WO2001020730A2 - Electric oxygen iodine laser - Google Patents
Electric oxygen iodine laser Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001020730A2 WO2001020730A2 PCT/US2000/023642 US0023642W WO0120730A2 WO 2001020730 A2 WO2001020730 A2 WO 2001020730A2 US 0023642 W US0023642 W US 0023642W WO 0120730 A2 WO0120730 A2 WO 0120730A2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/14—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range characterised by the material used as the active medium
- H01S3/22—Gases
- H01S3/2215—Iodine compounds or atomic iodine
Definitions
- the present invention relates to lasers and pulse circuits and excited atomic state and plasma generators related thereto
- the present invention comprises a pulse circuit for generating an output pulse, wherein the pulse circuit comprises a power supply, at least one Blumlein line wherein each line comprises a front end and an output end, a switch for grounding each front end of the at least one Blumlein line simultaneously, and a snubber for truncating the output pulse from the at least one Blumlein line
- this pulser circuit is useful for a variety of applications
- the circuit further comprises at least two Blumlein lines comprising electrically connected and simultaneously groundable front ends and serially connected output ends
- the circuit comprises discharge electrodes for discharging the output pulse to a gas wherein each of the discharge electrodes optionally bound a tube configuration comprising a surface for heat exchange
- the present invention also comprises an inventive generator for generating an excited atomic state of a molecule
- this particular generator comprises a power supply, a pulse circuit, and an excited atomic state generating region wherein the pulse circuit discharges a pulse to a gas in the region and thereby generates an excited atomic state of at least one molecule in the gas and wherein the gas optionally comprises at least one inert gas
- the excited atomic state generating region optionally comprises electrodes, a loop, or a cavity wherein the cavity optionally comprises a resonant cavity or a capacitively coupled cavity (particularly useful for RF and microwave energy deposition)
- the excited atomic state generating region optionally comprises a loop and at least two electrodes
- the excited atomic state generator optionally comprises an excited atomic state generating region comprising a loop and at least one transformer core comprising at least one winding wherein the excited atomic state generating region loop forms a second winding of the at least one transformer core
- the present invention also comprises a laser
- the laser comprises a power supply, a pulse circuit, an excited atomic state generating region wherein the pulse circuit discharges a pulse to a gas in the region and thereby generates an excited atomic state of at least one molecule in the gas and wherein the gas optionally comprises at least one inert gas, and a resonant cavity for generating a laser beam
- the laser optionally comprises a heat exchanger for controlling the temperature of said excited atomic state generating region, and optionally comprising supersonic expansion nozzles for introducing the gas into the excited atomic state generating region
- the present invention comprises a method of generating a plasma
- this method comprises the steps of a) providing a gas, b) applying a pulse to the gas to over-volt the gas to an E/N value above lonization breakdown thereby forming a plasma, c) applying additional pulses, above lonization breakdown of the gas, to sustain quasi-continuous lonization of the plasma, and d) causing a current flow to the plasma by applying an electric field comprising an E/N value less than the glow potential of the plasma
- the gas comprises 0 2 and the method generates an excited atomic state of 0 2 and optionally wherein the excited atomic state comprises 0 2 1 ⁇
- the present invention also comprises a method for producing a laser beam.
- this laser method comprises the steps of: a) providing a gas; b) applying a pulse to the gas to over-volt the gas to an electric field normalized to plasma density value above ionization breakdown thereby forming a plasma; c) applying additional pulses, above ionization breakdown of the gas, to sustain quasi-continuous ionization of the plasma; d) causing a current flow to the plasma by applying an electric field comprising an electric field normalized to plasma density value less than the glow potential of the plasma; e) contacting the plasma with a molecule of the gas to generate an excited atomic state of that molecule; f) contacting the excited molecule with iodine to excite the iodine; and g) lasing the excited iodine.
- a primary object of the present invention is to enable an electric oxygen iodine laser.
- a primary advantage of the present invention is an efficient laser.
- Fig. 1 is a graph of a variety of reactions versus E/N in Townsend;
- Fig 2 is a perspective view of a loop configuration of a generator embodiment of the present invention
- Fig 3 is a perspective view of a loop and electrode configuration of a generator embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig 4 is a cross-sectional view of a loop and core configuration of a generator embodiment of the present invention
- Fig 5 is a diagrammatic view of a generator embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig 6a is a diagrammatic view of tube bank of a generator embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig 6b is a diagrammatic view of a housing of an embodiment for housing a tube bank, such as that shown in Fig 6a,
- Fig 7 is a graph of excited oxygen species shown as density versus distance for a particular embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig 8a is a diagrammatic side view of a laser of an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig 8b is a diagrammatic view of an injector block of an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig 8c is a diagrammatic top view of the laser shown in Fig 8a
- Fig 9 is a diagrammatic view of a close-cycle laser according to an embodiment of the present invention
- Fig 10 is a diagrammatic view of a pulser circuit and generator according to an embodiment of the present invention
- Fig 11 is a diagrammatic view of a controlled avalanche circuit mechanical assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Fig 12 is a diagrammatic view of a circuit for floating a DC potential on top of a DC jump potential and a pulsed high voltage avalanche ionization potential according to an embodiment of the present invention
- the present invention pertains to pulse circuits, generation apparatus and methods of generating plasma and/or excited atomic molecular species, and lasers
- the pulse circuits of the present invention comprise means for generating ultra-short pulses suitable for use in lasers
- the generation apparatus and methods of the present invention comprise means for generating plasma and/or excited atomic molecular species
- various embodiments of the generators of the present invention are useful for exciting molecules to excited atomic states, wherein such molecules include, but are not limited to, oxygen, water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, NO, NO x , chlorine, flou ⁇ ne, bromine, etc
- This list is not exhaustive nor exclusive but given to show that the present invention is not limited to excitation of oxygen molecules While the embodiments that follow focus primarily on excitation of oxygen and/or generation of a plasma in the presence of oxygen, it would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art of physical chemistry that the apparatus and methods of the present invention are useful for generating plasma and exciting chemicals other than oxygen Likewise, the pulse circuit of the
- Particular embodiments of the present invention pertain to oxygen-iodine laser systems for use in a variety of industrial applications including metal-working applications such as cutting, welding, drilling, and surface modification
- C0 2 and NdYag type lasers are used for such metal-working applications
- C0 2 lasers possess good beam quality, high efficiency, scalability to very high power levels (without loss of beam quality), and are an economical source of laser power on a per watt basis, however, they suffer from a long wavelength (10 6 microns) and, therefore, cannot be focused to a tight spot at high power levels without causing plasma formation
- the long wavelength also prevents transmission via fiber optic cable and limits the ability to cut thick steel precisely and efficiently
- a C0 2 laser cannot cut or weld steel more than a few inches deep NdYag lasers operate at a much shorter wavelength, 1 06 microns, which is transmittable via fiber optic cable
- the 1 06 micron NdYag wavelength beam in combination with a suitable lens, allows for beam focusing to a spot area
- the oxygen-iodine laser systems of the present invention combine advantages of C0 2 and NdYag lasers while eliminating many of their disadvantages
- An oxygen iodine (0 2 -l * ) laser operates at 1 315 microns and is thereby transmittable by fiber optic cable
- the 1 315 micron wavelength allows for beam focusing characteristic of NdYag lasers operated below 60 watts average power
- the 0 2 -l* laser achieves an intensity of nearly 10 9 watts/cm 2 without causing plasma formation or losing beam quality
- the 0 2 -l* laser is scalable to tens or hundreds of kilowatts — megawatts for that matter — without loosing beam quality This allows for a sharp focus at high power
- 0 2 -l * laser systems of the present invention can cut easily through 12 inch-thick steel because such systems deliver a power density that is orders of magnitude higher than the rate at which the steel absorbs energy through the keyhole walls
- the change in energy level process is positioned to occur either just upstream of, or within, an optical resonator which is transverse to the supersonic flowstream
- the 0 2 -l * laser beam is produced and directed transverse to the supersonic flowstream by the optical resonator
- the chemical flowstream, post-resonantor passes through a supersonic/subsonic diffuser that causes a "shock down" to subsonic flow
- the subsonic chemical stream is simply discharged from the system, for example, to the atmosphere, usually with the aid of an ejector pump
- the aforementioned COIL system operates in an open-cycle configuration because the chemicals pass through the system only once
- the present invention encompasses both open-cycle and closed-cycle configurations, however, as shown below, closed-cycle configuartions impart substantial benefits to some industrial applications, as do semi-closed cycle configurations
- the present invention allows for a semi closed-cycle operation by virtue of electrical excitation of oxygen
- semi closed-cycle operation means that less than approximately 10% of system gas is lost as percentage of gas flow rate and preferably, this percentage is less than approximately 5% while most preferably, this percentage is less than approximately 1%
- Electrical excitation eliminates the need for liquid chlorine, concentrated hydrogen peroxide, and potassium hydroxide
- Semi closed-cycle operation of a preferred embodiment of the present invention's 0 2 -l * laser system is illustrated in Figure 9
- the closed-cycle operable, electrically driven system of the present invention allows for design of practical systems for industrial applications
- electrically driven 0 2 -l * systems of the present invention comprise a laser that operates at 1 315 microns having the physical size, cost per watt, power scalability, and beam quality advantages of a closed-cycle, fast-flow C0 2 laser system
- a preferred embodiment of a particular laser system of the present invention shares some operational similarities with a United States Air Force COIL system
- the Air Force COIL system first provides for l 2 collisions with 0 2 1 ⁇ that disassociate l 2 into 21 and second, provides for additional iodine collisions with metastable oxygen whereby energy is resonantly transferred to iodine thereby exciting the iodine to the upper laser level
- the most significant difference between the aforementioned preferred embodiment and the Air Force COIL system is that instead of producing the oxygen singlet delta from a chemical reaction of basic hydrogen peroxide and chlorine, the oxygen singlet delta is produced directly from ground-state oxygen by means of cold plasma electrical excitation
- E/N is a measure of the E-field normalized to the plasma density, which plays a controlling role in nearly all plasma processes
- Chemical kinetics/Boltzman electron energy distribution calculations reveal that the necessary concentrations of 0 2 1 ⁇ are generated only if the following (normally mutually exclusive) conditions are simultaneously met:
- a high specific energy deposition (approximately 100 KJ/mole 0 2 ) must be applied to a large volume, low pressure (approximately 5 to 50 Torr) flowstream of oxygen.
- the system requires a volume that is scalable to produce whatever 0 2 1 ⁇ flowrate is required for a laser of specific power (e.g., a 100 KW laser might require on the order of 43 liters of total plasma volume, if operated at 15 Torr total stagnation pressure);
- the energy deposition process must be essentially isothermal; i.e., waste heat must be removed at a rate such that the maximum gas temperature does not build up beyond approximately 200°C;
- the present invention's method of meeting the aforementioned criteria uses: ultrahigh E/N (initially greater than approximately 180 Townsends); and uitrashort ( ⁇ is approximately 5-15 nanoseconds) pulses at a rep rate sufficient to maintain an average electron number density of approximately 10 13 to approximately 10 14 electrons/cm 3 during pump period (typically approximately 20 KHz to approximately 40 KHz), while maintaining a constant DC pump field (or magnetically induced square wave potential) at the required pump value of E/N is approximately 10 Td.
- uitrashort pulses of less than approximately 75 nanoseconds are desired while preferably pulses are less than approximately 25 nanoseconds and most preferably, pulses are less than approximately 15 nanoseconds.
- preferred configurations comprise an integral electrical excitation generator and a heat exchanger. These configurations allow isothermal heat addition; i.e., rapid removal of waste heat is in equilibrium with internal rate of heat production. It is noted that the applied pump potential (E/N is approximately 10 Td) falls far below the electric field required to maintain ionization, therefore, a continuous sequence of ultra high voltage (E/N initially greater than or equal to approximately 180 Td) pulses are applied to renew the ionization lost while the field is being sustained at only 10 Td (under fully developed equilibrium conditions, for example, and at high repetition rates e.g., 20,000 to 40,000 pps or more), for example, the residual ionization can reduce thh E/N level needed to renew ionization from levels of approximately 180 Td to levels less than approximately 180 Td, in some instances, for example, down to levels of approximately 100 Td or less).
- ionization pulses must be arrested limit each pulse to less than a few tens of nanoseconds duration. Any ionization pulses of order E/N greater than or equal to approximately 100 Td to apprxoimately 180 Td (depending on the initial ionization number denisty) lasting longer than approximately 75 nanoseconds would lead to arc breakdown. Furthermore, ionization pulses lasting longer than a few tens of nanoseconds generates 0 1 D at a concentration which tends toward becoming deleterious.
- E/N is not limited to values given
- the pulse length is not limited to the values given
- the electron number density is not limited to the values given.
- E/N values of 150 Td are within the scope of the present invention for over-volting, as well as, for example, but not limited to, electron number density values from 10 12 to 10 15 .
- the generator 100 comprises a loop portion 102 and a measurement/gas exit portion 104.
- the loop portion 102 comprises a core for providing a poler pulse 108, a current probe 110, a core for main power pulses 112, a gas loop 106 surrounded by a coolant shell 120.
- the cores 108, 112 and the current probe surround the gas loop 106.
- the gas loop 106 further comprises surface indicia, fins, ribs, etc. 122, for increasing heat transfer to the coolant.
- the coolant shell comprises a coolant inlet 116 and a coolant outlet 118.
- the measurement/gas exit portion 104 comprises a connection 140 to the gas loop 106.
- the measurement/gas exit portion 104 also comprises a block for sensors and measurements 142, a gas exit 144, a fiber optic observation and/or communciation connection 146, electrical leads for a thermocouple or other suitable temperature measurement device 148, and a pressure sensor device and/or port for measurement of pressure 150.
- the block 142 optionally comprises windows and a sensor volume, such a block is known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
- the gas exit 144 optionally comprises a throttling valve or similar device for controlling gas flow.
- a sequence of ionization pulses are magnetically induced into the loop 106 by means of a METGLAS® (Allied Signal Inc., Morristown, New Jersey) (or ferrite core) transformer 112 or transformers.
- a METGLAS® transformer 108 is used to induce a sub-breakdown potential, square wave into the Ioop106.
- a "perfect" square wave having instantaneous rise and fall is not achievable in practice; therefore, it is understood that square waves referred to herein have a rise time and a fall time.
- each half cycle of the square wave is of sufficient duration as to drive a transformer's magnetic core to near saturation or to saturation
- the second half-cycle which is, for example, of equal magnitude and opposite polarity to the prior half cycle, drives the core to near saturation or to saturation in an opposite manner
- the cycling square wave acts to induce a substantially constant electric pump field (e g , but not limited to, approximately 10 Td) for application to the loop to maintain electrons at their optimal temperature distribution for exciting 0 2 into the desired 0 2 1 ⁇ state
- a substantially constant electric pump field e g , but not limited to, approximately 10 Td
- the plasma path length through loop 106 comprises a length of approximately 60 cm, a cross-sectional area of approximately 0 7 cm 2 and a volume of approximately 40 cm 3
- the gas flow path through the loop 106 comprises a length of approximately 30 cm and a cross-section of approximately 1 4 cm 2
- the exit volume (loop 106 to sensor/measurement block 142) comprises a length of approximately 14 cm, a cross-sectional area of approximately 0 7 cm 2 and a volume of approximately 23 1 cm 3
- FIG. 3 Another embodiment of the present invention, more specifically of a magnetic induction loop generator 200, is shown in Figure 3
- This example comprises a loop portion 202 and a measurement/gas exit portion 204 (used to verify the proof of principle but not essential to this embodiment of the invention)
- the measurement/gas exit portion 204 comprises the same features as the measurement/gas exit portion 104 of generator 100
- the loop portion 202 of the embodiment shown in Figure 3 differs from the loop portion 102, as shown in Figure 2, in several ways
- Loop portion 202 comprises at least one pot core 212 and preferably four pot cores 212, 212', 212", 212'"
- the loop portion 204 also comprises a current probe 210 and a core for providing a poker (avalanche) pulse 208
- a loop 206 passes through the at least one pot core 212 wherein the loop 206 makes at least one turn or winding and preferably approximately three windings Gas enters the loop 206 through at least one inlet 214, which connects
- this generator system 200 comprises multi-turn transformer windings comprising segments of the loop 206 in series "Controlled avalanche" pulses are induced in the loop 206 by means of at least one ferrite pot core transformer segment 212
- the system is characterized by extremely short ionizing pulses (e g , approximately tens of nanoseconds), ultrahigh E-field (e g , approximately greater than or equal to 180 Td), and a delivered repetition rate of approximately tens of kilohertz
- a sub-breakdown (10 Td) field (a continuous direct current) is delivered from a cathode 222 on one end of the loop to an anode 220 at the other end
- the direct current (DC) flows in parallel and in the same direction through two current paths (as shown in Figure 3) of the loop 206 while the ionization pulse current flows continuously around the entire loop 206
- the DCs E-field is tuned to the resonant-like magnitude (E/N equals approximately 10 Td)
- Figure 4 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention comprising a cross-sectional view through a cylind ⁇ cally configured transformer-coupled 0 2 1 ⁇ generator 300
- This embodiment comprises a single ferrite core 302 to transform both a sequence of approximately greater than or equal to approximately 150 Td ionization pulses, and a sub-breakdown potential, square-wave pump field as described in the embodiment shown in Figure 3
- the ferrite core 302 comprises a coupled loop 304 lined with at least one heat exchanger 306, preferably electrically isolated, to efficiently remove the thermal energy created by the discharge
- the generator further comprises a gas inlet 308 and an exit 310 which connects to, for example, a laser channel 312, for production of a laser beam 314
- This particular embodiment while shown with a single core, optionally comprises multiple cores
- Figure 5 shows a schematic of a two-tube version of a linear-type, DC-pumped 0 2 1 ⁇ generator Actual operation of this preferred embodiment resulted in 0 2 1 ⁇ yields that were more than sufficient for use in an 0 2 -l * laser system
- the number of tubes used in this embodiment is adjustable to generate flow rates needed for a particular laser system
- Figure 6a shows a "strawman" apparatus for a 0 2 1 ⁇ generator configured to power, for example, but not limited to, a 5 MW continuous laser
- Figure 6b shows particular dimensions of an embodiment comprising the configuration shown in Figure 6a
- this particular generator embodiment 500 of the present invention comprises a generator with an integral heat exchanger 502
- the generator/heat exchanger 502 further comprises, for example, but not limited to, two tubes 506, 506" housed within a shell 504 While two tubes are shown this embodiment is not mted to two tubes and, in general, the embodiment comprises at least one tube
- tubes 506, 506' optionally comprise a length of approximately 1 meter, an inner diameter of approximately 1 cm, a material of construction of Be, or other suitable material, and fluting (or other surface indicia, etc ) on the inside to improve heat transfer
- this embodiment further comprises an 0 2 inlet 520, optionally comprising a flow rate control mechanism, a He inlet 530, optionally comprising a flow rate control mechanism, a gas cooling bath 540, optionally comprising dry ice and/or alcohol(s), and a vacuum pump 550
- a vacuum pump 550 Of course use of more than one vaccum pump is possible and, for example, but not limited to, such pump(s) ⁇ s(are) rated individually and/or collectively at a flow rate of approximately 150 CFM
- the generator 500 further comprises a variety of measurement/sensor ports and/or devices, known to one of ordinary skill in the art Such ports and/or devices are shown generally in Figure 5 (510, 510", 510", 510'") and comprise, for example, but not limited to, ports and/or devices for measurement and/or sensing of temperature, pressure, optical properties, and the like
- circuitry 564 provides a "jump start" pulse
- Circuit 564 further comprises a power supply 565, for example, but not limited to, a 50 KV power supply
- Circuit 564 optionally comprises a connection 566, for example, but not limited to, a fiber optic connection, to timing electronics 568
- the timing electronics 568 optionally comprises a connection to a velonix driver 570.
- the velonix driver optionally comprises a connection to another pulse circuit 562.
- Pulse circuit 562 provides, for example, but not limited to, an approximately -180 KV pulse with a frequency of approximately 10 to approximately 25 KHz that floats approximately 25 KV above ground.
- Pulse circuit 562 optionally comprises a thyratron-based circuit.
- Power is provided to pulse circuit 562 through a power supply 572, for example, but not limited to, a -45 KV power supply. Power from the power supply 572 passes through a command charger 574.
- the pulse circuit 562 further optionally comprises a DC power supply 576, for example, but not limited to, an approximately 12 KV to approximately 18 KV DC power supply.
- the pulsers 562, 564 further optionally comprise isolation transformers 582, 584.
- Such transformers 582, 584 optionally comprise, for example, but not limited to, 50 KV low capacitance isolation transformers.
- the power supply 565 is connected to pulser 564 and further connected to ground, through the power supply and/or through additional circuitry 586, such as, but not limited to, capacitive and/or resistive circuitry.
- the power supply 576 is connected to pulser 562 and further connected to ground, through the power supply and/or through additional circuitry 578, 580, such as, but not limited to, capcitive and/or resistive circuitry.
- the embodiment shown in Figure 5 further optionally comprises plasma diagnostics, such as, but not limited to, avalanche current, avalanche voltage, pump current and/or pump voltage.
- the embodiment shown in Figure 5 further optionally comprises gas diagnostics, such as, but not limited to, pressure, mixture/composition, flowrates, and/or temperatures.
- the embodiment shown in Figure 5 further optionally comprises optical diagnostics and/or recorders.
- An optical diagnostics port 512 is shown in Figure 5.
- a two tube generator was used wherein the tubes were submerged in a flouroinert dielectric liquid bath which was, in turn, maintained at dry ice temperatures, approximately -78.5°C, by means of circulating pumps.
- Each tube was injected with metastable helium to pre-ionize the gas volume while a predominantly 0 2 flowstream (with some helium) flowed through the tubes at approximately Mach 0.3 to approximately Mach 0.5.
- Operation of this aforementioned system comprises, for example, but not limited to, application of up to approximately 180,000 volt pulses of approximately 30 nanosecond duration that are generated at the rate of approximately 25,000 pulses per second. Application of these pulses created ionization of the gas contained in the tubes.
- the ionization number density fell by about 15% (the percentage fall is dependent on pressure); however, each succeeding pulse compensated for this loss in number density.
- the emergent gas flowed through an optical diagnostic cell and into a 150 CFM vacuum pump.
- the ionizing pulse train floated on top of a pure DC electric field provided by an approximately 3 KV to approximately 5 KV power supply, which produced about 250 mA of current (average) in each tube.
- the 0 2 1 ⁇ yield was spectroscopically determined and exceeded 16% in pressures of several Torr of pure 0 2 .
- This particular preferred embodiment is a configuration that provides a basis for additional preferred embodiments of laser systems to be discussed.
- a "strawman" apparatus 600 for a 0 2 1 ⁇ generator configured to power, for example, but not limited to, a 5 MW continuous laser.
- the strawman apparatus 600 further comprises at least one individual bank of plasma tubes 602, 602'.
- the banks further comprise plasma tubes 604, 604' and current returns 606, 606', 606", 606'".
- each bank 602, 602' Surrounding, or spaced between, each bank 602, 602' is a heat exchange fluid supply 608, 608',
- preferred embodiments of the present invention comprises an electric oxygen iodine laser that comprises a generator for generating 0 2 1 ⁇ wherein the 0 2 1 ⁇ generator comprises
- a means for generating low-level, pre-ionization of at least one chemical species
- pre-ionization means In an aforementioned example, metastable helium was generated using an electric discharge pre-ionization generator, thereafter, the metastable helium was injected into a flowstream.
- Other means of achieving pre-ionization include (a) dielectric barrier discharges, (b) photo-ion ization, (c) X-ray ionization, (d) electron beam injection, (e) brush-cathode induced "runaway” electrons, (f) microwave, (g) RF induction (capacitively or magnetically induced), and/ or (H) a nuclear radiation source,
- a means for sustaining a significant level of quasi-continuous ionization for example, wherein such means comprises generation and application of a rapid sequence of uitrashort, ultrahigh voltage pulses to at least one pre-ionized chemical species — herein referred to as a "pulsing means"
- pulse magnitude significantly exceeds the arc potential required for creation of an avalanche of ionization to a degree (on the order, for example, but not limited to, of approximately 10 12 to approximately 10 15 electrons/cm 3 ) while pulse duration is sufficiently short as to prevent arc formation and to minimize formation of undesirable excited state oxygen, e g , the 0 1 D state Pulse duration, or pulse length, is preferably less than a few tens of nanoseconds, and in all instances, less than approximately 75 nanoseconds, and most preferably less than approximately 15 nanoseconds
- the pulse energy is capable of "over-volting" the plasma in its original pre-
- a means of impressing a sub-breakdown voltage of controlled average magnitude or magnitudes causes current to flow through a region of fluctuating ionization as created by the means for sustaining comprising, for example, the aforementioned pulsing means.
- a sub-breakdown voltage is magnetically induced as, for example, application of aforementioned square wave energy to maintain an approximately fixed potential through a square wave having alternating polarity.
- the potential in either instance, is selected so that E/N falls well below the glow potential and preferably within the range of approximately 7 Td to approximately 10 Td, of course this value is adjustable to account for other system parameters.
- E/N is continuously varied along the operational path and is a function of 0 2 1 ⁇ concentration (or 0 2 1 ⁇ pressure).
- Several preferred embodiments of the present invention use graded E/N technology. Grading of E/N over system operation allows for, in most instances, optimum efficiency.
- choice of E/N depends on levels of 0 2 1 ⁇ , whether measured in terms of concentration or pressure. In particular, 0 2 1 ⁇ levels are monitored (primarily for experimentation) with reference to concentrations and pressures of other chemical species within the system, for example, but not limited to, other oxygen species.
- Case I System Open cycle, 20 KW class, continuous laser. This configuration is intended to provide a very compact, light-weight laser for applications where only short-run times are needed but compact packaging concerns are at a premium. Typical applications for such laser systems include fracturing of rocks in mining or well-drilling operations, where field portability is advantageous.
- Figure 8 both side view (top drawing) and top view (bottom drawing) of a Case I System of the present invention are shown. The top view shows only a laser channel, which is common to two other configurations that follow (refer to Figure 8 for other cases).
- a laser 800 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figure 8a.
- This open cycle electric oxygen iodine laser 800 comprises an oxygen supply 810, a helium supply 820, an iodine supply 830, a power supply system 840, an 0 2 1 ⁇ electric generator/heat sink assembly 850, a resonator cavity 860, a supersonic/subsonic diffuser discharge assembly 870 and a heat exchange system 880.
- the heat exchange system 880 of this embodiment connects to the oxygen and helium supplies 810, 820, the 0 2 ⁇ electric generator/heat sink assembly 850, and the supersonic/subsonic diffuser discharge assembly 870.
- the heat exchange system 880 further comprises at least one pump for pumping fluid and/or gas 882, 882', 882".
- the at least one pump provides for circulation of fluid/gas from the 0 2 1 ⁇ electric generator/heat sink assembly 850 to the heat exchange system 880.
- the heat exchange system 880 further comprises, as shown, a heat exchange loop 884 for exchanging heat with an ejector gas from an ejector gas supply 886.
- This sub-assembly optionally comprises, in lieu of or in addition to the heat exchange loop 884, a thermal energy input 888 to achieve a suitable ejector gas temperature
- An ejector gas manifold from the ejector gas supply 886 enters the supersonic/subsonic diffuser at a point upstream 874 from the subsonic portion 876 of the diffuser, however, the ejector gas does not enter the flow stream until approximately the shock region, which is substantially between the supersonic and subsonic regions (as shown more clearly in Figure 8c below)
- the 0 2 1 ⁇ electric generator/heat sink assembly 850 of this particular embodiment comprises at least two tubes 852, 852' Located at opposite ends of the tubes 852, 852' are fore and aft electrodes 854, 854'
- This particular embodiment is optionally configured with a fore cathode or anode and an aft anode or cathode, respectively, for purposes of discharging a direct or alternating current at sub-breakdown field strength into the plasma
- metastable helium is formed at or near the fore electrode, for which the fore electrode comprises a cathode, regardless of whether it comprises a cathode or anode for purposes of providing seed volume ionization from which to initiate an avalanche
- the invention does not have to rely on this particular apparatus or method of forming metastable helium
- Other methods and apparatus for providing seed volume ionization are within the scope of the present invention and known to those of ordinary skill in the art
- the power supply system 840 comprises a floating, high repetition, nanosecond, high voltage pulser 842, a DC power supply 844, power conditioning electronics 846, a high voltage isolated power transformer 848, a command charger 847 and appropriate leads 843 to the 0 2 1 ⁇ electric generator/heat sink assembly 850
- the command charger 847 is positioned between the power conditioning electronics 846 and the floating, high repetition, nanosecond, high voltage pulser 842
- the high voltage isolated power transformer 848 is connected to the power conditioning electronics 846
- the laser beam is produced at the resonator 860, which in this particular embodiment comprises a two-pass unstable resonator cavity, shown in an end view in Figure 8
- the resonator 860 is positioned after an iodine injector 832 and before the supersonic diffuser 872
- the iodine injector 832 comprises a supersonic nozzle block, which a particular embodiment thereof is described in further detail below.
- the iodine injector 832 shown in Figure 8a comprises a supersonic nozzle block.
- a close-up of this block 900 is shown in Figure 8b.
- This block comprises an inlet side 902 and an outlet side 904. Gases in subsonic flow enter the inlet side 902, mix with iodine, and optionally a combination of helium and iodine, supplied through iodine injection ports 903, 903", in a mixing region 906, 906', 906". This mixture of gases expands in the supersonic expansion region 908, 908', 908" to achieve supersonic flow.
- gas leaving the supersonic nozzle block comprises a velocity of approximately Mach 2.5 to approximately Mach 3.0.
- the gas further optionally comprises a temperature of approximately 112 K or lower.
- the basic principles of the supersonic nozzle block of Figure 8b are known to those in the art of COIL lasers.
- Figure 8c shows a top view of the inventive apparatus of Figure 8a.
- the oxygen supply 810, the helium supply 820, the iodine supply 830, the 0 2 1 ⁇ electric generator/heat sink assembly 850, the resonator cavity 860, and the supersonic/subsonic diffuser discharge assembly 870 are shown.
- the resonator cavity 860 further comprises a plurality of resonator mirrors 862, 862', 862", 862'".
- the resonator cavity additionally comprises at least one laser beam output coupler 864.
- This mirror optionally comprises an annulus for output of an annular laser beam, if used in conjunction with an unstable resonator, or a partially transmitting and partially reflecting optical element, if used in conjunction with a stable resonator.
- a 0 2 ⁇ generator of the present invention consisting of, for example, but not limited to, approximately 80 tubes, each approximately 42 cm long (longer tubes, for example, but not limited to approximately one meter in length or longer are also within the scope of the present invention), produces an oxygen flow rate that is sufficient to power a 20 KW laser.
- the generator in turn, comprises a pre-ionization means and a means for sustaining quasi- continuous ionization by the same kind of pulsers and power supplies described for the 2 tube experimental generator of Figure 5. The physical operating conditions for this laser are summarized below.
- iodine vapor carried by a buffer gas e.g., helium
- a buffer gas e.g., helium
- the cavity is 1 m wide, utilizes a 2 pass transverse unstable resonator, which produces a 2 times diffraction-limited beam at approximately 20 KW.
- About 200 KW of electrical power is supplied to the system, and approximately 2 1 moles 0 2 plus approximately 2 1 moles He are stored for each second of operation
- Case II laser systems are truck-mountable and field operational, thereby enabling the disassembly of 12 inch-thick steel nuclear reactor vessels and centrifuges for which the U S Department of Energy has a most pressing need Ships, tanks, and many other heavy manufacture operations are foreseen target users of Case II System embodiments of the present invention
- This laser system 920 comprises a generator/heat exchanger 922, a power supply system 924 that comprises a floating, nanosecond, high voltage pulser and a DC power supply, a gas return flow loop 930 and an iodine vapor-He return loop 950
- the gas return flow loop 930 further comprises at least two heat exchangers 932, 932' (optionally comprising a chiller, see element 932"), a roots blower 934, a slow flush vacuum pump 936, and a make-up oxygen supply 938.
- the iodine vapor-He return loop 950 further comprises a helium supply 952 and a heat exchanger 954 that optionally comprises a heater.
- a Roots blower pump 934 is used to recompress gases emerging from the subsonic diffuser 960, after which the heat introduced by the pump is removed by a heat exchanger 932', and the flowstream is reintroduced to the electric 0 2 1 ⁇ generator 922.
- This particular Case II System resembles a C0 2 laser system; however, with a unique need for handling recycle of iodine 950.
- Iodine vapor (carried by heated helium) must be injected just upstream of the supersonic nozzles 956 and removed from the flowstream before the flow reenters the 0 2 ⁇ generator 922.
- this particular Case II System requires two separate flow loops 930, 950, one for the bulk of the gas and another for a relatively small amount of iodine (amounting to approximately less than 1 % of the net flowstream).
- the gas comprises oxygen species, buffer (e.g., He and/or Ar) and iodine species.
- gaseous iodine is "frozen out" on a cooled structure, i.e., a condenser/heat exchanger, 932' downstream of the subsonic diffuser 960, as illustrated in Figure 9.
- Solid state iodine resides in crystalline form solidified on the condenser's 932' extensive surface area. After a period of time, for example, a few hours operation, the condenser's surface becomes saturated. The saturated condenser surface is then moved into a second position 954 where it is heated thereby subliming and liberating the solidified l 2 as vapor, which, in turn, re-enters the mixing nozzles.
- condensers 932', 954 there are at least two identical condensers 932', 954, at least one for condensing l 2 vapor from the system 932" and at least one for subliming l 2 solid for re-entry to the system 954 as vapor.
- interchange of surfaces and/or condenser structures requires a downtime of, for example, a few minutes, every several hours; however, the interchange operation is fully automatable.
- Case II Systems as noted for C0 2 laser systems, do not operate as a completely closed- cycle: some exchange of gas is required.
- heated helium gas 952 must be injected to carry the iodine and a correspondingly small amount of laser gas must be pumped out of the system. This process disturbs the helium/oxygen ratio thereby requiring introduction of additional "make-up" oxygen 938 to maintain a proper balance.
- the system is not completely closed, but the make-up rates are tolerable and practical for the aforementioned applications.
- Case III High repetition, pulsed, 150 KW average power, approximately 200 joules/pulse (200 megawatts peak), closed-cycle laser.
- This particular embodiment of the present invention is intended to address applications such as, but not limited to: (1 ) nudging space debris out of orbit so that it burns up in the atmosphere; or nudging comets or asteroids repeatedly to gradually divert their path so that they miss striking the earth.
- Scaled-up Case III laser systems could also play a role in generating controlled nuclear fusion power or propelling rockets and/or satellites into space.
- a preferred embodiment of a Case III System comprises a closed-cycle, supersonically flowing, cavity configuration incorporating transverse optical extraction from an "unstable resonator "
- This embodiment comprises continuous pumping from a linear integral heat exchanger 0 2 1 ⁇ generator, followed by iodine vapor (plus, e g , buffer) injection - then supersonic expansion Lasing is retarded while excited gas fills the cavity by means of applying a "permanent" magnetic field that causes Zeeman-sp tting of laser transitions states
- at least one Helmholz coil is electrically pulsed to nullify the permanent magnetic field
- the resonator builds a laser beam within several microseconds
- a regenerative amplifier replaces the aforementioned unstable resonator If pre-seeded from a local oscillator, this alternative system will provide much shorter pulses Gordon D Hager at Phillips Laboratory, Kir
- the laser's cavity must operate at low temperatures, for example, approximately 100 K is a preferred operating temperature, and the cost of conventional refrigeration reduces overall economy
- supersonic flow provides the most practical way of reducing the cavity temperature
- hundreds of joules must be extracted in each pulse, so the cavity must be large enough to store this energy
- a large cavity combined with supersonic flow translates to seemingly high volumetric flow rates (approximately 480,000 CFM for the case presented), however, the pressure is low and therefore the prime-mover power amounts to a much smaller fraction of the total system power than normally encountered with high average power lasers, i e , only 10% of the total system power is consumed by the prime mover for this "strawman" design if it were to run either CW or at full average power in the pulsed mode
- Acoustic settling times may preclude pulsing the flow once per cavity exchange (which would deliver 225 KW average), however,
- the prime-mover power requirement was based on an assumed diffuser recovery factor of 50% Because there is a small, but yet unqualified, heat release in the supersonic flowstream due to the thermalization of energy stored in 0 2 1 ⁇ , the diffuser operation is potentially adversely affected This may potentially double the prime-mover power requirement resulting in an overall efficiency reduction from approximately 5% to approximately 4%
- pre-ionization In addition to providing a continuous stream of pulses that sustain ionization, it may also provide an associated string of pulses used to generate pre-ionization or equivalently meta-stable helium in chambers that e upstream of the main discharge sections Such pre-ionization would float on top of the primary "controlled avalanche" pulses, with the controlled avalanche pulses perhaps being delayed slightly with respect to the pre-ionization pulses (There are a number of methods, previously outlined, for generating the pre-ionization )
- the pulser's circuit is designed to interact with the plasma's conductivity, such that its applied potential falls below the value of E/N required to sustain an avalanche as the peak sustained current (correspondingly the electron number density) reaches its design level
- the controlled avalanche pulse potential across the discharge falls well below its impedance-
- each pulse rises to an E/N value of ⁇ 180 Td under open circuit conditions (at 50 Torr-Amagat discharge conditions, the corresponding potential may typically reach 180 KW)
- the rise time of the controlled avalanche pulse is less than 30 nanoseconds, but preferably less than 15 nanoseconds, and most preferably less than 5 nanoseconds
- the impedance-matched pulse period is to be less than 75 nanoseconds, but preferably less than 30 nanoseconds, and most preferably less than 15 nanoseconds, provided that the rise time can be achieved on the order of 5 nanoseconds
- the "jump start" pulse should be capable of sustaining current flow at the voltage corresponding to a plasma E/N of -150 Td to -180 Td or more, and at a current level characteristic of the controlled avalanche pulser impedance operating into a matched impedance load (7)
- the rep rate is to be adjustable and must equal or exceed 20,000 pulses per second continuously, and the pulses must be t ⁇ ggerable on demand
- the method may require pulsing at higher repetition rates than may be derived by a single controlled avalanche pulser This is because the ionization loss rate increases with increasing density In such cases, the rep rate obtainable from a single pulser may be doubled, tripled, or even quadrupled to as much as 100,000 pulses per second, simply by interleaving the pulses from 2, 3, or 4 modules which individually operate at 20,000 to 25,000 pulses per second and function according to the aforementioned specifications Each of the units must be appropriately synchronized and time- delayed with regard to each other Then, the 2, 3, or 4 individual pulse trains are simply added
- the design of a controlled avalanche circuit depends on, for example, the power range of a particular laser
- the example presented below is suitable for an approximately 20 KW continuous power laser
- the design principles of this example are suitable for lasers of average power falling between approximately 5 KW and approximately 150 KW
- Figure 10 illustrates a controlled avalanche, or "pulser,” circuit in schematic form
- circuit connections are shown as lines or wires
- high speed, impedance-matched mechanical structures such as, but not limited to, coaxial cylinders, strip lines, or wave-guides are used
- the pulser circuit and 0 2 1 ⁇ plasma generator are illustrated together, since in practice the two units are inseparable and do interact to form a unified circuit
- the pulser circuit sits on top of the DC power supply 1001, which provides the excitation power at a potential which maintains temporally constant, but perhaps spatially graded plasma conditions at or near a value of E/N of approximately 10 Td
- a large capacitor 1002 is used to stabilize voltage conditions during a fluctuating current load, and to bypass the avalanche pulses, thus referencing these to ground potential
- the required pump potential will fall between approximately 7 KV and approximately 20 KV, depending on gas density and generator tube length
- the pulse forming network of the circuit consists of four sets of stacked cable Blumlein lines 1011 , and are wired so that their potentials add at the output end A fifth set of cables form a final Blumlein line whose potential is added onto the top of the first four lines 1012
- the first four stacked lines provide the primary pulse train which maintains ionization while the fifth line powers the helium meta-stable generators which are located upstream of the 0 2 1 ⁇ generator plasma tubes, and serve to provide a volume-distributed source of initial pre-ionization
- each of the five lines consist of two approximately 50 ohm coaxial cables, such that their switched impedance on the front end is approximately 5 ohms
- the four line segment will have an output impedance of approximately 400 ohms, thus generating an approximately 200 amp pulse at approximately -80 KV if the load were matched to the line at 400 ohms
- the output voltage doubles to approximately -160 KV at zero current
- the fifth line provides approximately 200 amps at approximately -20 KV lying on top of the approximately -80 KV primary output in addition to the DC pump potential (perhaps -10 KV) in the case where both circuits are loaded into their matched impedances approximately 400 ohms and approximately 100 ohms, respectively
- the pulse output is a square wave whose pulse width matches the two-way propagation time through a single cable For example, approximately 30 nanosecond wide pulses will be produced when the cable lengths (individually) are cut to be approximately 10 6 feet long, where the cable's index of refraction is assumed to be approximately 1 4 - the value which is characteristic of a 50 ohm cable
- the Blumlein lines In order for the Blumlein lines to function as intended, they must be discharged by the thyratron during a time period which is short compared to the line's two-way pulse propagation length This is accomplished by using an ultra-fast (pre-ionized), low-inductance thyratron 1103 in combination with a METGLAS® saturable magnetic switch core 1113, and by using an impedance-matched current distribution structure This switch is for simultaneously grounding the front ends of the Blumlein lines to launch pulses, each time the front ends are grounded one pulse is launched
- the METGLAS® core may be reset between pulse firings by means of a floating DC bias current winding on the core
- the basic sequence is to pulse-charge all of the cables from a high voltage power supply 1106 through a triggered command charge circuit consisting of a vacuum tube 1107 and an inductor 1108 which transfers the charge in a time period defined by approximately the resonant half period of the reactor's inductance and the cable's net total capacitance
- the tube 1107 also prevents the cable's charge from flowing backward, since the resonant transferred voltage is nearly double that of the charging supply Note that when the positively charged cable Blumlein lines are switched to ground at the input, a negative high voltage pulse is produced at the output
- Both thyratron and vacuum tubes are controllable by electronic circuits, which are schematically represented by boxes 1104 and 1109, respectively, and which are powerable by floating isolation transformers 1105 and 1110, respectively
- the entire string of pulse cables are shunted with a second saturable reactor magnetic switch into a large capacitor, which in turn discharges into a resistor 1114, this is also referred to as a snubber circuit
- the magnetic switch holds off conduction for a specified time period, then dumps residual energy (which may be bouncing around due to imperfect impedance matches) This allows the applied potentials to fall in direct response to the plasma, thus circumventing an elevated potential to exist beyond its desired point in time
- the saturable magnetic switch must be reset between pulses by means applying a DC bias current to the METGLAS® core
- a number of pulsed ground potential connections must be distributed throughout the generator plasma array to enable low inductance current return These are each passed through blocking capacitors 1124 in order to ground the pulses while blocking the DC potential, above which the pulse network must float
- a single pulse module comprising ten cables, and one thyratron switch can power as many as, for example, but not limited to, 80 plasma tube generators with their meta-stable pre- ionizer sections
- each tube-pre-ionizer assembly consists of a BeO or Al 2 0 3 tube 1122, an anode/input nozzle 1121, an oxygen and helium reservoir 1117 into which all of the oxygen and most of the helium is introduced, a metal tube 1118 into which some helium (and/or optionally argon is introduced), an anode 1123, and an auxiliary electrode (or electrodes) 1125, which is used to jump-start the ionization process and possible to help grade the DC pump potential
- the pre-ionization potential is applied between the metal helium injection tube 1118 and the cathode 1121 to provide the pre-ionization pulses
- the main discharge cathode serves as an anode for the pre-ionization pulse (the inside of the helium injector tube forms a hot cathode space charge layer which serves to generate meta-stable helium)
- the two pulse output busses residing for example at about -160 KV open circuit and - 180 KV open circuit, respectively, are distributed to the tubes through isolating/ballasting inductors 1119 and 1120, one for each of the two circuits and for each tube Finally, the intermediate electrodes 1125 are connected through ballasting inductors 1126 (one for each tube) to the jump-start pulser.
- This pulser provides upon start-up, only one low impedance pulse at a positive polarity which is opposite from the upstream negative polarity.
- the two potentials are additive (for example, -180 KV + 50 K) over a fraction of the tube's total length, thus facilitating rapid initial breakdown.
- a controlled avalanche circuit mechanical assembly 1200 is shown.
- a transmission line 1202 is shown centrally surrounded by cable Blumlein lines 1204, 1204'.
- a thyatron 1206 is shown centrally connected to the transmission line 1202 and in connection with floating thyatron control electronics 1208.
- a current return 1210 is also shown.
- an alternative means 1300 of floating a DC potential on top of a DC jump potential and the pulsed high voltage avalanche ionization potential is shown. Compare to the fifth set of cables that form a final Blumlein line whose potential is added onto the top of the first four lines 1012, as shown in Figure 10.
- the alternative means 1300 comprises a high voltage blocking inductor 1302, for example, wound from coaxial cable, that is connected through a resistive device 1303 to the helium supply inlet 1304 that feeds a generator tube 1306.
- An oxygen and/or inert gas supply inlet is also shown 1308.
- a high voltage pulser 1310, a DC supply 1312, and a source of DC pre-ionization voltage 1314 are shown bounding at the ends, of course, the electrodes may number more than two per tube and be located at a variety of points along the tube.
- Various embodiments of the present invention are useful for the following areas 1 Energy and Nuclear Power - cut-up decomissioned reactor vessels, centrifuges, etc , scabble radioactive layers from cement surfaces, and deep penetration welding, which may be performed robotically in contaminanted areas 2 Marine and Heavy Equipment Industries - deep penetration welding, cutting and drilling, cladding, surface modification or texturing, removal of corrosion and sea debris, such as barnacles, from marine platforms and barges, and removal of coatings and special, rubber-like layers from vessels, such as, but not limited to, submarines, ships, and barges
- NASA/Space Industry destruction/removal of space debris, meteor deflection from Earth and other objects, rocket propulsion from ground-based laser or from solar-powered, space-based laser (at any altitude above Earth's surface), deep space communications, and space power transmission
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- Electromagnetism (AREA)
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- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00987958A EP1214759A2 (en) | 1999-08-27 | 2000-08-28 | Electric oxygen iodine laser |
JP2001524198A JP2003521108A (en) | 1999-08-27 | 2000-08-28 | Oxygen-iodine electric laser |
AU24224/01A AU2422401A (en) | 1999-08-27 | 2000-08-28 | Electric oxygen iodine laser |
US10/086,030 US6826222B2 (en) | 1999-08-27 | 2002-02-27 | Electric oxygen iodine laser |
US10/910,740 US7215697B2 (en) | 1999-08-27 | 2004-08-03 | Matched impedance controlled avalanche driver |
US11/746,019 US7489718B2 (en) | 1999-08-27 | 2007-05-08 | Matched impedance controlled avalanche driver |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US15126099P | 1999-08-27 | 1999-08-27 | |
US60/151,260 | 1999-08-27 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/086,030 Continuation-In-Part US6826222B2 (en) | 1999-08-27 | 2002-02-27 | Electric oxygen iodine laser |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2001020730A2 true WO2001020730A2 (en) | 2001-03-22 |
WO2001020730A3 WO2001020730A3 (en) | 2002-01-24 |
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PCT/US2000/023642 WO2001020730A2 (en) | 1999-08-27 | 2000-08-28 | Electric oxygen iodine laser |
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Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP1214759A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2003521108A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2422401A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2001020730A2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN113306746A (en) * | 2021-05-26 | 2021-08-27 | 成都天巡微小卫星科技有限责任公司 | Iodine working medium electric propulsion storage and supply system based on sonic nozzle flow control |
CN114137381A (en) * | 2021-11-30 | 2022-03-04 | 深圳Tcl新技术有限公司 | Avalanche parameter measurement system |
CN114512297A (en) * | 2022-01-17 | 2022-05-17 | 华中科技大学 | Magnetic gain switch and method based on flat-top pulse magnetic field |
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN113306746A (en) * | 2021-05-26 | 2021-08-27 | 成都天巡微小卫星科技有限责任公司 | Iodine working medium electric propulsion storage and supply system based on sonic nozzle flow control |
CN113306746B (en) * | 2021-05-26 | 2022-10-14 | 成都天巡微小卫星科技有限责任公司 | Iodine working medium electric propulsion storage and supply system based on sonic nozzle flow control |
CN114137381A (en) * | 2021-11-30 | 2022-03-04 | 深圳Tcl新技术有限公司 | Avalanche parameter measurement system |
CN114137381B (en) * | 2021-11-30 | 2024-04-30 | 深圳Tcl新技术有限公司 | Avalanche parameter measurement system |
CN114512297A (en) * | 2022-01-17 | 2022-05-17 | 华中科技大学 | Magnetic gain switch and method based on flat-top pulse magnetic field |
CN114512297B (en) * | 2022-01-17 | 2022-12-02 | 华中科技大学 | Magnetic gain switch and method based on flat-top pulse magnetic field |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP1214759A2 (en) | 2002-06-19 |
JP2003521108A (en) | 2003-07-08 |
WO2001020730A3 (en) | 2002-01-24 |
AU2422401A (en) | 2001-04-17 |
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