WO2006050542A1 - Electronic detonator and method of operation thereof - Google Patents
Electronic detonator and method of operation thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006050542A1 WO2006050542A1 PCT/ZA2005/000164 ZA2005000164W WO2006050542A1 WO 2006050542 A1 WO2006050542 A1 WO 2006050542A1 ZA 2005000164 W ZA2005000164 W ZA 2005000164W WO 2006050542 A1 WO2006050542 A1 WO 2006050542A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- detonator
- count
- delay time
- calibration
- time period
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
- F42B3/10—Initiators therefor
- F42B3/12—Bridge initiators
- F42B3/121—Initiators with incorporated integrated circuit
- F42B3/122—Programmable electronic delay initiators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
- F42D1/04—Arrangements for ignition
- F42D1/045—Arrangements for electric ignition
- F42D1/05—Electric circuits for blasting
- F42D1/055—Electric circuits for blasting specially adapted for firing multiple charges with a time delay
Abstract
A method of operating a detonator (24) which includes the steps of obtaining a calibration count using an oscillator (32) with an unknown but stable frequency in the detonator (24) as a reference, over a calibration time period, storing the calibration count in a memory in the detonator (24), transferring a delay time period to the detonator (24) and, in the detonator (24), generating a delay time count, which is related to the delay time period, using the calibration count, the calibration time period, and the delay time period.
Description
ELECTRONIC DETONATOR AND METHOD OF OPERATION THEREOF
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates to an electronic detonator and is more particularly concerned with a hardware efficient technique of enabling an electronic detonator with an unknown oscillator frequency to provide an accurate delay time period upon firing.
[0002] An electronic detonator has the advantage of being able to fire at a precise relative instant in time. Generally an electronic detonator includes at least an integrated circuit, an energy storage capacitor and a firing element. If the detonator is programmable communications between the detonator and a firing control unit take place prior to initiation of the detonator. When the detonator receives a fire signal it counts down, over a predetermined delay time period, independently of any other detonator in a system, and at the end of the delay time period the firing element is energised.
[0003] The accuracy of the delay time period, which is vital to the effective operation of the detonator, is mainly determined by the stability of the frequency of an oscillator which may be a crystal oscillator or a free-running oscillator.
[0004] A crystal oscillator is accurate but may be disturbed by a shock wave arising from the initiation of a nearby detonator. An oscillator of known and stable frequency can be included in an integrated circuit, without making use of a crystal, but this technique is not necessarily cost effective. It is often more economical to use a free- running oscillator with an unknown but stable frequency.
[0005] If use is made of the last mentioned type of oscillator then, in order to program the detonator with a delay time period, the following operations are generally performed: (a) each detonator in a detonator system, which includes an external common control unit, is calibrated over a time period Tc; (b) the external control unit reads a calibration register and obtains, in respect of each detonator, a respective number Nc;
(c) based on the delay time period, Tn, for a particular detonator the external control unit calculates a countdown number Nn for each detonator and sends it to the detonator; and (d) after all the detonators have been programmed i.e. once the respective number Nn has been sent to each detonator, a fire signal is sent by the external control unit to the detonators.
N - T [0006] The countdown number is given by the following expression Nn = — — -
O
[0007] The aforementioned calculation is carried out by the external control unit, for each detonator. This has the disadvantage that lengthy communication cycles are required while the detonators, which might be numerous, are being programmed.
[0008] US Patent No. 4986183 describes two techniques for calculating a time delay in a detonator. In one approach a count of a local oscillator is compared to an ideal count, built into a circuit of the detonator during manufacture, or programmed at a later time. In a second approach the local count is sent to an external control circuit which calculates a correction factor which is then transferred to the detonator.
[0009] Communications in a direction from the external control unit to the detonators are far less challenging than in the other direction. To minimize the cost of an electronic detonator, communications are typically performed in binary packets, at baseband level. Due to the inherent potential dangers associated with detonators and blasting systems, errors in communications with detonators are not tolerated. Sufficient mechanisms must thus be put into place to detect and correct errors occurring during communications. Conventional fully programmable detonator systems require communications and often full data packets, in both directions.
[0010] The invention is intended to address, at least partly, the aforementioned disadvantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] The invention provides, in the first instance, a method of operating a detonator which includes the steps of obtaining a calibration count using an oscillator with an unknown but stable frequency in the detonator as a reference, over a calibration time period, storing the calibration count in a memory in the detonator, transferring a delay time period to the detonator and, in the detonator, generating a delay time count, which is related to the delay time period, using the calibration count, the calibration time period and the delay time period.
[0012] The delay time count is preferably generated in response to a fire signal received by the detonator.
[0013] Upon completion of the delay time count generation a firing element in the detonator may be energised.
[0014] The delay time period may be expressed in numerical form i.e. as a number which comprises a sequence of numerical values or digits. The method may then include the step, for each numerical value, of generating a subsidiary delay time count which is dependent upon the numerical value by counting the calibration count, or a fraction of the calibration count, at least one time, so that the delay time count is equal to the sum of the subsidiary delay time counts.
[0015] The calibration count may be generated in a first counter which counts in a first direction e.g. up (i.e. increasing the count value), and the delay time count may be generated using a second counter which counts in a second direction which is opposite to the first direction i.e. in this example down, decreasing the count value.
[0016] The calibration count or the aforementioned fraction of the calibration count may be transferred from the first counter to the second counter prior to the second counter initiating each count. This transfer may be effected a number of times which is equal the numerical value at the time.
[0017] The invention extends, in the second instance, to a method of operating a detonator system which includes a plurality of detonators which are connected to an external control unit, the method including the steps, at each detonator, of generating a calibration count, specific to the detonator, in response to a calibration signal sent from the external control unit and storing in the detonator a delay time period, specific to the
detonator, sent from the external control unit, transmitting a fire signal from the external control unit to all the detonators and, at each detonator, generating a delay time count, specific to the detonator, which is dependent on the calibration count and the delay time period for that detonator and, at the end of the delay time count, energising a firing element in the detonator.
[0018] The invention also provides a detonator which includes a free-running oscillator with an unknown but stable frequency, a calibration counter which, in response to a calibration signal, generates a calibration count using the frequency of the oscillator as a reference, over a calibration time period, a time register in which is stored a delay time period which comprises a plurality of digits, a controller, and a loadable counter which, in respect of each digit, in response to the controller and the delay time period, counts the calibration count, or a fraction thereof, at least one time to produce a subsidiary delay time count which is dependent on the numerical value of the digit.
[0019] The detonator may include a firing element which is energised by the controller after a subsidiary delay time count has been produced for each digit in the delay time period.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] The invention is further described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 illustrates a detonator system,
Figure 2 depicts a prior art electronic detonator counter configuration, and
Figure 3 illustrates an electronic detonator counter configuration according to the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0021] Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings illustrates a detonator system 10 which includes a plurality of detonators 12A, 12B ... 12N connected via a harness 14 to a common external control unit 16.
[0022] Each detonator is exposed to a respective explosive charge 18A, 18B ... 18N in a respective borehole 20A1 2OB, 2ON formed at strategic positions in ground 22.
[0023] Figure 2 illustrates a conventional electronic detonator counter configuration. The remainder of the detonator is not shown for it does not play a part in an understanding of the invention. A conventional detonator 24 includes a control logic unit 30, a free-running oscillator 32, an internal counter 34 and a firing element 36. Communication between the detonator and the external control unit is effected under the control of the control logic unit 30. Prior to calibration the count value of the counter 34 is set to zero. When a calibrate signal is sent by the control unit 16 to the detonator the counter 34 counts in a first direction for the particular calibration time period. (This count is carried out under the control of the oscillator 32 which although free-running is stable). At the end of the calibration time period the count held in the counter 34 is sent to the externa! control unit 16 which carries out the calculation referred to hereinbefore to generate the countdown number Nn which is sent to the detonator and stored in the counter 34.
[0024] When the firing element 36 is to be initiated the external control unit 16 sends a fire command simultaneously to all the detonators. In each detonator, this command is processed by the respective control logic unit 30 and the counter 34 is actuated to count down, through the value Nn, until zero is reached. An energising signal is then sent to the firing element.
[0025] It is evident from the aforegoing that, particularly in a large detonator system, considerable processing is carried out at the external control unit. Also the sum of the communication times between the external control unit and each detonator, in a system which includes a large number of detonators, can be considerable.
[0026] Figure 3 illustrates a counter configuration of a detonator 12 according to the invention, which is capable of carrying out the aforementioned calculation at the detonator.
[0027] The detonator 12 is connected to an external control unit 16, and includes a communications control logic unit 40, a free running and stable oscillator 42 which operates at a frequency which is not precisely known, a first or calibration counter 44, a second or loadable counter 46, a countdown time register 48, a counter control logic unit 50 and a firing element 52.
[0028] The invention is described hereinafter with reference to operation using a binary coded decimal (BCD) format and each count in the detonator 12 is in BCD format. It is to be understood that this is only by way of example and that other radix systems may be employed as appropriate.
[0029] In order to program the detonator 12, in a manner equivalent to what has been described, a calibration signal is sent from the external control unit 16 to each detonator in the detonator system.
[0030] The calibration signal is received by the unit 40 which then causes the calibration counter 44 to commence counting from a reference value, for example zero, in a first direction at a rate which is determined by the frequency of the free running oscillator 42.
[0031] At the end of the calibration time period the counter 44 holds a count which is equivalent to, or representative of, the calibration time.
[0032] Subsequently each detonator in the system is addressed by the control unit and a delay time period, in BCD format, is received by the detonator. This delay time period is stored in the countdown time register 48. The number of BCD segments required depends on the maximum frequency of the oscillator 42, the minimum and maximum programmable delay time periods and the required accuracy of the detonator timing system.
[0033] When the detonators are to be fired a fire signal is sent by the external control unit simultaneously to all the detonators. At each detonator the count value in the calibration counter 44 or a portion or fraction thereof, as is explained hereinafter, is transferred to the loadable counter 46. The loadable counter then counts down on this transferred value until it reaches zero. This is repeated as many times as determined by the most significant digit of the delay time period in the countdown time register 48. The delay time period is a numerical value typically expressed as a succession of digits.
The number of digits depends on the length of the delay time period and the accuracy to which this period is expressed. The numerical value of each digit thus determines the number of times the particular value which has been transferred to the loadable counter 46 is counted through. The time taken for this counting process is referred to as a subsidiary or secondary delay time count.
[0034] After the aforementioned counting process has been carried out for the most significant digit in the delay time period the calibration counter 44 is shifted right by one decimal position. This effectively divides the calibration count by a factor of 10. The resulting value is transferred to the loadable counter 46 which then counts down until it reaches zero. This is repeated for the number of times which is equal to the numerical value of the second most significant digit of the countdown time register 48 and, again, a subsidiary delay time count is generated in the process. If the digit in question is a zero then no counting would be required, although the position or significance of the zero would be taken account of.
[0035] If there is a third most significant digit then the aforementioned process is repeated for the third digit in the countdown time register and then for each of the remaining digits (if any). At the end of this process the sum of the subsidiary delay time counts is equal to the delay time period associated with the detonator and a fire signal is then initiated by the logic unit 50 to energise the firing element 52.
Example
[0036] The programming technique of the invention is described in the following example which makes use, as indicated, of the decimal radix. Any other radix can be
employed and, as stated, the invention is not restricted to the use of BCD codes or formats.
[0037] In this description, the words "count down the calibration counter" mean "transfer the content of the calibration counter 44 to the loadable counter 46 and start counting down the loadable counter 46 until 0 is reached".
[0038] Assume that the calibration time is 1.000s and that thereafter the calibration counter 44 holds a value of 28376 - this is dependent on the stable, yet unknown, frequency of the oscillation 42. The desired delay time period is 3.582s, and is stored in the time register 48.
Step 1: Counting seconds
Count down the calibration counter 3 times:
I 2 I 8 I 3 I 7 I 6 I = 1.00Os X | 3 | 5 | 8 \~2~] = 3.000s
Step 2: Counting 1/l0 th seconds
Shift the calibration counter 1 digit right, count down the calibration counter 5 times:
0 I 2 I 8 I 3 I 7 I = 0.100s X | 3 | 5 | 8 | 2~| = 0.500s
Step 3: Counting 1/iooth seconds
Shift the calibration counter 1 digit right, count down the calibration counter 8 times:
I 0 I 0 I 2 I 8 I 3 I = 0.010s X \ 3 | 5 | 8 | 2 | = 0.080s
Step 4: Counting 1/inogth seconds Shift the calibration counter 1 digit right, count down the calibration counter 2 times:
0 I 0 I 0 I 2 I 8 I = 0.001s x | 3 | 5 I 8 I 2 I = 0.002s
[0039] The delay time period is a numerical value expressed as a succession of digits. In the BCD system a digit has 10 times the significance or value of an adjacent following digit. In the method of the invention a given count is repeated a number of times which equals the numerical value of a digit. The count, in turn, is divided by 10 (by shifting an existing count value to the right, in a BCD system) each time a succeeding (lower significance) digit is processed. In this way the original count or a fraction thereof (i.e. 1/ioth ; Viooth; 1/ioooth, etc) is used to generate a plurality of subsidiary or secondary delay time counts with each count being dependent on the numerical value of a respective digit. The sum of these subsidiary counts is equal to the delay time period.
[0040] Each time a shift operation or a load operation or a detect 0 operation is performed, the circuit may require an extra clock pulse for execution. The total number of extra clock pulses required is predictable, and is compensated for by logic executed by the control unit 16, or by the control logic unit 50.
[0041] In essence the invention provides a method of calculating a specific delay time period, within a detonator as opposed to carrying out the calculation in an external controller, without including significant additional computing or calculating resources in the detonator. This is achieved in a way which reduces the requirement for each detonator to respond to the control unit. Data packets are not sent by the detonator to the external control unit. All that is required is a simple acknowledge pulse from the detonator. Consequently the time required for communication between each detonator and the external control unit is reduced. This is of particular benefit when a system which has a large number of detonators is being programmed.
[0042] In the preceding description the words and phrases "count", "count up" and "count down" are used only in an illustrative manner and are not prescriptive. Thus the phrase "count up" could mean that a count value increases or, depending on requirement, decreases. A final count value of a counter could be an arbitrarily chosen value which could be a maximum value or a minimum value or any other value. In all instances the counter counts from a known position at a rate related to the frequency of the oscillator.
Claims
1. A method of operating a detonator which includes the steps of obtaining a calibration count using an oscillator with an unknown but stable frequency in the detonator as a reference, over a calibration time period, storing the calibration count in a memory in the detonator, transferring a delay time period to the detonator and, in the detonator, generating a delay time count, which is related to the delay time period, using the calibration count, the calibration time period, and the delay time period.
2. A method according to claim 1 which includes the step of generating the delay time count in response to a fire signal received by the detonator.
3. A method according to claim 1 or 2 which includes the step of energising a firing element in the detonator upon completion of the delay time count generation.
4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to, 3 wherein the delay time period is a number which comprises a sequence of numerical values and which includes the step, for each numerical value, of generating a subsidiary delay time count which is dependent on the numerical value by counting the calibration count, or a fraction of the calibration count, at least one time, so that the delay time count is equal to the sum of the subsidiary delay time counts.
5. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the calibration count is generated in a first counter which counts in a first direction, and the delay time count is generated using a second counter which counts in a second direction which is opposite to the first direction.
6. A method of operating a detonator system which includes a plurality of detonators which are connected to an external control unit, the method including the steps, at each detonator, of generating a calibration count, specific to the detonator, in response to a calibration signal sent from the external control unit and storing in the detonator a delay time period, specific to the detonator, sent from the external control unit, transmitting a fire signal from the external control unit to all the detonators and, at each detonator, generating a delay time count, specific to the detonator, which is dependent on the calibration count and the delay time period for that detonator and, at the end of the delay time count, energising a firing element in the detonator.
7. A detonator which includes a free running oscillator with an unknown but stable frequency, a calibration counter which, in response to a calibration signal, generates a calibration count using the oscillator as a reference, over a calibration time period, a time register in which is stored a delay time period which comprises a plurality of digits, a controller, and a loadable counter which, in respect of each digit, in response to the controller and the delay time period, counts the calibration count, or a fraction thereof, at least one time to produce a subsidiary delay time count which is dependent on the numerical value of the digit.
8. A detonator according to claim 7 which includes a firing element which is energised by the controller after a subsidiary delay time count has been produced for each digit in the delay time period.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA2004/8963 | 2004-11-05 | ||
| ZA200408963 | 2004-11-05 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2006050542A1 true WO2006050542A1 (en) | 2006-05-11 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| PCT/ZA2005/000164 WO2006050542A1 (en) | 2004-11-05 | 2005-11-01 | Electronic detonator and method of operation thereof |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008098302A1 (en) * | 2007-02-16 | 2008-08-21 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | Method of communication at a blast site, and corresponding blasting apparatus |
| CN101886901A (en) * | 2009-08-20 | 2010-11-17 | 北京维深数码科技有限公司 | Wireless explosion system, and communication method and explosion time customizing method thereof |
| CN106017240A (en) * | 2016-05-27 | 2016-10-12 | 深圳炎泰丰华科技有限公司 | Detonation system and detonation method thereof |
| CN111666597A (en) * | 2020-05-13 | 2020-09-15 | 上海微符尔半导体有限公司 | On-chip storage method and device for electronic detonator chip |
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| US4419933A (en) * | 1978-02-01 | 1983-12-13 | Imperial Chemical Industries Limited | Apparatus and method for selectively activating plural electrical loads at predetermined relative times |
| US4986183A (en) | 1989-10-24 | 1991-01-22 | Atlas Powder Company | Method and apparatus for calibration of electronic delay detonation circuits |
| US5117756A (en) * | 1989-02-03 | 1992-06-02 | Atlas Powder Company | Method and apparatus for a calibrated electronic timing circuit |
| US5367957A (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1994-11-29 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Tunable timing circuit and method for operating same and blasting detonator using same |
| US20030101889A1 (en) * | 1999-12-07 | 2003-06-05 | Sune Hallin | Flexible detonator system |
| US6789483B1 (en) * | 2003-07-15 | 2004-09-14 | Special Devices, Inc. | Detonator utilizing selection of logger mode or blaster mode based on sensed voltages |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4419933A (en) * | 1978-02-01 | 1983-12-13 | Imperial Chemical Industries Limited | Apparatus and method for selectively activating plural electrical loads at predetermined relative times |
| US5117756A (en) * | 1989-02-03 | 1992-06-02 | Atlas Powder Company | Method and apparatus for a calibrated electronic timing circuit |
| US4986183A (en) | 1989-10-24 | 1991-01-22 | Atlas Powder Company | Method and apparatus for calibration of electronic delay detonation circuits |
| US5367957A (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1994-11-29 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Tunable timing circuit and method for operating same and blasting detonator using same |
| US20030101889A1 (en) * | 1999-12-07 | 2003-06-05 | Sune Hallin | Flexible detonator system |
| US6789483B1 (en) * | 2003-07-15 | 2004-09-14 | Special Devices, Inc. | Detonator utilizing selection of logger mode or blaster mode based on sensed voltages |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008098302A1 (en) * | 2007-02-16 | 2008-08-21 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | Method of communication at a blast site, and corresponding blasting apparatus |
| US7848078B2 (en) | 2007-02-16 | 2010-12-07 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | Method of communication at a blast site, and corresponding blasting apparatus |
| CN101886901A (en) * | 2009-08-20 | 2010-11-17 | 北京维深数码科技有限公司 | Wireless explosion system, and communication method and explosion time customizing method thereof |
| CN106017240A (en) * | 2016-05-27 | 2016-10-12 | 深圳炎泰丰华科技有限公司 | Detonation system and detonation method thereof |
| CN111666597A (en) * | 2020-05-13 | 2020-09-15 | 上海微符尔半导体有限公司 | On-chip storage method and device for electronic detonator chip |
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