WO2006125293A1 - Derivatives of 4- or 5-aminosalicylic acid - Google Patents

Derivatives of 4- or 5-aminosalicylic acid Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006125293A1
WO2006125293A1 PCT/CA2005/000819 CA2005000819W WO2006125293A1 WO 2006125293 A1 WO2006125293 A1 WO 2006125293A1 CA 2005000819 W CA2005000819 W CA 2005000819W WO 2006125293 A1 WO2006125293 A1 WO 2006125293A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
compound according
benzoic acid
hydroxy
amino
subject
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA2005/000819
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
John L. Wallace
Giuseppe Cirino
Giuseppe Caliendo
Anna Sparatore
Vincenzo Santagada
Stefano Fiorucci
Original Assignee
Antibe Therapeutics Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Antibe Therapeutics Inc. filed Critical Antibe Therapeutics Inc.
Priority to PCT/CA2005/000819 priority Critical patent/WO2006125293A1/en
Priority to BRPI0605840-0A priority patent/BRPI0605840A/en
Priority to AU2006251803A priority patent/AU2006251803B2/en
Priority to BR122019014203A priority patent/BR122019014203B8/en
Priority to US11/915,305 priority patent/US7910568B2/en
Priority to BR122019014196A priority patent/BR122019014196B8/en
Priority to KR1020077030493A priority patent/KR101298880B1/en
Priority to PCT/CA2006/000484 priority patent/WO2006125295A1/en
Priority to ZA200710472A priority patent/ZA200710472B/en
Priority to NZ563354A priority patent/NZ563354A/en
Priority to RU2007148924/04A priority patent/RU2414476C2/en
Priority to CN2006800251569A priority patent/CN101238137B/en
Priority to ES06721742T priority patent/ES2368650T3/en
Priority to JP2008512656A priority patent/JP5221341B2/en
Priority to EP06721742A priority patent/EP1883645B1/en
Priority to AT06721742T priority patent/ATE514704T1/en
Priority to CA2609224A priority patent/CA2609224C/en
Priority to UAA200714842A priority patent/UA96264C2/en
Publication of WO2006125293A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006125293A1/en
Priority to US11/759,154 priority patent/US7666907B2/en
Priority to US11/779,849 priority patent/US7741359B2/en
Priority to IL187319A priority patent/IL187319A/en
Priority to NO20076625A priority patent/NO340528B1/en
Priority to HK08112729.5A priority patent/HK1121163A1/xx
Priority to US12/704,412 priority patent/US8541398B2/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C327/00—Thiocarboxylic acids
    • C07C327/38—Amides of thiocarboxylic acids
    • C07C327/40—Amides of thiocarboxylic acids having carbon atoms of thiocarboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C327/42—Amides of thiocarboxylic acids having carbon atoms of thiocarboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of a saturated carbon skeleton
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/255—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of sulfoxy acids or sulfur analogues thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/27—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carbamic or thiocarbamic acids, meprobamate, carbachol, neostigmine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/325—Carbamic acids; Thiocarbamic acids; Anhydrides or salts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C321/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides
    • C07C321/12—Sulfides, hydropolysulfides, or polysulfides having thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C321/14—Sulfides, hydropolysulfides, or polysulfides having thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
    • C07C323/10—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/11—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/12—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and singly-bound oxygen atoms bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
    • C07C323/50—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/51—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/57—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C323/58—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups with amino groups bound to the carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/59—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups with amino groups bound to the carbon skeleton with acylated amino groups bound to the carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
    • C07C323/50—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/51—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C323/60—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and carboxyl groups bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton with the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxyl groups bound to nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C327/00—Thiocarboxylic acids
    • C07C327/38—Amides of thiocarboxylic acids
    • C07C327/40—Amides of thiocarboxylic acids having carbon atoms of thiocarboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C327/00—Thiocarboxylic acids
    • C07C327/38—Amides of thiocarboxylic acids
    • C07C327/48—Amides of thiocarboxylic acids having carbon atoms of thiocarboxamide groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C333/00—Derivatives of thiocarbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C333/02—Monothiocarbamic acids; Derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D339/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing rings having two sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D339/02—Five-membered rings
    • C07D339/04—Five-membered rings having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 2, e.g. lipoic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6578—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and sulfur atoms with or without oxygen atoms, as ring hetero atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6581—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and nitrogen atoms with or without oxygen or sulfur atoms, as ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6587—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and nitrogen atoms with or without oxygen or sulfur atoms, as ring hetero atoms having two phosphorus atoms as ring hetero atoms in the same ring

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compounds useful in the treatment of an intestinal disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and in colon cancer chemoprevention.
  • IBD inflammatory bowel disease
  • IBS irritable bowel syndrome
  • 4- and 5- aminosalicylic acid derivatives have been developed which degrade into useful biologically active compounds. More particularly, these derivatives comprise a hydrogen sulfide releasing carrier linked via an azo, an ester, an anhydride, a thioester or an amide linkage to a molecule of 5- or 4-aminosalicylic acid.
  • IBD Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Ulcerative colitis is the most common inflammatory bowel disease and it affects various portions of the gastrointestinal (Gl) tract, particularly the lower Gl tract, and more particularly the colon and/or rectum.
  • Gl gastrointestinal
  • Crohn's disease which predominates in the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine (colon).
  • Ulcerative colitis can be difficult to diagnose in that its symptoms are similar to other intestinal disorders and to Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease differs from ulcerative colitis because it causes deeper inflammation into the intestinal wall. Also, Crohn's disease usually occurs in the small intestine, although it can also occur in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, large intestine, appendix, and anus. Ulcerative colitis may occur in people of any age, but most often it starts between ages 15 and 30, or less frequently between ages 50 and 70. Children and adolescents sometimes develop this disease. Ulcerative colitis affects men and women equally and appears to run in some families.
  • IBD The pathogenesis of IBD likely involves multifactorial interactions among genetic factors, immunological factors and environmental triggers. Recent evidence suggests that a pathologic activation of the mucosal immune system in response to antigens is a key factor in the pathogenesis of IBD.
  • cytokines small glycoprotein peptide molecules
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines include interleukin (IL)-I , IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- ⁇ ).
  • Macrophages are the major source of cytokines, with epithelial cells also being able to produce a number of these peptide factors.
  • Th cells are a further important source of cytokines.
  • Th1 cells which are associated with a cell-mediated immune response, produce IL-2, interferon gamma (IFN- ⁇ ) and TNF- ⁇ .
  • IFN- ⁇ interferon gamma
  • Th2 cells enhance antibody synthesis by B cells and produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and lL-10.
  • Chemokines are also thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of colitis. Chemokines are pro-inflammatory proteins that participate in immune and inflammatory responses through the chemoattraction and activation of leukocytes. For example, RANTES is a C-C chemokine that promotes the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells such as monocytes, lymphocytes, mast cells and eosinophils. RANTES has recently been shown to be elevated during the chronic phase of colitis (see Ajuebor et al. (2001) J. Immunol. 166: 552-558).
  • ulcerative colitis Treatment for ulcerative colitis depends on the seriousness of the illness. Most people are treated with medication. In severe cases, a patient may need surgery to remove the diseased colon.
  • IBS Irritable bowel syndrome
  • the goal of therapy is to induce and maintain remission, and to improve the quality of life for people with IBD/IBS.
  • Several types of drugs are available.
  • Aminosalicylates which are drugs that contain 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA; mesalamine) or 4-aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA), help to control the inflammation.
  • 5-ASA 5-aminosalicylic acid
  • 4-ASA 4-aminosalicylic acid
  • mesalamine and 4-ASA may be absorbed as it passes through the Gl tract and may adversely affect the amount of mesalamine that reaches the lower Gi tract, particularly the colon and rectum.
  • various mesalamine formulations have been introduced in an attempt to protect mesalamine as it passes through the gut and upper Gl tract.
  • pro-drugs of mesalamine have been introduced which can aid in colon-specific delivery of mesalamine. These pro-drugs are generally less readily absorbed in the gut and upper Gl tract and thus can more easily reach the colon.
  • Sulfasalazine is a combination of sulfapyridine and 5-ASA and is employed to induce and maintain remission. Sulfasalazine is metabolized in the body to form 5-ASA and sulfapyridine.
  • the sulfapyridine component carries the anti-inflammatory 5-ASA to the intestine.
  • sulfapyridine may lead to side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea, and headache. These adverse side effects are usually attributed to the activity of sulfapyridine in the Gl tract, as well as that absorbed into the system.
  • 5-ASA agents such as olsalazine, ipsalazide and balsalazide, each of which have a different carrier, offer fewer side effects, and may be used by people who cannot take sulfasalazine. Unlike sulfasalazine, the breakdown of these 5-ASA compounds in the intestinal tract may not give rise to undesirable metabolic products.
  • 5-ASA compounds are given orally, through an enema, or in a suppository, depending on the location of the inflammation in the colon. Most people with mild or moderate ulcerative colitis are treated with this group of drugs first. However, in general, this therapy cannot be considered optimal, mainly because of the poor potency of the drug that causes also a poor compliance for the patient.
  • corticosteroids such as prednisone, hydrocortisone, budesonide etc.
  • immunomodulators such as azathioprine and 6- mercaptopurine (6-MP). These drugs can cause side effects such as hypertension, increased risk of infections etc.
  • Sulfasalazine, olsalazide and balsalazide are mesalamine derivatives where the non-mesalamine carrier is linked to mesalamine via a diazo bond.
  • These pro-drugs are not as readily absorbed in the gut and upper Gl tract and thus can reach the colon where they are split by azo-reductases of the colonic microflora to release the mesalamine and carrier directly in the colon.
  • mesalamine comprise a carrier attached to mesalamine via the carboxylic and hydroxyl functional groups of the molecule.
  • esters or amides with amino acids such as L-serine and L-glycine or the addition of other biological compound such as taurine has been reported.
  • prodrugs base their activity on the action of carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases A for releasing mesalamine. (R. Pellicciari et al. in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1993, 36, pg. 4201-7).
  • a hydrogen sulfide releasing carrier is linked via an azo, ( an ester, an anhydride, a thioester or an amide linkage to a molecule of 4- or 5-aminosalicylic acid (4- or 5-ASA) to form 4- or 5-ASA derivatives.
  • 4- or 5-ASA derivatives undergo hydrolysis or cleavage by various enzymes present in the Gl tract to release two active ingredients, namely, 4- or 5-aminosalicylic acid and a hydrogen sulfide releasing carrier.
  • the derivatives of the present invention are superior to 5-ASA (mesalamine) in reducing inflammation, as indicated by a reduction in granulocyte infiltration (as measured by a decrease in myeloperoxidase activity), a reduction in mRNA levels for IFN- ⁇ , IL-2 and TNF- ⁇ and RANTES, and an overall reduction in bowel
  • the derivatives of the present invention also reduce mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-I , COX-2, constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS), all of which are enzymes believed to be involved in inflammation.
  • COX cyclooxygenase
  • eNOS constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase
  • iNOS inducible NOS
  • the 4- or 5-ASA derivatives of the invention are effective in decreasing the viability of HT-29 human colon cancer cells and thus are useful in the prevention and/or treatment of colon cancer.
  • compounds of the invention have the following general formula: A— L-R (I) where: A is
  • salts such as for example salts with alkaline metals and alkaline earth metals, non-toxic amines and amino acids are also part of the present invention.
  • Preferred salts are the salts with arginine and agmatine.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are also included.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition of the compounds of the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier, particularly one for use in the treatment of an inflammatory condition of the Gl tract.
  • methods of treating an inflammatory condition of the Gl tract such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in a subject in need of such treatment, include administering to the subject an effective amount of 4- or 5-ASA derivatives and their salts.
  • methods for the treatment or prevention of colon cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of 4- or 5-ASA derivatives and their salts.
  • the present invention provides the use of 4- or 5-ASA derivatives and their salts of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory condition of the Gl tract.
  • the present invention also provides the use of 4- or 5-ASA derivatives and their salts for the treatment of an inflammatory condition of the Gl tract.
  • Preferred compounds are those of the following formulae:
  • the most preferred compound is as follows:
  • FIG. 1 shows the Disease Activity Score of mice having TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with increasing doses of mesalamine and Compound XXXV of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in mice having TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with increasing doses of mesalamine and Compound XXXV of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in mice having TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows the Disease Activity Score of mice having TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1% CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 shows colonic tumour necrosis factor (TNF- ⁇ ) mRNA expression in mice with TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1% CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 shows interferon gamma (IFN- ⁇ ) mRNA expression in mice with TNBS-
  • FIG. 7 shows various interleukin (IL) mRNA expression, namely, IL-I , -2, 10 and -12 mRNA, in mice with TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1% CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 shows colonic levels of RANTES mRNA in mice with TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1% CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
  • IL interleukin
  • FIG. 9 shows colonic COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression in mice with TNBS- induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1 % CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 shows colonic eNOS and iNOS mRNA expression in mice with TNBS- induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1% CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 11 (a) and (b) show the perception score in a rat model of visceral pain perception using mesalamine and Compound XXXV of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 12(a) and (b) show the intrarectal pressure in a rat model of visceral pain perception using mesalamine and Compound XXXV of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention contain two active moieties, either 4- or 5-ASA and a hydrogen sulfide releasing moiety, linked together by an azo, ester, anhydride, thioester or amide linkage.
  • the presence of azo-reductase enzymes allow for the release of 4- or 5-ASA from the azo bond pro-drugs thus allowing a targeted delivery to the colon and reducing at the same time the systemic absorption.
  • carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases A also allow for the release of 4- or 5-ASA from the ester and amide bond pro-drugs, respectively.
  • Esterases and thioesterases will also cleave ester and thioester linkages, respectively.
  • lipases will cleave anhydride linkages.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be made using known starting materials and reagents.
  • Compounds of the present invention may be utilized for the prophylaxis or treatment of various diseases, particularly inflammatory conditions of the Gl tract including, but not limited to, inflammatory conditions of the mouth such as mucositis, infectious diseases ⁇ e.g., viral, bacterial and fungal diseases), and Crohn's disease; inflammatory conditions of the esophagus such as esophagitis, conditions resulting from chemical injury (e.g., lye ingestion), gastroesophageal reflux disease, bile acid reflux, Barrett's esophagus, Crohn's disease, and esophageal stricture; inflammatory conditions such as gastritis (e.g., Helicobacter pylori, acid-peptic disease and atrophic gastritis), celiac disease, peptic ulcer disease, pre-cancerous lesions of the stomach, non-ulcer dyspepsia, and Crohn's disease; inflammatory conditions of the stomach such as Crohn's disease, bacterial over
  • subjects may be administered compounds of the present invention at any suitable therapeutically effective and safe dosage, as may be readily determined within the skill of the art.
  • These compounds are, most desirably, administered in dosages ranging from about 1 to about 2000 mg per day, in a single or divided doses, although variations will necessarily occur depending upon the weight and condition of the subject being treated and the particular route of administration chosen.
  • a dosage level that is in the range of about 0.1 to about 100 mg/kg, preferably between about 5 and 90 mg/kg, and more preferably between about 5 and 50 mg/kg, is most desirable.
  • Variations may nevertheless occur depending upon the weight and conditions of the persons being treated and their individual responses to said medicament, as well as on the type of pharmaceutical formulation chosen and the time period and interval during which such administration is carried out.
  • dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may be employed without causing any harmful side effects, provided that such large doses are first divided into several small doses for administration throughout the day.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be administered in the form of any pharmaceutical formulation, the nature of which will depend upon the route of administration.
  • These pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by conventional methods, using compatible, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or vehicles. Examples of such compositions include capsules, tablets, transdermal patches, lozenges, troches, sprays, syrups, powders, granulates, gels, elixirs, suppositories, and the like, for the preparation of extemporaneous solutions, injectable preparations, rectal, nasal, ocular, vaginal etc.
  • a preferred route of administration is the oral and rectal route.
  • tablets containing various excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate and glycine may be employed along with various disintegrants such as starch (preferably com, potato or tapioca starch), alginic acid and certain complex silicates, together with granulation binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelatin and acacia.
  • disintegrants such as starch (preferably com, potato or tapioca starch), alginic acid and certain complex silicates, together with granulation binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelatin and acacia.
  • lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc can be used for tabletting purposes.
  • Solid compositions of similar type may also be employed as fillers in gelatin capsules; preferred materials in this connection also include lactose or milk sugar, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
  • the active ingredient may be combined with sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matter and, if so desired,, emulsifying and/or suspending agents, together with such diluents as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and various combinations thereof.
  • the dosage form can be designed for immediate release, controlled release, extended release, delayed release or targeted delayed release.
  • the definitions of these terms are known toi those skilled in the art.
  • the dosage form release profile can be effected by a polymeric mixture composition, a coated matrix composition, a multiparticulate composition, a coated multiparticulate composition, an ion-exchange resin-based composition, an osmosis-based composition, or a biodegradable polymeric composition. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the release may be effected through favorable diffusion, dissolution, erosion, ion-exchange, osmosis or combinations thereof.
  • a solution of an active compound in either sesame or peanut oil or in aqueous propylene glycol can be employed.
  • the aqueous solutions should be suitably buffered (preferably pH greater than 8), if necessary, and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic.
  • the aqueous solutions are suitable for intravenous injection purposes. The preparation of all these solutions under sterile conditions is readily accomplished by standard pharmaceutical techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Anethole 1 (32.5 g; 0.21 mol) and sulphur (45 g; 1.40 mol) were heated in dimethylformamide (250 ml) for 8 hr; the residue after removal of solvent was almost completely soluble in toluene.
  • Anethol ⁇ 1 (32.5 g; 0.21 mol) and sulphur (45 g; 1.40 mol) were heated in dimethylformamide (250 ml) for 8 hr; the residue after removal of solvent was almost completely soluble in toluene.
  • 1 H NMR (DMSO) ⁇ 6.86 (d, 2H), 7.68 (s, 1 H), 7.75 (d, 2H), 10.51 (s, -OH); MS (ESI), m/z225(M " ).
  • the crude intermediate 17 was treated with a solution of 40% TFA in CH 2 CI 2 . After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 19 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH 2 CI 2 /MeOH (8/2), from which 4- or 5-Amino-2- ⁇ 4-[4-(4-hydroxy ⁇ henyl)-2A-dithioxo-2 ⁇ 5 A ⁇ s -[1 ⁇ 2A]clithiadiphosph ⁇ tan-2- yl] ⁇ henoxycarboyloxy ⁇ -benzoic acid (19) was obtained (65% yield).
  • TNBS 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
  • mice were treated orally with vehicle (1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)), mesalamine (25, 50 or 75 mg/kg) or with equimolar doses of 2-hydroxy-5-amino-benzoic acid 4- (thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenyl ester hydrochloride (Compound XXXV).
  • CMC carboxymethylcellulose
  • Mesalamine 25, 50 or 75 mg/kg
  • Compound XXXV 2-hydroxy-5-amino-benzoic acid 4- (thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenyl ester hydrochloride
  • FIG. 1 shows that Compound XXXV was superior to mesalamine in reducing the activity score at equimolar doses of 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg. Further, MPO activity was significantly reduced (almost in half) at the highest doses tested.
  • interferon gamma IFN- ⁇
  • colonic interleukin (IL)-I IL-2
  • IL-10 colonic interleukin
  • IL-12 p40 RANTES
  • COX cyclooxygenase
  • COX-2 constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase
  • iNOS inducible NOS
  • RT-PCR reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
  • GAPDH Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • FIGS represent the relative expression of the target gene (normalized to GAPDH expression) as a ratio to the expression in healthy controls.
  • Compound XXXV suppressed both COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA. COX- 1 and COX-2 are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are important in inflammation. Further, Compound XXXV also suppressed eNOS and iNOS mRNA. Both eNOS and iNOS have been implicated in diseases of the Gl tract
  • HT-29 cells were grown in culture using standard methods. The cells were exposed to vehicle (DMSO), mesalamine or Compound XXXV. Concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 ⁇ M were tested, with each concentration tested in 6 wells. At the end of DMSO, mesalamine or Compound XXXV. Concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 ⁇ M were tested, with each concentration tested in 6 wells. At the end of DMSO), mesalamine or Compound XXXV. Concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 ⁇ M were tested, with each concentration tested in 6 wells. At the end of
  • Rats male, Wistar, 200-250 g, obtained from Charles River, Monza, Italy
  • Rats were housed in plastic cages and maintained under controlled conditions with 12-hours light/dark cycle with lights on at 7.00 AM. Tap water and standard laboratory chow were freely available.
  • rats were individually trained by spending 2-3 hours per day in a plexiglass cage for 2-3 days. It allowed them to adjust to a movement-restriction environment. Food was withheld for 12 hours before colorectal distension (CRD) recording were performed.
  • CCD colorectal distension
  • the balloon was connected via a double-barreled cannula to a pressure transducer to continuously monitoring the rectal pressure by a computer (PowerLab PC, A.D. Instruments, Milford, MA, USA) and to a syringe for inflation/deflation of the balloon.
  • the rats were then housed in a small cage (20 x 8 x 8 cm) on an elevated Plexiglas platform and allowed to wake up and adapt for 1 hour. After recovery from sedation, animals underwent the CRD procedure and behavioral responses were tested. The night before the experiments, the balloons were inflated and left overnight so the latex stretched and the balloons became compliant.
  • CRD CRD of 20 seconds, performed every 5 minutes, was applied in increment of 0.4 ml starting from 0.4 ml up to 1.6 ml water. To achieve an accurate measurement of the colonic parameters and perception, the distensions were repeated twice for each intensity and data for each animal were averaged for analysis. Each animal underwent a double set of CRD. Twenty minutes after the first sequence of CRD (0.4 mL-1.6 ml water), drugs were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) and a second set of CRD was performed. Behavioral responses during the first and the second set of CRD were assessed and compared.
  • AWR abdominal withdrawal reflex
  • the AWR is an involuntary motor reflex similar to the visceromotor reflex, but it has the great advantage that, in contrast to the latter, it does not require abdominal surgery to implant recording electrodes and wires in the abdominal muscle wall which may cause additional sensitization (see Ness, TJ. and Gebhart, G. F. (1990) Pain 41 :167-234, incorporated herein by reference).
  • AWR AWR
  • grade 0 corresponds to no behavioral response to CRD
  • grade 1 corresponds to brief head movement at the onset of the stimulus followed by immobility
  • grade 2 corresponds to a mild contraction of abdominal muscles although the rats does not lift the abdomen off the platform
  • grade 3 corresponds to a strong contraction of the abdominal muscles with the lifting of the abdomen off the platform
  • grade 4 corresponds to a severe contraction of the abdominal muscle manifested by body arching and the lifting of the abdomen and of the pelvic structures and scrotum.
  • FIG. 11 (a) and (b) show that Compound XXXV is more effective than mesalamin ⁇ (and vehicle) in reducing visceral pain in response to colorectal distension. Further, Compound XXXV successfully reduced intrarectal pressure, as shown in FlG. 12(b).
  • Compound XXXV which has also been shown to have effective antiinflammatory activity, is useful in treating various inflammatory conditions of the alimentary tract, as well as functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, etc., that are characterized by increased visceral nociception (with or without accompanying inflammation).

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Abstract

The present invention provides new derivatives of 4- or 5-aminosalicylic acid, and a pharmaceutical composition containing these derivatives of 4- or 5-aminosalicylic acid as active ingredients, useful for the treatment of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and for the prevention/treatment of colon cancer. More particularly, these derivatives comprise a hydrogen sulfide releasing carrier linked via an azo, an ester, an anhydride, a thioester or an amide linkage to a molecule of 4- or 5-aminosalicylic acid. Furthermore, the present invention provides a process for preparing these compounds and their use for treating IBD and IBS and the prevention/treatment of colon cancer.

Description

DERIVATIVES OF 4- or δ-AMlNOSALICYLIC ACID
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to compounds useful in the treatment of an intestinal disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and in colon cancer chemoprevention. In particular, 4- and 5- aminosalicylic acid derivatives have been developed which degrade into useful biologically active compounds. More particularly, these derivatives comprise a hydrogen sulfide releasing carrier linked via an azo, an ester, an anhydride, a thioester or an amide linkage to a molecule of 5- or 4-aminosalicylic acid.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the general name for diseases that cause inflammation in the small intestine and colon. Ulcerative colitis is the most common inflammatory bowel disease and it affects various portions of the gastrointestinal (Gl) tract, particularly the lower Gl tract, and more particularly the colon and/or rectum. A second IBD is Crohn's disease, which predominates in the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine (colon).
Ulcerative colitis can be difficult to diagnose in that its symptoms are similar to other intestinal disorders and to Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease differs from ulcerative colitis because it causes deeper inflammation into the intestinal wall. Also, Crohn's disease usually occurs in the small intestine, although it can also occur in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, large intestine, appendix, and anus. Ulcerative colitis may occur in people of any age, but most often it starts between ages 15 and 30, or less frequently between ages 50 and 70. Children and adolescents sometimes develop this disease. Ulcerative colitis affects men and women equally and appears to run in some families.
It is also important to consider that about 5 percent of people with ulcerative colitis develop colon cancer. The risk of cancer increases with the duration and the extent of involvement of the colon. For example, if only the lower colon and rectum are involved, the risk of cancer is no higher than normal. However, if the entire colon is involved, the risk of cancer may be as much as 32 times the normal rate. Thus, it is possible that drugs useful in the treatment of IBD may also be useful in the prevention of colon cancer.
The pathogenesis of IBD likely involves multifactorial interactions among genetic factors, immunological factors and environmental triggers. Recent evidence suggests that a pathologic activation of the mucosal immune system in response to antigens is a key factor in the pathogenesis of IBD.
The presentation of antigen in the inflammatory process is closely followed by generation of cytokines, small glycoprotein peptide molecules, which provide signals for the communication among different cell populations determining the direction of subsequent immune and inflammatory response. Pro-inflammatory cytokines include interleukin (IL)-I , IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Macrophages are the major source of cytokines, with epithelial cells also being able to produce a number of these peptide factors.
T helper (Th) cells are a further important source of cytokines. Th1 cells, which are associated with a cell-mediated immune response, produce IL-2, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and TNF-α. A key transcription factor involved in the regulation of inflammation, NFkB, which is specifically implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD, regulates the amount of cytokines produced by the Th1 cells (see Neurath et al. (1996) Nature Med. 2: 998- 1004). Th2 cells enhance antibody synthesis by B cells and produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and lL-10.
Chemokines are also thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of colitis. Chemokines are pro-inflammatory proteins that participate in immune and inflammatory responses through the chemoattraction and activation of leukocytes. For example, RANTES is a C-C chemokine that promotes the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells such as monocytes, lymphocytes, mast cells and eosinophils. RANTES has recently been shown to be elevated during the chronic phase of colitis (see Ajuebor et al. (2001) J. Immunol. 166: 552-558).
Treatment for ulcerative colitis depends on the seriousness of the illness. Most people are treated with medication. In severe cases, a patient may need surgery to remove the diseased colon.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common but poorly understood disorder that causes a variety of bowel symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea and/or constipation, bloating, gassiness and cramping. While these symptoms may be caused by a number of different bowel diseases, IBS is usually diagnosed only after exclusion of a more serious problem. There is increasing evidence suggesting the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of IBS.
The goal of therapy is to induce and maintain remission, and to improve the quality of life for people with IBD/IBS. Several types of drugs are available.
Aminosalicylates, which are drugs that contain 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA; mesalamine) or 4-aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA), help to control the inflammation. However, both mesalamine and 4-ASA may be absorbed as it passes through the Gl tract and may adversely affect the amount of mesalamine that reaches the lower Gi tract, particularly the colon and rectum. Thus, various mesalamine formulations have been introduced in an attempt to protect mesalamine as it passes through the gut and upper Gl tract.
In addition, several pro-drugs of mesalamine have been introduced which can aid in colon-specific delivery of mesalamine. These pro-drugs are generally less readily absorbed in the gut and upper Gl tract and thus can more easily reach the colon.
Sulfasalazine is a combination of sulfapyridine and 5-ASA and is employed to induce and maintain remission. Sulfasalazine is metabolized in the body to form 5-ASA and sulfapyridine. The sulfapyridine component carries the anti-inflammatory 5-ASA to the intestine.
However, sulfapyridine may lead to side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea, and headache. These adverse side effects are usually attributed to the activity of sulfapyridine in the Gl tract, as well as that absorbed into the system.
Other 5-ASA agents such as olsalazine, ipsalazide and balsalazide, each of which have a different carrier, offer fewer side effects, and may be used by people who cannot take sulfasalazine. Unlike sulfasalazine, the breakdown of these 5-ASA compounds in the intestinal tract may not give rise to undesirable metabolic products.
In general, 5-ASA compounds are given orally, through an enema, or in a suppository, depending on the location of the inflammation in the colon. Most people with mild or moderate ulcerative colitis are treated with this group of drugs first. However, in general, this therapy cannot be considered optimal, mainly because of the poor potency of the drug that causes also a poor compliance for the patient.
Other drugs that are used are corticosteroids such as prednisone, hydrocortisone, budesonide etc. and immunomodulators such as azathioprine and 6- mercaptopurine (6-MP). These drugs can cause side effects such as hypertension, increased risk of infections etc.
Sulfasalazine, olsalazide and balsalazide are mesalamine derivatives where the non-mesalamine carrier is linked to mesalamine via a diazo bond. These pro-drugs are not as readily absorbed in the gut and upper Gl tract and thus can reach the colon where they are split by azo-reductases of the colonic microflora to release the mesalamine and carrier directly in the colon.
Other derivatives of mesalamine comprise a carrier attached to mesalamine via the carboxylic and hydroxyl functional groups of the molecule. Among these, the preparation of esters or amides with amino acids such as L-serine and L-glycine or the addition of other biological compound such as taurine has been reported. These prodrugs base their activity on the action of carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases A for releasing mesalamine. (R. Pellicciari et al. in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1993, 36, pg. 4201-7).
Most of the prior art carrier moieties attached to mesalamine are inert. Thus, it is desirable to link carrier moieties to either 5-ASA or 4-ASA, which are also biologically active and useful in the treatment of IBD/IBS. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In general, a hydrogen sulfide releasing carrier is linked via an azo,( an ester, an anhydride, a thioester or an amide linkage to a molecule of 4- or 5-aminosalicylic acid (4- or 5-ASA) to form 4- or 5-ASA derivatives. These 4- or 5-ASA derivatives undergo hydrolysis or cleavage by various enzymes present in the Gl tract to release two active ingredients, namely, 4- or 5-aminosalicylic acid and a hydrogen sulfide releasing carrier.
Surprisingly, the derivatives of the present invention are superior to 5-ASA (mesalamine) in reducing inflammation, as indicated by a reduction in granulocyte infiltration (as measured by a decrease in myeloperoxidase activity), a reduction in mRNA levels for IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α and RANTES, and an overall reduction in bowel
edema and weight loss with the hydrogen sulfide releasing derivatives when compared to mesalamine alone. Further, the derivatives of the present invention also reduce mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-I , COX-2, constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS), all of which are enzymes believed to be involved in inflammation. Without being bound to theory, it is thought that the hydrogen sulfide released from the hydrogen sulfide releasing moiety exerts anti-inflammatory effects via the inhibition of NFkB, the transcription factor that regulates the expression of several of the pro-inflammatory genes.
In addition, the 4- or 5-ASA derivatives of the invention are effective in decreasing the viability of HT-29 human colon cancer cells and thus are useful in the prevention and/or treatment of colon cancer.
Broadly stated, compounds of the invention have the following general formula: A— L-R (I) where: A is
Figure imgf000009_0001
where -N= is either at position 4 or 5,
Figure imgf000009_0002
where -NH is either at position 4 or 5,
Figure imgf000010_0001
where -NH2 is either at position 4 or 5,
or
Figure imgf000010_0002
where -NH≥ is either at position 4 or 5;
L is either O, 0-C=O1 S, N or a covalent bond to form an ester linkage, an anhydride linkage, a thioester linkage, an amide linkage or an azo linkage; and R is a hydrogen sulfide releasing moiety. It is understood that any non-toxic, effective hydrogen sulfide releasing moiety can be used in the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, R is selected from the group consisting of:
Figure imgf000011_0001
Figure imgf000011_0002
Figure imgf000011_0003
Figure imgf000011_0004
Figure imgf000012_0001
Figure imgf000012_0002
Figure imgf000013_0001
Figure imgf000013_0002
Figure imgf000013_0003
Figure imgf000014_0001
Figure imgf000014_0002
Figure imgf000014_0003
Figure imgf000015_0001
Figure imgf000015_0002
Figure imgf000015_0003
Figure imgf000015_0004
Figure imgf000016_0001
and
Figure imgf000016_0002
Pharmaceutical acceptable salts such as for example salts with alkaline metals and alkaline earth metals, non-toxic amines and amino acids are also part of the present invention. Preferred salts are the salts with arginine and agmatine. Also included are pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
In a further aspect the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition of the compounds of the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier, particularly one for use in the treatment of an inflammatory condition of the Gl tract.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, methods of treating an inflammatory condition of the Gl tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in a subject in need of such treatment, include administering to the subject an effective amount of 4- or 5-ASA derivatives and their salts. Further, methods for the treatment or prevention of colon cancer in a subject in need thereof are provided comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of 4- or 5-ASA derivatives and their salts.
In a further embodiment, the present invention provides the use of 4- or 5-ASA derivatives and their salts of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory condition of the Gl tract. The present invention also provides the use of 4- or 5-ASA derivatives and their salts for the treatment of an inflammatory condition of the Gl tract.
Preferred compounds are those of the following formulae:
Figure imgf000017_0001
2-Hydroxy-4- or 5-[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenylazo]-benzoic acid (II),
Figure imgf000017_0002
4-or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenyl ester (III),
Figure imgf000018_0001
or 5-Amino-2-[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenoxycarbonyloxy]-benzoic acid (IV),
Figure imgf000018_0002
-Hydroxy-4 or 5[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenoxycarbonylamino]-benzoic acid
(V),
Figure imgf000018_0003
-or 5-{[(1 -Carboxy-2-mercapto-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl]-azo}-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid
(Vl),
Figure imgf000019_0001
ino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1-carboxy-2-mercapto-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl ester (VH),
Figure imgf000019_0002
r 5-Amino-2-[(1-carboxy-2-mercapto-ethylcarbamoyl)-methoxycarbonyloxy]- benzoic acid (VIII),
Figure imgf000019_0003
- or 5-[(1 -Carboxy-2-mercapto-ethylcarbamoyl)-methoxycarbonylamino]-2- hydroxy-benzoic acid (IX),
Figure imgf000020_0001
- or 5- amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid anhydride with N-acetyl cysteine (X),
Figure imgf000020_0002
or 5-(2-Acetylamino-3-mercapto-propionylamino)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (Xl),
Figure imgf000020_0003
2-(2-Acetylamino-3-mercapto-propionyloxy)-4 or 5-amino-benzoic acid (XII),
Figure imgf000021_0001
2-Hydroxy-4 or 5-({4-[4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λB- [1 ,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenoxymethyl}-azo)-benzoic acid (XIlI),
Figure imgf000021_0002
4- or 5-Amino-2-{4-[4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λε- [1 jS^^dithiadiphosphetan^-ylj-phenoxymethoxycarbonyloxyJ-benzoic acid (XIV),
Figure imgf000021_0003
2-Hydroxy- 4- or 5-{4-[4-(4-mθthoxy-phθnyl)-2,4-dithioxo-2λε )4λ5-[1 ,3,2,4]dithia- diphosphetan^-yO-phenoxymethoxycarbonylaminoJ-benzoic acid (XV),
Figure imgf000022_0001
4-or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-[4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2,4-dithioxo- 2λ5,4λ5-[1 ,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenoxymethyl ester (XVI)5
Figure imgf000022_0002
4- or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-[4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,4-dithioxo- 2λ5,4λ5-[1(3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenyl ester (XVII),
Figure imgf000022_0003
4- or 5-Amino-2-{4-[4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λ5- [1 ,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yI]-phenoxycarbonyloxy}-benzoic acid (XVIII),
Figure imgf000023_0001
2-Hydroxy-4- or 5-{4-[4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λ5-
[1 ,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenoxycarbonylamino}-benzoic acid (XIX),
Figure imgf000023_0002
4- or 5-(1-Carboxy-3-thiocarbamoyl-propylazo)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (XX),
Figure imgf000023_0003
2-(4- or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoylamino)-4-thiocarbamoyl-butyric acid (XXI),
Figure imgf000024_0001
- or 5-Amino-2-(1-carboxy-3-thiocarbamoyl-propylcarbamoyloxy)-benzoic acid (XXII),
Figure imgf000024_0002
2-Hydroxy-4- or 5-[3-(1-hydroxymethyl-3-thiocarbamoyl-propyI)-ureido]-benzoic acid
(XXIII),
Figure imgf000025_0001
4- or 5-Amino-2-(2-amino-4-thiocarbamoyl-butyryloxy)-benzoic acid (XXIV)5
Figure imgf000025_0002
- or 5-(2-Amino-4-thiocarbamoyl-butyrylamino)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (XXV),
Figure imgf000025_0003
4- or 5- Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid anhydride with 2-amino-4-thiocarbamoyl- butyric acid (XXVI),
Figure imgf000026_0001
4-thiocarbamoylphenyI 4- or 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoate (XXVII),
Figure imgf000026_0002
4- or 5-Amino-2-(4-thiocarbamoyl-phenoxycarbonyloxy)-benzoic acid (XXVIII),
Figure imgf000026_0003
-Hydroxy-4- or 5-(4-thiocarbamoyl-phenoxycarbonylamino)-benzoic acid (XXIX),
Figure imgf000027_0001
4- or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid thiocarbamoylmethyl ester (XXX),
Figure imgf000027_0002
4- or S-Amino^-thiocarbamoylmethoxycarbonyloxy-benzoic acid (XXXI)5
Figure imgf000027_0003
-Hydroxy-4- or δ-thiocarbamoylmethoxycarbonylamino-benzoic acid (XXXII),
Figure imgf000028_0001
or 5- Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid anhydride with sulfuric acid mono- (2-mercapto- ethyi) ester (XXXIII), and
Figure imgf000028_0002
4- or 5-Amino-2-(2-mercapto-ethoxysulfonyloxy)-benzoic acid (XXXIV).
The most preferred compound is as follows:
Figure imgf000028_0003
-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenyl ester (XXXV). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows the Disease Activity Score of mice having TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with increasing doses of mesalamine and Compound XXXV of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in mice having TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with increasing doses of mesalamine and Compound XXXV of the present invention.
FIG. 3 shows the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in mice having TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows the Disease Activity Score of mice having TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1% CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows colonic tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) mRNA expression in mice with TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1% CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows interferon gamma (IFN-γ) mRNA expression in mice with TNBS-
induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1% CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows various interleukin (IL) mRNA expression, namely, IL-I , -2, 10 and -12 mRNA, in mice with TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1% CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention. FIG. 8 shows colonic levels of RANTES mRNA in mice with TNBS-induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1% CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
FIG. 9 shows colonic COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression in mice with TNBS- induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1 % CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
FIG. 10 shows colonic eNOS and iNOS mRNA expression in mice with TNBS- induced colitis after treatment with vehicle (1% CMC), 50 mg/kg mesalamine and equimolar dose of Compound XXXV of the present invention.
FIGS. 11 (a) and (b) show the perception score in a rat model of visceral pain perception using mesalamine and Compound XXXV of the present invention.
FIGS. 12(a) and (b) show the intrarectal pressure in a rat model of visceral pain perception using mesalamine and Compound XXXV of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The invention will now be described with respect to preferred embodiments described herein. It should be appreciated however that these embodiments are for the purpose of illustrating the invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
The compounds of the present invention contain two active moieties, either 4- or 5-ASA and a hydrogen sulfide releasing moiety, linked together by an azo, ester, anhydride, thioester or amide linkage. The presence of azo-reductase enzymes allow for the release of 4- or 5-ASA from the azo bond pro-drugs thus allowing a targeted delivery to the colon and reducing at the same time the systemic absorption. Similarly, the presence of carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases A also allow for the release of 4- or 5-ASA from the ester and amide bond pro-drugs, respectively. Esterases and thioesterases will also cleave ester and thioester linkages, respectively. Finally, lipases will cleave anhydride linkages. The compounds of the present invention can be made using known starting materials and reagents.
Compounds of the present invention may be utilized for the prophylaxis or treatment of various diseases, particularly inflammatory conditions of the Gl tract including, but not limited to, inflammatory conditions of the mouth such as mucositis, infectious diseases {e.g., viral, bacterial and fungal diseases), and Crohn's disease; inflammatory conditions of the esophagus such as esophagitis, conditions resulting from chemical injury (e.g., lye ingestion), gastroesophageal reflux disease, bile acid reflux, Barrett's esophagus, Crohn's disease, and esophageal stricture; inflammatory conditions such as gastritis (e.g., Helicobacter pylori, acid-peptic disease and atrophic gastritis), celiac disease, peptic ulcer disease, pre-cancerous lesions of the stomach, non-ulcer dyspepsia, and Crohn's disease; inflammatory conditions of the stomach such as Crohn's disease, bacterial overgrowth, peptic ulcer disease, and fissures of the intestine; inflammatory conditions of the colon such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, infectious colitis (e.g., pseudomembranous colitis such as Clostridium difficile colitis, salmonella enteritis, shigella infections, yersiniosis, cryptospiridiosis, microspridial infections, and viral infections), radiation-induced colitis, colitis in the immunocompromised host (e.g., typhlitis), precancerous conditions of the colon (e.g., dysplasia, inflammatory conditions of the bowel, and colonic polyps), proctitis, inflammation associated with hemorrhoids, proctalgia fugax, and rectal fissures; liver gallbladder and/or bilary tract conditions such as cholangitis, sclerosing cholangitis, primary bilary cirrhosis, and cholecystitis; and intestinal abscess.
Depending on the specific condition or disease state to be treated, subjects may be administered compounds of the present invention at any suitable therapeutically effective and safe dosage, as may be readily determined within the skill of the art. These compounds are, most desirably, administered in dosages ranging from about 1 to about 2000 mg per day, in a single or divided doses, although variations will necessarily occur depending upon the weight and condition of the subject being treated and the particular route of administration chosen. However, a dosage level that is in the range of about 0.1 to about 100 mg/kg, preferably between about 5 and 90 mg/kg, and more preferably between about 5 and 50 mg/kg, is most desirable. Variations may nevertheless occur depending upon the weight and conditions of the persons being treated and their individual responses to said medicament, as well as on the type of pharmaceutical formulation chosen and the time period and interval during which such administration is carried out. In some instances, dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may be employed without causing any harmful side effects, provided that such large doses are first divided into several small doses for administration throughout the day.
The compounds of the present invention can be administered in the form of any pharmaceutical formulation, the nature of which will depend upon the route of administration. These pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by conventional methods, using compatible, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or vehicles. Examples of such compositions include capsules, tablets, transdermal patches, lozenges, troches, sprays, syrups, powders, granulates, gels, elixirs, suppositories, and the like, for the preparation of extemporaneous solutions, injectable preparations, rectal, nasal, ocular, vaginal etc. A preferred route of administration is the oral and rectal route.
For oral administration, tablets containing various excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate and glycine may be employed along with various disintegrants such as starch (preferably com, potato or tapioca starch), alginic acid and certain complex silicates, together with granulation binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelatin and acacia. Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc can be used for tabletting purposes. Solid compositions of similar type may also be employed as fillers in gelatin capsules; preferred materials in this connection also include lactose or milk sugar, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. When aqueous suspensions and/or elixirs are desired for oral administration the active ingredient may be combined with sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matter and, if so desired,, emulsifying and/or suspending agents, together with such diluents as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and various combinations thereof.
The dosage form can be designed for immediate release, controlled release, extended release, delayed release or targeted delayed release. The definitions of these terms are known toi those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the dosage form release profile can be effected by a polymeric mixture composition, a coated matrix composition, a multiparticulate composition, a coated multiparticulate composition, an ion-exchange resin-based composition, an osmosis-based composition, or a biodegradable polymeric composition. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the release may be effected through favorable diffusion, dissolution, erosion, ion-exchange, osmosis or combinations thereof.
For parenteral administration, a solution of an active compound in either sesame or peanut oil or in aqueous propylene glycol can be employed. The aqueous solutions should be suitably buffered (preferably pH greater than 8), if necessary, and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic. The aqueous solutions are suitable for intravenous injection purposes. The preparation of all these solutions under sterile conditions is readily accomplished by standard pharmaceutical techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
The following non-limitative examples further describe and enable a person ordinarily skilled in the art to make and use the invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy-5-[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenylazo]-benzoic acid (4)
Figure imgf000035_0001
Figure imgf000035_0002
Synthesis of (4-Propenyl-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (2)
To the solution of 4-propenyl-phenylamine 1 (10.0 mmol) in 25 ml. of dioxane and 12.5 mL of water, triethylamine(15.0 mmol) and di-fert-butyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for Vz h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3 M HCI (15 mL), was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/ MeOH (9/1), from which (4-Propenyl-phenyl)-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (2) was obtained (90 % yield). Synthesis of5-(4-Amino-phenyl)-[1,2]dithiole-3-thione (3)
(4-Propenyl-phenyl)-carbamic acid ferf-butyl ester (2, 4.5 mmol) and sulphur (31.5 mmol) were heated in dimethyl formamide (500 ml) for 8 hr; the residue after removal of solvent was almost completely soluble in toluene. An attempt to extract the toluene liquors with 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide, gave a precipitate of an orange solid. This product was dissolved in boiling water, treated with 4N hydrochloric acid for 30 min at room temperature; addition of 4N NaOH furnished the desired product 3 (yield 55%).
Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy~5-[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenylazo]-benzoic acid (4)
5-(4-Amino-phenyI)-[1 ,2]dithiole-3-thione (3, 0.56 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 5 mL of concentrated HCI and 2.5 mL of water and diazotized with a solution of sodium nitrite (0.56 mmol). In the meantime salicylic acid (0.56 mmol), potassium hydroxide (1.12 mmol) and sodium carbonate are dissolved in water. The diazo suspension is added in portions to the alkaline solution of salicylic acid and the alkalinity maintained at a sufficiently high level during the whole reaction by means of addition of further quantities of potassium hydroxide solution. After 2 days the reaction mixture is heated for 30 min at 500C. The azo compound 4 was precipitated by means of HCI and filtered off (yield 85%).
EXAMPLE 2
Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy-4-[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1 ,2Jdithiol-3-yl)-phenylazo]-benzoic acid (2)
Figure imgf000037_0001
Synthesis of 2~Hydroxy-4-[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenyiazo]-benzoic acid (2)
4-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1 , 1 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 10 ml_ of concentrated HCI and 5 ml_ of water and diazotized with a solution of sodium nitrite (1 mmol). The diazo suspension is added in portions to a solution of 5-phenyl-[1 ,2]dithiole- 3-thione (1 mmol) in dimethylformamide. After 2 days the reaction mixture is heated for 30 min at 500C. After cooling the azo compound 2 was precipitated by means of HCI and filtered off (yield 65%).
EXAMPLE 3
General synthetic procedure of:
4- or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenyl ester
(4)
Figure imgf000038_0001
4- or 5-nmlno salicylic acid
Figure imgf000038_0002
Figure imgf000038_0003
Synthesis of5-p-hydroxyphenyl-1,2-dithione-3-thione (ADT-OH)
Anethole 1 (32.5 g; 0.21 mol) and sulphur (45 g; 1.40 mol) were heated in dimethylformamide (250 ml) for 8 hr; the residue after removal of solvent was almost completely soluble in toluene. An attempt to extract the toluene liquors with 2N- aqueous sodium hydroxide, gave a precipitate of an orange solid (8.5 g). m.p. over 3000C. This product was dissolved in boiling water and gave an orange precipitate 2 after addition of hydrochloric acid (Yield 50%), m.p. 188-189 0C. 1H NMR (DMSO) δ
6.86 (d, 2H), 7.68 (s, 1 H), 7.75 (d, 2H), 10.51 (s, -OH); MS (ESI), m/z 225{W). Sulphur/ DMF
Figure imgf000039_0001
Figure imgf000039_0002
Synthesis of 4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino~2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1)
To the solution of 4- or 5-amino salicylic acid (10.0 mmol) in 25 ml_ of dioxane and 12.5 ml_ of water, triethylamine (15.0 mmol) and di-fe/f-butyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at 0° C for 1/2 h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3M HCI (15 ml_), was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2Cb / MeOH (9/1), from which 4- or δ-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-Σ-hyόroxy-henzoic acid (1) was obtained (80 % yield).
Synthesis of 4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2- tert-butoxy-benzoic acid (2)
Compound 1 (12.0 mmol), cone. H2SO4 (6.0 mmol), and DCM (100 ml_) were stirred under isobutylene gas (5 psi) for 6 h at rt. The solution was washed with cold 10% NaHCO3 (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 1 :1 MeOH/CCI4 (400 mL), washed with water (300 mL), and then extracted with 1 :1 MeOH/ water (2 x 200 mL). The extract was dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to a white solid (2), which was recrystallized by DCM/ hexane (83 % yield). Synthesis of4-or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1,2]dithiol-3-yl)- phenyl ester (4)
To the solution of 4- or 5-fe/t-butoxycarbonylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2) (3.0 mmol) in 50 ml_ of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at 0° C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, 5-p- hydroxyphenyl-1 ,2-dithione-3-thione (ADT-OH) (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at 0° C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layer was washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 3 was treated with a solution of 40 % TFA in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 3 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/MeOH (8/2), from which 4- or 5-amino-2-hydroxy- benzoic acid 4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenyl ester (4) was obtained (40% yield).
Compound 5-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1,2]dithiol~3-yl)- phenyl ester (4): 1H NMR (DMSO) δ 7.07 (d, 2H), 7.38 (d, 2H)1 7.46 (d, 2H), 7.79 (s, 1 H), 7.85 (s, 1 H), 8.01 (d, 2H), 10.35 (s, -OH); MS (ESI), m/z 362 (M+).
EXAMPLE 4
General synthetic procedure of:
2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-aminophenyl hydrogen carbonate (5) 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-hydroxyphenyl-carbamic acid (6)
ClCOOCH2CH3
CHCl3 anhydrous
Figure imgf000041_0001
Figure imgf000041_0003
H3CH2CO
Figure imgf000041_0002
4- or 5-πmhιosnlicylic acid
Figure imgf000041_0004
NaOH 1 M
Figure imgf000041_0005
Synthesis of 4- or δ-Amino-Σ-ethoxycarbonyloxy-benzoic acid (1) and 4- or 5- ethoxycarbonylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2)
4- or 5-amino salicylic acid (3.0 mmol) was dissolved in 40 mL chloroform in round bottomed flask fitted with a drying tube. Ethyl chloroformate (3.0 mmol) was added gradually and the solution refluxed for 2 hours. The chloroform was evaporated in vacuo and the residue then taken up in ether. The ether phase was decolorised using charcoal, filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue obtained was then dissolved in ethanol and the product recovered by precipitation using n-hexane as a crude oily semisolid. The crude product was purified by Flash-chromatography on silica gel eluting with diethyl ether/hexane (7:3, v/v) to obtain the title compounds: 4- or 5-Amino-2-ethoxycarbonyloxy-benzoic acid (1: yield: 58%) and 4- or 5- Ethoxycarbonylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2: yield: 34%).
Synthesis of 4- or 5~Amino-2-ethoxycarbonyloxy-benzoic acid tert-butyl ester (3)
To the solution of 1 (3.0 mmol) in 50 ml_ of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, t-butanol (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at 0° C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layer was washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CVMeOH (9.5/0.5), from which 4- or 5- Amino-2-ethoxycarbonyloxy-henzoic acid tert-butyl ester (3) was obtained (55% yield).
Synthesis of 4- or 5-ethoxycarbonylamino-2'hydroxy-benzoic acid tert-butyl ester
(4)
Compound 4 was obtained according the procedure reported to obtain compound 3. Yield: 74%
Synthesis of 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-aminophenyI hydrogen carbonate (5)
To a solution of the compound 3 (3.5 g; 0.011 mol) in ethanol (80 ml) was added NaOH 1 N (40 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred 2 h at room temperature. Then the solution was made neutral with HCI 1 N. Ethanol was removed and the extraction performed with ethyl acetate (3 x 150 ml); the organic layers were washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated: 2-(tert~ butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-aminophenyl hydrogen carbonate (5) was obtained (3 g; 0.010 mol; yield: 89 %) as a white solid.
Synthesis of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4~ or 5-hydroxyphenyl-carbamic acid (6)
Compound 6 was obtained according the procedure reported to obtain compound 5. Yield: 91%
EXAMPLE 5
General synthetic procedure of: 4- or 5-Amino-2-(1-carboxy-3-thiocarbamoyl-propylcarbamoyloxy)-benzoic acid
(11) 4- or SHβ-O-Carboxy-S^hiocarbamoyl-propylJ-ureido^-hydroxy-benzoic acid (12)
Figure imgf000044_0001
Synthesis of 5-thio-L-glutamine -OtBu (2)
L-glutamine-OtBu ■ HC1 1 (1.2 mmol; 0.3 g) and Lawesson's reagent (0.75 mmol; 0.3 g) were added to benzene (20 mL) and the mixture was heated under reflux for 15 min. The reaction was then cooled and evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was chromatographed over 100g of silica gel eluted with mixtures of ethyl acetate and n-hexane. There was obtained 0.2 g (76% yield) of product 2 as a white solid: 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.4 (s, 9H)1 1.8-2.8 (m, 5H), 4.0-4.8 (m, 3H); MS (ESI), /77/z219(M+).
Figure imgf000045_0001
Synthesis of 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)~4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminophenyl hydrogen carbonate (7)
To the solution of 5 (10.0 mmol) in 25 mL of dioxane and 12.5 mL of water, triethylamine (15.0 mmol) and di-ferf-butyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for Vz h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3 M HCI (15 mL) was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/ MeOH (9/1), from which 2- (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminophenyl hydrogen carbonate (7) was obtained (80 % yield). Synthesis of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-hydroxyphenyl-carbamic acid (8)
Compound 6 (12.0 mmol), cone. H2SO4 (6.0 mmol), and DCM (100 mL) were stirred under isobutylene gas (5 psi) for 6 h at rt. The solution was washed with cold 10% NaHCO3 (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 1 :1 MeOH/CCI4 (400 mL), washed with water (300 mL), and then extracted with 1 :1 MeOH/ water (2 x 200 mL). The extract was dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to a white solid (8), which was recrystallized by DCM/ hexane (83 % yield).
Synthesis of 4- or S-Amino-Σ-fi-carboxy-S-thiocarbamoyl-propylcarbamoyloxy)- benzoic acid (11)
To the solution of 7 (3.0 mmol) in 50 mL of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at 0° C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, 2-amino-4-thiocarbamoyl-butyτic acid te/t-butyl ester (3.0 mmol) and triethylamine (3.0 mmol) were added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at 0° C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layer was washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude ' intermediate 9 was treated with a solution of 40% TFA in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 11 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2 / MeOH (8/2), from which 4- or 5-Amino-2-(1-carboxy-3-thiocarbamoyl- propylcarbamoyloxy)-benzoic acid (11) was obtained (45% yield). Synthesis of 4- or 5-[3-(1'Carboxy-3-thiocarbamoyl-propyl)-ureido]-2-hydroxy- benzoic acid (12)
Compound 12 was obtained according the procedure reported to obtain compound 11. Yield: 38%
EXAMPLE 6
General synthetic procedure of:
4-or 5-Amino-2-[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenoxycarbonyloxy]-benzoic acid (15)
2-Hydroxy-4-or 5-[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenoxycarbonylamino]- benzoic acid (16)
Figure imgf000048_0001
Synthesis of 5-p-hydroxyphenyl-t ,2-dithione-3-thione (ADT-OH)
Anetholβ 1 (32.5 g; 0.21 mol) and sulphur (45 g; 1.40 mol) were heated in dimethylformamide (250 ml) for 8 hr; the residue after removal of solvent was almost completely soluble in toluene. An attempt to extract the toluene liquors with 2 N- aqueous sodium hydroxide, gave a precipitate of an orange solid (8.5 g). m.p. over 3000C. This product was dissolved in boiling water and gave an orange precipitate 2 after addition of hydrochloric acid (Yield 50%), m.p. 188-189 0C. 1H NMR (DMSO) δ 6.86 (d, 2H), 7.68 (s, 1 H), 7.75 (d, 2H), 10.51 (s, -OH); MS (ESI), m/z225(M").
Sulphur /DMF
Figure imgf000049_0001
Figure imgf000049_0002
Synthesis of 2-(tert'butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-tert-butoxycarbonylaminophenyl hydrogen carbonate (7)
To the solution of 5 (10.0 mmol) in 25 imL of dioxane and 12.5 ml_ of water, triethylamine(15.0 mmol) and di-terf-butyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for Vz h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3 M HCI (15 ml_) was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/MeOH (9/1), from which 2- (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminophenyl hydrogen carbonate (7) was obtained (80 % yield). Synthesis of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-hydroxyphenyl-carbamic acid (8)
Compound 6 (12.0 mmol), concentrated H2SO4 (6.0 mmol), and DCM (100 mL) were stirred under isobutene gas (5 psi) for 6 h at rt. The solution was washed with cold 10% NaHCO3 (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 1 :1 MeOH/CCI4 (400 mL), washed with water (300 mL), and then extracted with 1 :1 MeOH/water (2 x 200 mL). The extract was dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to a white solid 8, which was recrystallized by DCM/ hexane (83 % yield).
Synthesis of 4- or 5-Amino-2-[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1,2]dithiol-3-yl)- phenoxycarbonyloxyj-benzoic acid (15)
To the solution of 7 (3.0 mmol) in 50 mL of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at 0° C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, 5-p-hydroxyphenyl-1 ,2-dithione-3-thione (ADT-OH) (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at 00C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layer was washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 13 was treated with a solution of 40% TFA in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 15 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/MeOH (8/2), from which 4- or S-Amino-Σ-^-fδ-thioxo-δH-fi^dithiolS-ylJ-phenoxycarbonyloxyJ-benzoic acid (15) was obtained (45% yield). Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy-4- or 5-[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[i,2]dithiol-3-yl)- phenoxycarbonylaminoj-benzoic acid (16)
Compound 16 was obtained according the procedure reported to obtain compound 15. Yield: 38%
EXAMPLE 7
General synthetic procedure of:
4- or 5-Amino-2-{4-[4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λ5- [1 ,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenoxycarbonyloxy}-benzoic acid (19)
2-Hydroxy-4- or 5-{4-[4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λ5- [1 ,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenoxycarbonylamino}-benzoic acid (20)
Figure imgf000052_0001
Synthesis of (p-hydroxyphenyl)dithiophosphonic anhydride
Red P (4 g; 0.129 mol), S (4 g; 0.125 mol) and PhOH (4 g; 0.042 mol) were heated for 5.5 hr at 155-158 0C; the reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature and a precipitate was collected (5.5 g 34% yield), m.p. 224-226 0C. The NMR and MS analysis are consistent with p-hydroxyphenyl dithiophosponic anhydride.
Figure imgf000053_0001
Synthesis of 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyi)-4- or 5-tert-butoxycarbonylamϊnophenyl hydrogen carbonate (7)
To the solution of 5 (10.0 mmol) in 25 ml_ of dioxane and 12.5 mL of water, triethylamine (15.0 mmol) and di-te/t-butyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at O0C for Vz h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3 M HCI (15 mLI), was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/MeOH (9/1), from which 2- (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-tθrt-Butoxycarbonylaminophenyl hydrogen carbonate (7) was obtained (80 % yield).
Synthesis of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)~4- or 5-hydroxyphenyl-carbamic acid (8)
Compound 6 (12.0 mmol), concentrated H2SO4 (6.0 mmol), and DCM (100 mL) were stirred under isobutene gas (5 psi) for 6 h at rt. The solution was washed with cold 10% NaHCO3 (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 1:1 MeOH/CCI4 (400 mL), washed with water (300 mL), and then extracted with 1 :1 MeOH/water (2 x 200 mL). The extract was dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to a white solid 8, which was recrystallized by DCM/ hexane (83 % yield).
Synthesis of 4- or 5-Amino~2-{4-[4-(4-hydroxy-phenyt)-2,4-dithioxo-2ks,4k5- [1 ,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenoxycarbonyioxy}-benzoic acid (19)
To the solution of 7 (3.0 mmol) in 50 mL of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at 0° C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, p-hydroxyphenyl)dithiophosphonic anhydride (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at 00C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layer was washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 17 was treated with a solution of 40% TFA in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 19 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/MeOH (8/2), from which 4- or 5-Amino-2-{4-[4-(4-hydroxyφhenyl)-2A-dithioxo-2Ω5AΩs-[1^2A]clithiadiphosphθtan-2- yl]φhenoxycarboyloxy}-benzoic acid (19) was obtained (65% yield).
Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy-4- or 5-{4-[4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,4-dithioxo-2k5,4k5- [1,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan'2-yl]-phenoxycarbonylamino}-benzoic acid (20)
Compound 20 was obtained according the procedure reported to obtain compound 19. Yield: 48% EXAMPLE 8
General synthetic procedure of:
4- or S-Amino^-^hiocarbamoyl-phenoxycarbonyloxyJ-benzoic acid (23) -Hydroxy-4- or 5-(4-thiocarbamoyl-phenoxycarbonylamino)-benzoic acid (24)
Figure imgf000056_0001
di-tertbutyl-dicarbonate Isobulene Triethylamine H2SO4
Figure imgf000056_0002
Synthesis of 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-tert-butoxycarbonylaminophenyl hydrogen carbonate (7)
To the solution of 5 (10.0 mmol) in 25 ml_ of dioxane and 12.5 mL of water, triethylamine(15.θ mmol) and di-terf-butyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at O0C for Vz h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3 M HCI (15 mL) was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/ MeOH (9/1), from which 2- (tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylaminophenyl hydrogen carbonate (7) was obtained (80 % yield).
Synthesis of 3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- or 5-hydroxyphenyl-carbamic acid (8)
Compound 6 (12.0 mmol), concentrated H2SO4 (6.0 mmol), and DCM (100 mL) were stirred under isobutene gas (5 psi) for 6 h at rt. The solution was washed with cold 10% NaHCO3 (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 1 :1 MeOH/CCI4 (400 mL), washed with water (300 mL), and then extracted with 1 :1 MeOH/ water (2 x 200 mL). The extract was dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to a white solid 8, which was recrystallized by DCM/ hexane (83 % yield).
Synthesis of 4- or δΑmino-Σ-ft-thiocarbamoyl-phenoxycarbonyloxyybenzoic acid (23)
To the solution of 7 (3.0 mmol) in 50 mL of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at 0° C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, 4-hydroxy-thiobenzamide (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at 0° C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layer was washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 21 was treated with a solution of 40% TFA in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 23 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2 / MeOH (8/2), from which 4- or 5-Amino- 2-(4-thiocarbamoyl-phenoxycarbonyloxy)-benzoic acid (23) was obtained (71% yield).
Synthesis of 2-Hydroxy~4- or 5-(4-thiocarbamoyl-phenoxycarbonylamino)-benzoic acid (24)
Compound 24 was obtained according the procedure reported to obtain compound 23. Yield: 68%
EXAMPLE 8
General synthetic procedure of: 2-(4- or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoylamino)-4-thiocarbamoyI-butyric acid (6)
Figure imgf000059_0001
4- or 5-amino salicylic acid
Figure imgf000059_0002
Figure imgf000059_0003
Synthesis of 5-thio-L-glutamine -OtBu (2)
L-glutamine-OtBu ■ HC1 1 (1.2 mmol; 0.3 g) and Lawesson's reagent (0.75 mmol; 0.3g) were added to benzene (20 ml_) and the mixture was heated under reflux for 15 min. The reaction was then cooled and evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was chromatographed over 100 g of silica gel eluted with mixtures of ethyl acetate and n-hexane. There was obtained 0.2 g (76% yield) of product 2 as a white solid: 1H NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.4 (s, 9H), 1.8-2.8 (m, 5H), 4.0-4.8 (m, 3H); MS (ESI), /?Vz219(M+). Lawesson's reagent
Benzene
Figure imgf000060_0001
Figure imgf000060_0002
Synthesis of 4- or S-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-Σ-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1)
To the solution of 4- or 5-amino salicylic acid (10.0 mmol) in 25 ml_ of dioxane and 12.5 ml_ of water, triethylamine (15.0 mmol) and di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for 1/2 h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3M HCI (15 ml_), was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CVMeOH (9/1), from which 4- or 5-teri-Butoxycarbonylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1) was obtained (80 % yield).
Synthesis of 4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2- tert-butoxy-benzoic acid (2)
Compound 1 (12.0 mmol), cone. H2SO4 (6.0 mmol), and DCM (100 ml_) were stirred under isobutylene gas (5 psi) for 6 h at it The solution was washed with cold 10% NaHCO3 (2 x 100 ml_) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 1 :1 MeOH/CCI4 (400 mL), washed with water (300 mL), and then extracted with 1 :1 MeOH/water (2 x 200 mL). The extract was dried (Na2SO^ and evaporated to a white solid (2), which was recrystallized by DCM/hexane (83 % yield).
Synthesis of 2-(4- or 5-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoylamino)-4-thiocarbamoyl-butyric acid (6)
To the solution of 4- or 5-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-2-tert-butoxy-benzoic acid (2) (3.0 mmol) in 50 mL of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at O0C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, 2-amino-4- thiocarbamoyl-butyric acid tert-butyl ester (3.0 mmol) and triethylamine (3.0 mmol) were added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at O0C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layers were washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 5 was treated with a solution of TFA (40%) in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 6 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CVMeOH (8/2), from which 2- (4- or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-bθnzoylamino)-4-thiocarbamoyl-butyric acid (6) was obtained (80% yield). MS (ESI), m/z 298 (M+).
EXAMPLE 9
General synthetic procedure of: 4- or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-thiocarbamoyl-phenyl ester (8)
Figure imgf000062_0001
4- or 5-amino salicylic acid
Figure imgf000062_0002
Figure imgf000062_0003
Synthesis of 4- or S-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-Σ-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1)
To the solution of 4- or 5-amino salicylic acid (10.0 mmol) in 25 ml_ of dioxane and 12.5 ml_ of water, triethylamine (15.0 mmol) and di-fe/t-butyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for 1/2 h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3M HCI (15 ml_) was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/Me0H (9/1), from which 4- or δ-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-Σ-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1) was obtained (80 % yield). Synthesis of 4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2- tert-butoxy-benzoic acid (2)
Compound 1 (12.0 mmol), cone. H2SO4 (6.0 mmol), and DCM (100 mL) were stirred under isobutylene gas (5 psi) for 6 h at rt. The solution was washed with cold 10% NaHCO3 (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 1 :1 MeOH/CCI4 (400 mL), washed with water (300 mL), and then extracted with 1 :1 MeOH/ water (2 x 200 mL). The extract was dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to a white solid (2), which was recrystallized by DCM/ hexane (83 % yield).
Synthesis of 4- or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-thiocarbamoyl-phenyl ester (8)
To the solution of 4- or δ-tørt-butoxycarbonylamino^-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2) (3.0 mmol) in 50 mL of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, 4-hydroxy- thiobenzamide (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at 00C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layer was washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 7 was treated with a solution of 40% TFA in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 8 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/MeOH (8/2), from which 4- or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-thiocarbamoyl-phenyl ester (8) was obtained (48% yield). EXAMPLE 10
General synthetic procedure of:
4- or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-[4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,4-dithioxo- 2λ5 ϊ4λ5-[1,3,2J4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenyl ester (10)
Figure imgf000064_0001
4- or 5-amino salicylic acid
Figure imgf000064_0002
Figure imgf000064_0003
Synthesis of (p-hydroxyphenyl)dithiophosphonic anhydride
Red P (4 g; 0.129 mol), S (4 g; 0.125 mol) and PhOH (4 g; 0.042 mol) were heated for 5.5 hr at 155-158°C; the reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature and a precipitate was collected (5.5 g, 34% yield), m.p. 224-226°C. The NMR and MS analysis are consistent with p-hydroxyphenyl dithiophosponic anhydride.
Figure imgf000065_0001
Synthesis of 4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonyiamino-2-hydroxy'benzoic acid (1)
To the solution of 4- or 5-amino salicylic acid (10.0 mmol) in 25 mL of dioxane and 12.5 mL of water, triethylamine (15.0 mmol) and di-te/t-butyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at O0C for 1/2 h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3M HCI (15 mL) was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/MeOH (9/1), from which 4- or δ-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-Σ-hydroxy-benzoic acid{\) was obtained (80 % yield).
Synthesis of 4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2- tert-butoxy-benzoic acid (2)
Compound 1 (12.0 mmol), cone. H2SO4 (6.0 mmol), and DCM (100 mL) were stirred under isobutylene gas (5 psi) for 6 h at rt. The solution was washed with cold 10% NaHCO3 (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 1 :1 MeOH/CCI4 (400 mL), washed with water (300 mL), and then extracted with 1 :1 MeOH/ water (2 x 200 mL). The extract was dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to a white solid (2), which was recrystallized by DCM/hexane (83 % yield). Synthesis of 4- or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-[4-(4'hydroxy-phenyl)-2,4- dithioxo-2λs,4 λ s-[1,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenyl ester (10)
To the solution of 4- or δ-tert-butoxycarbonylamino^-tert-butoxy-benzoic acid (2) (3.0 mmol) in 50 mL of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, p- hydroxyphenyl)dithiophosphonic anhydride (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at 00C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layer was washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 9 was treated with a solution of TFA (40%) in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 10 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2 / MeOH (8/2), from which 4- or 5-amino-2-hydroxy- benzoic acid 4-[4-(4-hydroxyφhenyl)-2l4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λ5-[1,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2- yl]-phenyl ester (10) was obtained (73% yield).
Synthesis of 4- or 5- amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid mercaptoethanesulfonate (2)
Figure imgf000066_0001
A mixture of sulfurous acid 2-mercapto-ethyl ester (0.1 mol) in 100ml of ethyl acetate was added to the 4- or 5-aminosalicylic acid 1 (0.1 mole in 100ml of ethyl acetate) solution in 30-45 min at 20-250C under an inert atmosphere. Then the mixture was stirred at 0-50C for 1 hour and filtered to give 4- or 5- amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid mercaptoethanesulfonate 2 (yield: 98%).
EXAMPLE 11
Synthesis of 4 or 5-amino ^-(a-Acetylamino-S-mercapto-propionyloxyJ-benzoic acid (3)
ittee
Figure imgf000067_0001
Figure imgf000067_0002
4- or 5-amino salicylic acid 1
Figure imgf000067_0003
HOBt/ DCC
Figure imgf000067_0004
Synthesis of 4- or δ-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-Σ-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1)
To the solution of 4- or 5-amino salicylic acid (10.0 mmol) in 25 ml_ of dioxane and 12.5 ml_ of water, triethylamine (15.0 mmol) and di-tertbutyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at O0C for 1/2 h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3 M HCI
(15 ml_) was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CVMeOH (9/1), from which 4- or 5~tert~Butoxycarbonylamino-2-hydroxy~benzoic acid{λ) was obtained (80 % yield).
Synthesis of 4 or 5-amino -Σ-fΣ-AcetylaminoS-mercapto-propionyloxyj-benzoic acid (3)
To the solution of 2-acetylamino-3-mercapto-propionic acid (3.0 mmol) in 50 ml_ of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, 4- or 5-tert- Butoxycarbonylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2) (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at 00C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layer was washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 2 was treated with a solution of TFA (40%) in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 3 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/MeOH (8/2), from which 4 or 5-amino -2-(2-Acetylamino- 3-mercapto-propionyloxy)-benzoic acid (3) was obtained (52 % yield).
EXAMPLE 12
Synthesis of 4 or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid anhydride with 2-Acetylamino-
3-mercapto- propionic acid (4)
Figure imgf000069_0001
4- or 5-amino salicylic acid
Figure imgf000069_0002
DCC
Figure imgf000069_0003
Figure imgf000069_0004
Synthesis of 4- or 5~tert-Butoxycarbonylamino~2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1)
To the solution of 5-amino salicylic acid (10.0 mmol) in 25 mL of dioxane and 12.5 mL of water, triethylamine (15.0 mmol) and di-tertbutyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at 0° C for 1/2 h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3M HCI (15 mL), was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/Me0H (9/1), from which 4- or δ-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-Σ-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1) was obtained (80 % yield). Synthesis of 4- or S-tert'Butoxycarbonylamino-Σ-tert-butoxy-benzoic acid (2)
Compound 1 (12.0 mmol), cone. H2SO4 (6.0 mmol), and DCM (100 mL) were stirred under isobutylene gas (5 psi) for 6 h at rt. The solution was washed with cold 10% NaHCO3 (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 1 :1 MeOH/CCU (400 mL), washed with water (300 mL), and then extracted with 1 :1 MeOH/water (2 x 200 mL). The extract was dried (Na2SO^ and evaporated to a white solid (2), which was recrystallized by DCM/hexane (83 % yield).
Synthesis of 4 or 5-Amino-2~hydroxy-benzoic acid anhydride with 2-Acetylamino- 3-mercapto-propionic acid (4)
To the solution of 4- or δ-tert-butoxycarbonylamino^-tert-butoxy-benzoic acid (2) (3.0 mmol) in 50 mL of dimethylformamide, DCC (3.3 mmol) was added with stirring at 00C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, 2-acetylamino-3-mercapto-propionic acid (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at 0° C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layers were washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 3 was treated with a solution of TFA (40%) in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 4 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2 / MeOH (8/2), from which 4 or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid anhydride with 2-Acetylamino-3- mercapto-propionic acid (4) was obtained (68 % yield). EXAMPLE 13
Synthesis of 4 or 5-(2-Acetylamino-3-mercapto-propionyIamino)-2-hydroxy- benzoic acid (5)
- or
Figure imgf000071_0001
DCC/HOBt
Figure imgf000071_0002
Figure imgf000071_0003
Synthesis of 4 or 5-(9H~Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)~2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1)
To the solution of 4- or 5-amino salicylic acid (10.0 mmol) in 25 ml_ of dioxane and 12.5 mL of water, Na2CO3 10 % (15 ml_) and Fmoc-OSu (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for 1/2 h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3M HCI (15 mL) was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2 / MeOH (9/1), from which 4- or δ-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-Σ-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1) was obtained (90 % yield).
Synthesis of 4 or 5-Amino-2-tert-butoxy-benzoic acid tert-butyl ester (3)
Compound 1 (12.0 mmol), cone. H2SO4 (6.0 mmol), and DCM (100 mL) were stirred under isobutylene gas (7 psi) for 24 h at rt. The solution was washed with cold 10% NaHCO3 (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 1:1 MeOH/CCU (400 mL), washed with water (300 mL), and then extracted with 1 :1 MeOH/ water (2 x 200 mL). The extract was dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to a white solid (2). The crude intermediate 2 was treated with a solution of diethylamine (33%) in THF. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 3 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2 / MeOH (8/2), from which 4 or5-Amino-2-tert-butoxy-henzoic acid tert-butyl ester (3) was obtained (67 % yield).
Synthesis of 4 or 5-(2-Acetylamino-3-mercapto-propϊonylamino)-2-hydroxy- benzoic acid (5)
To the solution of 2-acetylamino-3-mercapto-propionic acid (3.0 mmol) in 50 mL of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at O0C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, 4 or 5-amino-2-tert-butoxy- benzoic acid tert-butyl ester (3) (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at O0C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layer was washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 4 was treated with a solution of TFA (40%) in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 5 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CVMeOH (8/2), from which 4 or 5-(2-Acetylamino-3-mercapto- propionylamino)-2-hydmxy-benzoic acid (5) was obtained (78% yield).
EXAMPLE 14 Synthesis of 4 or 5-Amino-2-(2-mercapto-ethoxysulfonyloxy)-benzoic acid (3)
Figure imgf000073_0001
4- or 5-amino salicylic acid
Figure imgf000073_0002
HOBt /DCC
Figure imgf000073_0003
Synthesis of 4- or S-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1)
To the solution of 4- or 5-amino salicylic acid (10.0 mmol) in 25 mL of dioxane and 12.5 mL of water, triethylamine (15.0 mmol) and di-tertbutyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for 1/2 h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3M HCI (15 mL) was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/Me0H (9/1), from which 4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonyiamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1) was obtained (80 % yield).
Synthesis of: 4 or 5~Amino-2-(2-mercapto-ethoxysulfonyloxy)~benzoic acid (3)
To the solution of sulfuric acid mono-(2-mercapto-ethyl) ester (3.0 mmol) in 50 mL of dimethylformamide, hydroxybenzotriazole (3.3 mmol) and DCC (3.3 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, 4- or 5-tert- Butoxycarbonylamino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (2) (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at O0C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layer was washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 2 was treated with a solution of TFA (40%) in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 3 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/Me0H (8/2), from which 4 or 5-Amino-2-(2-mercapto- ethoxysulfonyloxy)-benzoic acid (3) was obtained (57 % yield).
EXAMPLE 15
Synthesis of 4 or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid anhydride with Sulfuric acid mono-(2-mercapto-ethyl) ester (4)
Figure imgf000075_0001
4- or 5-amino salicylic acid
Figure imgf000075_0002
Figure imgf000075_0003
Synthesis of 4- or δ-tert-Butoxycarbonyiamino-Σ-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1)
To the solution of 5-amino salicylic acid (10.0 mmol) in 25 mL of dioxane and 12.5 mL of water, triethylamine (15.0 mmol) and di-tertbutyl-dicarbonate (15.0 mmol) were added with stirring at 00C for 1/2 h. The reaction mixture was stirred mechanically for 24 h at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent, 3M HCI (15 mL) was added dropwise to the residue. The precipitate is filtered, washed with water and dried. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CVMeOH (9/1), from which 4- or δ-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-Σ-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1) was obtained (80 % yield).
Synthesis of 4- or 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-2- tert-butoxy-benzoic acid (2)
Compound 1 ( 12.0 mmol), cone. H2SO4 (6.0 mmol), and DCM (100 mL) were stirred under isobutylene gas (5 psi) for 6 h at rt. The solution was washed with cold 10% NaHCO3 (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in 1 :1 MeOH/CCI4 (400 mL), washed with water (300 mL), and then extracted with 1 :1 MeOH/water (2 x 200 mL). The extract was dried (Na2SO4) and evaporated to a white solid (2), which was recrystallized by DCM/ hexane (83 % yield).
Synthesis of 4 or 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid anhydride with Sulfuric acid mono-(2-mercapto-ethyl) ester (4)
To the solution of 4- or δ-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino^-tert-butoxy-benzoic acid (2) (3.0 mmol) in 50 mL of dimethylformamide, DCC (3.3 mmol) was added with stirring at 0° C for 1 h. To the reaction mixture, sulfuric acid mono-(2-mercapto-ethyl) ester (3.0 mmol) was added and stirred mechanically for 3 h at 0° C and 72 h at room temperature. After filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The oily residue thus obtained was dissolved in ethyl acetate; the organic layers were washed with brine, dried on anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and the solvent evaporated. The crude intermediate 3 was treated with a solution of TFA (40%) in CH2CI2. After 2 h the solvent was removed to obtain compound 4 as a crude residue. The residue was loaded on a silica gel open column and eluted with CH2CI2/MeOH (8/2), from which 4 or 5-Amino-2-hydmxy-benzoic acid anhydride with sulfuric acid mono-(2-mercapto-θthyl) ester (4) was obtained (68 % yield).
EXAMPLE 16
Dose-Ranging Study of 2-hydroxy-5-amino-benzoic acid 4-(thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol- 3-yl)-phenyl ester hydrochloride (Compound XXXV) in TNBS-lnduced Colitis in
Mice
A standard experimental animal model of colitis induced by intracolonic administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to mice is used in the following example. A detailed description of this model has been published (Santucci et al. (2003) Gastroenterology 124:1381-94) and is incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, 6-8 week old Balb/c mice were given TNBS intracolonically at a dose of 1.5 mg in 0.1 ml_ of 30% ethanol. The mice were randomized to the various treatment groups (n=6 per group). Beginning one hour later and continuing every 12 h for 5 days, the mice were treated orally with vehicle (1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)), mesalamine (25, 50 or 75 mg/kg) or with equimolar doses of 2-hydroxy-5-amino-benzoic acid 4- (thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenyl ester hydrochloride (Compound XXXV). The mice were evaluated (blindly) on the final day of the study for the presence of diarrhea and fecal occult blood, and their body weights were measured. A "disease activity score" was calculated based on these data (0 to 4 scale, as outlined in the paper cited above). After sacrifice, a sample of the colon was excised for measurement of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, as a marker of granulocyte infiltration.
The results for the disease activity score and MPO activity are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, respectively. FIG. 1 shows that Compound XXXV was superior to mesalamine in reducing the activity score at equimolar doses of 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg. Further, MPO activity was significantly reduced (almost in half) at the highest doses tested.
EXAMPLE 17 Effects of Mesalamine and Compound XXXV in TNBS-lndiiced Colitis in Mice
The same model was used as described above. In this example, the effects of mesalamine (50 mg/kg) were compared to those of equimolar doses of Compound XXXV. In addition to measuring the severity of colitis by measuring disease activity score and MPO activity, tissues were processed for measurement of a number of genes for inflammatory cytokines and other mediators.
In particular, mRNA expression in mice of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α),
interferon gamma (IFN-γ), colonic interleukin (IL)-I , IL-2, IL-10, IL-12 p40, RANTES, cyclooxygenase (COX)-I , COX-2, constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS) was measured as described in Wallace et at. (1999) Gastroenterology 117: 557-566, incorporated herein by reference.
Briefly, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect and quantify mRNA of the particular cytokine/chemokine/enzyme. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as the "housekeeping gene" for mRNA expression (i.e., as an internal control). For each sample, the ratio of the amplification of the target gene to the amplification of GAPDH (expression of each is measured by performing densitometry on gels) was obtained. Comparisons were then made between the relative amplification (expression) of the target gene in tissues for the treatment groups in comparison to the expression in tissues from healthy controls. Thus, the data shown in the following FIGS, represent the relative expression of the target gene (normalized to GAPDH expression) as a ratio to the expression in healthy controls.
The results are shown in FIGS. 3 to 10. It is noteworthy that Compound XXXV was superior to mesalamine in every endpoint. It is particularly interesting that Compound XXXV suppressed expression of mRNA for several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. However, Compound XXXV did not suppress expression of IL-10 mRNA, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
In addition, Compound XXXV suppressed both COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA. COX- 1 and COX-2 are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are important in inflammation. Further, Compound XXXV also suppressed eNOS and iNOS mRNA. Both eNOS and iNOS have been implicated in diseases of the Gl tract
EXAMPLE 18
Comparison of the Effects of Compound XXXV versus Mesalamine in Inhibiting Viability of HT-29 Human Colon Cancer Cells In Vitro
HT-29 cells were grown in culture using standard methods. The cells were exposed to vehicle (DMSO), mesalamine or Compound XXXV. Concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM were tested, with each concentration tested in 6 wells. At the end of
,72 h of exposure to the test drugs, cell viability was measured using the MTT [3-(4,5- dimethylthiaxol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay (Carmichael et al. (1978) Cancer Res. 47, 936-942), incorporated herein by reference. Cell viability rates were calculated as a percent of the vehicle (DMSO)-treated cells and results are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Concentrations (μM)
Drug 0.1 1 10
Mesalamine 103.8 + 2.5 101.2 ± 3.5 91 .1 ± 3.2
XXXV 88.4 ± 2 .9** 87.3 + 2.3** 79. 6 ± 1 .9**
*p<0.01 versus the mesalamine-treated group (same concentration)
EXAMPLE 19
Comparison of the Effects of Compound XXXV versus Mesalamine in a Rat Model of Visceral Pain Perception
A rat model of visceral pain perception, a pre-clinical model of irritable bowel syndrome, was used in the following example. Rats (male, Wistar, 200-250 g, obtained from Charles River, Monza, Italy), were housed in plastic cages and maintained under controlled conditions with 12-hours light/dark cycle with lights on at 7.00 AM. Tap water and standard laboratory chow were freely available. Before experiments, rats were individually trained by spending 2-3 hours per day in a plexiglass cage for 2-3 days. It allowed them to adjust to a movement-restriction environment. Food was withheld for 12 hours before colorectal distension (CRD) recording were performed. Experiments were performed in awake rats and were conducted in a blind manner in that the observer was not aware of the identity of drug administered to each animal. In the testing day, rats were sedated with ether inhalation and a 2 cm long latex balloon was inserted intrarectally 2 cm from the anal verge and fixed at the base of the tail. The balloon was connected via a double-barreled cannula to a pressure transducer to continuously monitoring the rectal pressure by a computer (PowerLab PC, A.D. Instruments, Milford, MA, USA) and to a syringe for inflation/deflation of the balloon. The rats were then housed in a small cage (20 x 8 x 8 cm) on an elevated Plexiglas platform and allowed to wake up and adapt for 1 hour. After recovery from sedation, animals underwent the CRD procedure and behavioral responses were tested. The night before the experiments, the balloons were inflated and left overnight so the latex stretched and the balloons became compliant.
CRD of 20 seconds, performed every 5 minutes, was applied in increment of 0.4 ml starting from 0.4 ml up to 1.6 ml water. To achieve an accurate measurement of the colonic parameters and perception, the distensions were repeated twice for each intensity and data for each animal were averaged for analysis. Each animal underwent a double set of CRD. Twenty minutes after the first sequence of CRD (0.4 mL-1.6 ml water), drugs were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) and a second set of CRD was performed. Behavioral responses during the first and the second set of CRD were assessed and compared.
Behavioral response to CRD was assessed by measuring the abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) using a semiquantitative score (1). The AWR is an involuntary motor reflex similar to the visceromotor reflex, but it has the great advantage that, in contrast to the latter, it does not require abdominal surgery to implant recording electrodes and wires in the abdominal muscle wall which may cause additional sensitization (see Ness, TJ. and Gebhart, G. F. (1990) Pain 41 :167-234, incorporated herein by reference).
Measurement of the AWR consisted of visual observation of the animal response to graded CRD by blinded observer and assignment of an AWR score according with the behavioral scale as previously described in Al-Chaer, E. D. et al. (2000) Gastroenterology 19: 1276-85, incorporated herein by reference, in which grade 0 corresponds to no behavioral response to CRD, grade 1 corresponds to brief head movement at the onset of the stimulus followed by immobility, grade 2 corresponds to a mild contraction of abdominal muscles although the rats does not lift the abdomen off the platform, grade 3 corresponds to a strong contraction of the abdominal muscles with the lifting of the abdomen off the platform, and grade 4 corresponds to a severe contraction of the abdominal muscle manifested by body arching and the lifting of the abdomen and of the pelvic structures and scrotum.
The effects of mesalamine and Compound XXXV on colonic compliance and sensitivity were determined using a total of 8 fasting rats. To investigate whether the administration of mesalamine and Compound XXXV could revert pain induced by CRD, after the first sequence of CRD, 4 rats were treated with mesalamine at the dose of 100 mg/kg i.p. or Compound XXXV at the dose of 100 mg/kg Lp., after which a second set of CRD was repeated. Results from these experiments are shown in FIG. 11.
To determine the effect of mesalamine or Compound XXXV on colonic smooth muscle, the compliance of the colo-rectum during CRD was obtained from intracolo- rectal volume and pressure and expressed as mL/mmHg. These results are shown in FIG. 12. All data are presented as the mean ± SEM, with sample sizes of 4 rats/group; statistical comparison of paired data was performed by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. An associated probability (p value) of less that 5% was considered significant.
FIG. 11 (a) and (b) show that Compound XXXV is more effective than mesalaminβ (and vehicle) in reducing visceral pain in response to colorectal distension. Further, Compound XXXV successfully reduced intrarectal pressure, as shown in FlG. 12(b).
Thus, Compound XXXV, which has also been shown to have effective antiinflammatory activity, is useful in treating various inflammatory conditions of the alimentary tract, as well as functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, etc., that are characterized by increased visceral nociception (with or without accompanying inflammation).

Claims

1. A compound of general formula:
A— L-R (I) where: A is
Figure imgf000084_0001
where -N= is either at position 4 or 5,
Figure imgf000084_0002
where -NH is either at position 4 or 5,
Figure imgf000085_0001
where -NH2 is either at position 4 or 5,
or
Figure imgf000085_0002
where -NH2 is either at position 4 or 5;
L is either O, 0-C=O, S, N or a covalent bond to form an ester linkage, an anhydride linkage, a thioester linkage, an amide linkage or an azo linkage; and R is a hydrogen sulfide releasing moiety.
2. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein R is selected from the group consisting of:
Figure imgf000086_0001
Figure imgf000086_0002
Figure imgf000086_0003
Figure imgf000086_0004
Figure imgf000087_0002
Figure imgf000087_0003
Figure imgf000088_0001
Figure imgf000088_0002
Figure imgf000088_0003
Figure imgf000089_0001
Figure imgf000089_0002
Figure imgf000089_0003
Figure imgf000090_0001
Figure imgf000090_0002
Figure imgf000090_0003
Figure imgf000090_0004
and,
Figure imgf000090_0005
3. The compound according to claim 2, 2-hydroxy-4- or 5-[4-(5-thioxo-5H- [1 ,2]dithiol-3-yI)-phenylazo]-benzoic acid.
4. The compound according to claim 2, 4-or 5-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-(5- thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenyl ester.
5. The compound according to claim 2, 4 or 5-amino-2-[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol- 3-yl)-phenoxycarbonyloxy]-benzoic acid.
6. The compound according to claim 2, 2-hydroxy-4 or 5[4-(5-thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol- 3-yl)-phenoxycarbonylamino]-benzoic acid.
7. The compound according to claim 2, 4-or 5-{[(1 -carboxy-2-mercapto- ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl]-azo}-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid.
8. The compound according to claim 2, 4-or 5-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (1- carboxy-2-mercapto-ethylcarbamoyl)-methyl ester.
9. The compound according to claim 2, 4-or 5-amino-2-[(1 -carboxy-2-mercapto- ethylcarbamoyl)-methoxycarbonyloxy]-benzoic acid.
10. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-[(1 -carboxy-2-mercapto- ethylcarbamoyl)-methoxycarbonyIamino]-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid.
11. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5- amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid anhydride with N-acetyl cysteine.
12. The compound according to claim 2, 4 or 5-(2-acetylamino-3-mercapto- propionylamino)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid.
13. The compound according to claim 2, 2-(2-acetylamino-3-mercapto-propionyloxy)- 4 or 5-amino-benzoic acid.
14. The compound according to claim 2, 2-hydroxy-4 or 5-({4-[4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)- 2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λ5-[1 ,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenoxymethyl}-azo)- benzoic acid.
15. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-amino-2-{4-[4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)- 2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λ5-[1 ,3,2(4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-
phenoxymethoxycarbonyloxyj-benzoic acid.
16. The compound according to claim 2, 2-hydroxy- 4- or 5-{4-[4-(4-methoxy-phenyl)- 2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λ5-[1 ,3,2,4]dithia-diphosphetan-2-yl]- phenoxymethoxycarbonylamino}-benzoic acid.
19. The compound according to claim 2, 4-or 5-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-[4- (4-methoxy-phenyl)-2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λ5-[1 ,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]- phenoxymethyl ester.
20. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-[4- (4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2l4-dithioxo-2λ5 )4λ5-[1 ,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenyl
ester.
21. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-amino-2-{4-[4-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)- 2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λ5-[1 ,3,2I4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenoxycarbonyloxy}- benzoic acid.
22. The compound according to claim 2, 2-hydroxy-4- or 5-{4-[4-(4~hydroxy-phenyl)- 2,4-dithioxo-2λ5,4λ5-[1 ,3,2,4]dithiadiphosphetan-2-yl]-phenoxycarbonylamino}-
benzoic acid.
23. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-(1 -carboxy-3-thiocarbamoyl- propylazo)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid.
24. The compound according to claim 2, 2-(4- or 5-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoylamino)- 4-thiocarbamoyl-butyric acid.
25. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-amino-2-(1 -carboxy-3- thiocarbamoyl~propylcarbamoyloxy)-benzoic acid.
26. The compound according to claim 2, 2-hydroxy-4- or 5-[3~(1-hydroxymethyl-3- thiocarbamoyl-propyl)-ureido]-benzoic acid.
27. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-amino-2-(2-amino-4-thiocarbamoyl- butyryloxy)-benzoic acid.
28. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-(2-amino-4-thiocarbamoyl- butyrylamino)-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid.
29. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5- amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid anhydride with 2-amino-4-thiocarbamoyl-butyric acid.
30. The compound according to claim 2, 4-thiocarbamoylphenyl 4- or 5-amino-2- hydroxybenzoate.
31. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-amino-2-(4-thiocarbamoyl- phenoxycarbonyloxy)-benzoic acid.
32. The compound according to claim 2, 2-hydroxy-4- or 5-(4-thiocarbamoyl- phenoxycarbonylamino)-benzoic acid.
33. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid thiocarbamoylmethyl ester.
34. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-amino-2- thiocarbamoylmethoxycarbonyloxy-benzoic acid.
35. The compound according to claim 2, 2-hydroxy-4- or 5- thiocarbamoylmethoxycarbonylamino-benzoic acid.
36. The compound according to claim 2, 4-or 5- amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid anhydride with sulfuric acid mono- (2-mercapto-ethyl) ester.
37. The compound according to claim 2, 4- or 5-amino-2-(2-mercapto- ethoxysulfonyloxy)-benzoic acid.
38. The compound according to claim 2, 5-amino-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid 4-(5- thioxo-5H-[1 ,2]dithiol-3-yl)-phenyl ester.
39. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 , or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
40. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 2, or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
41. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 38 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
42. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 38 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
43. A method of treating an inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject in need of such treatment, said method comprising administering to the subject an amount effective to treat the inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a compound according to claim 1.
44. A method of treating an inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject in need of such treatment, said method comprising administering to the subject an amount effective to treat the inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a compound according to claim 2.
45. A method of treating an inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject in need of such treatment, said method comprising administering to the subject an amount effective to treat the inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a compound according to any one of claims 3 to 38.
46. A method of treating an inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject in need of such treatment, said method comprising administering to the subject an amount effective to treat the inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract of a compound according to claim 38.
47. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 46, wherein the inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract is Crohn's disease.
48. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 46, wherein the inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract is ulcerative colitis.
49. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 46, wherein the inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract is irritable bowel syndrome.
50. A method for preventing colon cancer in a subject, said method comprising administering to the subject an amount effective of a compound according to claim 1.
51. A method for preventing colon cancer in a subject, said method comprising administering to the subject an amount effective of a compound according to claim 2.
52. A method for preventing colon cancer in a subject, said method comprising administering to the subject an amount effective of a compound according to any of claims 3 to 38.
53. A method for preventing colon cancer in a subject, said method comprising administering to the subject an amount effective of a compound according to claim 38.
54. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 38 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject.
55. Use of a compound according to claim 38 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject.
56. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 38 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of Crohn's disease in a subject.
57. Use of a compound according to claim 38 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of Crohn's disease in a subject.
58. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 38 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in a subject.
59. Use of a compound according to claim 38 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in a subject.
60. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 38 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in a subject.
61. Use of a compound according to claim 38 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in a subject.
62. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 38 for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention of colon cancer.
63. Use of a compound according to claim 38 for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention of colon cancer.
64. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 38 for the treatment of an inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject.
65. Use of a compound according to claim 38 for the treatment of an inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract in a subject.
66. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 38 for the treatment of Crohn's disease in a subject.
67. Use of a compound according to claim 38 for the treatment of Crohn's disease in a subject.
68. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 38 for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in a subject.
69. Use of a compound according to claim 38 for the treatment of ulcerative colitis in a subject.
70. Use of a compound according to any one claims 1 to 38 for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in a subject.
71. Use of a compound according to claim 38 for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in a subject.
72. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 38 for preventing colon cancer.
73. Use of a compound according to claim 38 for preventing colon cancer.
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