WO2002077811A2 - Method and apparatus for distributed administration of thin client architecture - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for distributed administration of thin client architecture Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002077811A2 WO2002077811A2 PCT/US2002/008514 US0208514W WO02077811A2 WO 2002077811 A2 WO2002077811 A2 WO 2002077811A2 US 0208514 W US0208514 W US 0208514W WO 02077811 A2 WO02077811 A2 WO 02077811A2
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- computer
- administrative tasks
- administrators
- tasks
- administration
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
- G06Q10/10—Office automation; Time management
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/01—Protocols
- H04L67/02—Protocols based on web technology, e.g. hypertext transfer protocol [HTTP]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/01—Protocols
- H04L67/08—Protocols specially adapted for terminal emulation, e.g. Telnet
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/01—Protocols
- H04L67/10—Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
- H04L67/01—Protocols
- H04L67/131—Protocols for games, networked simulations or virtual reality
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/30—Definitions, standards or architectural aspects of layered protocol stacks
- H04L69/32—Architecture of open systems interconnection [OSI] 7-layer type protocol stacks, e.g. the interfaces between the data link level and the physical level
- H04L69/322—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions
- H04L69/329—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions in the application layer [OSI layer 7]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of systems administration, and particular to a method and apparatus for distributed administration of thin client architecture.
- Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, Solaris and all Java-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc.
- a client communicates requests to a server for data, software and services, for example, and the server responds to the requests.
- the server's response may entail communication with a database management system for the storage and retrieval of data.
- the multi-tier architecture includes at least a database tier that includes a database server, an application tier that includes an application server and application logic (i.e., software application programs, functions, etc.), and a client tier.
- the data base server responds to application requests received from the client.
- the application server forwards data requests to the database server.
- FIG. 1 provides an overview of a multi-tier architecture.
- Client tier 100 typically consists of a computer system that provides a graphic user interface (GUI) generated by a client 110, such as a browser or other user interface application.
- GUI graphic user interface
- Client 110 generates a display firom, for example, a specification of GUI elements (e.g., a file containing input, form, and text elements defined using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)) and/or from an applet (i.e., a program such as a program written using the JavaTM programming language, or other platform independent programming language, that runs when it is loaded by the browser).
- GUI elements e.g., a file containing input, form, and text elements defined using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
- applet i.e., a program such as a program written using the JavaTM programming language, or other platform independent programming language, that runs when it is loaded by the browser.
- FIG. 1 Further application functionality is provided by application logic managed by application server 120 in application tier ! 30.
- the apportionment of application functionality between client tier 100 and application tier 130 is dependent upon whether a "thin client" or "thick client” topology is desired.
- the client tier i.e., the end user's computer
- a thick client topology uses a more conventional general purpose computer having processing, memory, and data storage abilities.
- Database tier 140 contains the data that is accessed by the application logic in application tier 130.
- Database server 150 manages the data, its structure and the operations that can be performed on the data and/or its structure.
- Application server 120 can include applications such as a corporation's scheduling, accounting, personnel and payroll applications, for example.
- Application server 120 manages requests for the applications that are stored therein.
- Application server 120 can also manage the storage and dissemination of production versions of application logic.
- Database server 150 manages the database(s) that manage data for applications. Database server 150 responds to requests to access the scheduling, accounting, personnel and payroll applications' data, for example.
- Connection 160 is used to transmit data between client tier 100 and application tier 130, and may also be used to transfer the application logic to client tier 100.
- the client tier can communicate with the application tier via, for example, a Remote Method Invocator (RMI) application programming interface (API) available from Sun MicrosystemsTM.
- RMI Remote Method Invocator
- API application programming interface
- the RMI API provides the ability to invoke methods, or software modules, that reside on another computer system. Parameters are packaged and unpackaged for transmittal to and from the client tier.
- Connection 170 between application server 120 and database server 150 represents the transmission of requests for data and the responses to such requests from applications that reside in application server 120.
- Elements of the client tier, application tier and database tier may execute within a single computer. However, in a typical system, elements of the client tier, application tier and database tier may execute within separate computers interconnected over a network such as a LAN (local area network) or WAN (wide area network).
- a network such as a LAN (local area network) or WAN (wide area network).
- Some administrative tasks in thin client architectures include creating user accounts, removing user accounts, creating workgroups, modifying privileges associated with workgroups and removing workgroups.
- execution of administrative tasks is accomplished by a centralized administrator.
- the number of pending administrative tasks is large.
- computer systems require so much administrative attention that a single administrator cannot provide enough attention.
- Prior art schemes have failed to address this problem. As such, the administrator cannot catch up with the backlog of administrative tasks causing significant delays in completion of administrative tasks.
- the present invention provides a method and apparatus for distributed administration of thin client architecture.
- administrative tasks are accomplished by multiple administrators.
- the number of administrative tasks assigned to an administrator is approximately uniform throughout the computer system.
- creation of multiple user accounts is accomplished by assigning each administrator a roughly equal number of user accounts to create.
- Workgroup administration is accomplished similarly. In one embodiment, students are users and teachers are administrators.
- Figure 1 is a block diagram of an overview of a multi-tier architecture.
- Figure 2 is a flow diagram of the process of administrative task execution in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 3 is a flow diagram of the process of administrative task execution in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of the process of administration of groups of users in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 5 A is a flow diagram of the process of systems administration in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 5B is a flow diagram of the process of accessing an account form multiple locations in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 6 is a block diagram of a thin client topology called a virtual desktop system architecture.
- Figure 7 is a block diagram of a virtual desktop system.
- Figure 8 is a block diagram of a human interface device.
- Figure 9 is a block diagram of a human interface device.
- Figure 10 is a block diagram of a general purpose computer.
- the invention is a method and apparatus for distributed administration of thin client architecture.
- numerous specific details are set forth to provide a more thorough description of embodiments of the invention. It is apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known features have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the process of administrative task execution in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- an administrative task is scheduled for execution.
- the responsible administrator is determined.
- the responsible administrator executes the administrative task.
- the number of administrative tasks assigned to an administrator is approximately uniform throughout the computer system.
- Figure 3 illustrates the process of administrative task execution in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- a plurality of administrative tasks are scheduled.
- the administrative tasks are divided roughly equally among the administrators.
- administrative tasks are divided such that the standard deviation of the number of admimstrative tasks assigned to each administrator is less than some maximum allowable value.
- Other embodiments use other methods of dividing administrative tasks roughly equally among the administrators.
- each administrator executes its assigned tasks.
- creation of multiple user accounts is accomplished by assigning each administrator a roughly equal number of user accounts to create.
- workgroup administration is accomplished by assigning each administrator a roughly equal number of workgroups to administrate.
- each administrator is assigned to a group of users where multiple groups are each individually managed by their respective administrator.
- Each group comprises a discrete subset of the entire community of users where the group shares common needs within the system. For instance, each group may share common access rights, privileges, workgroup needs and access to information needs. This embodiment is shown in figure 4.
- FIG. 4 illustrates administration of groups of users in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- the users are divided into discrete groups.
- an administrator is assigned to each group.
- each administrator administrates to the needs of its assigned group of users.
- students are users and teachers are administrators.
- each teacher is responsible for creating user accounts for their students that lack accounts.
- each teacher administrates workgroups which are related to the teacher's class.
- Figure 5 illustrates systems administration in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- students are assigned to a class.
- a teacher administrates to the needs of the students in the teacher's class.
- a user's account information is stored at one or more central locations.
- the user is able to access the account information from any terminal on the system. For example, a student could use the system from a terminal in one classroom, logout, move to another classroom, login to the system and resume working on the system. All the user's work is preserved and redirected to the new terminal.
- Figure 5B illustrates the process of accessing an account form multiple locations in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- a student logs onto the system through a terminal.
- the student's account state is routed to the terminal.
- the student interfaces with the system through the terminal and all the account information, including states of current documents, is maintained at the server.
- the student logs off from the system.
- the student moves to a different location and the process repeats at step 520.
- FIG. 6 shows an example of a thin client topology called a virtual desktop system architecture in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
- the virtual desktop system architecture provides a re-partitioning of functionality between a central server installation 600 and end user hardware 610.
- Data and computational functionality are provided by data sources via a centralized processing arrangement.
- All functionality is eliminated except that which generates output to the user (e.g., display and speakers), takes input from the user (e.g., mouse and keyboard) or other peripherals that the user may interact with (e.g., scanners, cameras, removable storage, etc.).
- All computing is done by the central data source and the computing is done independently of the destination of the data being generated.
- the output of the source is provided to a terminal, referred to here as a "Human Interface Device" (HID).
- the HID is capable of receiving the data and displaying the data.
- the functionality of the virtual desktop system is partitioned between a display and input device such as a remote system and associated display device, and data sources or services such as a host system interconnected to the remote system via a " • communication link.
- the display and input device is a human interface device (HID).
- the system is partitioned such that state and computation functions have been removed from the HID and reside on data sources or services.
- One or more services communicate with one or more HTDs through a communication link such as network.
- FIG. 7 An e mple of such a system in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in Figure 7, wherein the system comprises computational service providers 700 communicating data through communication link 701 to HIDs 702. ⁇
- the computational power and state maintenance is provided by the service providers or services.
- the services are not tied to a specific computer, but may be distributed over one or more traditional desktop systems such as described in connection with Figure 8, or with traditional servers.
- One computer may have one or more services, or a service may be implemented by one or more computers.
- the service provides computation, state and data to HIDs and the service is under the control of a common authority or manager.
- the services are provided by computers 710, 711, and 712.
- a central data source can provide data to the HIDs from an external source such as for example the Internet or world wide web.
- the data source can also broadcast entities such as those that broadcast data such as television and radio signals.
- Examples of services include XI 1/Unix services, archived or live audio or video services, Windows NT service, Java program execution service and others.
- a service herein is a process that provides output data and response to user requests and input.
- the service handles communication with an HID currently used by a user to access the service. This includes taking the output from the computational service and converting it to a standard protocol for the HID.
- the data protocol conversion is handled by a middleware layer, such as the XI 1 server, the Microsoft Windows interface, video format transcoder, the OpenGL interface, or a variant of the Java. awt. graphics class within the service producer machine.
- the service machine handles the translation to and from a virtual desktop architecture wire protocol described further below.
- Each service is provided by a computing device optimized for its performance.
- an Enterprise class machine could be used to provide XI 1/Unix service
- a Sun MediaCenter could be used to provider video service
- a Hydra based NT machine could provide applet program execution services.
- the service providing computer system can connect directly to the HIDs through the interconnect fabric. It is also possible for the service producer to be a proxy for another device providing the computational service, such as a database computer in a three-tier architecture, where the proxy computer might only generate queries and execute user interface code.
- the interconnect fabric can comprise any of multiple suitable communication paths for carrying data between the services and the HIDs.
- the interconnect fabric is a local area network implemented as an Ethernet network. Any other local network may also be utilized.
- the invention also contemplates the use of wide area networks, the Internet, the world wide web, and others.
- the interconnect fabric may be implemented with a physical medium such as a wire or fiber optic cable, or it may be implemented in a wireless environment.
- the interconnect fabric provides actively managed, low-latency, high-bandwidth communication between the HID and the services being accessed.
- One embodiment contemplates a single-level, switched network, with cooperative (as opposed to completing) network traffic.
- Dedicated or shared communications interconnects maybe used in the present invention.
- the HID is the means by which users access the computational services provided by the services.
- Figure 7 illustrates HIDs 721, 722 and 723.
- Each HID comprises a display 726, a keyboard 724, mouse 725, and audio speakers 727.
- the HID includes the ⁇ - electronics need to interface these devices to the interconnection fabric and to transmit to and receive data from the services.
- a block diagram of an example embodiment of the HID is illustrated in Figure 8.
- the components of the HED are coupled internally to a PCI bus 812.
- a network control block 802 communicates to the interconnect fabric, such as an Ethernet, through line 814.
- An audio codec 803 receives audio data on interface 816 and is coupled to network control block 802.
- USB data communication is provided on lines 813 to a USB controller 801.
- the HED further comprises an embedded processor 804 such as a Sparc2ep with coupled flash memory 805 and DRAM 806.
- the USB controller 801, the network controller 802 and the embedded processor 804 are all coupled to the PCI bus 812.
- a video controller 809, also coupled to the PCI bus 812, can include an ATI RagePro+ frame buffer controller which provides SVGA output on the line 815.
- NTSC data is provided in and out of the video controller through video decoder 810 and encoder 811 respectively.
- a smartcard interface 808 may also be coupled to the video controller 809.
- the HED can comprise a single chip implementation as illustrated in Figure 9.
- the single chip includes the necessary processing capability implemented via CPU 901 and graphics renderer 905.
- Chip memory 907 is provided, along with video controller/interface 906.
- An internal bus (USB) controller 902 is provided to permit communication to a mouse, keyboard and other local devices attached to the HDD.
- a sound controller 903 and interconnect interface 904 are also provided.
- the video interface shares memory 907 with the CPU 901 and graphics Tenderer 905.
- the software used in this embodiment may reside locally in on- volatile memory or it can be loaded through the interconnection interface when the device is powered.
- An embodiment of the invention can be implemented as computer software in the form of computer readable program code executed in a general purpose computing environment such as environment 1000 illustrated in Figure 10, or in the form of bytecode class files executable within a JavaTM run time environment running in such an environment, or in the form of bytecodes running on a processor (or devices enabled to process bytecodes) existing in a distributed environment (e.g., one or more processors on a network).
- a keyboard 1010 and mouse 1011 are coupled to a system bus 1018. The keyboard and mouse are for introducing user input to the computer system and communicating that user input to central processing unit (CPU) 1013. Other suitable input devices may be used in addition to, or in place of, the mouse 1011 and keyboard 1010.
- I/O (input/output) unit 1019 coupled to bi-directional system bus 1018 represents such I/O elements as a printer, A/V (audio/video) I O, etc.
- Computer 1001 may include a communication interface 1020 coupled to bus 1018.
- Communication interface 1020 provides a two-way data communication coupling via a network link 1021 to a local network 1022.
- ISDN integrated services digital network
- communication interface 1020 provides a data communication connection to the corresponding type of telephone line, which comprises part of network link 1021.
- LAN local area network
- communication interface 1020 provides a data communication connection via network link 1021 to a compatible LAN.
- Wireless links are also possible.
- communication interface 1020 sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals which carry digital data streams representing various types of information.
- Network link 1021 typically provides data communication through one or more networks to other data devices.
- network link 1021 may provide a connection through local network 1022 to local server computer 1023 or to data equipment operated by ISP 1024.
- ISP 1024 in turn provides data communication services through the world wide packet data communication network now commonly referred to as the "Internet" 1025.
- Internet 1025 uses electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals which carry digital data streams.
- the signals through the various networks and the signals on network link 1021 and through communication interface 1020, which carry the digital data to and from computer 1000, are exemplary forms of carrier waves transporting the information.
- Processor 1013 may reside wholly on client computer 1001 or wholly on server
- processor 1013 may have its computational power distributed between computer 1001 and server 1026.
- Server 1026 symbolically is represented in Figure 10 as one unit, but server 1026 can also be distributed between multiple "tiers".
- server 1026 comprises a middle and back tier where application logic executes in the middle tier and persistent data is obtained in the back tier.
- processor 1013 resides wholly on server 1026
- the results of the computations performed by processor 1013 are transmitted to computer 1001 via Internet 1025, Internet Service Provider (ISP) 1024, local network 1022 and communication interface 1020.
- ISP Internet Service Provider
- computer 1001 is able to display the results of the computation to a user in the form of output.
- Computer 1001 includes a video memory 1014, main memory 1015 and mass storage 1012, all coupled to bi-directional system bus 1018 along with keyboard 1010, mouse 1011 and processor 1013.
- main memory 1015 and mass storage 1012 can reside wholly on server 1026 or computer 1001, or they may be distributed between the two. Examples of systems where processor 1013, main memory 1015, and mass storage 1012 are distributed between computer 1001 and server 1026 include the thin-client computing architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc., the palm pilot computing device and other personal digital assistants, Internet ready cellular phones and other Internet computing devices, and in platform independent computing environments, such as those which utilize the Java technologies also developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc.
- the mass storage 1012 may include both fixed and removable media, such as magnetic, optical or magnetic optical storage systems or any other available mass storage technology.
- Bus 1018 may contain, for example, thirty-two address lines for addressing video memory 1014 or main memory 1015.
- the system bus 1018 also includes, for example, a 32-bit data bus for transferring data between and among the components, such as processor 1013, main memory 1015, video memory 1014 and mass storage 1012. Alternatively, multiplex data/address lines may be used instead of separate data and address lines.
- the processor 1013 is a SPARC microprocessor from Sun Microsystems, Inc., a microprocessor manufactured by Motorola, such as the 680X0 processor, or a microprocessor manufactured by Intel, such as the 80X86 or Pentium processor.
- Main memory 1015 is comprised of dynamic random access memory (DRAM).
- Video memory 1014 is a dual-ported video random access memory. One port of the video memory 1014 is coupled to video amplifier 1016.
- the video amplifier 1016 is used to drive the cathode ray tube (CRT) raster monitor 1017.
- Video amplifier 1016 is well known in the art and may be implemented by any suitable apparatus. This circuitry converts pixel data stored in video memory 1014 to a raster signal suitable for use by monitor 1017.
- Monitor 1017 is a type of monitor suitable for displaying graphic images.
- Computer 1001 can send messages and receive data, including program code, through the network(s), network link 1021, and communication interface 1020.
- remote server computer 1026 might transmit a requested code for an application program through Internet 1025, ISP 1024, local network 1022 and communication interface 1020.
- the received code may be executed by processor 1013 as it is received, and/or stored in mass storage 1012, or other non- volatile storage for later execution.
- computer 1000 may obtain application code in the form of a carrier wave.
- remote server computer 1026 may execute applications using processor 1013, and utilize mass storage 1012, and/or video memory 1015.
- the results of the execution at server 1026 are then transmitted through Internet 1025, ISP 1024, local network 1022 and communication interface 1020.
- computer 1001 performs only input and output functions.
- Application code may be embodied in any form of computer program product.
- a computer program product comprises a medium configured to store or transport computer readable code, or in which computer readable code may be embedded.
- Some examples of computer program products are CD-ROM disks, ROM cards, floppy disks, magnetic tapes, computer hard drives, servers on a network, and carrier waves.
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AU2002248662A AU2002248662A1 (en) | 2001-03-21 | 2002-03-19 | Method and apparatus for distributed administration of thin client architecture |
GB0323218A GB2390199A (en) | 2001-03-21 | 2002-03-19 | Method and apparatus for distributed administration of thin client architecture |
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US09/813,487 | 2001-03-21 | ||
US09/813,487 US20020019860A1 (en) | 2000-08-02 | 2001-03-21 | Method and apparatus for distributed administration of thin client architecture |
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WO2002077811A2 true WO2002077811A2 (en) | 2002-10-03 |
WO2002077811A3 WO2002077811A3 (en) | 2003-08-21 |
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PCT/US2002/008514 WO2002077811A2 (en) | 2001-03-21 | 2002-03-19 | Method and apparatus for distributed administration of thin client architecture |
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AU (1) | AU2002248662A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2390199A (en) |
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Citations (3)
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EP0969367A2 (en) * | 1998-05-28 | 2000-01-05 | Compaq Computer Corporation | System and method used in a computer system for distributing tasks between multiprocessing I/O subsystems |
US6065054A (en) * | 1997-07-07 | 2000-05-16 | International Business Machines Corporation | Managing a dynamically-created user account in a client following authentication from a non-native server domain |
EP1022658A1 (en) * | 1999-01-21 | 2000-07-26 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Multiprocessor system and load balancing method in a multiprocessor system |
-
2002
- 2002-03-19 AU AU2002248662A patent/AU2002248662A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-03-19 WO PCT/US2002/008514 patent/WO2002077811A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-03-19 GB GB0323218A patent/GB2390199A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
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US6065054A (en) * | 1997-07-07 | 2000-05-16 | International Business Machines Corporation | Managing a dynamically-created user account in a client following authentication from a non-native server domain |
EP0969367A2 (en) * | 1998-05-28 | 2000-01-05 | Compaq Computer Corporation | System and method used in a computer system for distributing tasks between multiprocessing I/O subsystems |
EP1022658A1 (en) * | 1999-01-21 | 2000-07-26 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Multiprocessor system and load balancing method in a multiprocessor system |
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Title |
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ERCIYES K ET AL: "Dynamic load balancing in a distributed computer system" ELECTROTECHNICAL CONFERENCE, 1991. PROCEEDINGS., 6TH MEDITERRANEAN LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA 22-24 MAY 1991, NEW YORK, NY, USA,IEEE, US, 22 May 1991 (1991-05-22), pages 1077-1080, XP010040049 ISBN: 0-87942-655-1 * |
WU S S ET AL: "HEURISTIC ALGORITHMS FOR TASK ASSIGNMENT AND SCHEDULING IN A PROCESSOR NETWORK" PARALLEL COMPUTING, ELSEVIER PUBLISHERS, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 20, no. 1, 1994, pages 1-14, XP000417604 ISSN: 0167-8191 * |
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Publication number | Publication date |
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GB0323218D0 (en) | 2003-11-05 |
WO2002077811A3 (en) | 2003-08-21 |
GB2390199A (en) | 2003-12-31 |
AU2002248662A1 (en) | 2002-10-08 |
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