WO2002072678A1 - High temperature, carbon monoxide-tolerant perfluorosulfonic acid composite membranes and methods of making same - Google Patents
High temperature, carbon monoxide-tolerant perfluorosulfonic acid composite membranes and methods of making same Download PDFInfo
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- WO2002072678A1 WO2002072678A1 PCT/US2002/007905 US0207905W WO02072678A1 WO 2002072678 A1 WO2002072678 A1 WO 2002072678A1 US 0207905 W US0207905 W US 0207905W WO 02072678 A1 WO02072678 A1 WO 02072678A1
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- Prior art keywords
- membrane
- composite
- dopant
- comprised
- carbon monoxide
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 90
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorosulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(F)(=O)=O UQSQSQZYBQSBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 5
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical group OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims 3
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 31
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229920003934 Aciplex® Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003028 elevating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002839 Pt-Mo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002848 Pt–Ru Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 ZSM-5 ( ExxonMobil) Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005102 attenuated total reflection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036755 cellular response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001739 density measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005548 perfluoropolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium;zinc Chemical compound [Se]=[Zn] SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021654 trace metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/0009—Organic membrane manufacture by phase separation, sol-gel transition, evaporation or solvent quenching
- B01D67/00091—Organic membrane manufacture by phase separation, sol-gel transition, evaporation or solvent quenching by evaporation
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- B01D67/0011—Casting solutions therefor
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- B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
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- B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D71/06—Organic material
- B01D71/30—Polyalkenyl halides
- B01D71/32—Polyalkenyl halides containing fluorine atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
- C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
- C08J5/2275—Heterogeneous membranes
- C08J5/2281—Heterogeneous membranes fluorine containing heterogeneous membranes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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- C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1023—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1037—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having silicon, e.g. sulfonated crosslinked polydimethylsiloxanes
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1039—Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1041—Polymer electrolyte composites, mixtures or blends
- H01M8/1046—Mixtures of at least one polymer and at least one additive
- H01M8/1048—Ion-conducting additives, e.g. ion-conducting particles, heteropolyacids, metal phosphate or polybenzimidazole with phosphoric acid
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
- H01M8/1072—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes by chemical reactions, e.g. insitu polymerisation or insitu crosslinking
- H01M8/1074—Sol-gel processes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/1069—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes
- H01M8/1081—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the manufacturing processes starting from solutions, dispersions or slurries exclusively of polymers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
- B01D2325/14—Membrane materials having negatively charged functional groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2381/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Polysulfones; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2381/08—Polysulfonates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M2300/0088—Composites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- This invention relates to hydrogen/oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cells, more particularly to high temperature, CO-tolerant composite PSFA membranes for use as proton exchange n embranes .
- PEMFCs hydrogen/oxygen proton-exchange membrane fuel cells
- PEMFCs The advantages of PEMFCs over thermal engines are the ultra low or zero emissions of environmental pollutants (CO, NO, NOCs, and SO x ), fewer moving parts and higher theoretical efficiencies for energy conversion. PEMFCs perform optimally with pure H and O 2 as the reactant gases. Unfortunately, the storage, transportation, and refueling of H 2 gas is nontrivial, particularly for the transportation application . However, hydrogen for transportation can be produced by on-board fuel processing of liquid hydrocarbons or alcohols. Currently the most developed systems are steam reforming and the partial oxidation with methane, methanol or gasoline as the fuels, but in both of these cases, the CO level in the product gas stream is typically 50 to lOOppm.
- Carbon monoxide is a major problem because trace amounts of CO in the H 2 feed gas; more than 10 ppm of CO will poison the Pt anode electrocatalyst in the state-of-the- art PEMFCs operating at 80°C.
- CO-tolerant electrocatalysts such as Pt-Mo, Pt-Ru
- problems still exist with these electrocatalysts including a 5 to 10 times higher Pt loading than required for pure platinum catalysts, a maximum CO tolerance of ⁇ 50 ppm, and an increased overpotential for the anodic reaction in the presence of low level CO.
- Improved hydrogen/oxygen proton-exchange membrane fuel cells use a novel composite membrane which allows the fuel cell to operate at higher temperatures with significantly improved carbon monoxide-tolerance.
- the composite membranes are comprised of a perfluorosulfonic acid with an incorporated dopant.
- the fuel cells have carbon-monoxide tolerances greater than 500 parts per million in the gas fuel stream.
- These composite membranes can be produced by impregnating a liquid dopant directly into a pre-formed perfluorosulfonic acid membrane or by mixing a liquid perfluorosulfonic acid with dopant particles in a solvent and evaporating the solvent.
- Figure 1 is a cyclic voltammograms comparing the unmodified Nation 115 and National 115/silicon oxide membranes.
- Figure 2 is a graph comparing the electrical performance of various unmodified
- Figure 3 is a graph comparing the electrical performance of various unmodified PFSAs when operated at single cell temperatures of 80°C and 130°C
- Figure 4 is a graph comparing the electrical performance of various composite silicon oxide/PFSAs when operated at single cell temperatures of 130°C
- Figure 5 is a graph comparing the electrical performance of various composite silicon oxide PFSAs when operated at single cell temperatures of 130°C
- Figure 6 is a graph comparing the electrical performance of various composite zeolite/PFSAs when operated at a single cell temperature of 130°C
- Figure 7 is a graph comparing the electrical performance of a ZSM-5 zeolite/PFSA when operated at a single cell temperature of 130°C
- Figure 8 is a graph comparing the electrical performance of a composite diatomaceous earth/PFSA when operated at a single cell temperature of 130°C
- Figure 9 is a graph comparing the CO-tolerance and electrical performance of a composite titania/PFSA when operated at a single cell temperature of 130°C with an unmodified PSFA.
- the membrane could be used as a proton exchange membrane in an H 2 /O fuel cell at temperatures above 100°C, as high as at least 145°C and will exhibit superior current density and prolonged, carbon monoxide tolerance two orders of magnitude higher than current PSFA membranes operating at the standard 80°C.
- PFSAs are suitable for use in the doped membranes and include those commercially available as Nafion (Dupont Chemical) and Aciplex (Asahi Chemical Inc.).
- the dopants are introduced either by impregnation into an existing PSFA membrane or by recasting a membrane from solubilized PSFA and dopant. Impregnation can be accomplished using existing PSFA membranes such as, Nafion 105, Nafion 112, Nafion 115, and Aciplex 1004, for example.
- the membrane is pre-treated/cleansed and then immersed in solution containing the dopant or a dopant precursor, for example, tetraethoxysilane.
- Dopants suitable to be incorporated via recasting include, but are not limited to, for example: siloxane polymer, silica, titania, alumina, zeolite such as ZSM-5 ( ExxonMobil), 4A (e.g., Union Carbide ), Y (e.g., Union Carbide), A (e.g., Union Carbide), and N (e.g., Union Carbide ), and diatomaceous earth.
- Recast membranes are prepared by mixing a PSFA solution, such as Nafion or Aciplex, in an organic solvent, such as an alcohol, with a solution of the desired dopant and then drying the mixture to form a membrane.
- the synthesis involves taking the 'solubilized' form of the perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer (PFSA- a commercially available material), diluting it with an organic solvent such as isopropanol to adjust viscosity and then adding the desired inorganic component, i.e., dopant, as a well- dispersed powder.
- PFSA- perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer
- the powder is suspended in the solvent by mechanical stirring. 1-10% by weight of the powder dopant component is added.
- the solvent is then allowed to evaporate or heated forming a membrane.
- the membrane is then treated with hydrogen peroxide solution then, mineral acid washings, followed by extensive washing with water.
- the morphology and surface treatment of the dopant/inorganic material is to be important. Particle size, particle surface area, and the functional groups on the surface of the particle can all effect the final product. Particles ranging in size from ⁇ 10nm to ⁇ 200 ⁇ m. Surface areas from 10's of cm2/g to -1000 cm2/g have been studied. In general, the best performance is associated with the smaller particles (and higher surface areas). Organic materials must be carefully removed from the dopant particles prior to reaction.
- the dopant powders should be pre-treated either by using a set of organic decreasing solvents and/or treatment with a mineral acid.
- the invention can be further illustrated by the following examples. These examples are provided for illustration purposes and are not limiting of the scope of the invention.
- Preformed PFSAs (Aciplex 1004 [Asahi Chemical Inc.], Nafion 115, Nafion 112, Nafion 105 [Du Pont Chemical]) were pre-treated by refluxing in a 50:50 mixture (by volume) of water and concentrated HNO 3 (70.8% HNO , Fisher) for 6-8 hours, followed by a 50:50 mixture (by volume) of water and concentrated H SO 4 (95-98% H 2 SO 4 , Fisher) for 6-8 hours to remove trace metal impurities.
- the membranes were then refluxed in dionized H 2 O until the pH of the H 2 O was equal to or greater than 6.5 indicating that all excess acid was removed from the membrane. After the membranes were dried for 24 hours in a vacuum oven at 100°C.
- the membranes from Example 1 were immersed in a 2:1 mixture (by volume) of methanol/H 2 O for 5 minutes followed by immersion in a 3:2 mixture (by volume) of tetraethoxysilane (98% TEOS, Aldrich)/methanol for varied amounts of time. The duration of time varied according to the desired percent weight of silicon oxide and which membrane was used. After the treatment, the membrane was placed in a vacuum oven at 100°C for 24 hours. The composite membranes were then refluxed in 3% by volume H 2 O 2 for 1 hour to remove organic impurities, two times in dionized H 2 O for 1 hour, in 0.5M H 2 SO for 1 hour and two times in dionized H 2 O for 1 hour.
- Recast PFSA/silicon oxide membranes were prepared by mixing 5% commercial PFSA solution (Nafion [Dupont Chemical] or Aciplex [Asahi Chemical Inc.]) with double its volume of isopropyl alcohol and varying amounts of a siloxane polymer solution sufficient to produce a silicon oxide content in the membrane of up to about 10 wt%.
- the siloxane polymer solution was prepared by mixing 2 ml of TEOS, 4.7 ml of dionized H 2 O and 100 ⁇ l 0.1M HC1 for 3 hours at room temperature.
- the PFSA, isopropyl alcohol and siloxane polymer solution was then placed in an oven at 90°C overnight. After the recast membranes were formed, they were post-treated in the same manner as the preformed PFSA/silicon oxide membranes.
- FTIR-ATR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Attenuated Total Reflectance
- Pt/C fuel electrodes ETEK Inc.
- Pt loading 0.4 mg/cm 2
- PFSA dry weight
- the electrode area was 5 cm 2 .
- the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was prepared by heating the electrode/membrane/electrode sandwich (active area of electrode was 5 cm 2 ) to 90°C for 1 minute in a Carver Hot-Press with no applied pressure, followed by increasing the temperature to 130°C for 1 minute with no applied pressure and finally hot-pressing the MEA at 130°C and 2 MPa for 1 minute.
- the MEA was positioned in a single cell test fixture, which was then installed in the fuel cell test station (Globetech Inc., GT-1000).
- the test station was equipped for the temperature- controlled humidification of the reactant gases (H 2 , O 2 and air) and for the temperature control of the single cell. Flow rates of the gases were controlled using mass flow controllers. The total pressure of the gases was controlled using back-pressure regulators.
- Example 5 The single cells of Example 5 were fed with humidified H and O 2 at atmospheric pressure (reactant gas and water vapor pressure equal to 1 atm) and the temperature of the H 2 and O 2 humidifiers and of the single cell was raised slowly to 90°C, 88°C and 80°C respectively. During this period, the potential of the single cell was maintained at a constant value of 0.4 N, to reach an optimal hydration of the membrane using the water produced in the cell. After a single cell had reached steady-state conditions (i.e. current density remained constant over time at a fixed potential), cyclic votammograms were recorded at a sweep range of 20 mN s "1 in the range of 0.1 N to 1 N vs.
- Typical cyclic voltammograms for the cathode in the presence of 1 atm H 2 with the unmodified Nafion 115 and Nafion 115/silicon oxide membranes are shown in figure 1 of the anodic peak at 0.1 V vs. RHE (H 2 -» 2H + + 2e ).
- FIG. 4 shows the polarization curves of various doped PFSAs at a single cell temperature of 130°C, with prehumidified reactant gases at 130°C and a pressure of 3 atm.
- the comparison standard is unmodified Nafion 115 shown at a single cell temperature of 80°C with the hydrogen-oxygen prehumidified gases at 90°C and 88°C respectively and a pressure of 1 atm.
- the PFSA silicon oxide composite membrane shows resistivities 50% lower than their respective unmodified PFSAs under the same operating conditions.
- air is substituted for pure oxygen (table 1) as the reactant gas at the cathode, current densities decrease by a factor of -20-50% for both the modified and unmodified Nafion membranes under all test conditions.
- a theoretical decrease of -80% is expected under stoichiometric conditions.
- the use of 2 times stoichiometric flow minimizes this effect.
- Recast PFSA silicon oxide membranes were prepared by mixing 5% commercial PFSA solution (Nafion [Dupont Chemical] with double its volume of isopropyl alcohol and varying amounts of a suspended dopant powder (silicon dioxide). The PFSA, isopropyl alcohol and metal oxide suspension was then placed in an oven at 90°C overnight. The composite membranes were then refluxed in 3% by volume H 2 O for 1 hour to remove organic impurities, two times in dionized H 2 O for 1 hour, in 0.5M H 2 SO 4 for 1 hour and two times in dionized H 2 O for 1 hour.
- Example 7 The method of Example 7 was followed using ZSM-5 zeolite (ExxonMobil) as the dopant.
- Example 10 The method of Example 7 was followed using titania as the dopant.
- Example 10 The method of Example 7 was followed using titania as the dopant.
- Example 7 The method of Example 7 was followed using 4A zeolite (Union Carbide) as the dopant.
- 4A zeolite Union Carbide
- Example 7 The method of Example 7 was followed using Y zeolite (Union Carbide) as the dopant.
- Y zeolite Union Carbide
- Example 13 The method of Example 7 was followed using A zeolite (Union Carbide) as the dopant.
- Example 13 A zeolite (Union Carbide) as the dopant.
- Example 7 The method of Example 7 was followed using N zeolite (Union Carbide) as the dopant.
- N zeolite Union Carbide
- Example 14 The method of Example YY was followed using diatomaceous earth as the dopant.
- a time performance test in which the cell current was monitored at a cell voltage of 0.65V was performed on the control Nafion 115 and the Nafion 115, Nafion 112 and Aciplex 1004 composite membranes.
- the control Nafion 115 membrane's performance fell dramatically and within an hour no current was observed, while after 50 hours of continuous operation at 0.65 V, the current output of the composite membrane remained unchanged indicating that the membrane's hydration was not transitional.
- Composite membranes of the present invention exhibit carbon monoxide- tolerance up to at least 500ppm in the gas stream.
- the following Experiment and graph of Figure 9 illustrates current- voltage curves comparing the effects of carbon monoxide on a standard Nafion PEMFC and a high temperature composite membrane cell (HT-PEMFC) of the present invention incorporating a titania dopant.
- the open and closed square curves show the response of a standard Nafion 115 PEMPC utilizing commercial platinum catalyzed electrodes (E-Tek) to lOOppm of CO in the hydrogen stream.
- the cell was run with humidified hydrogen and oxygen at 80°C, and with one atmosphere of total pressure.
- the solid squares represent the control response of the Nafion 115 cell in the absence of CO, while the open squares show the degradation of the cell response after a several hour purge with hydrogen doped with lOOppm CO.
- the open and closed point curves show the response of the high temperature cell to 100 (solid points ) and 500ppm (open points) of CO in the hydrogen feed.
- the HT- PEMFC is slightly degraded compared to data taken in the absence of CO (not shown) however, shows a response that is superior to the standard Nafion cell in the absence of CO.
- the HT-PEMFC shown here is composed of a titania/Nafion composite membrane, a commercial platinium catalyzed cathode, and a commercial (CO resistant) Pt/Ru anode. Utilizing such an anode with the standard Nafion cell would improve the cell somewhat, However, the response would still be far inferior to the demonstrated response of the HT- PEMFC.
- the HT-PEMFC was run at a total pressure of 3 atm (humidified hydrogen and oxygen) and a temperature of 130°C. Under these conditions the partial pressures of hydrogen and oxygen in the standard Nafion cell and the HT-PEMFC are similar (-0.5 atm per gas).
- Figure 8 shows the current-voltage response for Nafion/Diatomaceous Earth composite membrane fuel cell.
- Recast Nafion membrane containing Diatomaceous Earth and operated at 130°C is compared to a standard Nafion 115 based cell operating at 80°C. Both cells use commercial Pt on carbon electrodes. Both cells have reactive hydrogen and oxygen partial pressures of -0.5 atm. The high temperature cell has a total pressure of 3 atm. Both cells use fully humidified gases.
- the R values are the total cell resistance, extracted from the solid line fit of the data points to the theoretical model of cell operation.
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WO2012045335A1 (en) | 2010-10-05 | 2012-04-12 | Universiteit Twente | Proton exchange membrane |
CN101376716B (en) * | 2008-05-19 | 2012-11-14 | 中国计量学院 | Preparation of polymer-aluminum oxide composite conductive film |
Citations (3)
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US5523181A (en) * | 1992-09-25 | 1996-06-04 | Masahiro Watanabe | Polymer solid-electrolyte composition and electrochemical cell using the composition |
US5635041A (en) * | 1995-03-15 | 1997-06-03 | W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. | Electrode apparatus containing an integral composite membrane |
EP0926754A1 (en) * | 1997-12-10 | 1999-06-30 | De Nora S.P.A. | Polymeric membrane electrochemical cell operating at temperatures above 100 C |
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US5523181A (en) * | 1992-09-25 | 1996-06-04 | Masahiro Watanabe | Polymer solid-electrolyte composition and electrochemical cell using the composition |
US5635041A (en) * | 1995-03-15 | 1997-06-03 | W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. | Electrode apparatus containing an integral composite membrane |
EP0926754A1 (en) * | 1997-12-10 | 1999-06-30 | De Nora S.P.A. | Polymeric membrane electrochemical cell operating at temperatures above 100 C |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN101376716B (en) * | 2008-05-19 | 2012-11-14 | 中国计量学院 | Preparation of polymer-aluminum oxide composite conductive film |
WO2012045335A1 (en) | 2010-10-05 | 2012-04-12 | Universiteit Twente | Proton exchange membrane |
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