WO2005002200A2 - Procedes et dispositif d'integration de filigranes numeriques - Google Patents

Procedes et dispositif d'integration de filigranes numeriques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005002200A2
WO2005002200A2 PCT/US2004/018645 US2004018645W WO2005002200A2 WO 2005002200 A2 WO2005002200 A2 WO 2005002200A2 US 2004018645 W US2004018645 W US 2004018645W WO 2005002200 A2 WO2005002200 A2 WO 2005002200A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
watermarked
transform coefficient
coefficient sets
audio
time
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2004/018645
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English (en)
Other versions
WO2005002200A3 (fr
Inventor
Venugopal Srinivasan
Original Assignee
Nielsen Media Research, Inc.
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Publication date
Application filed by Nielsen Media Research, Inc. filed Critical Nielsen Media Research, Inc.
Publication of WO2005002200A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005002200A2/fr
Publication of WO2005002200A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005002200A3/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K1/00—Secret communication
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/018—Audio watermarking, i.e. embedding inaudible data in the audio signal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
    • H04H20/00—Arrangements for broadcast or for distribution combined with broadcast
    • H04H20/28—Arrangements for simultaneous broadcast of plural pieces of information
    • H04H20/30—Arrangements for simultaneous broadcast of plural pieces of information by a single channel
    • H04H20/31—Arrangements for simultaneous broadcast of plural pieces of information by a single channel using in-band signals, e.g. subsonic or cue signal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L19/00—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis
    • G10L19/02—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using spectral analysis, e.g. transform vocoders or subband vocoders
    • G10L19/0212—Speech or audio signals analysis-synthesis techniques for redundancy reduction, e.g. in vocoders; Coding or decoding of speech or audio signals, using source filter models or psychoacoustic analysis using spectral analysis, e.g. transform vocoders or subband vocoders using orthogonal transformation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
    • H04H2201/00—Aspects of broadcast communication
    • H04H2201/50—Aspects of broadcast communication characterised by the use of watermarks

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to media measurements, and more particularly, to methods and apparatus for embedding watermarks in a compressed digital data stream.
  • compressed digital data streams are typically used to carry video and/or audio data for transmission.
  • ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee
  • DTV digital television
  • MPEG Moving Picture Experts Group
  • AM Motion Picture Experts Group
  • Digital Audio Compression standards e.g., AC-3, which is also known as Dolby Digital ®
  • AC-3 Digital Audio Compression
  • the AC-3 compression standard is based on a perceptual digital audio coding technique that reduces the amount of data needed to reproduce the original audio signal while minimizing perceptible distortion.
  • the AC-3 compression standard recognizes that the human ear is unable to perceive changes in spectral energy at particular spectral frequencies that are smaller than the masking energy at those spectral frequencies.
  • the masking energy is a characteristic of an audio segment dependent on the tonality and noise-like characteristic of the audio segment. Different known psycho-acoustic models may be used to determine the masking energy at a particular spectral frequency.
  • NC-3 compression standard provides a multi-channel digital audio format (e.g., 5.1 channels format) for digital television (DTV), high definition television (HDTV), digital versatile discs (DVDs), digital cable, and satellite transmissions that enables the broadcast of special sound effects (e.g., surround sound).
  • DTV digital television
  • HDTV high definition television
  • DVDs digital versatile discs
  • satellite transmissions that enables the broadcast of special sound effects (e.g., surround sound).
  • Existing television or radio broadcast stations employ watermarking techniques to embed watermarks within video and/or audio data streams compressed in accordance with compression standards such as the AC-3 compression standard and the MPEG Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) compression standard.
  • watermarks are digital data that uniquely identify broadcasters and/or programs. Watermarks are typically extracted using a decoding operation at one or more reception sites (e.g., households or other media consumption sites) and, thus, may be used to assess the viewing behaviors of individual households and/or groups of households to produce ratings information.
  • existing watermarking techniques are designed for use with analog broadcast systems.
  • existing watermarking techniques convert analog program data to an uncompressed digital data stream, insert watermark data in the uncompressed digital data stream, and convert the watermarked data stream to an analog format prior to transmission.
  • watermark data may need to be embedded or inserted directly in a compressed digital data stream.
  • Existing watermarking techniques may decompress the compressed digital data stream into time-domain samples, insert the watermark data into the time-domain samples, and recompress the watermarked time-domain samples into a watermarked compressed digital data stream.
  • Such decompression/compression may cause degradation in the quality of the media content in the compressed digital data stream.
  • existing decompression/compression techniques require additional equipment and cause delay of the audio component of a broadcast in a manner that, in some cases, may be unacceptable.
  • the methods employed by local broadcasting affiliates to receive compressed digital data streams from their parent networks and to insert local content through sophisticated splicing equipment prevent conversion of a compressed digital data stream to a time-domain (uncompressed) signal prior to recompression of the digital data streams.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of an example media monitoring system.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram representation of an example watermark embedding system.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram representation of an example uncompressed digital data stream associated with the example watermark embedding system of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram representation of an example embedding device that may be used to implement the example watermark embedding system of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 5 depicts an example compressed digital data stream associated with the example embedding device of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 6 depicts an example quantization look-up table that may be used to implement the example watermark embedding system of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 7 depicts another example uncompressed digital data stream that may be compressed and then processed using the example watermark embedding system of FIG.
  • FIG. 8 depicts an example compressed digital data stream associated with the example uncompressed digital data stream of FIG. 7.
  • FIG. 9 depicts one manner in which the example watermark embedding system of FIG. 2 may be configured to embed watermarks.
  • FIG. 10 depicts one manner in which the modification process of FIG. 9 may be implemented.
  • FIG. 11 depicts one manner in which a data frame may be processed.
  • FIG. 12 depicts one manner in which a watermark may be embedded in a compressed digital data stream.
  • FIG. 13 depicts an example code frequency index table that may be used to implement the example watermark embedding system of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 14 is a block diagram representation of an example processor system that may be used to implement the example watermark embedding system of FIG. 2.
  • methods and apparatus for embedding watermarks in compressed digital data streams are disclosed herein.
  • the methods and apparatus disclosed herein may be used to embed watermarks in compressed digital data streams (i.e., without prior decompression of the compressed digital data streams).
  • the methods and apparatus disclosed herein eliminate the need to subject compressed digital data streams to multiple decompression/compression cycles, which are typically unacceptable to affiliates of, for example, television broadcast networks (i.e., multiple decompression/compression cycles may significantly degrade the quality of media content in the compressed digital data streams).
  • the methods and apparatus disclosed -herein may be used to unpack the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coefficient sets associated with a compressed digital data stream formatted according to a digital audio compression standard such as the AC-3 compression standard.
  • MDCT modified discrete cosine transform
  • the mantissas of the unpacked MDCT coefficient sets may be modified to embed watermarks that imperceptibly augment the compressed digital data stream.
  • a receiving device e.g., a set top television metering device at a media consumption site
  • the extracted watermark information may be used to identify the media sources and/or programs (e.g., broadcast stations) associated with media currently being consumed (e.g., viewed, listened to, etc.) at a media consumption, site.
  • the source and program identification information may be used in known manners to generate ratings information and/or any other information that may be used to assess the viewing behaviors associated with individual households and/or groups of households.
  • an example broadcast system 100 including a service provider 110, a television 120, a remote control device 125, and a receiving device 130 is metered using an audience measurement system.
  • the components of the broadcast system 100 may be coupled in any well-known manner.
  • the television 120 is positioned in a viewing area 150 located within a household occupied by one or more people, referred to as household members 160, some or all of whom have agreed to participate in an audience measurement research study.
  • the receiving device 130 may be a set top box (STB), a video cassette recorder, a digital video recorder, a personal video recorder, a personal computer, a digital video disc player, etc. coupled to the television 120.
  • the viewing area 150 includes the area in which the television 120 is located and from which the television 120 may be viewed by the one or more household members 160 located in the viewing area 150.
  • a metering device 140 is configured to identify viewing information based on video/audio output signals conveyed from the receiving device 130 to the television 120.
  • the metering device 140 provides this viewing information as well as other tuning and/or demographic data via a network 170 to a data collection facility 180.
  • the network 170 may be implemented using any desired- combination of hardwired and wireless communication links, including for example, the Internet, an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, a cellular telephone system, a coaxial cable, etc.
  • the data collection facility 180 may be configured to process and/or store data received from the metering device 140 to produce ratings information.
  • the service provider 110 may be implemented by any service provider such as, for example, a cable television service provider 112, a radio frequency (RF) television service provider 114, and/or a satellite television service provider 116.
  • the television 120 receives a plurality of television signals transmitted via a plurality of channels by the service provider 110 and may be adapted to process and display television signals provided in any format such as a National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) television signal format, a high definition television (HDTV) signal format, an Advanced Television Systems Committee (NTSC) television signal format, a phase alternation line (PAL) television signal format, a digital video broadcasting (DVB) television signal format, an Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) television signal format, etc.
  • NTSC National Television Standards Committee
  • HDTV high definition television
  • NTSC Advanced Television Systems Committee
  • PAL phase alternation line
  • DVD digital video broadcasting
  • ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
  • the user-operated remote control device 125 allows a user (e.g., the household member 160) to cause the television 120 to tune to and receive signals transmitted on a desired channel, and to cause the television 120 to process and present or deliver the programming or media content contained in the signals transmitted on the desired channel.
  • the processing performed by the television 120 may include, for example, extracting a video and/or an audio component delivered via the received signal, causing the video component to be displayed on a screen/display associated with the television 120, and causing the audio component to be emitted by speakers associated with the television 120.
  • the programming content contained in the television signal may include, for example, a television program, a movie, an advertisement, a video game, a web page, a still image, and/or a preview of other programming content that is currently offered or will be offered in the future by the service provider 110.
  • FIG. 1 While the components shown in FIG. 1 are depicted as separate structures within the broadcast system 100, the functions performed by some of these structures may be integrated within a single unit or may be implemented using two or more separate components.
  • the television 120 and the receiving device 130 are depicted as separate structures, the television 120 and the receiving device 130 may be integrated into a single unit (e.g., an integrated digital television set). In another example, the television 120, the receiving device 130, and/or the metering device 140 may be integrated into a single unit.
  • a watermark embedding system may encode watermarks that uniquely identify broadcasters and/or programs in the broadcast signals from the service providers 110.
  • the watermark embedding system may be implemented at the service provider 110 so that each of the plurality of media signals (e.g., television signals) transmitted by the service provider 110 includes one or more watermarks.
  • the receiving device 130 may tune to and receive media signals transmitted on a desired channel and cause the television 120 to process and present the programming content contained in the signals transmitted on the desired channel.
  • the metering device 140 may identify watermark information based on video/audio output signals conveyed from the receiving device 130 to the television 120. Accordingly, the metering device 140 may provide this watermark information as well as other tuning and/or demographic data to the data collection facility 180 via the network 170.
  • an example watermark embedding system 200 includes an embedding device 210 and a watermark source 220.
  • the embedding device 210 is configured to insert watermark information 230 from the watermark source 220 into a compressed digital data stream 240.
  • the compressed digital data stream 240 may be compressed according to an audio compression standard such as the AC-3 compression standard and/or the MPEG-AAC compression standard, either of which may be used to process blocks of an audio signal using a predetermined number of digitized samples from each block.
  • the source of the compressed digital data stream 240 (not shown) may be sampled at a rate of, for example, 48 kilohertz (kHz) to form audio blocks as described below.
  • audio compression techniques such as those based on the AC-3 compression standard use overlapped audio blocks and the MDCT algorithm to convert an audio signal into a compressed digital data stream (e.g., the compressed digital data stream 240 of FIG. 2).
  • Two different block sizes i.e., short and long blocks
  • AC- 3 short blocks may be used to minimize pre-echo for transient segments of the audio signal
  • AC-3 long blocks may be used to achieve high compression gain for non- transient segments of the audio signal.
  • an AC-3 long block is derived from a block of 512 time-domain audio samples by means of an MDCT algorithm.
  • the 512 time- domain samples are obtained by concatenating a preceding (old) block of 256 time- domain samples and a current (new) block of 256 time-domain samples to create an audio block of 512 time-domain samples.
  • the AC-3 long block contains 256 transform coefficients.
  • an AC-3 short block is derived from a pair of overlapping consecutive time-domain sample blocks of audio each containing 256 samples.
  • the AC-3 short block contains the MDCT coefficients of these time-domain short blocks.
  • Each time domain short block produces 128 coefficients resulting in a combined total of 256 coefficients.
  • both the AC-3 long and AC-3 short blocks contain the same number of MDCT coefficients.
  • a short block contains 128 samples and a long block contains 1024 samples.
  • audio compression techniques decrease the number of bits required to represent an audio signal.
  • an uncompressed digital data stream 300 includes a plurality of 256-sample time-domain audio blocks 310, generally shown as A0, Al, A2, A3, A4, and A5.
  • the MDCT algorithm processes the audio blocks 310 to generate MDCT coefficient sets 320, generally shown as MAO, MAI, MA2, MA3, MA4, and MA5 (where MA5 is not shown).
  • the MDCT algorithm may process the audio blocks A0 and Al to generate the MDCT coefficient set MAO.
  • the audio blocks A0 and Al are concatenated to generate a 512-sample audio block that is MDCT transformed using the MDCT algorithm to generate the MDCT coefficient set MAO which includes 256 MDCT coefficients.
  • the audio blocks Al and A2 may be processed to generate the MDCT coefficient set MAI.
  • the audio block Al is an overlapping audio block because it is used to generate both MDCT coefficient sets MAO and MAI .
  • the MDCT algorithm is used to transform the audio blocks A2 and A3 to generate the MDCT coefficient set MA2, the audio blocks A3 and A4 to generate the MDCT coefficient set MA3, the audio blocks A4 and A5 to generate the MDCT coefficient set MA4, etc.
  • the audio block A2 is an overlapping audio block used to generate the MDCT coefficient sets MAI and MA2
  • the audio block A3 is an overlapping audio block used to generate the MDCT coefficient sets MA2 and MA3
  • the audio block A4 is an overlapping audio block used to generate the MDCT coefficient sets MA3 and MA4, etc.
  • the MDCT coefficient sets 320 form the compressed digital data stream 240.
  • the embedding device 210 of FIG. 2 may embed or insert the watermark information or watermark 230 from the watermark source 220 into the compressed digital data stream 240.
  • the watermark 230 may be used, for example, to uniquely identify broadcasters and/or programs so that media consumption information (e.g., viewing information) and/or ratings information may be produced. Accordingly, the embedding device 210 produces a watermarked compressed digital data stream 250 for transmission.
  • the embedding device 210 includes an identifying unit 410, an unpacking unit 420, a modification unit 430, and a repacking unit 440. While the operation of the embedding device 210 is described below in accordance with the AC-3 compression standard, the embedding device 210 may be implemented to operate with additional or other compression standards such as, for example, the MPEG- AAC compression standard. The operation of the embedding device 210 is described in greater detail in connection with FIG. 5.
  • the identifying unit 410 is configured to identify one or more frames 510 associated with the compressed digital data stream 240, a portion of which is shown by way of example as Frame A and Frame B in FIG. 5.
  • the compressed digital data stream 240 may be a digital data stream compressed in accordance with the AC-3 standard (hereinafter "AC-3 data stream"). While the AC-3 data stream 240 may include multiple channels, for purposes of clarity, the following example describes the AC-3 data stream 240 as including only one channel.
  • each of the frames 510 includes a plurality of MDCT coefficient sets 520.
  • each of the frames 510 includes six MDCT coefficient sets (i.e., six "audblk”).
  • Frame A includes the MDCT coefficient sets MAO, MAI, MA2, MA3, MA4 and MA5
  • Frame B includes the MDCT coefficient sets MB0, MB1, MB2, MB3, MB4 and MB5.
  • the identifying unit 410 is also configured to identify header information associated with each of the frames 510, such as, for example, the number of channels associated with the AC-3 data stream 240. While the example AC-3 data stream 240 includes only one channel as noted above, an example compressed digital data stream having multiple channels is described below in connection with FIGS. 7 and 8. [0035] Returning to FIG.
  • the unpacking unit 420 is configured to unpack the MDCT coefficient sets 520 to determine compression information such as, for example, the parameters of the original compression process (i.e., the manner in which an audio compression technique compressed an audio signal or audio data to form the compressed digital data stream 240). For example, the unpacking unit 420 may determine how many bits are used to represent each of the MDCT coefficients within the MDCT coefficient sets 520. Additionally, compression parameters may include information that limits the extent to which the AC-3 data stream 240 may be modified to ensure that the media content conveyed via the AC-3 data stream 240 is of a sufficiently high quality level.
  • the embedding device 210 subsequently uses the compression information identified by the unpacking unit 420 to embed/insert the desired watermark information 230 into the AC-3 data stream 240 thereby ensuring that the watermark insertion is performed in a manner consistent with the compression information supplied in the signal.
  • the compression information also includes a mantissa and an exponent associated with each MDCT coefficient. Specifically, the presence of audio energy Et either at a particular frequency k (e.g., a tone) or spread across a band of frequencies proximate to the particular frequency k (e.g., a noise-like characteristic) creates a masking effect.
  • an MDCT coefficient m # associated with the frequency k may be quantized with a step size related to ⁇ E t without risk of causing any humanly perceptible changes to the audio content.
  • the number of bits used to represent the mantissa M k of each MDCT coefficient of the MDCT coefficient sets 520 may be determined based on known quantization look-up tables published in the AC-3 compression standard (e.g., the quantization look-up table 600 of FIG. 6).
  • the quantization look-up table 600 provides mantissa codes or bit patterns and mantissa values for MDCT coefficients represented by a four-bit number.
  • the mantissa M k may be changed (e.g., augmented) to represent a modified value of an MDCT coefficient to embed a watermark in the AC-3 data stream 240.
  • the modification unit 430 is configured to perform an inverse transform of each of the MDCT coefficient sets 520 to generate time-domain audio blocks 530, shown by way of example as TAO', TA3", TA4', TA4", TA5', TA5", TBO', TBO", TBl ', TBl", and TB5' (TAO" through TA3' and TB2' through TB4" are not shown).
  • the modification unit 430 performs inverse transform operations to generate sets of previous (old) time-domain audio blocks (which are represented as prime blocks) and sets of current (new) time-domain audio blocks (which are represented as double- prime blocks) associated with the 256-sample time-domain audio blocks that were concatenated to form the MDCT coefficient sets 520 of the AC-3 data stream 240.
  • the modification unit 430 performs an inverse transform on the MDCT coefficient set MA5 to generate time-domain blocks TA4" and TA5', the MDCT coefficient set MB0 to generate TA5" and TBO', the MDCT coefficient set MB1 to generate TBO" and TBl ', etc.
  • the modification unit 430 generates reconstructed time-domain audio blocks 540, which provide a reconstruction of the original time-domain audio blocks that were compressed to form the AC-3 data stream 240.
  • the modification unit 430 may add time-domain audio blocks based on, for example, the known Princen- Bradley time domain alias cancellation (TDAC) technique as described in Princen et al., Analysis/Synthesis Filter Bank Design Based on Time Domain Aliasing Cancellation, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-35, No. 5, pp. 1153 - 1161 (1996).
  • TDAC time domain alias cancellation
  • the modification unit 430 may reconstruct the time-domain audio block TA5 (i.e., TA5R) by adding the prime time-domain audio block TA5' and the double-prime time-domain audio block TA5" using the Princen-Bradley TDAC technique.
  • the modification unit 430 may reconstruct the time-domain audio block TBO (i.e., TB0R) by adding the prime audio block TBO' and the double-prime audio block TBO" using the Princen-Bradley TDAC technique.
  • the original time-domain audio blocks used to form the AC-3 data stream 240 are reconstructed (i.e., the reconstructed time- domain audio blocks 540) without having to decompress the AC-3 data stream 240 which, as described in detail below, enables the watermark 230 to be embedded or inserted directly into the AC-3 data stream 240.
  • the modification unit 430 is also configured to insert the watermark 230 into the reconstructed time-domain audio blocks 540 to generate watermarked time-domain audio blocks 550, generally shown as TA0W, TA4W, TA5W, TB0W, TB1W and TB5W (blocks TA1W, TA2W, TA3W, TB2W, TB3W and TB4W are not shown).
  • the modification unit 430 generates a modifiable time-domain audio block by concatenating two adjacent reconstructed time-domain audio blocks to create a 512-sample audio block.
  • the modification unit 430 may concatenate the reconstructed time-domain audio blocks TA5R and TB0R (each being a 256-sample audio block) to form a 512-sample audio block.
  • the modification unit 430 may then insert the watermark 230 into the 512-sample audio block formed by the reconstructed time-domain audio blocks TA5R and TB0R to generate the watermarked time-domain audio blocks TA5W and TB0W.
  • Encoding processes such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,272,176, 6,504,870, and 6,621,881 may be used to insert the watermark 230 into the reconstructed time-domain audio blocks 540.
  • watermarks may be inserted into a 512-sample audio block.
  • each 512-sample audio block carries one bit of embedded or inserted data of the watermark 230.
  • spectral frequency components with indices fi and f 2 may be modified or augmented to insert data bits associated with the watermark 230.
  • a power at the first spectral frequency associated with the index fi may be increased or augmented to be a spectral power maximum within a frequency neighborhood (e.g., a frequency neighborhood- defined by the indices fi - 2, fi — 1, f l9 fi + 1, and + 2).
  • the power at the second spectral frequency associated with the index f 2 is attenuated or augmented to be a spectral power minimum within a frequency neighborhood (e.g., a frequency neighborhood defined by the indices f 2 - 2, f 2 - 1, f 2 , f 2 + 1, and f 2 + 2).
  • the modification unit 430 generates watermarked MDCT coefficient sets 560, shown by way of example as MA0W, MA4W, MA5W, MB0W and MB5W (blocks MA1W, MA2W, MA3W, MB1W, MB2W, MB3W and MB4W are not shown).
  • the modification unit 430 generates the watermarked MDCT coefficient set MA5W based on the watermarked time-domain audio blocks TA5 W and TB0W. Specifically, the modification unit 430 concatenates the watermarked time- domain audio blocks TA5W and TB0W to form a 512-sample audio block and converts the 512-sample audio block into the watermarked MDCT coefficient set MA5W which, as described in greater detail below, may be substituted for the original MDCT coefficient set MA5.
  • the difference between the MDCT coefficient sets 520 and the watermarked MDCT coefficient sets 560 represents a change in the AC-3 data stream 240 as a result of embedding or inserting the watermark 230.
  • the modification unit 430 may replace the MDCT coefficient set MA5 with its corresponding watermarked MDCT coefficient set MA5W.
  • Quantization look-up tables e.g., the look-up table 600 of FIG. 6 may be used to determine new mantissa values associated with the MDCT coefficients of the watermarked MDCT coefficient sets 560 to replace the old mantissa values associated with the MDCT coefficients of the MDCT coefficient sets 520.
  • the new mantissa values represent the change in or augmentation of the AC-3 data stream 240 as a result of embedding or inserting the watermark 230.
  • the example quantization look-up table 600 includes mantissa codes and mantissa values for a fifteen-level quantization of an example mantissa i in the range of -0.9333 to +0.9333. While the example quantization look-up table 600 provides mantissa information associated with MDCT coefficients that are represented using four bits, the AC-3 compression standard provides quantization look-up tables associated with other suitable numbers of bits per MDCT coefficient. To illustrate one manner in which the modification unit 430 may modify a particular MDCT coefficient m with a mantissa M k contained in the MDCT coefficient set MA5, assume the original mantissa value is -0.2666 (i.e., -4/15).
  • the mantissa code corresponding to the particular MDCT coefficient m k in the MDCT coefficient set MA5 is determined to be 0101.
  • the watermarked MDCT coefficient set MA5W includes a watermarked MDCT coefficient wm t with a mantissa value WM k. . Further, assume the new mantissa value of the corresponding watermarked MDCT coefficient wm of the watermarked MDCT coefficient set MA5W is -0.4300, which lies between the mantissa codes of 0011 and 0100.
  • the watermark 230 results in a difference of -0.1667 between the original mantissa value of -0.2666 and the watermarked mantissa value of -0.4300.
  • the modification unit 430 may substitute the watermarked MDCT coefficient set MA5W for the MDCT coefficient set MA5 by modifying or augmenting the MDCT coefficients in the MDCT coefficient set MA5.
  • either mantissa code 0011 or mantissa code 0100 may replace the mantissa code 0101 associated with the MDCT coefficient nt k (i.e., an MDCT coefficient in the MDCT coefficient set MA5) because the watermarked mantissa WM k associated with the watermarked MDCT coefficient wm k (i.e., an MDCT coefficient in the watermarked MDCT coefficient set MA5W) lies between the mantissa codes of 0011 and 0100 (i.e., the mantissa value corresponding to the watermarked MDCT coefficient wni k is -0.4300).
  • the mantissa value corresponding to the mantissa code 0011 is -0.5333 (i.e., -8/15) and the mantissa value corresponding to the mantissa code 0100 is -0.4 (i.e., -6/15).
  • the modification unit 430 selects the mantissa code 0100 instead of the mantissa code 0011 to replace the original mantissa code 0101 associated with the MDCT coefficient m £ because the mantissa value -0.4 corresponding to the mantissa code 0100 is closest to the desired watermark mantissa value -0.4300.
  • each of the MDCT coefficients in the MDCT coefficient set MA5 may be modified in the manner described above. If a new (i.e., watermarked) mantissa value is outside the quantization range of mantissa values (i.e., greater than 0.9333 or less than -0.9333), either the positive limit of 1110 or the negative limit of 0000 is selected as the new mantissa code. Additionally, while the mantissa codes associated with each MDCT coefficient of an MDCT coefficient set may be modified as described above, the exponents associated with the MDCT coefficients remain unchanged.
  • the repacking unit 440 is configured to repack the watermarked MDCT coefficient sets 560 associated with each frame of the AC-3 data stream. 240 for transmission.
  • the repacking unit 440 identifies the position of each MDCT coefficient set within a frame of the AC-3 data stream 240 so that the corresponding watermarked MDCT coefficient set can be used to replace the MDCT coefficient set.
  • the repacking "unit 440 may identify the position of the MDCT coefficient sets MAO to MA5 and substitute the corresponding watermarked MDCT coefficient sets MA0W to MA5W in the corresponding identified positions.
  • the AC-3 data stream 240 remains a compressed digital data stream while the watermark 230 is embedded or inserted in the AC-3 data stream 240.
  • the embedding device 210 inserts the watermark 230 into the A.C-3 data stream 240 without additional decompression/compression cycles that may degrade the quality of the media content in the AC-3 data stream 240.
  • an uncompressed digital data stream 700 may include a plurality of audio block sets 710.
  • Each of the audio block sets 710 may include audio blocks associated with multiple channels 720 and 730 including, for example, a front left channel, a front right channel, a center channel, a surround left channel, a surround right channel, and a low-frequency effect (LFE) channel (e.g., a sub-woofer channel).
  • LFE low-frequency effect
  • the audio block set AUD0 includes an audio block AOL associated with the front left channel, an audio block A0R associated with the front right channel, an audio block AOC associated with the center channel, an audio block A0SL associated with the surround left channel, an audio block A0SR associated with the surround right channel, and an audio block A0LFE associated with the LFE channel.
  • the audio block set AUDI includes an audio block AIL associated with the front left channel, an audio block AIR associated with the front right channel, an audio block A1C associated with the center channel, an audio block A1SL associated with the surround left channel, an audio block AISR associated with the surround right channel, and an audio block AILFE associated with the LFE channel.
  • Each of the audio blocks associated with a particular channel in the audio block sets 710 may be processed in a manner similar to that described above in connection with FIGS. 5 and 6.
  • the audio blocks associated with the center channel 810 of FIG. 8, generally shown as AOC, A1C, A2C, and A3C maybe transformed to generate the MDCT coefficient sets 820 associated with a compressed digital data stream 800.
  • each of the MDCT coefficient sets 820 may be derived from a 512-sample audio block formed by concatenating a preceding (old) 256- sample audio block and a current (new) 256-sample audio block.
  • the MDCT algorithm may then process the time-domain audio blocks 810 (e.g., AOC through A5C) to generate the MDCT coefficient sets (e.g., M0C through M5C).
  • the identifying unit 410 Based on the MDCT coefficient sets 820 of the compressed digital data stream 800, the identifying unit 410 identifies a plurality of frames (not shown) and header information associated with each of the frames as described above.
  • the header information includes compression information associated with the compressed digital data stream 800.
  • the unpacking unit 420 For each of the frames, the unpacking unit 420 unpacks the MDCT coefficient sets 820 to determine the compression information associated with the MDCT coefficient sets 820. For example, the unpacking unit 420 may identify the number of bits used by the original compression process to represent the mantissa of each MDCT coefficient in each of the MDCT coefficient sets 820. Such compression information may be used to embed the watermark 230 as described above in connection with FIG. 6.
  • the modification unit 430 then generates inverse transformed time-domain audio blocks 830, generally shown as TA0C", TA1C, TA1C", TA2C, TA2C", and TA3C.
  • the time- domain audio blocks 830 include a set of previous (old) time-domain audio blocks (which are represented as prime blocks) and a set of current (new) time-domain audio blocks (which are represented as double-prime blocks).
  • original time-domain audio blocks compressed to form the AC-3 digital data stream 800 may be reconstructed (i.e., the reconstructed time-domain audio blocks 840).
  • the modification unit 430 may add the time-domain audio blocks TA1C and TA1C" to reconstruct the time-domain audio block TA1C (i.e., TA1CR). Likewise, the modification unit 430 may add the time-domain audio blocks TA2C and TA2C" to reconstruct the time-domain audio block TA2C (i.e., TA2CR).
  • the modification unit 430 concatenates two adjacent reconstructed time-domain audio blocks to create a 512-sample audio block (i.e., a modifiable time-domain audio block).
  • the modification unit 430 may concatenate the reconstructed time-domain audio blocks TA1CR and TA2CR, each of which is a 256-sample short block, to form a 512-sample audio block.
  • the modification unit 430 then inserts the watermark 230 into the 512- sample audio block formed by the reconstructed time-domain audio blocks TA1CR and TA2CR to generate the watermarked time-domain audio blocks TA1CW and TA2CW.
  • the modification unit 430 may generate the watermarked MDCT coefficient sets 860. For example, the modification unit 430 may concatenate the watermarked time-domain audio blocks TA1CW and TA2CW to generate the watermarked MDCT coefficient set M1CW. The modification unit 430 modifies the MDCT coefficient sets 820 by replacing each with a corresponding one of the watermarked MDCT coefficient sets 860. For example, the modification unit 430 may substitute the watermarked MDCT coefficient set M1CW for the original MDCT coefficient set MIC. The modification unit 430 may then repeat the process described above for the audio blocks associated with each channel to insert the watermark 230 into the compressed digital data stream 800. [0050] FIG.
  • FIG. 9 is a flow diagram depicting one manner in which the example watermark embedding system of FIG. 2 may be configured to embed or insert watermarks in a compressed digital data stream.
  • the example process of FIG. 9 may be implemented as machine accessible instructions utilizing any of many different programming codes stored on any combination of machine-accessible media such as a volatile or nonvolatile memory or other mass storage device (e.g., a floppy disk, a CD, and a DVD).
  • a volatile or nonvolatile memory or other mass storage device e.g., a floppy disk, a CD, and a DVD.
  • the machine accessible instructions may be embodied in a machine-accessible medium such as a programmable gate array, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a magnetic media, an optical media, and/or any other suitable type of medium.
  • a machine-accessible medium such as a programmable gate array, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a magnetic media, an optical media, and/or any other suitable type of medium.
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuit
  • EPROM erasable programmable read only memory
  • ROM read only memory
  • RAM random access memory
  • the process begins with the identifying unit 410 (FIG. 4) identifying a frame associated with the compressed digital data stream 240 (FIG. 2) such as Frame A (FIG. 5) (block 910).
  • the identified frame may include a plurality of MDCT coefficient sets formed by overlapping and concatenating a plurality of audio blocks.
  • a frame may include six MDCT coefficient sets (i.e., six "audblk").
  • the identifying unit 410 also identifies header information associated with the frame (block 920). For example, the identifying unit 410 may identify the number of channels associated with the compressed digital data stream 240.
  • the unpacking unit 420 then unpacks the plurality of MDCT coefficient sets to determine compression information associated with the original compression process used to generate the compressed digital data stream 240 (block 930). In particular, the unpacking unit 420 identifies the mantissa M k and the exponent ⁇ of each MDCT coefficient ni k of each of the MDCT coefficient sets. The exponents of the MDCT coefficients may then be grouped in a manner compliant with the AC-3 compression standard.
  • the unpacking unit 420 (FIG.
  • the modification process 940 begins by using the modifying unit 430 (FIG. 4) to perform an inverse transform of the MDCT coefficient sets to generate inverse transformed time-domain audio blocks (block 1010).
  • the modification unit 430 generates a previous (old) time-domain audio block (which, for example, is represented as a prime block in FIG.
  • the modification unit 430 may generate TA4" and TA5' from the MDCT coefficient set MA5, TA5" and TBO' from the MDCT coefficient set MBO, and TBO" and TBl ' from the MDCT coefficient set MB1. For each time-domain audio block, the modification unit 430 adds corresponding prime and double-prime blocks to reconstruct the time-domain audio block based on, for example, the Princen-Bradley TDAC technique (block 1020).
  • the prime block TA5' and the double-prime block TA5" may be added to reconstruct the time-domain audio block TA5 (i.e., the reconstructed time-domain audio block TA5R) while the prime block TBO' and the double-prime block TBO" may be added to reconstruct the time-domain audio block TBO (i.e., the reconstructed time-domain audio block TB0R).
  • the modification unit 430 To insert the watermark 230, the modification unit 430 generates modifiable time-domain audio blocks using the reconstructed time-domain audio blocks (block 1030).
  • the modification unit 430 generates a modifiable 512-sample time-domain audio block using two adjacent reconstructed time-domain audio blocks.
  • the modification unit 430 may generate a modifiable time-domain audio block by concatenating the reconstructed time-domain audio blocks TA5R and TB0R of FIG. 5.
  • an encoding process such as, for example, one or more of the encoding methods and apparatus described in U.S. Patent Nos.
  • the modification unit 430 inserts the watermark 230 from the watermark source 220 into the modifiable time-domain audio blocks (block 1040). For example, the modification unit 430 may insert trie watermark 230 into the 512-sample time-domain audio block generated using the reconstructed time-domain audio blocks TA5R and TB0R to generate the watermarked time-domain audio blocks TA5W and TBOW. Based on the watermarked time-domain audio blocks and the compression information, the modification unit 430 generates watermarked MDCT coefficient sets (block 1050). As noted above, two watermarked time-domain audio blocks, where each block includes 256 samples, may be used to generate a watermarked MDCT coefficient set.
  • the watermarked time-domain audio blocks TA5W and TBOW may be concatenated and then used to generate the watermarked MDCT coefficient set MA5W.
  • the modification unit 430 calculates the mantissa value associated with each of the watermarked MDCT coefficients in the watermarked MDCT coefficient set MA5W as described above in connection with FIG. 6. In this manner, the modification unit 430 can modify or augment the original MDCT coefficient sets using the watermarked MDCT coefficient sets to embed or insert the watermark 230 in the compressed digital data stream 240 (block 106O). Following the above example, the modification unit 430 may replace the original MDCT coefficient set MA5 with the watermarked MDCT coefficient set MA5W of FIG, 5.
  • the modification unit 430 may replace an original MDCT coefficient in the MDCT coefficient set MA5 with a corresponding watermarked MDCT coefficient (which has an augmented mantissa value) from the watermarked MDCT coefficient set MA5 W.
  • the modification process 940 terminates and returns control to block 950.
  • the repacking unit 440 repacks the frame of the compressed digital data stream (block 950).
  • the repacking unit 440 identifies the position of the MDCT coefficient sets within the frame so that the watermarked MDCT coefficient sets may be substituted in the positions of the original MDCT coefficient sets to rebuild the frame.
  • the embedding device 210 determines that additional frames of the compressed digital data stream 240 need to be processed, then control returns to block 910. If, instead, all frames of the compressed digital data stream 240 have been processed, then the process 900 terminates.
  • FIG. 11 depicts one manner in which a data frame (e.g., an AC-3 frame) may be processed.
  • a data frame e.g., an AC-3 frame
  • the example frame processing process 1100 begins with the embedding device 210 reading the header information of the acquired frame (e.g., an AC-3 frame) (block 1110) and initializing an MDCT coefficient set count to zero (block 1120).
  • each AC-3 frame includes six MDCT coefficient sets having compressed-domain data (e.g., MAO, MAI, MA2, MA3, MA4 and MA5 of FIG. 5, which are also known as "audblks" in the AC-3 standard). Accordingly, the embedding device 210 determines whether the MDCT coefficient set count is equal to six (block 1130).
  • the embedding device 210 extracts the exponent (block 1140) and the mantissa (block 1150) associated with an MDCT coefficient of the frame (e.g., the original mantissa M k described above in connection with FIG. 6).
  • the embedding device 210 computes a new mantissa associated with a code symbol read at block 1220 (e.g., the new mantissa WM k described above in connection with FIG. 6) (block 1160) and modifies the original mantissa associated with the frame based on the new mantissa (block 1170).
  • the original mantissa may be replaced with the new mantissa.
  • the embedding device 210 increments the MDCT coefficient set count by one (block 1180) and control returns to block 1130.
  • the example process of FIG. 11 is described above to include six MDCT coefficient sets (e.g., the threshold of the MDCT coefficient set count is six), a process utilizing more or fewer MDCT coefficient sets could be used instead.
  • the MDCT coefficient set count is equal to six, then all MDCT coefficient sets have been processed such that the watermark has been embedded and the embedding device 210 repacks the frame (block 1190).
  • a watermark imperceptible to the human ear e.g., an inaudible code
  • a code signal e.g., a watermark
  • an audio signal may be sampled at a rate of 48 kilo-Hertz (kHz) to output an audio sequence of 12,288 audio samples that may be processed (e.g., using a Fourier transform) to acquire a relatively high-resolution (e.g., 3.9 Hz) frequency domain representation of the uncompressed audio signal.
  • a sinusoidal code signal having constant amplitude across an entire sequence of audio samples is unacceptable because the sinusoidal code signal may be perceptible to the human ear.
  • the sinusoidal code signal is synthesized across the entire sequence of 12,288 audio samples using a masking energy analysis which determines a local sinusoidal amplitude within each block of audio samples (e.g., wherein each block of audio samples may include 512 audio samples).
  • the local sinusoidal waveforms may be coherent (in-phase) across the sequence of 12,288 audio samples.
  • FIG. 12 depicts one manner in which a watermark, such as that disclosed by Jensen et al., may be inserted in a compressed audio signal.
  • the example process 1200 begins with initializing a frame count to zero (block 1210).
  • Eight frames representing a total of 12,288 audio samples of each audio channel may be processed to embed one or more code symbols (e.g., one or more of the symbols "0", “1", “S”, and “E” shown in FIG. 13) into the audio signal.
  • the compressed digital data stream is described herein to include 12,288 audio samples, the compressed digital data stream may have more or less audio samples.
  • the embedding device 210 (FIG. 2) may read a watermark 230 from the watermark source 220 to inject one or more code symbols into the sequence of frames (block 1220).
  • the embedding device 210 may acquire one of the frames (block 1230) and proceed to the frame processing operation 1100 described above to process the acquired frame.
  • the example frame processing operation 1100 terminates and control returns to block 1250 to increment the frame count by one.
  • the embedding device 210 determines whether the frame count is eight (block 1260). If the frame count is not eight, the embedding device 210 returns to acquire another frame in the sequence and repeat the example frame processing operation 1100 as described above in connection with FIG. 11 to process another frame. If, instead, the frame count is eight, the embedding device 210 returns to block 1210 to reinitialize the frame count to zero and repeat the process 1200 to process another sequence of frames.
  • a code signal (e.g., the watermark 230) may be embedded or injected into the compressed digital data stream (e.g., an AC-3 data stream).
  • the code signal may include a combination often sinusoidal components corresponding to to represent one of four code symbols, generally shown as "0,” “1,” "S,” and “E.”
  • the code symbol "0” may represent a binary value of zero and the code symbol "1” may represent a binary value of one.
  • the code symbol “S” may represent the start of a message and the code symbol “E” may represent the end of a message. While only four code symbols are shown in FIG. 13, more or fewer code symbols could be used instead.
  • the 512-sample central frequency indexes (e.g., 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24-, 26, and 28) are associated with a low resolution frequency domain representation of the compressed digital data stream and the 12,288-sample central frequency indexes (e.g.,
  • each code symbol may be formed using ten sinusoidal components associated with the frequency indexes f ⁇ through/! o depicted in table 13O0.
  • each of the frequency indexes f ⁇ through/Jo has a unique frequency value at or proximate to each of the 12,288-sample central frequency indexes.
  • a code signal for injecting or embedding the code symbol "0" includes ten sinusoidal components corresponding to the frequency indexes 237, 289-,
  • a code signal for injecting or embedding the code symbol "1" includes ten sinusoidal components corresponding to the frequency indexes 239, 291, 337, 381, 431, 483, 529, 573, 623, and
  • each of the ten sinusoidal components associated with the frequency indexes f ⁇ through ⁇ o may be synthesized in the time domain using the methods and apparatus described herein.
  • the code signal for injecting or embedding the code symbol "0" may include sinusoids c ⁇ (k), c 2 (&), c 3 (A), c (&), c 5 (&), c 6 (A), c ⁇ (k), c$(k), cgCJ), and c ⁇ o(k).
  • sample values in a 512-sample audio block (e.g., a long block) associated with the first sinusoid may be computed as follows:
  • MDCT transform of c lp (m) may include a number of MDCT coefficient values (e.g., 256
  • the MDCT coefficient values associated with the 512- sample frequency indexes 9, 10, and 11 may have significant magnitudes because c ⁇ p (m) is associated with the 12,288-sample central frequency index 240, which corresponds to the 512-sample central frequency index 10.
  • the MDCT coefficient values associated with other 512-sample frequency indexes are negligible relative to the MDCT coefficient values associated with the 512-sample frequency indexes 9, 10, and 11.
  • the MDCT coefficient values associated with c ⁇ p (m) may be divided by a normalization factor Q as
  • a time-domain cosine wave of unit amplitude at the 12,288-sample central frequency index 240 may produce a unit amplitude MDCT coefficient at the 512-sample central frequency index 10 to serve as a reference for the MDCT coefficients associated with the 512-sample audio block having a central frequency of approximately 936 Hz (as shown in FIG. 13).
  • the code frequency index 237 (e.g., the frequency value
  • the 512-sample central frequency index 10 causes the 512-sample central frequency index 10 to have the highest MDCT magnitude relative to the 512-sample frequency indexes 9 and 11 because the 512-sample central frequency index 10 corresponds to the 12,288-sample central frequency index 240 and the code frequency index 237 is proximate to the 12,288-sample central frequency index 240.
  • the second frequency index fi corresponding to the code frequency index 289 may produce MDCT coefficients with significant MDCT magnitudes in the 512-sample frequency indexes 11, 12, and 13.
  • the code frequency index 289 may cause the 512- sample central frequency index 12 to have the highest MDCT magnitude because the 512-sample central frequency index 12 corresponds to the 12,288-sample central frequency index 288 and the code frequency index 289 is proximate to the 12,288-sample central frequency index 288.
  • the third frequency index/ corresponding to the code frequency index 339 may produce MDCT coefficients with significant MDCT magnitudes in the 512-sample frequency indexes 13, 14, and 15.
  • the code frequency index 339 may cause the 512-sample central frequency index 14 to have the highest MDCT magnitude because the 512-sample central frequency index 14 corresponds to the 12,288-sample central frequency index 336 and the code frequency index 339 is proximate to the 12,288-sample central frequency index 336.
  • the MDCT coefficient representing the actual code signal may be computed for 512-sample frequency indexes ranging from 9 to 29.
  • Some of the 512- sample frequency indexes such as, for example, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, and 29 may be influenced by two neighboring code frequency indexes because none of these 512-sample frequency indexes corresponds directly to a 12,288-sample central frequency index (e.g., 240, 288, 336, 384, 432, 480, 528, 576, 624, or 672). Accordingly, in each 512-sample audio block of the compressed digital data stream, the MDCT coefficient may be computed as described below to represent the code signal.
  • each AC-3 frame includes MDCT coefficient sets having six MDCT coefficients (e.g., MAO, MAI, MA2, MA3, MA4, and MA5 of FIG. 5) with each MDCT coefficient corresponding to a 512-sample audio block.
  • MDCT coefficient sets having six MDCT coefficients (e.g., MAO, MAI, MA2, MA3, MA4, and MA5 of FIG. 5) with each MDCT coefficient corresponding to a 512-sample audio block.
  • each MDCT coefficient sets having six MDCT coefficients (e.g., MAO, MAI, MA2, MA3, MA4, and MA5 of FIG. 5) with each MDCT coefficient corresponding to a 512-sample audio block.
  • M k is the mantissa.
  • the mantissa M k is a product of a mantissa step size s k and an integer value N k .
  • the mantissa step size s k and the exponent X k may be used to form a
  • quantization step sizeS A s k * 2 ⁇ Xl .
  • the mantissa step size s k is 1/15 and the integer value N k is -4 when the
  • the mantissa integer value N n is increased by 1 to
  • modified mantissa integer values N , Nio, and N ⁇ may be used to generate corresponding modified MDCT coefficients wm wm o, and wm ⁇ , respectively.
  • the modified MDCT coefficients wm wmio, and wm ⁇ ⁇ may be substituted for the original MDCT coefficients m 9 , r ⁇ io, and m ⁇ .
  • Other MDCT coefficients may be modified in a similar manner. Indeed, for any MDCT coefficient, the maximum change is limited by the upper and lower limits of its mantissa integer
  • the table 600 indicates lower limit and upper limit values of -0.9333 to +0.9333.
  • the local masking energy was used to determine the code magnitude, and code symbols may be embedded into an audio signal by modifying eight successive frames of the compressed digital data stream without performing decompression of MDCT coefficients during the encoding process of the methods and apparatus described herein.
  • FIG. 14 is a block diagram of an example processor system 2000 that may used to implement the methods and apparatus disclosed herein.
  • the processor system 2000 may be a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, an Internet appliance or any other type of computing device.
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • the processor system 2000 illustrated in FIG. 14 includes a chipset 2010, which includes a memory controller 2012 and an input/output (I/O) controller 2014. As is well known, a chipset typically provides memory and I/O management functions, as well as a plurality of general purpose and/or special purpose registers, timers, etc. that are accessible or used by a processor 2020.
  • the processor 2020 is implemented using one or more processors. In the alternative, other processing technology may be used to implement the processor 2020.
  • the processor 2020 includes a cache 2022, which may be implemented using a first-level unified cache (LI), a second-level unified cache (L2), a third-level unified cache (L3), and/or any other suitable structures to store data.
  • LI first-level unified cache
  • L2 second-level unified cache
  • L3 third-level unified cache
  • the memory controller 2012 performs functions that enable the processor 2020 to access and communicate with a main memory 2030 including a volatile memory 2032 and a non-volatile memory 2034 via a bus 2040.
  • the volatile memory 2032 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM), and/or any other type of random access memory device.
  • the non-volatile memory 2034 may be implemented using flash memory, Read Only Memory
  • ROM Read Only Memory
  • EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
  • the processor system 2000 also includes an interface circuit 2050 that is coupled to the bus 2040.
  • the interface circuit 2050 may " be implemented using any type of well known interface standard such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus
  • USB universal serial Bus
  • 3GIO third generation input/output interface
  • One or more input devices 2060 are connected to the interface circuit 2050.
  • the input device(s) 2060 permit a user to enter data and commands into the processor
  • the input device(s) 2060 may be implemented by a keyboard, a mouse, a touch-sensitive display, a track pad, a track ball, an isopoint, and/or a voice recognition system.
  • One or more output devices 2070 are also connected to the interface circuit
  • the output device(s) 2070 may be implemented by media presentation devices (e.g., a light emitting display (LED), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, a printer and/or speakers).
  • media presentation devices e.g., a light emitting display (LED), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT) display, a printer and/or speakers.
  • the interface circuit 2050 thus, typically includes, among other things, a graphics driver card.
  • the processor system 2000 also includes one or more mass storage devices
  • mass storage device(s) 2080 to store software and data.
  • mass storage device(s) 2080 include floppy disks and drives, hard disk drives, compact disks and drives, and digital versatile disks (DVD) and drives.
  • the interface circuit 2050 also includes a communication device such as a modem or a network interface card to facilitate exchange of data with external computers via a network.
  • the communication link between the processor system 2000 and the network may be any type of network connection such as an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, a cellular telephone system, a coaxial cable, etc.
  • DSL digital subscriber line
  • Access to the input device(s) 2060, the output device(s) 2070, the mass storage device(s) 2080 and/or the network is typically controlled by the I/O controller 2014 in a conventional manner.
  • the I/O controller 2014 performs functions that enable the processor 2020 to communicate with the input device(s) 2060, the output device(s) 2070, the mass storage device(s) 2080 and/or the network via the bus 2040 and the interface circuit 2050.
  • FIG. 14 While the components shown in FIG. 14 are depicted as separate blocks within the processor system 2000, the functions performed by some of these blocks may be integrated within a single semiconductor circuit or may be implemented using two or more separate integrated circuits.
  • the memory controller 2012 and the I/O controller 2014 are depicted as separate blocks within the chipset 2010, the memory controller 2012 and the I/O controller 2014 may be integrated within a single semiconductor circuit.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des procédés et un dispositif d'intégration d'un filigrane numérique. Dans un mode de réalisation, une ou plusieurs trames associées à un flux de données numériques compressées (240) sont identifiées. Chaque trame identifiant une pluralité d'ensembles de coefficients de transformation (320) est éclatée. La pluralité d'ensembles de coefficients de transformation (320) est modifiée de manière à intégrer le filigrane numérique (230).
PCT/US2004/018645 2003-06-13 2004-06-10 Procedes et dispositif d'integration de filigranes numeriques WO2005002200A2 (fr)

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CN102664013A (zh) * 2012-04-18 2012-09-12 南京邮电大学 基于能量选择的离散余弦变换域的音频数字水印方法
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CN101950561B (zh) 2012-12-19
CA2529310A1 (fr) 2005-01-27
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EP1639518A4 (fr) 2011-09-28
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EP1639518B1 (fr) 2018-12-26
TW200517949A (en) 2005-06-01
WO2005008582A2 (fr) 2005-01-27
CA2529310C (fr) 2012-12-18
CN101950561A (zh) 2011-01-19
AU2004258470A2 (en) 2005-01-27
WO2005002200A3 (fr) 2005-06-09
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AU2010200873A1 (en) 2010-04-01

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