WO1993004299A1 - Improvements in or relating to friction materials for railways brakes - Google Patents
Improvements in or relating to friction materials for railways brakes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1993004299A1 WO1993004299A1 PCT/GB1992/001499 GB9201499W WO9304299A1 WO 1993004299 A1 WO1993004299 A1 WO 1993004299A1 GB 9201499 W GB9201499 W GB 9201499W WO 9304299 A1 WO9304299 A1 WO 9304299A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fibres
- friction
- binder
- brake pad
- rubber
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002783 friction material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 bromobutyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005557 bromobutyl Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005556 chlorobutyl Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004634 thermosetting polymer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trichloroethylene Chemical group ClC=C(Cl)Cl XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NVWBARWTDVQPJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony(3+);trisulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[Sb+3].[Sb+3] NVWBARWTDVQPJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 1
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012255 powdered metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012763 reinforcing filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroethylene Natural products ClCC(Cl)Cl UBOXGVDOUJQMTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
- F16D69/02—Composition of linings ; Methods of manufacturing
- F16D69/025—Compositions based on an organic binder
- F16D69/026—Compositions based on an organic binder containing fibres
Definitions
- This invention relates to friction materials for railway brakes and particularly to brake pads and blocks of the kind which are used in brakes for railway applications.
- Friction materials for railway brakes constitute a separate field within the friction materials art because the particular conditions which they have to fulfil are very different from those for automotive applications such as on cars and lorries.
- friction materials for railway applications utilise similar ingredients to those used in many automotive applications but they generally contain high proportions of organic binder, eg 20 to 55 per cent by volume and rubber generally constitutes a substantial proportion of the organic binder used. Because of their massive size relative to automotive brake pads, conformability is of greater significance in railway materials and this is one of the major reasons why it is usual to employ substantial proportions of organic binders .
- Organic binder materials are in widespread use in the manufacture of friction materials for both railway and automotive purposes, the common types being phenolic resins or modified phenolic resins with which a proportion of rubber such as SBR or Nitrile rubber is also often used.
- Many published patent specifications mention organic binder materials of this kind for example UK Patent No 1,604,828 discloses non-asbestos brake pads which are made from a friction material containing a thermoset binder making up 20% to 45% by volume of the friction material at least half of which is phenol formaldehyde resin.
- UK Patent No 1,604,839 discloses a friction material for brake pads which contains a thermoset binder making up 20% to 60% by volume of the friction material at least half of the thermoset binder being phenol formaldehyde resin.
- European Patent No 0,184,708 discloses a friction material for automotive uses which contains steel fibres and organic binder, the amount of organic binder being 10% to 35% by volume of the friction material. Although this latter specifica ion mentions rubber as a possible binder, all the examples of the invention used resin. There is nothing in the specification which relates to friction materials for railway brake applications.
- a railway brake pad or block comprises a friction material containing fibres, particulate materials and an organic binder, wherein the binder makes up 2% to 17% by volume of the friction material .
- the binder used may be rubber, resin, or a mixture of such materials .
- the rubber used is preferably nitrile rubber or SBR, although other rubbers may be used as the whole or part of the binder, for example bromobutyl rubber, chlorobutyl rubber .
- the resin used is preferably a phenolic resin or modified phenolic resin although other thermosetting resins such as epoxy resins and polyester resins may also be used. Where a mixture of rubber and resin is used it is preferred that at least 50% by volume of the binder is rubber.
- the other ingredients of the friction material may be selected from the wide range of available fibres, fillers and friction and wear modifiers.
- fibres examples include metal fibres such as steel, mineral fibres such as glass or basalt, and organic fibres such as aramid.
- the amount of fibre used is not critical but will typically be in the range 7 to 25% by volume .
- the balance of the friction material apart from binders and fibres is of particulate materials.
- the particulate materials used as fillers and friction and wear modifiers may be taken from a vast range of possible options. For example alumina, antimony trisulphide, zirconia, crushed coke, graphite, molybdenum disulphide, powdered metals such as copper, tin, brass, reinforcing fillers such as mica, vermiculite, wollastonite, and other fillers such as barytes, silica, calcium carbonate etc.
- the particulate materials are preferably used in the larger sizes of the conventional range eg 300um to 600um, and substantial amounts of finely divided materials (ie particle sizes below 50um) are to be avoided in order to ensure that there is not too much particle surface area to be wetted out by the binder.
- Friction materials were prepared according to the formulations given below in parts by volume in Table 1.
- the dry ingredients were pre-blended, then intimately mixed with a solution of rubber binder in trichloroethylene.
- the rubber binder was in the form of a nitrile rubber latex. The mix was dried and disintegrated and then charged to a die where brake pads were cold moulded to shape under a pressure of 5.5 tons/in .
- the thus shaped railway brake pads were cured by baking whilst held under a pressure of over 9 psi in an oven for 1 hour at 160°C, plus 1 hour at 200°C and 3 hours at 235°C.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
Abstract
Railway brake pads or blocks comprising a friction material which contains particulate material, fibre and binder. The binder makes up only 2 % to 17 % by volume of the material, and can be thermoset rubber or resin or mixtures thereof.
Description
Improvements in or relating to friction materials for railways brakes
This invention relates to friction materials for railway brakes and particularly to brake pads and blocks of the kind which are used in brakes for railway applications.
Friction materials for railway brakes constitute a separate field within the friction materials art because the particular conditions which they have to fulfil are very different from those for automotive applications such as on cars and lorries.
In general friction materials for railway applications utilise similar ingredients to those used in many automotive applications but they generally contain high proportions of organic binder, eg 20 to 55 per cent by volume and rubber generally constitutes a substantial proportion of the organic binder used.
Because of their massive size relative to automotive brake pads, conformability is of greater significance in railway materials and this is one of the major reasons why it is usual to employ substantial proportions of organic binders .
Organic binder materials are in widespread use in the manufacture of friction materials for both railway and automotive purposes, the common types being phenolic resins or modified phenolic resins with which a proportion of rubber such as SBR or Nitrile rubber is also often used. Many published patent specifications mention organic binder materials of this kind, for example UK Patent No 1,604,828 discloses non-asbestos brake pads which are made from a friction material containing a thermoset binder making up 20% to 45% by volume of the friction material at least half of which is phenol formaldehyde resin. UK Patent No 1,604,839 discloses a friction material for brake pads which contains a thermoset binder making up 20% to 60% by volume of the friction material at least half of the thermoset binder being phenol formaldehyde resin. European Patent No 0,184,708 discloses a friction material for automotive uses which contains steel fibres and organic binder, the amount of organic binder being 10% to 35% by volume of the friction material. Although this latter specifica ion mentions rubber as a possible binder, all the examples of the invention used resin. There is
nothing in the specification which relates to friction materials for railway brake applications.
We have now found that friction materials for railway applications with advantageous properties may be manufactured using organic binders at low volumes.
Thus according to the invention a railway brake pad or block comprises a friction material containing fibres, particulate materials and an organic binder, wherein the binder makes up 2% to 17% by volume of the friction material .
Conventionally ' it has been believed that such low proportions of binder were not satisfactory for railway brake materials because of the conformability needed in such materials. In the friction materials of the present invention we have found remarkably good properties, with good conformability . It appears that the conformability of such materials improves again when the proportion of binder is sufficiently low.
The binder used may be rubber, resin, or a mixture of such materials .
The rubber used is preferably nitrile rubber or SBR, although other rubbers may be used as the whole or part of
the binder, for example bromobutyl rubber, chlorobutyl rubber .
The resin used is preferably a phenolic resin or modified phenolic resin although other thermosetting resins such as epoxy resins and polyester resins may also be used. Where a mixture of rubber and resin is used it is preferred that at least 50% by volume of the binder is rubber.
The other ingredients of the friction material may be selected from the wide range of available fibres, fillers and friction and wear modifiers.
Examples of possible fibres include metal fibres such as steel, mineral fibres such as glass or basalt, and organic fibres such as aramid. The amount of fibre used is not critical but will typically be in the range 7 to 25% by volume .
The balance of the friction material apart from binders and fibres is of particulate materials. The particulate materials used as fillers and friction and wear modifiers may be taken from a vast range of possible options. For example alumina, antimony trisulphide, zirconia, crushed coke, graphite, molybdenum disulphide, powdered metals such as copper, tin, brass, reinforcing fillers such as mica, vermiculite, wollastonite, and other fillers such as barytes, silica, calcium carbonate etc. Owing to the low
volumes of binder used in this invention the particulate materials are preferably used in the larger sizes of the conventional range eg 300um to 600um, and substantial amounts of finely divided materials (ie particle sizes below 50um) are to be avoided in order to ensure that there is not too much particle surface area to be wetted out by the binder.
The invention will be described in more detail, by way of example only, in the following examples.
EXAMPLES 1 to 3
Friction materials were prepared according to the formulations given below in parts by volume in Table 1. In Examples 1 and 2 the dry ingredients were pre-blended, then intimately mixed with a solution of rubber binder in trichloroethylene. In Example 3, the rubber binder was in the form of a nitrile rubber latex. The mix was dried and disintegrated and then charged to a die where brake pads were cold moulded to shape under a pressure of 5.5 tons/in . The thus shaped railway brake pads were cured by baking whilst held under a pressure of over 9 psi in an oven for 1 hour at 160°C, plus 1 hour at 200°C and 3 hours at 235°C.
TABLE I
Example No
Nitrile Rubber
Curing Agents
Steel Fibre
Glass Fibre
Petroleum Coke
Fillers
Friction & Wear Modifiers
Testing
Railway brake pads made according to Examples 1 to 3 were tested for friction and wear in machine tests against cast iron brake discs. The behaviour of each material was tested in a sequence which consists of a bedding in phase of 30 successive stops from about 90 kph, followed by a dry friction test of 18 successive stops from speeds varying cyclically between 80kph and 200kph followed by a wet friction test of 27 successive steps from speeds varying cyclically over the same range but with a wet brake disc. The results of these tests are given below in tabular form in Table II.
TABLE II
Examp le No
Bedding in phase
Max. mean coefficient of friction* 0.32 0.34 0.33
Min. mean coefficient of friction* 0.21 0.21 0.24
Overall average coefficient of friction 0.296 0.310 0.32
Dry phase
Max. mean coefficent of friction* 0.33 0.34 0.35
Min. mean coefficient of friction* 0.27 0.29 0.29
Overall average coefficient of friction 0.293 0.312 0.32
We t p ha s e
Max. mean coefficient of friction* 0.28 0.27 0.33
Min. mean coefficient of friction* 0.23 0.23 0.24
Overall average coefficient of friction 0.254 0.250 0.28
Ratio of wet friction coefficient to dry 0.865 0.801 0.875
* In this table the expression "mean" coefficient of friction is used to refer to the average value of the coefficient of friction during a single stop, because it is normal to see some variation of the coefficient with time during each stop as the pad temperature rapidly rises .
It can be seen from Table II that the brake pads made according to each example showed excellent resistance to fade and consistency of friction during all phases of the test .
Claims
1. A railway brake pad or block which comprises a friction material containing fibres, particulate materials and an organic binder, wherein the binder makes up 2% to 17% by volume of the friction material .
2. A railway brake pad or block according to claim 1 in which the binder comprises a thermoset rubber selected from nitrile rubber, SBR, chlorobutyl rubber and bromobutyl rubber and mixtures thereof.
3. A railway brake pad or block according to claim 1 or 2 in which the binder comprises a thermoset resin selected from phenolic resins, modified phenolic resins, epoxy resins and polyester resins.
4. A disc brake pad according to claim 1 , 2 or 3 in which the friction material contains fibres in an amount of 7% to 25% by volume.
A disc brake pad according to claim 3 in which the fibres are selected from steel fibres, glass fibres, mineral fibres and aramid fibres and mixtures thereof . A railway brake pad substantially as described herein in any one of the foregoing examples.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9117509.1 | 1991-08-14 | ||
| GB9117509A GB2258657A (en) | 1991-08-14 | 1991-08-14 | Friction materials for railway brake pads |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1993004299A1 true WO1993004299A1 (en) | 1993-03-04 |
Family
ID=10699947
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB1992/001499 WO1993004299A1 (en) | 1991-08-14 | 1992-08-13 | Improvements in or relating to friction materials for railways brakes |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2441892A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2258657A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1993004299A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5339931A (en) * | 1993-05-07 | 1994-08-23 | Allied-Signal Inc. | Porous copper powder modified friction material |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3959194A (en) * | 1972-10-31 | 1976-05-25 | Johns-Manville Corporation | Less abrasive composition railroad brake shoe material |
| US4352750A (en) * | 1981-08-03 | 1982-10-05 | Manville Service Corporation | Friction material for railroad brake shoes |
| US4373038A (en) * | 1980-10-16 | 1983-02-08 | Rutgerswerke Aktiengesellschaft | Asbestos-free friction material |
| EP0184708A2 (en) * | 1984-12-13 | 1986-06-18 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Friction material |
| EP0271965A2 (en) * | 1986-12-19 | 1988-06-22 | Nuturn Corporation | Friction materials and their manufacture |
| WO1992005370A1 (en) * | 1990-09-14 | 1992-04-02 | Ferodo Limited | Improvements in or relating to brake pads |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3832325A (en) * | 1973-04-23 | 1974-08-27 | Johns Manville | Wear resistant composition brake block |
| DE3038129C2 (en) * | 1980-10-09 | 1983-03-17 | Rütgerswerke AG, 6000 Frankfurt | Asbestos-free friction material |
-
1991
- 1991-08-14 GB GB9117509A patent/GB2258657A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1992
- 1992-08-13 AU AU24418/92A patent/AU2441892A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-08-13 WO PCT/GB1992/001499 patent/WO1993004299A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3959194A (en) * | 1972-10-31 | 1976-05-25 | Johns-Manville Corporation | Less abrasive composition railroad brake shoe material |
| US4373038A (en) * | 1980-10-16 | 1983-02-08 | Rutgerswerke Aktiengesellschaft | Asbestos-free friction material |
| US4352750A (en) * | 1981-08-03 | 1982-10-05 | Manville Service Corporation | Friction material for railroad brake shoes |
| EP0184708A2 (en) * | 1984-12-13 | 1986-06-18 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Friction material |
| EP0271965A2 (en) * | 1986-12-19 | 1988-06-22 | Nuturn Corporation | Friction materials and their manufacture |
| WO1992005370A1 (en) * | 1990-09-14 | 1992-04-02 | Ferodo Limited | Improvements in or relating to brake pads |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2441892A (en) | 1993-03-16 |
| GB9117509D0 (en) | 1991-10-02 |
| GB2258657A (en) | 1993-02-17 |
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