US7629412B2 - Rigid PVC blend composition - Google Patents
Rigid PVC blend composition Download PDFInfo
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- US7629412B2 US7629412B2 US11/450,676 US45067606A US7629412B2 US 7629412 B2 US7629412 B2 US 7629412B2 US 45067606 A US45067606 A US 45067606A US 7629412 B2 US7629412 B2 US 7629412B2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/04—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing chlorine atoms
- C08L27/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl chloride
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/16—Elastomeric ethene-propene or ethene-propene-diene copolymers, e.g. EPR and EPDM rubbers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to rigid PVC formulations containing ethylene-propylene copolymers. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of ethylene-propylene copolymers to reduce gloss and improve PVC characteristics, such as heat and UV stability, lubricity, and coloration.
- catalyst activator/promoter differentiates this tri-component catalyst system from the conventional vanadium/aluminum Ziegler catalysts used, for example, for making standard polyethylene waxes and allows producing ethylene-propylene copolymers in a liquid form.
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,094 discloses that vanadium phosphorodithioates, represented by a specified formula, are effective catalysts in the preparation of copolymers of alpha-olefins, e.g., ethylene/propylene rubber (EPR), and the terpolymers of the alpha-olefins with the nonconjugated dienes, e.g., ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymers (EPDM rubber), when an alkyl aluminum is used as a cocatalyst.
- EPR ethylene/propylene rubber
- EPDM rubber ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymers
- U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,096 discloses that in the copolymerization of alpha-olefins, especially the copolymerization of ethylene and propylene (with a diene if desired), using a coordination type catalyst based on a vanadium salt and an alkylaluminum halide, the molecular weight of the polymer can be regulated, and the activity of the catalyst can be enhanced, by adding disulfides of a defined type.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,834 discloses that low molecular weight copolymers comprised of ethylene, an alpha-olefin and (optionally) a nonconjugated polyene, which copolymers have a viscosity index of at least about 75 and vinylidene-type unsaturation, possess unexpected advantages as intermediates in epoxy-grafted electrical encapsulation compositions.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,122 discloses a lubricating composition containing: a high viscosity synthetic hydrocarbon such as high viscosity poly(alpha-olefins), liquid hydrogenated polyisoprenes or ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymers having a viscosity of 40 to 1000 centistokes at 100° C.; a low viscosity synthetic hydrocarbon and/or optionally a low viscosity ester; and optionally an additive package to impart desirable performance properties to the composition.
- a high viscosity synthetic hydrocarbon such as high viscosity poly(alpha-olefins), liquid hydrogenated polyisoprenes or ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymers having a viscosity of 40 to 1000 centistokes at 100° C.
- a low viscosity synthetic hydrocarbon and/or optionally a low viscosity ester and optionally an additive package to impart desirable performance properties to the composition.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,960,829 discloses that blends comprised of (a) a high molecular weight elastomeric polymer; (b) a sufficient amount of an ethylene/alpha-olefin/nonconjugated polyene terpolymer having a number average molecular weight of between about 1,000 and about 15,000 such that the variety of the blend is at least about 5 percent lower than the viscosity of component (a) alone, and (c) a curative, exhibit increased processability and, when cured, exhibit unexpectedly desirable tensile strength, ozone resistance, and oil resistance.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,951 discloses that tert-alkylmethoxy-substituted vanadium compounds are useful as catalysts for the polymerization of ethylene or the copolymerization of ethylene with alpha-olefins and (optionally) nonconjugated polyenes.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,504 discloses compounds of a specified formula that by themselves and in combination with certain halo-but-2-enoic acids and esters are useful as catalyst promoters in ethylene polymerization processes.
- U.S. Published Patent Application 2003/0114322A1 discloses the use of polyolefin waxes as external lubricants and release agents for plastics.
- the polyolefin waxes are produced by using metallocene catalysts, whereby the polyolefin waxes are homopolymerizates of ethylene or are copolymerizates of ethylene with one or more 1-olefins, and linear or branched, substituted or non-substituted olefins having 3-18 C atoms are used as 1-olefins.
- the processable plastic mixtures produced in this manner are said to have a distinctively longer tack-free time and exhibit an improved behavior with regard to mold release.
- Belgian Patent No. 809104 relates to a pipe composition of reduced cracking and increased toughness that was obtained via graft copolymerization from 95 parts vinyl chloride monomer and five parts rubbery ethylene-propylene copolymer.
- Chinese Patent No. 1475339 relates to a tubing core composition containing 100 parts PVC and 10-40 parts of ethylene-propylene rubber as an impact modifier.
- European Patent Application 0182470 relates to low molecular weight, liquid EPDM (ethylene-propylene terpolymers containing non-conjugated dienes) compositions suitable for weatherable coatings based on asphalt, polyurethanes, and solid EPDM.
- the compositions are comprised of a copolymer of ethylene and a monomer having the formula CH 2 CHR, where R is C 1 -C 10 linear or branched alkyl (propylene is preferred), and optionally containing a non-conjugated diene, such as 1,4-hexanedione; said polymer having a molecular weight of 500-20,000.
- the ethylene to propylene (E/P) ratio is from 85:15 to 25:75, with the preferred ratios being 60:40 to 40:60.
- the non-conjugated diene in the EPDM is present in a range of from 0 to 25 percent, with a preferred range of 5 to 13 percent.
- the compositions include a reinforcing agent, a curative (such as organic peroxides) to convert double bonds of EPDM into the cured, fully saturated and weatherable polymer, and a small amount of a solvent.
- the compositions contain conventional adjuvants: antioxidants, antiozonates, ultraviolet stabilizers, tackifiers, lubricants, pigments, fillers, flame retardants, and the like.
- the preparation of the preferred EPDM materials is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,819,592, 3,819,852, 3,896,094, and 3,896,096.
- Truly rigid formulations containing less than 10 phr (parts of the liquid EPM per 100 parts PVC resin) and applications for such formulations are believed to be new in the art and heretofore undisclosed.
- Liquid ethylene-propylene copolymers prepared using a tri-component (“modified” Ziegler-type catalyst) system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,504, were used in rigid PVC formulations at less than 10 phr loadings. Contrary to the waxes obtained using conventional Ziegler catalysts, it was discovered that the EPM produced with the use of these tri-component catalysts provided excellent processing and performance characteristics to the PVC formulations, allowing efficient lubrication, reduced gloss and improved metal release, as well as effective protection of the PVC compound against heat and UV light.
- the present invention is directed to a composition
- a composition comprising rigid PVC and from about 0.1 to about 10 phr, preferably about 2 to about 4 phr, of an EPM copolymer.
- the rigid PVC/EPM copolymer composition further comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of lubricants, impact modifiers, process aids, fusion promoters, metal release agents, heat stabilizers, co-stabilizers, fillers, pigments, antioxidants, UV absorbers, antistats, and plasticizers.
- at least one additive selected from the group consisting of lubricants, impact modifiers, process aids, fusion promoters, metal release agents, heat stabilizers, co-stabilizers, fillers, pigments, antioxidants, UV absorbers, antistats, and plasticizers.
- the present invention is directed to a method for enhancing the effects of at least one agent selected from the group consisting of lubricants, heat stabilizers, UV absorbers, and pigments in admixture with rigid PVC comprising including in said mixture from about 0.1 to about 10 phr of an EPM copolymer.
- compositions comprising rigid PVC and from about 0.1 to about 10 phr, preferably about 2 to about 4 phr, of an EPM copolymer.
- PVC is intended to include both homopolymers and copolymers of vinyl chloride, i.e., vinyl resins containing vinyl chloride units in their structure, e.g., copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl esters of aliphatic acids, in particular vinyl acetate; copolymers of vinyl chloride with esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid and with acrylonitrile; copolymers of vinyl chloride with diene compounds and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides thereof, such as copolymers of vinyl chloride with diethyl maleate, diethyl fumarate or maleic anhydride; post-chlorinated polymers and copolymers of vinyl chloride; copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride with unsaturated aldehydes, ketones and others, such as acrolein, crotonaldehyde, vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, and
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- Preferred substrates are also mixtures of the above-mentioned homopolymers and copolymers, in particular, vinyl chloride homopolymers, with other thermoplastic and/or elastomeric polymers, in particular, blends with ABS, MBS, NBR, SAN, EVA, CPE, MBAS, PMA, PMMA, EPDM, and polylactones.
- PVC will also be understood to include recyclates of halogen-containing polymers, which are the polymers described above in more detail and which have suffered damage by processing, use or storage. PVC recyclate is particularly preferred. The recyclates may also contain minor amounts of foreign materials, typically paper, pigments, adhesives or other polymers, which are often difficult to remove. These foreign materials can also originate from contact with different substances during use or working up, for example, fuel residues, paint components, metal traces, initiator residues, and water traces.
- the PVC be vinyl chloride homopolymer, i.e., polyvinyl chloride, per se.
- compositions of the present invention also comprise one or more liquid ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPM), prepared using a tri-component (“modified” Ziegler type catalyst) system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,504.
- EPM liquid ethylene-propylene copolymers
- modified Ziegler type catalyst modified Ziegler type catalyst
- the polymerization reaction described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,786,504 is characterized by being catalyzed by a catalyst composition comprising (a) a vanadium-containing compound; (b) an organo-aluminum compound; and (c) a catalyst promoter.
- a catalyst composition comprising (a) a vanadium-containing compound; (b) an organo-aluminum compound; and (c) a catalyst promoter.
- vanadium compounds that can be employed as the catalyst are vanadium oxytrichloride, vanadium tetrachloride, vanadium acetyl acetonate, vanadyl bis-diethylphosphate, chloro neopentyl vanadate, and the vanadium-containing catalysts described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,951.
- the process utilizes an organo-aluminum compound as a co-catalyst.
- the organo-aluminum compound is an alkyl aluminum or an alkyl aluminum halide.
- the halide compounds the chlorides are most preferred.
- the preferred alkyl aluminum chlorides are ethyl aluminum sesquichloride, ethyl aluminum dichloride, diethyl aluminum chloride and diisobutyl aluminum chloride. Ethyl aluminum sesquichloride and diethyl aluminum chloride are most preferred.
- a further additive used in the process of the present invention is a catalyst promoter that is a derivative of halo-but-3-enoic acids and esters.
- a catalyst promoter that is a derivative of halo-but-3-enoic acids and esters.
- a specific description of such promoters is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,951, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- the polymerization process described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,951 is typically conducted in the following manner.
- the vanadium-containing compound (catalyst), the organoaluminum compound (co-catalyst), the catalyst promoter, reaction medium, and comonomers are introduced into a reaction vessel.
- the molar ratio of the catalyst promoter to the vanadium in the vanadium-containing compound is, preferably, in the range of from about 3:1 to about 80:1, more preferably, from 6:1 to 64:1, and most preferably, from about 12:1 to about 48:1.
- the molar ratio of the co-catalyst to catalyst plus catalyst promoter is preferably in the range of from about 0.5:1 to about 500:1, more preferably, from 1.5:1 to 100:1, and, most preferably, from about 2.5:1 to about 10:1.
- the catalyst concentration can typically range from about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 to about 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 mole of vanadium per liter of total reaction medium.
- the reaction medium is an inert medium such as, e.g., pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, decane, benzene, toluene, and the like, optionally, in combination with liquid alpha-olefins.
- inert medium such as, e.g., pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, decane, benzene, toluene, and the like, optionally, in combination with liquid alpha-olefins.
- the polymerization reaction is typically conducted in the liquid state at a temperature in the range of from about ⁇ 25° C. to about 70° C., for a time that can vary from several minutes or less to several hours or more depending on the specific reaction conditions and materials, typically, from about 15 minutes to about three hours.
- the ethylene to propylene (E/P) weight ratio is from about 85:15 to about 25:75, with the preferred ratios being 60:40 to 40:60; preferably the weight average molecular weights are from about 500 to about 200,000, more preferably from about 20,000 to about 90,000, as determined by gas permeation chromatography (GPC).
- GPC gas permeation chromatography
- compositions employed in the practice of the present invention can also contain further additives and stabilizers, including, inter alia, process aids, fusion promoters, plasticizers, lubricants, waxes, impact modifiers, fillers, reinforcing agents, antioxidants, light stabilizers, UV absorbers, blowing agents, fluorescent whitening agents, pigments, flame retardants, antistatic agents, gelling assistants, metal deactivators, scavenging compounds, modifiers and further sequestrants for Lewis acids, and the like, as is known in the art (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,533), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- further additives and stabilizers including, inter alia, process aids, fusion promoters, plasticizers, lubricants, waxes, impact modifiers, fillers, reinforcing agents, antioxidants, light stabilizers, UV absorbers, blowing agents, fluorescent whitening agents, pigments, flame retardants, antistatic agents, gelling
- Preferred additives are selected from the group consisting of heat stabilizers, lubricants, impact modifiers, processing aids, antioxidants, fusion promoters, metal release agents, co-stabilizers, fillers, pigments, UV absorbers, antistats, and plasticizers.
- fusion promoters, process aids, and lubricants are included in the compositions of the present invention, they can be, but are not limited to, for example, calcium stearate, montan wax, fatty acid esters, polyethylene waxes, chlorinated polyethylene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidized polyethylene, methyl methacrylate-styrene-acrylonitrile resin, glycerol esters, combinations thereof, and the like.
- impact modifiers are included in the compositions of the present invention, they can be, but are not limited to, for example, chlorinated polyolefins such as chlorinated polyethylene, EVA copolymers, acrylic or modified acrylic resins, MBS copolymers, MABS copolymers, calcium carbonate, alumina trihydrate, and the like.
- Preferred components of rigid PVC formulations include one or several additives selected from lubricants (such as calcium stearate, esters of organic acids, e.g., fatty acids, paraffin waxes), impact modifiers (such as polyacrylates, chlorinated polyethylene), process aids (such as ABS, SAN), fusion promoters (oxidized polyethylene), heat stabilizers (such as organotin stabilizers, e.g., organotin mercaptides or carboxylates, mixed metal stabilizers, lead stabilizers, heavy metal-free stabilizers), co-stabilizers (organic phosphite esters, epoxidized soybean oil, hydrotalcites, zeolites, perchlorates), fillers (such as titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate), pigments, antioxidants, UV absorbers (such as titanium dioxide), antistats, plasticizers, etc.
- lubricants such as calcium stearate, esters of organic acids, e.g., fatty acids, paraffin
- the PVC compositions of the present invention may be brought into a desired shape in a known manner. Examples of processes of this type are grinding, calendering, extruding, injection moulding and spinning, and extrusion blowmoulding.
- the PVC may also be processed to provide foams.
- a PVC composition according to the invention is particularly suitable, for example, for hollow articles (bottles), packaging films (thermoformed films), blown films, pipes, foams, heavy profiles (window frames), translucent-wall profiles, construction profiles, sidings, fittings, office sheeting, and apparatus housings (computers, household devices).
- PVC foam moldings and PVC pipes for example, for drinking water or wastewater, pressure pipes, gas pipes, cable-duct pipes and cable-protection pipes, pipes for industrial pipelines, drainpipes, outflow pipes, gutter pipes, and drainage pipes.
- pressure pipes gas pipes
- cable-duct pipes and cable-protection pipes pipes for industrial pipelines
- drainpipes outflow pipes
- gutter pipes and drainage pipes.
- Becker/H. Braun K UNSTSTOFFHANDBUCH PVC, Vol. 2/2, W. (Carl Hanser Verlag, 2d ed. 1985), at 1236-77.
- the EPM can be added either separately or as a “one-pack” in combination with other additives. They can be added to a PVC compound either before or during a processing step (compounding, extrusion, calendering, etc.).
- a processing step compounding, extrusion, calendering, etc.
- the formulation of PVC compounds and their processing are described in H ANDBOOK OF PVC F ORMULATING (Edward J. Wickson, ed., 1993); and H ANS Z WEIFEL , P LASTICS A DDITIVES H ANDBOOK (5th ed. 2001).
- the control formulation contained PVC SE-950 from Shintech SE-950, titanium dioxide R-960 (for heat stability studies) and R-101 (for UV stability studies) from DuPont, an impact modifier, K-37, from Rohm & Haas, lubricants calcium stearate EDG (from Chemtura Corporation) and paraffin wax XL165P from Clariant Corporation, and a metal release agent, A-C 629A, from Honeywell.
- the tested stabilizers included a blend of mono- and dimethyltin mercaptides (Mark 1900), a butyltin carboxylate (Mark T-634), a mixed metal (Ca/Zn) stabilizer (TS-1269), and heavy metal-free stabilizer Mark OBS-130 from Chemtura Corporation.
- Trilene CP-80 manufactured by Chemtura Corporation was used as an EPM additive (ethylene/propylene ratio 41/59, molecular weight about 80,000 by GPC).
- Rigid PVC compounds were prepared using standard formulations and the EPM additive. Each PVC compound test sample was placed into a Brabender mixer operated at 190° C. and 65 RPM. Sample chips were taken every three minutes. Fusion torque, fusion time, and the decomposition time were automatically recorded.
- Heat stability was determined from sample chips using a Hunter Lab colorimeter (ASTM D-1925) measuring Yellowness Index (YI) (lower YI signifies reduced discoloration as a result of thermal decomposition and, therefore, superior thermal stabilization).
- YI Yellowness Index
- Tables 1-8 illustrate the effect of the EPM on heat stability as measured as Yellowness Index and decomposition time of rigid PVC compounds.
- the data show that added at 1-3 phr, the EPM significantly reduced yellowness index and increased the decomposition time of PVC compounds that were stabilized by either type of the stabilizers.
- the QUV accelerated Weathering Tester was used to simulate the damage caused by the forces of the weather (heat, humidity, and sunlight) in an outdoor environment.
- the QUV lamps are efficient generators of ultraviolet light similar to that in sunlight.
- a UV-A-340 lamp was used to simulate sunlight in the short wavelength of the UV region.
- PVC samples were mounted on standard panel holders (3′′ ⁇ 12′′), secured by snap-in rings and placed into the QUV Tester.
- the cycle time was UV exposure for four hours at 60° C. followed by a condensation period (the UV source was off) for four hours at 50° C. and 100 percent humidity.
- a 1′′ ⁇ 1′′ piece was cut from each sample and mounted on a demonstration chart to show the effects of the exposure.
- the color of the pieces was measured as Yellowness Index using the Hunter Lab calorimeter (ASTM D-1925).
- the sample holders were rotated within the tester chamber every 250 hours.
- the gloss of flat, plane surfaces was measured by the reflectance of light off the surface at an incidence angle of 60° using a Gardner BYK Micro gloss meter (ASTM D523).
- the experimental data show that the EPM functions as an effective gloss reducing agent in rigid PVC compounds (Table 13).
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Abstract
Description
TABLE 1 |
EFFECT OF THE EPM ON YELLOWNESS INDEX OF PVC |
STABILIZED BY MARK 1900 |
Heat | EPM, phr |
Exposure | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Time, min. | Yellowness Index | |
3 | 4.27 | 4.91 | 5.27 | 5.48 |
6 | 7.03 | 6.73 | 7.18 | 7.46 |
9 | 10.31 | 8.68 | 9.29 | 9.03 |
12 | 14.33 | 11.76 | 11.45 | 11.15 |
15 | 22.36 | 16.03 | 14.64 | 14.34 |
18 | 34.64 | 27.74 | 20.79 | 19.55 |
TABLE 2 |
EFFECT OF EPM ON THE DECOMPOSITION TIME OF PVC |
STABILIZED BY MARK 1900 |
EPM, phr |
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Decomposition | 20:12 | 21:48 | 24:28 | 25:00 | ||
time, min.:sec. | ||||||
TABLE 3 |
EFFECT OF EPM ON YELLOWNESS INDEX OF PVC |
STABILIZED BY TS-1269 |
EPM, phr |
Heat Exposure | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Time, min. | Yellowness Index | |
3 | 5.46 | 5.52 | 5.24 | 5.56 |
6 | 6.93 | 6.83 | 6.74 | 6.97 |
9 | 9.34 | 7.87 | 8.06 | 8.56 |
12 | 17.75 | 10.69 | 10.42 | 10.95 |
15 | 28.47 | 19.71 | 17.58 | 16.98 |
18 | 39.3 | 28.6 | 24.48 | 25.59 |
21 | 42.59 | 36.8 | 27.87 | 27.6 |
24 | 45.49 | 40.1 | 33.76 | 29.92 |
27 | 43.72 | 37.33 | 34.07 | |
30 | 37.97 | 39.27 | ||
TABLE 4 |
EFFECT OF EPM ON THE DECOMPOSITION TIME OF PVC |
STABILIZED BY TS-1269 |
EPM, phr |
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Decomposition | 22:56 | 26:00 | 29:44 | 32:48 | ||
time, min.:sec. | ||||||
TABLE 5 |
EFFECT OF EPM ON YELLOWNESS INDEX OF PVC |
STABILIZED BY MARK T-634 |
EPM, phr |
Heat Exposure | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Time, min. | Yellowness Index | |
6 | 4.34 | 4.62 | 4.47 | 4.42 |
9 | 4.99 | 5.55 | 5.98 | 5.54 |
12 | 6.48 | 7.16 | 7.05 | 7.22 |
15 | 8.85 | 9.62 | 9.09 | 9.28 |
18 | 12.47 | 12.67 | 11.73 | 11.71 |
21 | 16.54 | 16.76 | 15.21 | 15.21 |
24 | 22.27 | 20.92 | 18.92 | 18.85 |
27 | 29.68 | 27.00 | 24.00 | 23.45 |
30 | 36.44 | 34.59 | 30.10 | 29.07 |
33 | 41.82 | 42.15 | 37.31 | 35.36 |
36 | 44.88 | 43.11 | 41.21 | |
39 | 43.62 | 43.13 | ||
TABLE 6 |
EFFECT OF EPM ON THE DECOMPOSITION TIME OF PVC |
STABILIZED BY MARK T-634 |
EPM, phr |
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Decomposition | 34:40 | 38:12 | 41:16 | 43:44 | ||
time, min.:sec. | ||||||
TABLE 7 |
EFFECT OF EPM ON YELLOWNESS INDEX OF PVC |
STABILIZED BY MARK OBS 130 |
EPM, phr |
Heat Exposure | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Time, min. | Yellowness Index | |
3 | 5.56 | 4.42 | 5.05 | 5.85 |
6 | 12.53 | 11.42 | 11.95 | 12.42 |
9 | 31.70 | 32.04 | 28.39 | 26.25 |
12 | 55.79 | 52.34 | 45.17 | 42.71 |
15 | 55.68 | 54.97 | ||
TABLE 8 |
EFFECT OF THE EPM ON THE DECOMPOSITION TIME OF PVC |
STABILIZED BY MARK OBS 130 |
EPM, phr |
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Decomposition | 14:36 | 14:48 | 17:44 | 20:48 | ||
time, min.:sec. | ||||||
TABLE 9 |
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT BETWEEN EPM AND MARK 1900 |
IN STABILIZING PVC AGAINST THERMAL DEGRADATION |
Stabilizer Systems |
Mark 1900 | EPM | Mark 1900 (1.2 phr) | |
Heat Exposure | (1.2 phr) | (2.0 phr) | and EPM (2.0 phr) |
Time, min. | Yellowness Index |
15 | 34.12 | 66.75 | 32.7 |
30 | 35.75 | 32.83 | |
45 | 48.48 | 39.34 | |
60 | 53.88 | 39.14 | |
75 | 88.55 | 52.97 | |
90 | 73.21 | ||
Evaluation of UV Stability/Weatherability
TABLE 10 |
EFFECT OF EPM ON UV STABILITY OF RIGID PVC COMPOUND |
(STABILIZED WITH MARK 1900) CONTAINING 10 PHR TiO2 |
Yellowness Index |
Time of | Standard PVC | Standard PVC compound in the |
Exposure, hrs | compound (control) | presence of the EPM (5 phr) |
0 | 6.43 | 5.63 |
500 | 14.59 | 8.3 |
1000 | 20.94 | 13.52 |
1500 | 23.8 | 14.96 |
2000 | 21.07 | 16.18 |
2500 | 17.98 | 16.74 |
Evaluation of Lubricity
TABLE 11 |
EFFECT OF EPM ON THE FUSION TIME OF PVC COMPOUNDS |
EPM, phr |
0 | 3 |
Heat stabilizers | Fusion Time, min.:sec. | |||
Mark 1900 | 1:00 | 0:48 | ||
Mark T-634 | 5:44 | 1:52 | ||
Mark OBS-130 | 200 | 0:36 | ||
TABLE 12 |
EFFECT OF EPM ON FUSION TORQUE OF PVC COMPOUNDS |
EPM, phr |
0 | 3 |
Heat stabilizers | Fusion Torque, meter × grams | |||
Mark 1900 | 3396 | 2895 | ||
Mark T-634 | 2171 | 1969 | ||
TS-1269 | 3508 | 2763 | ||
Evaluation of Gloss
TABLE 13 |
EFFECT OF EPM ON GLOSS OF RIGID PVC |
Gloss |
PVC stabilized by | PVC stabilized by | PVC stabilized by | |
EPM, phr | Mark 1900 | Mark T-634 | TS-1269 |
0 | 97 | 86 | 97 |
2 | 84 | 77 | 77 |
3 | 73 | 58 | 65 |
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