WO2001004622A1 - Method for chemical analysis of biological material - Google Patents
Method for chemical analysis of biological material Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001004622A1 WO2001004622A1 PCT/US2000/019418 US0019418W WO0104622A1 WO 2001004622 A1 WO2001004622 A1 WO 2001004622A1 US 0019418 W US0019418 W US 0019418W WO 0104622 A1 WO0104622 A1 WO 0104622A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N30/88—Integrated analysis systems specially adapted therefor, not covered by a single one of the groups G01N30/04 - G01N30/86
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N30/62—Detectors specially adapted therefor
- G01N2030/621—Detectors specially adapted therefor signal-to-noise ratio
- G01N2030/625—Detectors specially adapted therefor signal-to-noise ratio by measuring reference material, e.g. carrier without sample
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N30/88—Integrated analysis systems specially adapted therefor, not covered by a single one of the groups G01N30/04 - G01N30/86
- G01N2030/8809—Integrated analysis systems specially adapted therefor, not covered by a single one of the groups G01N30/04 - G01N30/86 analysis specially adapted for the sample
- G01N2030/8813—Integrated analysis systems specially adapted therefor, not covered by a single one of the groups G01N30/04 - G01N30/86 analysis specially adapted for the sample biological materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N30/26—Conditioning of the fluid carrier; Flow patterns
- G01N30/38—Flow patterns
- G01N30/46—Flow patterns using more than one column
- G01N30/466—Flow patterns using more than one column with separation columns in parallel
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N30/62—Detectors specially adapted therefor
- G01N30/78—Detectors specially adapted therefor using more than one detector
Definitions
- the instant invention is in the field of methods for chemical analysis of biological material and more specifically the instant invention is in the field of methods for determining chemically related differences between subject biological material and control biological material by way of separation techniques such as chromatography.
- a chemical analysis method is needed which is capable of determining a broad range of chemical compounds.
- This kind of genetic modification is used, e.g., to determine the activity encoded by a new gene such as may be obtained by techniques well known in the molecular biology art such as gene discovery, gene recombination, gene mutagenesis, and stochastic gene synthesis (i.e. gene formation by random linkage of, e.g., nucleotides, trinucleotides, or secondary- structure-encoding oligonucleotides).
- Such a method would need to be capable of quickly comparing the concentrations of multiple metabolite species present in cells or organisms modified to contain such genes against the concentrations of multiple metabolite species present in unmodified cells or organisms. It would be an advance in the art of chemical analysis if a method were developed for determining chemically related differences between subject biological material and control biological material, which method would be capable of determining a broad range of chemical compounds and which method preferably would be capable of rapid and automated use.
- the instant invention provides a method for determining chemically related differences between subject biological material and control biological material which method is capable of determining a broad range of chemical compounds and capable of rapid, automated use. More specifically, the instant invention is a chemical analysis method for determining chemically related differences between subject biological material and control biological material, which method comprises at least the following six steps. The first step is to contact the subject biological material with a fluid extractant to produce an original fluid extract of the subject biological material. The second step is to contact the control biological material with the fluid extractant to produce an original fluid extract of the control biological material. The third step is to chromatograph the fluid extract of the subject biological material, to produce a chromatogram of the fluid extract of the subject biological material.
- the fourth step is to chromatograph the fluid extract of the control biological material to produce a chromatogram of the fluid extract of the control biological material.
- the fifth step is to determine the differences between the chromatograms of the third and fourth steps to identify at least one outlier peak.
- the sixth step is to determine the chemical identity of the outlier peak, for example, using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis of the outlier peak.
- Figs. 1 A-1 E show various steps for the chromatographic analysis of a subject biological material.
- Figs. 2A-2E show various steps for the chromatographic analysis of a control biological material.
- Fig. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a preferred embodiment of the chromatographic method of the present invention.
- Fig. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a preferred embodiment of the chromatographic method of the present invention.
- Fig. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a preferred embodiment of the chromatographic method of the present invention.
- Figs. 6A-6B show representative Fraction 1 chromatograms obtained for subject and control Burley tobacco
- Figs. 6C-6D show a comparison with a GC-MS chromatogram of squalene demonstrating the squalene concentration in Fraction 1 of subject Burley tobacco.
- Figs. 7A-7B show representative Fraction 2 chromatograms and Figs. 7C-7D show representative Fraction 3 chromatograms obtained for subject and control Burley tobacco.
- Figs. 8A-8E show representative Fraction 1 chromatograms obtained for various corn samples.
- Figs. 9A-9E show representative Fraction 2 chromatograms obtained for various corn samples.
- Figs. 10A-10E show representative Fraction 3 chromatograms obtained for various corn samples.
- Fig. 1 1 A shows a chromatogram of a Fraction 1 extract from Candida tropicalis with glucose feed
- Fig. 11 B shows a chromatogram of a Fraction 1 extract from Candida tropicalis with dodecane feed.
- Fig. 12A shows a chromatogram of fatty acid methyl esters from a Fraction 2 extract from Candida tropicalis with glucose feed
- Fig. 12B shows a chromatogram of fatty acid methyl esters from a Fraction 2 extract from Candida tropicalis with dodecane feed.
- Fig. 13A shows a chromatogram of a Fraction 1 extract from Yarrowia lipolytica with glucose feed
- Fig. 13B shows a chromatogram of a Fraction 1 extract from Yarrowia lipolytica with dodecane feed.
- Fig. 14A shows a chromatogram of fatty acid methyl esters from a Fraction 2 extract from Yarrowia lipolytica with glucose feed
- Fig. 14B shows a chromatogram of fatty acid methyl esters from a Fraction 2 extract from Yarrowia lipolytica with dodecane feed.
- Figs. 15A-15E show a reagent blank chromatogram (Fig. 15A) and chromatograms of Fraction 3 extracts from the yeast Y. lipolytica grown on glucose feed or dodecane feed (Figs. 15B-15C) and from the yeast C. tropicalis grown on glucose feed or dodecane feed
- biological material means: a portion or portions of one or more cells, organs, or organisms; a whole cell, organelle, organ, or organism; or a group of cells, organelles, organs, or organisms.
- the organ ⁇ sm(s) supplying the biological material is a garden variety carrot, a single leaf of one carrot plant could be used, or one or more whole carrot plant(s) could be used, or partial or whole taproots from a number of different individuals could be used, or mitochondria extracted from the crown of one carrot plant could be used.
- the organism from which the biological material is obtained may any naturally- occurring or artificially manipulated organism (however propagated or grown). Such an organism may be selected from among the eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
- Exemplary eukaryotes include, e.g. fungi (including, e.g., yeasts), vascular and non-vascular plants, animals, and protists (including, e.g., algae, protozoans, zooplankton, phytoplankton, mildews, single-celled animals, amitochondrial eukaryotes).
- fungi including, e.g., yeasts
- protists including, e.g., algae, protozoans, zooplankton, phytoplankton, mildews, single-celled animals, amitochondrial eukaryotes.
- Exemplary prokaryotes include, e.g.: eubacte ⁇ a (including, e.g., heterotrophic bacteria; cyanobactena, prochlorophytes, and other photosynthetic bacteria; mycoplasms) and archaeabactena (including, e.g., halophiles, thermophiles, and methanogens).
- eubacte ⁇ a including, e.g., heterotrophic bacteria; cyanobactena, prochlorophytes, and other photosynthetic bacteria; mycoplasms
- archaeabactena including, e.g., halophiles, thermophiles, and methanogens.
- the organism supplying the biological material is a unicellular or simple multicellular organism, typically a group of whole organisms will be used; however, well- known biochemical techniques (for example, cellular disruption followed by density gradient centnfugation) can be used to extract from any uni- or multi-cellular organ ⁇ sm(s) a group of organelles or other cellular parts for use as the biological material, groups of the same structures or groups of a variety of structures.
- biochemical techniques for example, cellular disruption followed by density gradient centnfugation
- various membrane-bound structures such as nuclei, mitochondria, inclusion bodies, vacuoles, vesicles such as lysosomes and peroxisomes, and/or plastids such as chloroplasts and chromoplasts, may be obtained in such a manner.
- control biological material and “subject biological material” both refer to biological material taken from (cultivated/domesticated or uncultivated/non-domesticated wild-type or genetically modified) ⁇ nd ⁇ v ⁇ dual(s) of any taxonomic category or categories, i.e. kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily, genus, subgenus, species, subspecies, variety, breed, or strain.
- control and “subject” biological material may be, and typically are, taken from ⁇ nd ⁇ v ⁇ dual(s) of the same taxonomic category, preferably from the same species, subspecies, variety, breed, or strain. However, when comparison between different types of organisms is desired, the "control" and “subject” biological material may be taken from ⁇ nd ⁇ v ⁇ dual(s) of different taxonomic categories.
- control and “subject” biological materials differ from each other in at least one way This difference may be that the "control” and “subject” biological materials were obtained from ⁇ nd ⁇ v ⁇ dual(s) of different taxonomic categories. Alternatively, or additionally, they may be different parts of the same organ(s), the may be different organelles or different groups of organelles, different cells or different groups of cells, different organs or different groups of organs, or different whole organisms or different groups of whole organisms. The difference may be that the organisms providing the biological materials are identical, but for, e.g., their growth stages.
- the cell(s)s, organelle(s), organ(s), or organ ⁇ sm(s) providing the "control” and “subject” biological material are or are from ⁇ nd ⁇ v ⁇ dual(s) of the same species, subspecies, variety, breed, or strain, and preferably the "control" and "subject” ⁇ nd ⁇ v ⁇ dual(s), organ(s), or organelle(s) differ in their treatment, more preferably they differ only in their treatment Types of such "treatment” include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following.
- A. Culture mode e.g.: aqua-cultured, soil cultured, broth fermented, agar-cultured.
- B. Growing conditions e.g.: degree of or change in temperature; amount or kind or delivery mode of or change in watenng/hydration, lighting/darkness/sleep, diet salinity/nut ⁇ ents, or atmospheric gases; time between fertilization or germination and harvest; aggressive or minimal soil cultivation/husbandry/grooming; environment/growth medium/soil composition or type; altitude; population density; ecological neighbors; exposure to insects, microbes, virus/phage, or d ⁇ sease(s).
- Adaptation to growing conditions e.g.: greenhouse-adapted, field-adapted, barn- adapted, photosynthesizing, carbon-source-dependent; cultivated/domesticated; uncultivated/non-domesticated.
- D. Propagation mode e.g.: sexual propagation by human-assisted or human- unassisted fertilization, seed germination, or spore germination; asexual propagation such as grafting, cloning, tissue cultunng, cell fusion.
- chemicals/biochemicals/ pharmaceuticals e.g.: inoculants, vaccines, antibiotics, growth hormones, growth promoters, herbicides, pesticides, germicides, virucides, oils/waxes, radiolabeled precursors, toxins, waste- products; formulation of substance applied; site (e.g., organ or system), frequency, and mode of application (e.g., mgestion/imbibition/absorption/ injection, topical application, transcuticular/transdermal/ transmembranous application, time-released or single or multiple application); time between application and harvest.
- site e.g., organ or system
- mode of application e.g., mgestion/imbibition/absorption/ injection, topical application, transcuticular/transdermal/ transmembranous application, time-released or single or multiple application
- time between application and harvest e.g.: inoculants, vaccines, antibiotics, growth hormones, growth promoters, herbicides, pesticide
- tissue differentiation e.g.: totipotent material versus reversibly differentiated versus permanently differentiated material.
- Harvest and Post-Harvest factors e.g.: harvest, isolation, or purification method; post-harvest storage conditions; post-harvest tissue cultunng of, e.g., organ(s) or cells; post-harvest tissue culture conditions; post-harvest preservation method, e g., chemical treatment, cooking, smoking, drying, freezing, flash-freezing, freeze-drying, irradiating; amount of time spent in the post-harvest stored/preserved/cultured state before analysis.
- Genetic modification e.g.: hybridization; nucleic acid transfer by cell-to-cell conjugation; inter-taxonomic-category cell fusion; genetic mutation and/or recombination by application of mutagenizing and/or recombination agents, and/or by use of mutation-fostering and/or recombination-fostering conditions, e.g., permanent or transient mismatch-repair system inactivation; insertion/transfection/infection of naked, or vector-, virus-, or bacteriophage- containing, or other-carrier-associated nucleic acid(s) into cell(s), organelle(s), organ(s), or organism(s).
- Such vectors include, e.g., plasmids, cosmids, phagemids (phage containing a plasmid replicon), phasmids (phage-plasmid hybrids), phosmids (phage-cosmid hybrids), and artificial chromosomes; "other carriers” include, e.g., histone-like particles, and gene gun pellets.
- Other factors e.g.: length of and/or course of any treatment(s); timing of treatment(s), e.g., pre-fertilization, pre-germination, pre-maturation, pre-harvest, or post-harvest timing.
- the "subject" biological material differs from the "control" biological material only in that the former is taken from individual(s) which have been treated in order to attempt to alter the chemistry thereof, while the latter is taken from an individual(s) having not received such treatment.
- two or more "subject" biological materials, each of which is taken from a different individual(s) having received a different treatment may be analyzed and compared to one another, in which case, any one of these may be arbitrarily assigned as a "control" biological material.
- the treatment given the individual(s) providing the "subject" biological material comprises genetic modification.
- Genetic modification may comprise the use of, e.g., hybridization or crossbreeding, mutagenesis (e.g., chemical-induced or radiation-induced mutation), site-directed mutation, DNA repair system inhibition or deficiency, homologous recombination, site- directed recombination, and/or other techniques known in the art as effective for modifying the genes within a cell, organelle, organ, or organism. More preferably, such genetic modification comprises insertion or transfection or infection of nucleic acid(s) into the cell(s), organelle(s), organ(s), or organism(s) which are or which will provide the "subject" biological material.
- nucleic acids examples include, but are not limited to: naked nucleic acids, vectors (e.g.: plasmids, transposons; hybrid vectors such as plasposons, cosmids, phagemids, phasmids, phosmids, fosmids; artificial chromosomes such as YACs, PACs, BACs, MACs; bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, A. rhizogenes), virus, phage, and carriers containing or coated with nucleic acids (e.g., liposomes, cationic lipids, cationic polymers).
- vectors e.g.: plasmids, transposons; hybrid vectors such as plasposons, cosmids, phagemids, phasmids, phosmids, fosmids
- artificial chromosomes such as YACs, PACs, BACs, MACs
- bacteria such as Agrobacter
- the biological materials are obtained from a prokaryote or prokaryotes (including archaebacteria, cyanobacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria). In another embodiment, the biological materials are obtained from a eukaryote or eukaryotes, preferably plants or fungi, more preferably plants.
- any plants may provide the biological material, including single-celled plants, non-vascular plants, non- flowering vascular plants (whether spore plants or seed plants), and flowering plants; examples of such plants include: mosses, club moss, ferns, horsetails, liverworts, gymnosperms, monocots, dicots, and other plants (algae, which are classified as protists, may also be considered as plants in this regard).
- chemically related difference means a difference between "subject” and “control” biological material which can be detected by comparison of a chromatogram of metabolites (or derivatives of metabolites) extracted from the "subject biological material"
- chromatogram means an electronic and/or graphic record of data representing the absolutely or relatively quantitative detection of a plurality of separated chemical species obtained or derived from a group of metabolites, whether or not such separation has been performed by chromatography or some other method (e.g., electrophoresis).
- control chromatogram means an individual chromatogram, or an average or model chromatogram based on multiple individual chromatograms, of chemical species obtained from a group of metabolites extracted from "control" biological material.
- subject chromatogram means an individual chromatogram, or an average or model chromatogram based on multiple individual chromatograms, of chemical species obtained from a group of metabolites extracted from "subject” biological material.
- a model chromatogram may contain data including, e.g.: peak migration distance (or elution time) ranges and averages; peak height and peak area ranges and averages; and other parameters.
- control biological material when used in relation to subject biological material and control biological material, respectively, refer to the fact that the subject biological material has been treated to produce a genetic modification thereof, whereas the control biological material has not received that particular genetic modification.
- control biological material does not imply that the "control” biological material must be, e.g., a naturally-occurring, wild-type plant; rather, both the control and subject biological materials may be (but need not be) the result of, e.g., hybridization, selection, or genetic engineering.
- the term "metabolome” indicates the complement of relatively low molecular weight molecules that is present in a plant, plant part, or plant sample, or in a suspension or extract thereof.
- examples of such molecules include, but are not limited to: acids and related compounds; mono-, di-,and tri-carboxylic acids (saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic and cyclic, aryl, alkaryl); aldo-acids, keto-acids; lactone forms; gibberellins; abscisic acid; alcohols, polyols, derivatives, and related compounds; ethyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, menthanol; propylene glycol, glycerol, phytol; inositol, furfuryl alcohol, menthol; aldehydes, ketones, quinones, derivatives, and related compounds; acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, acrolein, furfural,
- outlier peak indicates: a peak in a subject chromatogram that has a significantly different peak height or area than the corresponding peak in a control chromatogram; or a peak in a subject chromatogram that is not present in a control chromatogram; or a peak that is missing from a subject chromatogram although present in a control chromatogram.
- Figs. 1A-1 E therein is shown various steps for the chromatographic analysis of a subject biological material 10.
- the subject biological material 10 is contacted with a fluid extractant 1 1 contained, for example, in container 12 to produce a fluid extract 13 of the subject biological material.
- the extract 13 is then chromatographed, for example by using syringe 14 to inject a portion of extract 13 into the chromatograph 15 as shown in Fig. 1 C, to produce a chromatogram, for example, the chromatogram shown in Fig. 1 D.
- this procedure is repeated to increase the statistical reliability of the results.
- the specific fluid extractant used in the instant invention comprises a C3 alcohol, preferably isopropanol.
- the extractant also comprises water, i.e. comprises an aqueous C3 alcohol, more preferably aqueous isopropanol.
- the aqueous isopropanol used in the extractant is from about 10% to about 90% by volume isopropanol.
- the fluid extractant is a mixture of water and isopropanol.
- the aqueous isopropanol is preferably about 25% to about 75% by volume isopropanol, more preferably about 70% isopropanol.
- the fluid extractant is a mixture of water, isopropanol, and potassium hydroxide.
- the aqueous isopropanol is preferably about 25% to about 75% by volume isopropanol, more preferably about 50% isopropanol; and the KOH is present in the extractant is an amount sufficient to result in a final concentration of about 0.01 -0.5N KOH, more preferably about 0.05-0.2N KOH, and still more preferably about 0.1 N KOH.
- solvent or solution components may also be present in the extractant, and where used, are preferably selected so as to be miscible with all other solvents or solutions in the extractant.
- surfactants may be added to the extractant.
- the subject and control biological material(s) may be prepared prior to extraction. Such preparation may include, e.g., freezing, drying, lyophilizing, cutting, chopping, shredding, crushing, grinding, blending, homogenizing, sonicating, and other techniques known in the art that may be used to convert the form of the biological material to that desired for use in extraction. Alternatively, the biological material(s) may be pre-treated before extraction by removing a portion or portions therefrom and reserving the portion(s) for the purpose of, e.g., future repeat tests or alternative testing.
- the tissue may be pre- treated to reserve surface metabolites (such as, e.g., epidermal or cuticular oils and waxes), in order to assay these by an alternative test: the tissue may be transitorily dipped into an organic solvent such as hexane to remove these surface metabolites.
- a portion of the biological material e.g., a cut-out portion of leaf tissue, may be reserved from the remainder to be extracted.
- the contacting of the biological matehal(s) with the extractant may be carried out in one or more of various ways.
- Soaking of the biological material in the extractant to produce, e.g., a leachate may also be used.
- Supercritical fluid extraction may be used.
- Other techniques that may be used in the process of contacting include, e.g., cutting, chopping, shredding, crushing, grinding, blending, homogenizing, and sonicating.
- the extraction will result in production of original fluid extracts of the control and subject biological material(s). These original extracts may be chromatographed as is, or further derivatized or fractionated prior to chromatographing the derivatizes or fractions of the original extract.
- the original fluid extracts of the control and subject biological material(s) are first fractionated prior to chromatography, and the fractions are then chromatographed. Fractions so obtained may also be further treated, e.g., to derivatize chemical species present therein, prior to chromatography, so that it is the derivatized fractions that are chromatographed.
- the extract 13 is contacted with a liquid solvent, for example in container 16, to produce a liquid fraction 17 of the subject biological material.
- Figs. 2A-2E therein are shown various steps for the chromatographic analysis of a control biological material 20. As shown in Fig.
- the control biological material 20 is contacted with the fluid extractant 11 contained, for example, in container 22 to produce a fluid extract 23 of the control biological material.
- the extract 23 is then chromatographed, for example, by using syringe 24 to inject a portion of extract 23 into the chromatograph 15 shown in Fig. 2C, to produce a chromatogram, for example, the chromatogram shown in Fig. 2D.
- this procedure is repeated to increase the statistical reliability of the results.
- the extract 23 is contacted with the liquid solvent, for example in container 26, to produce a liquid fraction 27 of the control biological material.
- Fig. 1 D contains peaks 30, 31 , 32, 33 and 34 corresponding ideally to separated individual chemical compounds from the extract of the control biological material.
- the chromatogram shown in Fig. 1 D contains the same peaks 30, 31 , 32, 33 and 34. However, the chromatogram shown in Fig. 1 D also shows peak 35 which peak does not appear in the chromatogram shown in Fig. 2D. Peak 35 is an outlier peak.
- Outlier peaks can be identified by visual comparison of the chromatograms, whether represented graphically, numerically, or otherwise. However, preferably, outlier peaks are identified by a computer programmed to determine differences between a subject chromatogram and a control chromatogram, e.g., a computer operating a data processing software program. More preferably, the data processing technique used to identify outlier peaks is the data processing technique disclosed in United States Patent 5,592,402 herein fully incorporated by reference.
- the data processing technique disclosed in the '402 patent is modified in three ways. First, by dividing the chromatograms into a plurality of elution time regions, e.g., eight to twenty regions, to increase the sensitivity of detection. Second, by augmenting the t-distance calculation with the "Mahalanobis distance" technique (described, for example, by Shah and Gemperline in Analytical Chemistry, 62 (1990) pages 465-470, herein fully incorporated by reference) to better identify outlier peaks resulting from the disappearance of a peak(s) in the chromatogram of the extract of the subject biological material relative to the chromatogram of the extract of the control biological material.
- the "Mahalanobis distance" technique described, for example, by Shah and Gemperline in Analytical Chemistry, 62 (1990) pages 465-470, herein fully incorporated by reference
- steps 2 and 4 are performed first and steps 1 and 3 second, i.e. preferably the control biological material is contacted with the extractant and the control extract is chromatographed first before extracting and chromatographing the subject biological material.
- control extracts are separately chromatographed and/or multiple control extracts are made and separately chromatographed, so that multiple chromatograms provide a statistically characterized basis for comparison with the subject chromatogram, i.e. such as an average or model control chromatogram.
- this average or model control chromatogram includes analyte peak migration distance (or elution time) ranges and analyte peak height and/or peak area ranges. This control chromatogram is then used as the basis of comparison with the subject chromatogram produced by chromatography of the extract of the subject biological material.
- chromatography employs a fluid moving phase and either a solid or liquid stationary phase.
- the separation methods useful herein include: gas chromatography (including pyrolysis chromatography, subtraction chromatography, and other gas chromatography methods); liquid chromatography (including normal phase, reverse phase, high pressure, and other liquid chromatography methods); partition chromatography (including liquid partitioning chromatography); ion chromatography and electro-chromatography; counter-current or hydrodynamic chromatography; thin layer chromatography; supercritical fluid chromatography; exclusion chromatography (including gel permeation chromatography); and capillary electrochromatography.
- the instant invention includes any separation technique and is not limited to chromatographing the extracts or fractions.
- electrophoresis may be used, especially where separation of ionic species is desired.
- Combinations of various separation techniques may be used; also multi-dimensional separations may be performed.
- liquid chromatography is used.
- gas chromatography is used because a gas chromatograph may effectively be coupled to a mass spectrometer.
- the technique for determining the chemical identity of an outlier peak may be selected from any known in the chemical analysis art.
- Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy is a powerful and well developed technique which is preferably used in the instant invention to determine the chemical identity of an outlier peak.
- the chemical identity of the outlier peak may be determined by a number of techniques such as by UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, and peak trapping followed by various isolation and identification techniques well known in the chemical analysis art.
- the migration distance (or elution time) of an analyte can provide a basis for positive identification of the chemical species thereof.
- the method of the instant invention may be partly or entirely automated.
- one or more of the extraction, separation, outlier peak determination, and outlier peak identification steps may be automated.
- the step of providing the control and subject biological materials can be automated (e.g., where a robot or other machine selects and/or processes an organism or part thereof, resulting in provision of the biological material).
- the fluid extract of the subject and control material may be directly chromatographed as described above, preferably these extracts are contacted with a liquid solvent or solvents, which liquid solvent(s) is not miscible with the extract to produce one or more liquid fraction.
- the liquid fract ⁇ on(s) may then be chromatographed.
- the instant invention provides the ability to relate the chemically related differences to genetic modifications. For example, single or multiple metabolites may be identified and related to predicted or unanticipated gene function, whether resulting from gene expression or gene inactivation. In addition, the appearance of a specific metabolite may be indicative of enzymatic activity without the need for classical, specific enzymatic assays of the biological material. Genomes of plants, microbes, fungi, and various other organisms, display rich secondary metabolism which can be explored using the instant invention.
- metabolites that may be analyzed by the instant invention include, but are not limited to:
- Mono-, di-,and tri-carboxylic acids (saturated, unsaturated, aliphatic and cyclic, aryl, alkaryl)
- Pyrimidines including Cytidine, Thymine
- Purines including Guanine, Adenine, Xanthines/Hypoxanthines, Kinetin
- the samples of test and control biological material are prepared by freezing and the frozen samples are weighed.
- the samples are loaded into the extraction cartridges of a Dionex Accelerated Solvent Extraction system model ASE 200 (Dionex Corporation, Sunnyvale, California) which are then filled with a 1 :1 water/isopropanol, 0.1 N KOH extractant.
- ASE 200 Dionex Accelerated Solvent Extraction system model ASE 200 (Dionex Corporation, Sunnyvale, California) which are then filled with a 1 :1 water/isopropanol, 0.1 N KOH extractant.
- a 70% solution of isopropanol is used as the extractant.
- the samples are automatically extracted at 120 degrees Centigrade and 2,000 pounds per square inch pressure for ten minutes, to produce the original extracts.
- each of the original extracts is contacted with a non-polar organic solvent.
- the solvent is a C1 - C12 organic solvent, examples of which include hexane, octane, methylene chloride, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, hexene, toluene, and benzene.
- the solvent selected will have a boiling point below 120C, more preferably below 110C. More preferably, the solvent is a C5-C8 organic solvent, and still more preferably it is hexane.
- the solvent may optionally contain a "surrogate" compound which has been added thereto; a preferred surrogate is pentacosane. Production of Fraction 1.
- Fraction 1 a first organic fraction.
- Fraction 1 is believed to contain, for example, most of the pyridines, indoles, terpenes, phytols, alcohols, and hydrocarbons of the original extract.
- the aqueous phase is then acidified to a pH below about pH6, more preferably to a pH below pH5, more preferably below pH3.
- the aqueous phase is acidified to a pH of about pH1 -2, more preferably about pH1.
- the acidification can be performed using, e.g., a mineral acid (such as HCI, HBr, sulfuric, chlorosulfonic, phosphoric, or nitric) or an organic acid (such as formic, acetic, acetylsulfonic, or benezene sulfonic).
- a mineral acid is utilized, more preferably HCI.
- the resulting acidified aqueous phase is then contacted with a non-polar organic solvent, such as any of those described above in regard to Fraction 1.
- a non-polar organic solvent such as any of those described above in regard to Fraction 1.
- a preferred solvent is hexane.
- this contacting involves, e.g., mixing, stirring, or shaking.
- the solvent utilized may optionally contain a "surrogate" compound which has been added thereto; a preferred surrogate is undecanoic acid.
- Fraction 1 Prior to chromatography, Fraction 1 is preferably further treated.
- Fraction 1 is preferably further treated.
- Fraction 1 is evaporated to dryness, producing a residue. Any evaporative process known effective in the art may be used.
- a stream of a gas such as nitrogen or a nobel gas is blown across the surface of the aqueous phase; a preferred gas is nitrogen.
- the aqueous phase is brought to an elevated temperature under this stream of gas.
- the aqueous phase is brought to about 55 degrees Centigrade, and maintained at that temperature, under a stream of nitrogen gas.
- the resulting residue is then reconstituted by addition of a non-polar organic solvent as described above, preferably hexane.
- This organic solvent may also contain one or more internal standard(s), provided that the internal standards are miscible with the organic solvent.
- internal standards include but are not limited to: C10-C36 alkanes; diphenylbenzenes; napthalene, anthracene.
- the internal standard(s) selected are above C14 in size.
- a preferred internal standard is a diphenylbenzene.
- a small amount (e.g., 1 -2 drops) of dodecane may optionally be, and preferably is, added to the reconstituted Fraction 1 in order to prevent evaporation of volatile components.
- Fraction 2 a second organic fraction.
- Fraction 2 is believed to contain, for example, the fatty acids and phenols of the extract.
- the second aqueous phase is believed to contain, for example, dicarboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and inorganic compounds.
- Fraction 2 Prior to chromatography, Fraction 2 is preferably further treated.
- Fraction 2 is preferably further treated.
- Fraction 2 is evaporated to dryness, producing a residue, according to the same evaporation procedures as described for the Further Treatment of Fraction 1.
- the resulting residue is then reconstituted by addition of a non-polar organic solvent as described above; a preferred solvent is hexane.
- a small amount (e.g., 1-2 drops) of dodecane may optionally be, and preferably is, added to the reconstituted Fraction 2 in order to prevent evaporation of volatile components.
- the reconstituted Fraction 2 is then preferably derivatized by methylation (via transesterification) of, e.g., fatty acid species present therein. Any methylation procedure known effective in the art to methylate fatty acids may be used.
- an on-column methylation is performed by combining methanol and tnmethyl sulfonium hydroxide (TMSOH) with the reconstituted Fraction 2.
- TMSOH tnmethyl sulfonium hydroxide
- diazomethane is mixed with the reconstituted Fraction 2, to perform an off-column methylation.
- an alternative procedure is used to either substitute for or supplement the above-described procedure for producing and further treating Fraction 2.
- a portion of the un-extracted biological mate ⁇ al(s) is reserved. This reserved portion is weighed and a C5-C8 alkane is added thereto, preferably heptane. The resulting mixture is then treated to both extract and (trans-)ester ⁇ fy fatty acid species present therein.
- the estenfication reaction is performed by adding a C1 , C2, or C3 alcohol (preferably methanol) and, respectively, a metal C1 , C2, or C3 alkoxide (preferably a metal methoxide, more preferably sodium methoxide), and allowing the resulting combination to mix, preferably with stirring or shaking, at room temperature for 30 minutes. Alternatively, the combination may be held at an elevated temperature, at or below boiling, for 30 minutes. At the end of 30 minutes, the reaction is quenched by the addition of water and the alkane phase is allowed to coalesce to form an alkane phase. The alkane phase is the separated off to produce the alternative, treated "Fraction 2." Both the original, treated, Fraction 2, and this alternative contain alkyl esters of fatty acids.
- the reserved portion of biological material is diluted with 500 uL of heptane and then 50 uL of 0.5 N sodium methoxide in methanol solution is added. The mixture is mixed thoroughly for 30 mm. at room temperature. Then, 10 uL of water is added to quench the reaction (converting sodium methoxide to methanol). After the phases separate, with the methanol/water phase on bottom and heptane phase on top, the heptane phase is separated off thereby producing the alternative, treated "Fraction 2." Further Fractionation of the Second Aqueous Phase
- the second aqueous phase is split into a first portion and a second portion; the first portion is then evaporated to dryness. In an alternative embodiment, the entire second aqueous phase is evaporated to dryness. Any of the evaporation processes as described above may be used.
- the resulting residue is then redissolved in a basic, nitrogenous organic solvent.
- the basic organic solvent will have a molecule weight below about 250.
- useful basic organic solvents include pyndine, imidazole, and aniline; preferably pyndine is used.
- Hydroxylamine hydrochlo ⁇ de is added to the selected basic organic solvent, and the resulting mixture is added to the residue to reconstitute it.
- one half millihter of pyndine containing 25 milligrams per miili ter of hydroxylamine hydrochlo ⁇ de is added to the residue.
- the basic organic solvent-hydroxylamine HCI mixture may also contain an internal standard.
- Useful internal standards include, but are not limited to: alkyl-substituted sugars, such as mono-hexyl- or mono-decyl-substituted sugars, t ⁇ methyl-substituted sugars, diethyl- substituted and di-propyl-substituted sugars (as sugar ethers).
- Other useful internal standards include those described for use with Fraction 1.
- a preferred internal standard is n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside ("N8G"). In a preferred embodiment, 75 micrograms per millihter of n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside is used as an internal standard.
- a denvatization procedure is employed to derivatize the, e.g., sugar, species in the said aqueous phase.
- de vatization procedures include silylations and others, e.g., as described in K. Blau and J.M. Halket, eds., Handbook of Derivatives for Chromatography (2d ed. 1993).
- a silylation procedure is used. Any silylation procedure known in the art as effective for silylating sugars may be used. Examples of such silylation procedures include those described in A.E.
- a preferred silylation procedure comprises adding N,O-bis(Trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (“BSTFA”) and trimethylchlorosilane ("TMCS”) to said resulting combination.
- BSTFA N,O-bis(Trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide
- TMCS trimethylchlorosilane
- a second portion of the second aqueous phase is also evaporated to dryness as described above.
- the residue is then reconstituted by addition of either water or an aqueous solution.
- a borate buffer is used. More preferably, water is used.
- the residue is dissolved in a pH 10, 0.4 M borate buffer.
- at least one amino acid as internal standard is also added. In a preferred embodiment, 50 picomoles per microliter of sarcosine and norvaline are added as internal standards.
- the reconstituted aqueous phase is then derivatized by use of any amino acid derivatization procedures as are known in the art.
- OPA o-phthalaldehyde
- FMOC 9-fluorenyl methyl chloroformate
- ACCQ-Tag 6- aminoquinolyl-N-hydrosuccinimidyl carbamate
- PITC phenylisothiocyanate
- OPA is first added to the reconstituted aqueous phase and allowed to react; thereafter, FMOC is preferably added and allowed to react, thereby producing fraction 4.
- Fraction 4 may alternatively be prepared from a portion of the original extract that has been reserved, or from a portion of the first aqueous phase.
- Reconstituted Fraction 1 is preferably analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.
- the gas chromatograph is equipped with an auto-sampler, a quartz wool packed quartz inlet tube under separate temperature and pneumatics control and a CP-SIL-8CB (DB-5) 50 meter long, 0.32 millimeter internal diameter, capillary column having a stationary phase thickness of 0.25 micrometer of 5% phenyl-95% dimethylpolysiloxane (Chrompack International, BV, a division of Varian U.S.A., Walnut Creek, California).
- a solvent venting injection of 10 microliters is made at an initial column temperature of 50 degrees Centigrade, a final column temperature of 340 degrees Centigrade after 5.5 minutes and a total analysis time of 18 minutes followed by a 10 minute cool down in preparation for the next injection.
- the initial column inlet carrier gas pressure is 15 psi with a final pressure of 50 psi after 13 minutes.
- the flame ionization detector is heated at 350 degrees Centigrade.
- Treated, reconstituted Fraction 2 and/or alternative reconstituted Fraction 2 are also preferably analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.
- the gas chromatograph is equipped with an auto-sampler, a quartz wool packed quartz inlet tube under separate temperature and pneumatics control and a CP-SIL-8CB (DB-5) 50 meter long, 0.32 millimeter internal diameter, capillary column having a stationary phase thickness of 0.25 micrometer of 5% phenyl-95% dimethylpolysiloxane (Chrompack International, BV, a division of Varian U.S.A., Walnut Creek, California).
- a solvent venting injection of 2.5 microliters is made at an initial column temperature of 50 degrees Centigrade, a final column temperature of 340 degrees Centigrade after 5.5 minutes and a total analysis time of 18 minutes followed by a 10 minute cool down in preparation for the next injection.
- the initial column inlet carrier gas pressure is 15 psi with a final pressure of 50 psi after 13 minutes.
- the flame ionization detector is heated at 350 degrees Centigrade.
- Fraction 3 is also preferably analyzed by capillary gas chromatography using the same type of system as is used to chromatograph fraction 2.
- Fraction 3 may be diluted with Freon 112 to reduce silica fouling of the detector; where dilution is used, a 1 :1 dilution ratio is sufficient.
- Fraction 4 is analyzed using a Hewlett Packard AMINOQUANT Series II brand amino acid analyzer equipped with an auto-sampler.
- the chromatograms generated by application of the method of the present invention are then compared to identify outlier peaks.
- the chemical identity of outlier peaks may then be determined by use of chemical analysis methods, including but not limited to wet chemistry, comparison with standards run under the same chromatographic conditions, and GC-MS.
- EXAMPLE 1 Dicot Analyses Samples of tissue taken from plants of the following tobacco varieties were obtained for testing:
- Nicotiana tabacum, cultivar Xanthi The method as illustrated in Figure 3 was used to extract, fractionate, and chromatograph 4- 6 leaf stage tobacco plant cuttings that included between 2 and 6 leaves, with stem. This method was used to determine chemically related differences between genetically modified and unmodified Burley tobacco plants and between genetically modified and unmodified Xanthi tobacco plants. The subject and control plants had been infected, respectively, with an exogenous gene-containing tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), and with a "functionless null insert" TMV (or none at all).
- TMV tobacco mosaic virus
- Fraction 1 analysis shows an outlier peak eluting at about 1 1.8 minutes. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy of the peak eluting at about 1 1.8 minutes indicates that the peak is squalene.
- Fraction 2 analysis shows an outlier peak eluting at about 9.1 minutes. Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy of the peak eluting at about 9.1 minutes indicates that the peak is methyl oleate.
- Fraction 3 analysis identified no outlier peaks.
- Fraction 4 analysis indicates that the sample from the genetically modified material shows significantly lower levels of aspartic acid and proline but significantly higher levels of isoleucine and leucine. The Xanthi chromatograms did not appear to contain any significant outlier peaks
- Fraction 1 shows outlier peaks at about 8.2, 8.5, 8.9, 11 , and 12-13 minutes
- Fraction 2 shows outlier peaks at about 9.75, 10.5, and 10.6 minutes
- Fraction 3 shows outlier peaks at about 5.4 and 8-8.3 minutes.
- EXAMPLE 3 Fun ⁇ i Analyses Lyophilized samples of broth cultures of the following two yeasts were obtained for testing:
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US10/018,629 US6790669B1 (en) | 1999-07-13 | 2000-07-13 | Method for chemical analysis of biological material |
AU63503/00A AU6350300A (en) | 1999-07-13 | 2000-07-13 | Method for chemical analysis of biological material |
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US14353399P | 1999-07-13 | 1999-07-13 | |
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Cited By (8)
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US7311838B2 (en) * | 2001-11-13 | 2007-12-25 | Metanomics Gmbh & Co. Kgaa | Method for the extraction and analysis of contents made from organic material |
CN100390539C (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2008-05-28 | 上海大学 | Formaldehyde, methanol and N,N dimethyl hydroxyamine coexisting anlytical method |
US7431841B2 (en) * | 2001-11-13 | 2008-10-07 | Metanomics Gmbh & Co. Kgaa | Method for the extraction of components made from organic material |
CN108709949A (en) * | 2018-05-29 | 2018-10-26 | 江西国药有限责任公司 | A kind of detection method of the fermentation cordyceps Cs-4 prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs |
CN109061005A (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2018-12-21 | 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院 | The measuring method of volatile fatty acid in a kind of tobacco leaf |
CN109212066A (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2019-01-15 | 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院 | The measuring method of non-fat class organic acid in a kind of tobacco and tobacco product |
CN109406704A (en) * | 2018-11-20 | 2019-03-01 | 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院 | A method of a variety of organic acid contents in measurement tobacco and tobacco product |
CN109596730A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2019-04-09 | 沈阳药科大学 | Method that is a kind of while measuring the hormone and antibiotic in fatty foodstuff sample |
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US7311838B2 (en) * | 2001-11-13 | 2007-12-25 | Metanomics Gmbh & Co. Kgaa | Method for the extraction and analysis of contents made from organic material |
US7431841B2 (en) * | 2001-11-13 | 2008-10-07 | Metanomics Gmbh & Co. Kgaa | Method for the extraction of components made from organic material |
US7981294B2 (en) | 2001-11-13 | 2011-07-19 | Metanomics Gmbh And Co. Kgaa | Method for the extraction of components made from organic material |
USRE43838E1 (en) | 2001-11-13 | 2012-12-04 | Metanomics Gmbh | Method for extraction and analysis of contents made from organic material |
US8349186B2 (en) | 2001-11-13 | 2013-01-08 | Metanomics Gmbh | Process for extracting constituents from organic material |
CN100390539C (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2008-05-28 | 上海大学 | Formaldehyde, methanol and N,N dimethyl hydroxyamine coexisting anlytical method |
CN108709949A (en) * | 2018-05-29 | 2018-10-26 | 江西国药有限责任公司 | A kind of detection method of the fermentation cordyceps Cs-4 prepared slices of Chinese crude drugs |
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CN109212066A (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2019-01-15 | 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院 | The measuring method of non-fat class organic acid in a kind of tobacco and tobacco product |
CN109212066B (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2021-06-18 | 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院 | Method for determining non-fat organic acid in tobacco and tobacco products |
CN109406704A (en) * | 2018-11-20 | 2019-03-01 | 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院 | A method of a variety of organic acid contents in measurement tobacco and tobacco product |
CN109596730A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2019-04-09 | 沈阳药科大学 | Method that is a kind of while measuring the hormone and antibiotic in fatty foodstuff sample |
CN109596730B (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2021-11-23 | 沈阳药科大学 | Method for simultaneously determining hormone and antibiotic in fat food sample |
Also Published As
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WO2001004622A8 (en) | 2001-06-21 |
AU6350300A (en) | 2001-01-30 |
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