or N(R₃) . Even more preferred compounds of Formula XIVa-C, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, are those where Rs is H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, or C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XlVa-c, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, are those where Rs is hydrogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, or cyclopropyl.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XlVa-c, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, are those where Rs is independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, or cyclopropyl. Other preferred compounds of Formula XlVa-c, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, are those where Xi is N.

Other preferred compounds of Formula XlVa-c, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, are those where Xi is CR₀.

Other preferred compounds of Formula XlVa-c, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, are those where Xi is CR₀, wherein R₀ is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, or C₃- C₇ cycloalkyl (C₁-C₁₀) alkyl.

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XlVa-c, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, are those where Xi is CRc, wherein R₀ is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, Ci-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

Even more preferred compounds of Formula XlVa-c, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, are those where Xi is CR_C, wherein Rc is hydrogen, halogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of XlVa-c, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, wherein R₅ and Rε are each independently hydrogen or Ci-Ce alkyl .

In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides compounds of XlVa-c, XVa-c, and XVIa-c, wherein R₅ and Re are each independently hydrogen or Ci-C₃ alkyl.

In a second aspect, the invention encompasses a method of treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a compound or salt of any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, VIIa-C, XIa-c,

XIIa-C, Xllla-c, XIVa-c, XVa-c, or XVIa-c or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or salt of any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, VIIa-C, XIa-c, XIIa-C, XIIIa-C, XIVa-c,

XVa-c, or XVIa-c.

In a preferred embodiment of the second aspect, the invention encompasses a method of treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a compound or salt of Formula I or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or salt of Formula I .

In a third aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, Vlla-c, XIa-c, Xlla-c, Xllla-c, XIVa-c, XVa-c, or XVIa-c for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, or arthritis in a patient in need of such treatment.

In a preferred embodiment of the third aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, or arthritis in a patient in need of such treatment. In a fourth aspect, the invention encompasses a package comprising a compound or salt of any of Formulas I - XIII, Va- c, Vla-c, Vlla-c, XIa-c, Xlla-c, Xllla-c, XlVa-c, XVa-c, or

XVIa-c in a container with instructions on how to use the compound.

In a preferred embodiment of the fourth aspect, the invention encompasses a package comprising a compound or salt of Formula I in a container with instructions on how to use the compound. In a fifth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt according to any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, Vlla-c, XIa-c, Xlla-c, Xllla-c, XlVa-c, XVa-c, or XVIa-c for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or condition related to cell proliferation in a patient in need of such treatment.

In a preferred embodiment of the fifth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt according to Formula I for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or condition related to cell proliferation in a patient in need of such treatment.

In a sixth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt according according to any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, Vlla-c, XIa-c, XIIa-c, XIIIa-c, XlVa-c, XVa-c, or XVIa-c for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or condition related to cell proliferation in a patient in need of such treatment, wherein the disease or condition is cancer, inflammation, or arthritis.

In a preferred embodiment of the sixth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt according to Formula I for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or condition related to cell proliferation in a patient in need of such treatment, wherein the disease or condition is cancer, inflammation, or arthritis.

In a seventh aspect, the invention encompasses the use of therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, Vlla-c, XIa-c, XIIa-C, Xllla-c, XlVa-c, XVa-c, or XVIa-c for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder related to the activity of heat shock protein 90, in a subject in need of such.

In a preferred embodiment of the seventh aspect, the invention encompasses the use of therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder related to the activity of heat shock protein 90, in a subject in need of such.

In a eighth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, Vlla-c, XIa-c, XIIa-C, Xllla-c, XlVa-c, XVa-c, or XVIa-c, alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder related to the activity of heat shock protein 90 and/or its client protiens, in a subject in need of such, wherein the HSP-90 mediated disorder is selected from the group of inflammatory diseases, infections, autoimmune disorders, stroke, ischemia, cardiac disorders, neurological disorders, fibrogenetic disorders, proliferative disorders, tumors, leukemias, neoplasms, cancers, carcinomas, metabolic diseases and malignant disease.

In a preferred embodiment of the eighth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I, alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder related to the activity of heat shock protein 90 and/or its client protiens, in a subject in need of such, wherein the HSP-90 mediated disorder is selected from the group of inflammatory diseases, infections, autoimmune disorders, stroke, ischemia, cardiac disorders, neurological disorders, fibrogenetic disorders, proliferative disorders, tumors, leukemias, neoplasms, cancers, carcinomas, metabolic diseases and malignant disease. In a preferred aspect embodiment of the eighth aspect, the invention encompasses methods for the treatment of cancer in a subject in need of such treatment comprising administration of therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I, in combination with at least one other therapeutic agent.

In a more preferred aspect embodiment of the eighth aspect, the invention encompasses methods for treating cancer in a subject in need of such treatment, the methods comprising administration of therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I, in combination with at least one other anti-cancer agent.

In another preferred aspect embodiment of the eighth aspect, the invention encompasses methods for treating cancer, the methods comprising administration, to a subject in need of such treatment, of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I, in combination with radiation therapy.

In a ninth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, VIIa-C, XIa-c, Xlla-c, Xllla-c, XlVa-c, XVa-c, or XVIa-c for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a fibrogenetic disorder related to the activity of heat shock protein 90, in a subject in need of such, wherein the fibrogenetic disorder is selected from the group of scleroderma, polymyositis, systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, liver cirrhosis, keloid formation, interstitial nephritis and pulmonary fibrosis.

In a tenth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, VIIa-C, XIa-c, XIIa-C, Xllla-c, XlVa-c, XVa-c, or XVIa-c the preparation of a medicament for protecting a subject from infection caused by an organism selected from Plasmodium species. In a preferred embodiment of the tenth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I for the preparation of a medicament for protecting a subject from infection caused by Plasmodium falciparum. In an eleventh aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, VIIa-C, XIa-c, XIIa-C, XIIIa-C, XlVa-c, XVa-c, or XVIa-c for the preparation of a medicament for reducing the level of infection caused by an organism selected from Plasmodium species in a subject in need of such treatment.

In a preferred embodiment of the eleventh aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I for the preparation of a medicament for reducing the level of infection caused by an organism selected from Plasmodium species in a subject in need of such treatment.

In a preferred aspect of the eleventh aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I for the preparation of a medicament for reducing the level of infection caused by Plasmodium falciparum in a subject in need of such treatment

In a twelfth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, VIIa-C, XIa-c, XIIa-C, Xllla-c, XlVa-c, XVa-c, or XVIa-c for the preparation of a medicament for treating a patient infected with a metazoan parasite. In a preferred embodiment of the twelfth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I for the preparation of a medicament for treating a patient infected with a metazoan parasite. In a more preferred embodiment of the twelfth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I for the preparation of a medicament for treating a patient infected by a metazoan parasite which is Plasmodium falciparum. In a thirteenth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of any of Formulas I - XIII, Va-c, VIa-c, Vlla-c, XIa-c, Xlla-c, Xllla-c, XlVa-c, XVa-c, or XVIa-c in combination with one or more known anti-fungal drugs for the preparation of a medicament for treating a patient infected with a fungal infection.

In a preferred embodiment of the thirteenth aspect, the invention encompasses the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of Formula I in combination with one or more known anti-fungal drugs for the preparation of a medicament for treating a patient infected with a fungal infection.

In the methods for treating viral infections, particular viral infections include those resulting from HIV-I and Hepatitis C virus.

The invention further encompasses intermediates useful for preparing compounds of Formula I . These include compounds of formulas XX-XXIV, presented below.

XX wherein

R'' is H or Ci-C₆ alkyl; Xi is N or CR_C;

Y is N or CRc provided that not both X_x and Y are N;

Rc independently is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-Cio alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci- Cio)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl (Ci-

Cio ) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, or heteroaryl (Ci-Cio ) alkyl, wherein each R_c is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups; each R is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₆ alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, carboxy, carboxamide, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ; and R₅ and R₆ are independently H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, or aryl, where the aryl is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups .

Preferred compounds of formula XX include those where R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl; and Xi is N.

Other preferred compounds of formula XX include those where R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl; and Xi is N; R₀ is halogen, cyano, nitro, C_x-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, C₂-C₃ alkynyl, or Ci-C₃ haloalkyl.

XXI wherein Pr is OH or a hydroxyl protecting group; Xi is N or CRc; Y is N or CRc provided that not both Xi and Y are N;

R_c independently is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-Cio alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-

Ci_O)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl (Ci- Ci₀) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, or heteroaryl (Ci-Cio) alkyl, wherein each R_c is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups; each R is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₆ alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, carboxy, carboxamide, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and

R₅ and R₆ are independently H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, or aryl, where the aryl is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups .

Preferred compounds of formula XXI include those where Pr is OH; R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl; and Xi is N.

Other preferred compounds of formula XXI include those where Pr is OH; R₅ and R₆ are both C_x-C₆ alkyl; and Xi is N; R₀ is halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, C₂-C₃ alkynyl, or Ci-C₃ haloalkyl.

Still other preferred compounds of formula XXI include those where Pr is a hydroxyl protecting group; R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl; and Xi is N; and Rc is halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, C₂-C₃ alkynyl, or Ci-C₃ haloalkyl.

XXII wherein

Pr is OH or a hydroxyl protecting group;

R₈ is H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with from 1-2 groups that are independently Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, or carboxamide; and

R₅ and R₆ are independently H, C_x-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, or aryl, where the aryl is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups each R is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₆ alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, carboxy, carboxamide, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. Preferred compounds of formula XXII include those where R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl; and Pr is OH or methanesulfonyl .

Other preferred compounds of formula XXII include those where R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl; and Pr is OH or methanesulfonyl; R₈ is C₁-C₃ alkyl or C₁-C₃ haloalkyl .

XXIII wherein

Pr is OH or a hydroxyl protecting group;

R₅ and R₆ are independently H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, or aryl, where the aryl is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups each R is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₆ alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, carboxy, carboxamide, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl .

Preferred compounds of formula XXIII include those where R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl.

XXIV wherein

R_N is H or a nitrogen protecting group; and he each R12 is halogen or each Ri₂ is hydroxy.

Preferred compounds of formula XXIV include those where both of R12 are chloro.

Preferred compounds of formula XXIV include those where both of R12 are hydroxy.

Definitions

The term "alkoxy" represents an alkyl group of indicated number of carbon atoms attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen bridge. Examples of alkoxy groups include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy and isopropoxy.

As used herein, the term "alkyl" includes those alkyl groups of a designated number of carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be straight, or branched. Examples of "alkyl" include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-, sec- and tert- butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 3-ethylbutyl, and the like.

The term "alkenyl" as used herein, means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing from 2 to 10 carbons and containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond formed by the removal of two hydrogens. Representative examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 5-hexenyl, 2- heptenyl, 2-methyl-1-heptenyl, and 3-decenyl. The term "alkenoxy" refers to an alkenyl group attached to the parent group through an oxygen atom.

The term "alkynyl" as used herein, means a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Representative examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited, to acetylenyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2- pentynyl, and 1-butynyl.

The term "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring system containing at least one aromatic ring. The aromatic ring may optionally be fused or otherwise attached to other aromatic hydrocarbon rings or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings. Examples of aryl groups include, for example, phenyl, naphthyl , 1, 2, 3 , 4-tetrahydronaphthalene and biphenyl . Preferred examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl . More preferred aryl groups are phenyl and naphthyl. Most preferred is phenyl. The aryl groups of the invention may be substituted with various groups as provided herein. Thus, any carbon atom present within an aryl ring system and available for substitution may be further bonded to a variety of ring substituents, such as, for example, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, Ci-C₈alkyl, Ci-C₈alkoxy, mono- and di (Ci-Csalkyl) amino, C₃-Ciocycloalkyl, (C₃-Ciocycloalkyl) alkyl, (C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl) alkoxy, C₂-C₉heterocycloalkyl, Ci-C₈alkenyl, Ci-C₈alkynyl, halo (Ci-C₈) alkyl, halo (Ci-C₈) alkoxy, oxo, amino(Ci- C₈) alkyl, mono- and di (Ci-C₈alkyl) amino (Ci-C₈) alkyl, Ci-C₈acyl, Ci-C₈acyloxy, Ci-C₈SuIfonyl, Ci-C₈thio, Ci-C₈SuIfonamido, Ci- C₈aminosulfonyl .

The term "carboxy" as used herein, means a -CO₂H group. The term "cycloalkyl" refers to a C₃-C₈ cyclic hydrocarbon. Examples of cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl . More preferred are C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl groups. The cycloalkyl groups of the invention may be substituted with various groups as provided herein. Thus, any carbon atom present within a cycloalkyl ring system and available for substitution may be further bonded to a variety of ring substituents, such as, for example, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, Ci-C₈alkyl, Ci-C₈alkoxy, mono- and di (Ci- Csalkyl) amino, C₃-Ciocycloalkyl, (C₃-Ciocycloalkyl) alkyl, (C₃- CiocycloalkyDalkoxy, C₂-C₉heterocycloalkyl, Ci-C₈alkenyl, Ci- C₈alkynyl, halo (Ci-C₈) alkyl, halo (Ci-C₈) alkoxy, oxo, amino (Ci- C₈) alkyl and mono- and di (Ci-C₈alkyl) amino (Ci-C₈) alkyl . The terms "halogen" or "halo" indicate fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The term "haloalkoxy" refers to an alkoxy group substituted with one or more halogen atoms, where each halogen is independently F, Cl, Br or I . Preferred halogens are F and Cl. Preferred haloalkoxy groups contain 1-6 carbons, more preferably 1-4 carbons, and still more preferably 1-2 carbons. "Haloalkoxy" includes perhaloalkoxy groups, such as OCF₃ or OCF₂CF₃. A preferred haloalkoxy group is trifluoromethoxy.

The term "haloalkyl" refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more halogen atoms, where each halogen is independently F, Cl, Br or I . Preferred halogens are F and Cl. Preferred haloalkyl groups contain 1-6 carbons, more preferably 1-4 carbons, and still more preferably 1-2 carbons. "Haloalkyl" includes perhaloalkyl groups, such as CF₃ or CF₂CF₃. A preferred haloalkyl group is trifluoromethyl .

The term "heterocycloalkyl" refers to a ring or ring system containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein said heteroatom is in a non-aromatic ring. The heterocycloalkyl ring is optionally fused to or otherwise attached to other heterocycloalkyl rings and/or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings and/or phenyl rings. Preferred heterocycloalkyl groups have from 3 to 7 members . More preferred heterocycloalkyl groups have 5 or 6 members. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include, for example, 1, 2, 3 , 4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridinonyl, and pyrazolidinyl . Preferred heterocycloalkyl groups include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridinonyl, dihydropyrrolidinyl, and pyrrolidinonyl . The heterocycloalkyl groups of the invention may be substituted with various groups as provided herein. Thus, any atom present within a heterocycloalkyl ring and available for substitution may be further bonded to a variety of ring substituents, such as, for example, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, Ci-Csalkyl, Ci-C₈alkoxy, mono- and di (Ci- C₈alkyl) amino, C₃-Ci₀cycloalkyl, (Cs-Ciocycloalkyl) alkyl, (C₃- Ciocycloalkyl) alkoxy, C₂-C₉heterocycloalkyl, Ci-Csalkenyl, Ci- Cβalkynyl, halo (Ci-Cs) alkyl, halo (Ci-Cs) alkoxy, oxo, amino(Ci- C₈) alkyl and mono- and di (Ci-Csalkyl) amino (Ci-Cs) alkyl .

The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic ring system containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The heteroaryl ring may be fused or otherwise attached to one or more heteroaryl rings, aromatic or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings or heterocycloalkyl rings. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyridine, furan, thienyl, 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydroisoquinoline and pyrimidines . The heteroaryl groups of the invention may be substituted with various groups as provided herein. Thus, any carbon atom present within an heteroaryl ring system and available for substitution may be further bonded to a variety of ring substituents, such as, for example, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, amino, Ci-Csalkyl, Ci-C₈alkoxy, mono- and di (Ci- C₈alkyl) amino, C₃-Ciocycloalkyl, (C₃-Ciocycloalkyl) alkyl, (C₃- Ciocycloalkyl) alkoxy, C₂-C₉heterocycloalkyl, Ci-Csalkenyl, Ci- C₈alkynyl, halo (Ci-C₈) alkyl, halo (Ci-C₈) alkoxy, oxo, amino (Ci- C₈) alkyl and mono- and di (Ci-C₈alkyl) amino (Ci-C₈) alkyl .

Preferred examples of heteroaryl groups include thienyl, benzothienyl , pyridyl, quinolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, triazolyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, pyrazolyl, and benzopyrazolyl . The compounds of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms, so that the compounds can exist in different stereoisomeric forms. These compounds can be, for example, racemates, chiral non-racemic or diastereomers . In these situations, the single enantiomers, i.e., optically active forms, can be obtained by asymmetric synthesis or by resolution of the racemates. Resolution of the racemates can be accomplished, for example, by conventional methods such as crystallization in the presence of a resolving agent; chromatography, using, for example a chiral HPLC column; or derivatizing the racemic mixture with a resolving reagent to generate diastereomers, separating the diastereomers via chromatography, and removing the resolving agent to generate the original compound in enantiomerically enriched form. Any of the above procedures can be repeated to increase the enantiomeric purity of a compound.

When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless otherwise specified, it is intended that the compounds include the cis, trans, Z- and E- configurations. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The compounds of general Formula I may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. The term parenteral as used herein includes percutaneous, subcutaneous, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, or intrathecal injection or infusion techniques and the like. In addition, there is provided a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of general Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. One or more compounds of general Formula I may be present in association with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents and/or adjuvants, and if desired other active ingredients. The pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of general Formula I may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.

Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known in the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservative agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations . Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques . In some cases such coatings may be prepared by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monosterate or glyceryl distearate may be employed. Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules, wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

Formulations for oral use may also be presented as lozenges .

Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropyl-methylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin. Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol . Sweetening agents and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid. Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents or suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil or a mineral oil or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.

Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, glucose or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents. The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents that have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol . Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides . In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.

The compounds of general Formula I may also be administered in the form of suppositories, e.g., for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols .

Compounds of general Formula I may be administered parenterally in a sterile medium. The drug, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. Advantageously, adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.

For disorders of the eye or other external tissues, e.g., mouth and skin, the formulations are preferably applied as a topical gel, spray, ointment or cream, or as a suppository, containing the active ingredients in a total amount of, for example, 0.075 to 30% w/w, preferably 0.2 to 20% w/w and most preferably 0.4 to 15% w/w. When formulated in an ointment, the active ingredients may be employed with either paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.

Alternatively, the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base. If desired, the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example at least 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol such as propylene glycol, butane-1, 3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol, polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof . The topical formulation may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active ingredient through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethylsulfoxide and related analogs . The compounds of this invention can also be administered by a transdermal device. Preferably topical administration will be accomplished using a patch either of the reservoir and porous membrane type or of a solid matrix variety. In either case, the active agent is delivered continuously from the reservoir or microcapsules through a membrane into the active agent permeable adhesive, which is in contact with the skin or mucosa of the recipient. If the active agent is absorbed through the skin, a controlled and predetermined flow of the active agent is administered to the recipient. In the case of microcapsules, the encapsulating agent may also function as the membrane. The transdermal patch may include the compound in a suitable solvent system with an adhesive system, such as an acrylic emulsion, and a polyester patch. The oily phase of the emulsions of this invention may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier, it may comprise a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. Preferably, a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat. Together, the emulsifier (s) _ with or without stabilizer (s) make-up the so-called emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oil and fat make up the so- called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations. Emulsifiers and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the present invention include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, and sodium lauryl sulfate, among others. The choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties, since the solubility of the active compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations is very low. Thus, the cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers. Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2- ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters may be used. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.

Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye also include eye drops wherein the active ingredients are dissolved or suspended in suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the active ingredients. The antiinflammatory active ingredients are preferably present in such formulations in a concentration of 0.5 to 20%, advantageously 0.5 to 10% and particularly about 1.5% w/w. For therapeutic purposes, the active compounds of this combination invention are ordinarily combined with one or more adjuvants appropriate to the indicated route of administration. If administered per os, the compounds may be admixed with lactose, sucrose, starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, cellulose alkyl esters, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric and sulfuric acids, gelatin, acacia gum, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, and then tableted or encapsulated for convenient administration. Such capsules or tablets may contain a controlled-release formulation as may be provided in a dispersion of active compound in hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. Formulations for parenteral administration may be in the form of aqueous or non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions or suspensions. These solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders or granules having one or more of the carriers or diluents mentioned for use in the formulations for oral administration. The compounds may be dissolved in water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, benzyl alcohol, sodium chloride, and/or various buffers. Other adjuvants and modes of administration are well and widely known in the pharmaceutical art. Dosage levels of the order of from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions (about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per patient per day) . The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms will generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient. The daily dose can be administered in one to four doses per day. In the case of skin conditions, it may be preferable to apply a topical preparation of compounds of this invention to the affected area two to four times a day.

It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy. For administration to non-human animals, the composition may also be added to the animal feed or drinking water. It may be convenient to formulate the animal feed and drinking water compositions so that the animal takes in a therapeutically appropriate quantity of the composition along with its diet. It may also be convenient to present the composition as a premix for addition to the feed or drinking water. Preferred non-human animals include domesticated animals.

The compounds of the present invention may be administed alone or in combination with at least one additional therapeutic agent or therapy, e.g., radiation therapy, to a patient in need of such treatment. The additional therapeutic agent or therapy may be administed at the same time, separately, or sequentially with respect to the administration of a compound of the invention. .Such additional therapeutic agents included, but are not limited to, anti-cancer agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and the like.

Methods of Preparation

The compounds of the present invention may be prepared by use of known chemical reactions and procedures.

Representative methods for synthesizing compounds of the invention are presented below. It is understood that the nature of the substituents required for the desired target compound often determines the preferred method of synthesis. All variable groups of these methods are as described in the generic description if they are not specifically defined below.

It will be recognized that another major consideration in the planning of any synthetic route in this field is the judicious choice of the protecting group used for protection of the reactive functional groups present in the compounds described in this invention. An authoritative account describing the many alternatives to the trained practitioner is Greene and Wuts (Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis, Wiley and Sons, 1999). Suitable protecting groups include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) , trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES) , benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ) and benzyl (Bn) protecting groups. The BOC protecting group may be removed by treatment with an acid such as trifluoroacetic acid or concentrated hydrochloric acid and the SES protecting group may be removed with a fluoride salt, such as cesium fluoride or tetrabutylammonium fluoride. The CBZ and Bn protection groups may be removed by catalytic hydrogenation. Additional suitable protecting groups for hydroxy substituents include, but are not limited to, t- butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) , tetra-hydropyranyl (THP) , or isopropyl (i-Pr) protecting groups. The TBDMS and THP protecting groups may be removed by treatment with an acid such as acetic acid or hydrochloric acid while the i-Pr protecting group may be removed by aluminum trichloride.

Scheme 1

106 R' ' in Scheme 1 is an alkyl group. Compound 101 may be reacted with a carbonylation agent, such as an alkyl chloroformate, to yield an activated carbamate 102. An alternative reagent for carbonylation of compound 101 is, for example, 1, 1-carbonyldiimidazole. Compound 102 may then be reacted with a nucleophilic nitrogen containing compound, such as 103, to yield Compo und 104. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the primary amine group in compound 103 may need to be protected with, for example, a BOC group, prior to reaction with compound 102. The resulting nitrogen- protected compound may be deprotected under conditions known to those skilled in the art, to yield compound 104.

Compound 101 may also be reacted with carbon monoxide in the presence of a base to give the hydroxymethyl derivative, compound 105. Compound 105 may be converted to compound 106 by activation of the hydroxy group toward displacement with a nucleophilic group, such as a nitrogen in compound 103, by conversion to an appropriate leaving group. Examples of appropriate leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogen, tosyl, mesyl, trifyl, and the like. Scheme 2

(I)MeNHNH₂ (2) deprotection

Reaction of compound 201 with a basic solution of hydrogen peroxide yields the epoxy derivative, which is then reacted with methanolic KOH to yield compound 202. Deprotonation of 202 with a strong non-nucleophilic base, such as LiHDMS, gives the enolate which, upon exposure to an appropriately protected 2-hydroxyacetyl chloride, gives compound 203. Reaction with an alkyl hydrazine, such as methyl hydrazine, followed by deprotection of the alcohol, yields compound 204. The alcohol group of compound 204 is activated for nucleophilic displacement by conversion to a leaving group. For example, reaction of 204 with mesyl chloride gives 205. Finally, displacement of the mesylate with compound 206 gives compound 207.

Scheme 3

305

In Scheme 3, XX is any group known to those skilled in the art that can be transformed into a leaving group X. For example, compound 301 may be reacted with a functionalized imidamide (302) to yield the XX derivative of compound 303; subsequent conversion of the XX group into X yields compound 303. A non-limiting example of a XX group is hydroxy, which may be converted to a leaving group X such as halogen, tosyl, mesyl, trifyl, or the like, with reagents such as, but not limited to, POCl₃, PCIs, CBr₄ and PPh₃, tosyl chloride, mesyl chloride, or triflic anhydride. Compound 303 may then be reacted with a nucleophilic nitrogen containing compound, such as 304, to yield Compound 305.

Scheme 4

Reaction of compound 401 with guanidine, followed by reduction of the remaining carboxylic acid group to a hydroxymethyl group with an appropriate reducing agent, such as borane, gives the quinazoline compound 402. The hydroxymethyl group of 402 may be converted to the chloromethyl derivative 403 by reaction with POCl₃. Finally, reaction of 403 with 404 yields compound 405.

Biological Evaluation

Example 1

Cell Proliferation Assays

A panel of cancer cell lines is obtained from the DCTP Tumor Repository, National Cancer Institute (Frederick, MD) or ATCC (Rockville, MD) . Cell cultures are maintained in Hyclone RPMI 1640 medium (Logan, UT) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 20 mM HEPES buffer, final pH 7.2, at 37 ⁰C with a 5% CO₂ atmosphere. Cultures are maintained at sub- confluent densities. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) are purchased from Clonetics, a division of Cambrex (Walkersville, MD) . Cultures are established from cryopreserved stocks using Clonetics EGM-2 medium supplemented with 20 itiM HEPES, final pH 7.2, at 37 ⁰C with a 5% CO₂ atmosphere .

For proliferation assays, cells are seeded with the appropriate medium into 96 well plates at 1,000-2,500 cells per well, depending on the cell line, and are incubated overnight. The following day, test compound, DMSO solution

(negative control) , or Actinomycin D (positive control) is added to the appropriate wells as 1Ox concentrated stocks prepared in phosphate buffered saline. The cell plates are then incubated for an additional 2-5 days, depending on the cell line, to allow proliferation to occur. To measure cell density, 50 μL of WST-I solution (Roche Applied Science, IN) diluted 1:5 in phosphate buffered saline is added to each well, and the cells incubated for an additional 1-5 hrs . , again depending on the cell line. Optical density is determined for each well at 450 nM using a Tecan GeniosPro plate reader (RTP, NC) . The percentage of cell growth is determined by comparing the cell growth in the presence of test compounds to the cells treated with DMSO vehicle (control, 100% growth) and cells treated with Actinomycin D (10 μM, 0% growth) .

Immediately after the WST-I determination, the medium is removed from the PC-3, NCI-H460 and HUVEC cell lines, and the plates stored at -8O⁰C. Using these assay plates, relative amounts of DNA in each well are determined using the Cyquant DNA assay kit from R&D Systems (Eugene, OR) following the manufacturer's directions. Results for each compound treatment are compared to DMSO vehicle control (100%) and 10 μM Actinomycin D treated cells (0%). Example 2

Determination of Affinity for HSP-90

(Heat Shock Protein 90)

Affinity of test compounds for HSP-90 is determined as follows: Protein mixtures obtained from a variety of organ tissues (for example: spleen, liver and lung) are reversibly bound to a purine affinity column to capture purine-binding proteins, especially HSP-90. The purine affinity column is washed several times, and then eluted with 20μM, 100 μM, and 500 μM of test compound. Compounds of Formula I elute HP-90 in a dose-dependent manner vs. a control elution using dimethylsulfoxide . The elution profile of Formula I compounds is determined by 1-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gels are stained with a fluorescent stain such as sypro ruby (a highly sensitive fluorescent protein stain that can readily detect less than 1 fmol of total protein, i.e., less than 0.04ng for a 4OkDa protein) or silver nitrate. The gels are imaged using a standard flat bed gel imager and the amount of protein estimated by densitometry. The percent of HSP-90 protein eluted from the column at each concentration is determined and IC₅₀ values are calculated from these estimates.

Those having skill in the art will recognize that the starting materials and reaction conditions may be varied, the sequence of the reactions altered, and additional steps employed to produce compounds encompassed by the present invention, as demonstrated by the following examples. In some cases, protection of certain reactive functionalities may be necessary to achieve some of the above transformations. In general, the need for such protecting groups as well as the conditions necessary to attach and remove such groups will be apparent to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.

The disclosures of all articles and references mentioned in this application, including patents, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The invention and the manner and process of making and using it, are now described in such full, clear, concise and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, to make and use the same. It is to be understood that the foregoing describes preferred embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the claims. To particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter regarded as invention, the following claims conclude this specification.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A compound of the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein one of bonds a and b is a double bond, and the other is a single bond; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; R₇ is 0, S, or NR₇-, wherein

Rv is H, -OH, -NH₂, -NHR₂₂, -NH-(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -C-(C₀- C₆) alkyl-R₂₂, or -(Ci-C₆ alkoxy optionally substituted with carboxy) ; X is C or N, provided that when bond a is a double bond, then X is C; and when bond b is a double bond, then X is N; Xi is N or CR_C;

Y is Yi or Y₂, provided that when bond a is a double bond, then Y is Y₂; and when bond b is a double bond, then Y is Yi, wherein Yi is N or CR₀; and Y₂ is S, S(O), S(O)₂, 0, C(O), or N-R₈, wherein R₈ is H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with from 1-2 groups that are independently Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, halo (Ci- C₆) alkoxy, or carboxamide;

X₂ and X₃ are independently C(R₅)(R₆), 0, N(R₅), or S(O)_n, wherein Rs and Re are independently H, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Cβ haloalkyl, or aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups, or wherein any two adjacent substituted aryl positions, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form an unsaturated cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl ; or R₅ and Re together with the carbon to which they are attached form a 3-8 membered ring;

A is a group of one of the following formulas (i) , (ii) , or (iϋ),

wherein L is CH₂, C(O), S(O), S(O)₂;

Qi, Q₂ and Q₃ are each independently N or CR₄; Q is S(0)_m, 0, C(O) , or N-R₃;

R₃ is (a) H or (b) a Ci-Ci₃ alkyl group where up to four of the carbon atoms in said alkyl group are optionally replaced independently by R₂₂, carbonyl, ethenyl, ethynyl or a moiety selected from N, 0, S, SO₂, or SO, with the proviso that two 0 atoms, two S atoms, or an 0 and S atom are not immediately adjacent each other, wherein

R₂₂ is (i) heteroaryl,

(ii) aryl,

(iii) saturated or unsaturated C₃-Ci_O cycloalkyl, or

(iv) saturated or unsaturated C₂-Ci₀ heterocycloalkyl, wherein each aryl, heteroaryl, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl, or saturated or unsaturated heterocycloalkyl, independently, is optionally substituted with at least one group, which independently is hydroxy, halo, amino, cyano, carboxy, carboxamido, nitro, oxo, -SO_1n-(Ci- C₆)alkyl, -SO_m-aryl, -SO₂NH₂, -SO₂NH- (Ci-C₆) alkyl, -SO₂NH-aryl, (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, or mono- or di- (Ci- Cio) alkylamino; and each R₂₂ is optionally fused to a C₆-Ci₀ aryl group,

C₅-Ca saturated cyclic group, or a C5-C10 heterocycloalkyl group; wherein each (b) is optionally substituted at any available position with C1-C1₀ alkyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl , hydroxy, carboxy, carboxamido, oxo, halo, amino, cyano, nitro, -SH, -SO_m- (Ci- C₆)alkyl, -SO₂NH₂, -SO₂NH- (Ci-C₆) alkyl, -S0₂NH-aryl, -SO_m-aryl, Ci-C₆ alkoxy,

C₂-CiO alkenyloxy, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyloxy, mono- or di- (Ci-Ci₀) alkylamino, or R₂₃; wherein R₂₃ is (1) heteroaryl,

(2) aryl,

(3) saturated or unsaturated C₅-Ci₀ cycloalkyl, or

(4) saturated or unsaturated C₅-Ci₀ heterocycloalkyl; and the R₂₃ groups are optionally substituted at least one group which is independently hydroxy, oxo, halo, amino, cyano, nitro, -SH, -SO_n,- (Ci- C₆)alkyl, -SO_m-aryl, -SO₂NH₂, -SO₂NH- (Ci-C₆) alkyl, -SC>₂NH-aryl, (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, or mono- or di- (Ci- Cio ) alkylamino; R₄ is halogen or R₃;

Ri and R₂ are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, cyano, nitro, -SH, -S-Ci-C₆ alkyl, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di- aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, -NH(CO)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH(CO)aryl, -NH(SO₂)(Ci-C₆ alkyl), -NH ( SO₂ ) aryl ,

Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C7 cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups ; each m is independently 0, 1, or 2; each R is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₆ alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, carboxy, carboxamide, C₃-C7 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ; and each R_c independently is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-Ci₀ alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃- C₇ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, or heteroaryl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, wherein each R_c is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups .

2. A compound according to claim 1, of the formula,

3. A compound according to claim 1, of the formula,

4. A compound according to claim 1, of the formula,

5. A compound according to claim 2, according to one of the formulas,

6. A compound according to claim 5, wherein Xi is N.

7. A compound according to claim 5, wherein Xi is CR_C.

8. A compound according to claim 5, wherein

R_x is amino, mono- or di-(Ci-Ce) alkylamino, mono- or di- aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, or Ci-Cβ alkyl, wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

9. A compound according to claim 5, wherein

R₂ is independently amino, hydroxyl, hydrogen, halogen, Ci-Cε alkyl, or Ci-Cε haloalkyl, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

10. A compound according to claim 5, wherein each R₀ is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

11. A compound according to claim 7, wherein each R₀ is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₃ alkyl, Ci-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl.

12. A compound according to claim 3, of one of the formulas,

13. A compound according to claim 12, wherein Xi is N.

14. A compound according to claim 12, wherein Xi is CRc.

15. A compound according to claim 12, wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

16. A compound according to claim 12, wherein R₂ is independently amino, hydroxyl, hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₆ alkyl, or Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

17. A compound according to claim 12, wherein each Rc is independently hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

18. A compound according to claim 14, wherein each R₀ is independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl.

19. A compound according to claim 4, of one of the formulas,

20. A compound according to claim 19, wherein Xi is N.

21. A compound according to claim 19, wherein X_x is CRc-

22. A compound according to claim 19, wherein Q is S, 0, or

N(R₃) .

23. A compound according to claim 19, wherein Ri is amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, mono- or di- aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, or Ci-C₆ alkyl, wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

24. A compound according to claim 19, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

25. A compound according to claim 19, wherein each R₀ is independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C3 haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

26. A compound according to claim 21, wherein each R₀ is independently hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C3 haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl.

27. A compound according to claim 1, of the formula,

28. A compound according to claim 1, of the formula,

29. A compound according to claim 1, of the formula,

30. A compound according to claim 27, of the formula,

31. A compound according to claim 28, of the formula,

32. A compound according to claim 29, of the formula,

33. The compound acording to claim 30, of one of the formulas,

34. A compound according to claim 33, wherein

Ri is amino, mono- or di- (Ci-Ce) alkylamino, mono- or di- aryl amino, mono- or di-heteroaryl amino, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, or Ci-C₆ alkyl, wherein Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

35. A compound according to claim 33, wherein

R₂ is independently amino, hydroxyl, hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₆ alkyl, or Ci-Cβ haloalkyl, wherein R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

35. A compound according to claim 33, wherein

Ra is independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, or eye1opropyl .

36. A compound according to claim 33, wherein

Xi is N.

37. A compound according to claim 33, wherein X₁ is CRc.

38. A compound according to claim 37, wherein

Rc is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, Ci-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

39. The compound acording to claim 31, of one of the formulas,

40. A compound according to claim 39, wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

41. A compound according to claim 39, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

42. A compound according to claim 39, wherein

R₈ is independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, or cyclopropyl .

43. A compound according to claim 39, wherein X₁ is N .

44. A compound according to claim 39, wherein

Xi is CRc.

45. A compound according to claim 44, wherein

Rc is hydrogen, halogen, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₁-C₃ haloalkyl, cyclopropyl, or cyclopropylmethyl .

46. The compound acording to claim 32, of one of the formulas,

47. A compound according to claim 46, wherein

Ri is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

48. A compound according to claim 46, wherein R₂ is independently amino, hydroxyl, hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C₆ alkyl, or Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein

R₂ is optionally substituted with from 1-4 R groups.

49. A compound according to claim 46, wherein Q is S, O, or N(R₃) .

50. A compound according to claim 46, wherein Rs is independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, or cyclopropyl .

51. A compound according to claim 46, wherein Xi is N.

52. A compound according to claim 46, wherein

Xi is CR_C.

53. A compound according to claim 52, wherein

54. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound or salt according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, carrier, excipient, adjuvant or a combination thereof.

55. A method of treating cancer, inflammation, or arthritis comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically • effective amount of a compound or salt of claim 1.

56. A method for treating a subject suffering from a disease or disorder of proteins that are either client proteins for HSP-90 or indirectly affect its client proteins, wherein disorder is selected from the group of inflammatory diseases, infections, autoimmune disorders, stroke, ischemia, cardiac disorders, neurological disorders, fibrogenetic disorders, proliferative disorders, tumors, leukemias, neoplasms, cancers, carcinomas, metabolic diseases, malignant disease, scleroderma, polymyositis, systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, liver cirrhosis, keloid formation, interstitial nephritis, and pulmonary fibrosis, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt of claim 1.

57. A method of reducing the level of infection in a subject where the infection is caused by an organism selected from Plasmodium species, the method comprising administering to an infected subject an effective amount of a compound or salt according to claim 1.

58. A method for treating a fungal infection in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or salt according to Claim 1 and an optional anti-fungal agent or drug.

59. A method according to claim 55, for the treatment of cancer and further comprising administration of (a) at least one additional anti-cancer agent or composition or (b) radiation therapy.

60. A method of treating a patient suffering from a viral infection comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1.

61. A compound of the formula

wherein

R'' is H or Ci-C₆ alkyl; Xi is N or CR_C;

Y is N or CRc provided that not both Xi and Y are N; Rc independently is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-Cio alkyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkenyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, Ci-Ci₀ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci- Cio)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl (Ci- Ci₀) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, or heteroaryl (Ci-Cio) alkyl, wherein each Rc is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups; each R is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₆ alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, carboxy, carboxamide, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ; and

R₅ and R₆ are independently H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, C_x-C₆ haloalkyl, or aryl, where the aryl is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups .

62. A compound according to claim 61 where R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl; and Xi is N.

63. A compound according to claim 62 where R₀ is halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, C₂-C₃ alkynyl, or Ci-C₃ haloalkyl .

64. A compound of the formula

wherein

Pr is OH or a hydroxyl protecting group; Xi is N or CR_C;

Y is N or CRc provided that not both X_x and Y are N; Rc independently is hydrogen, halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-Cio alkyl, C₂-CiO alkenyl, C₂-Ci₀ alkynyl, Ci-Cio haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl (Ci- Cio)alkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl (Ci- Cio) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl (Ci-Ci₀) alkyl, or heteroaryl (Ci-Cio) alkyl, wherein each R_c is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups; each R is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₆ alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, carboxy, carboxamide, C₃-C7 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ; and

65. A compound according to claim 64 where Pr is OH; R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl; and X_x is N.

66. A compound according to claim 65 where Rc is halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, C₂-C₃ alkynyl, or Ci-C₃ haloalkyl .

67. A compound according to claim 64 where Pr is a hydroxyl protecting group; R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl; and Xi is N; and Rc is halogen, cyano, nitro, C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₃ alkenyl, C₂- C₃ alkynyl, or Ci-C₃ haloalkyl.

68. A compound of the formula

wherein

Pr is OH or a hydroxyl protecting group; R₈ is H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆ alkenyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with from 1-2 groups that are independently Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halogen, hydroxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, or carboxamide; and

R₅ and R₆ are independently H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, or aryl, where the aryl is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups each R is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₆ alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, hydroxy, C_x-C₆ alkoxy, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, carboxy, carboxamide, C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl .

69. A compound according to claim 68 where R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl; and Pr is OH or methanesulfonyl .

70. A compound according to claim 69 where Rs is Ci-C₃ alkyl or Ci-C₃ haloalkyl.

71. A compound of the formula

wherein

Pr is OH or a hydroxyl protecting group; ^• R₅ and R₆ are independently H, Ci-C₆ alkyl, Ci-C₆ haloalkyl, or aryl, where the aryl is optionally substituted with from 1 to 4 R groups each R is independently halogen, cyano, nitro, Ci-C₆ alkyl, halo (Ci-C₆) alkyl, hydroxy, Ci-C₆ alkoxy, halo (Ci-C₆) alkoxy, amino, mono- or di- (Ci-C₆) alkylamino, carboxy, carboxamide, C₃-C7 cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl .

72. A compound according to claim 71 where R₅ and R₆ are both Ci-C₆ alkyl.

73. A compound of the formula

wherein

R_N is H or a nitrogen protecting group each R₁₂ is halogen or each R₁₂ is hydroxy.

74. A compound according to claim 73, where both of R₁₂ are chloro.

75. A compound according to claim 73, where both of Ri₂ are hydroxy.