US4901907A - Heat exchanger core made of aluminum and method for application of flux during process of soldering thereof - Google Patents
Heat exchanger core made of aluminum and method for application of flux during process of soldering thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4901907A US4901907A US07/159,195 US15919588A US4901907A US 4901907 A US4901907 A US 4901907A US 15919588 A US15919588 A US 15919588A US 4901907 A US4901907 A US 4901907A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- flux
- aluminum
- heat exchanger
- core
- spraying
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
- F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
- F28F21/081—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys
- F28F21/084—Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys from aluminium or aluminium alloys
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
- B21D53/02—Making other particular articles heat exchangers or parts thereof, e.g. radiators, condensers fins, headers
- B21D53/08—Making other particular articles heat exchangers or parts thereof, e.g. radiators, condensers fins, headers of both metal tubes and sheet metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
- B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
- B23K1/0012—Brazing heat exchangers
Definitions
- the invention relates to improvements relating to a heat exchanger core of aluminum, which heat exchanger core is produced by tacking tubes, fins, and seat plates, by applying non-corrosive flux to joints, and by soldering the joints in an oven as well as to a method for the application of the non-corrosive flux during the course of the solderings.
- heat exchanger cores of aluminum are light and, inexpensive and, heat exchanger cores have found extensive utility in such heat exchanger applications as radiators, condensers, and evaporators for use in automobiles instead of conventional heat exchangers made of copper alloy as taught for example, in Japanese Patent Application Disclosure SHO 59(1984)-95, 397.
- a first object of the present invention is to provide a heat exchanger core of aluminum which keeps of no part of the applied non-corrosive flux inside of the annular groove of the seat plate.
- a third object of this invention is to provide a method for the application of non-corrosive flux during the course of the soldering operation, which soldering operation is performed on a heat exchanger core of aluminum, where the method increases the recovery ratio of the non-corrosive flux and, at the same time prevents the applied non-corrosive flux from resting within the annular groove of the seat plate.
- a heat exchanger 1 of aluminum can be formed as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 by fitting a seat plate 5 to each of two opposite ends of a heat exchanger core made of aluminum.
- An O-ring 8 is disclosed in an annular groove formed in the seat plate 5.
- the skirt 10 of a tank 9 made of synthetic resin is mounted on the O-ring plate.
- the O-ring 8 is kept in a compressed state under desired pressure.
- the claw 7 formed along the outer circumferential edge of the seat plate 5 is radially squeezed and thereby the tank 9 of synthetic resin and the heat exchanger core 2 of aluminum are integrally united.
- the heat exchanger core 2 of aluminum originates and is produced in a step which comprises alternately disposing tubes 3 and fins 4 both formed with or of aluminum material and having the surface of the aluminum material coated with an oven soldering material. Such plates 5 are separately disposed along opposite ends of the tubes 3. The seat plates 5 are formed with aluminum material and have the surface coated with an oven soldering material.
- Heat exchanger core 20 of aluminum is produced based on soldering, and the components of the heat exchanger core are joined by tacking. The heat exchanger core made according to this step is then passed through a step of applying a non-corrosive material and to a step of soldering as illustrated in FIGS. 5(a) to (d).
- the tubes 3 and the fins 4 are used in one of two possible combinations. In one combination the components of both types have the surface coated with an oven soldering material and in the other second combination the components of only one of a two types have the surface coated with the oven soldering material.
- a mixed solution (3 to 5% in concentration) of a non-corrosive flux of the composition of KAlF 4 -K 3 AlF 6 and water are applied with the aid of a spray 21 on the heat exchanger core 20 of aluminum resulted from the tacking operation.
- the joints between the seat plates 5 and the tubes 3 are immersed in a tank containing a mixed solution of 12 to 15% in concentration of the same non-corrosive flux and water as illustrated in FIG. 5b.
- the treatment by the immersion is necessary because the joints between the tubes 3 and the fins 4 and those joints between the tubes 3 and the seat plates 5 are different in structure so that the joints between the tubes and the fins 4 have to be joined and seated watertightly, since the joints between the seat plates 5 and the tubes 3 are not watertightly by application of the mixed solution of a lower concentration.
- the heat exchanger core completed this way suffers from inferior performance.
- the heat exchanger core, which has been subjected to the treatment by the immersion is dried as illustrated in FIG. 5c. After the drying operation the heat exchanger core is heated for about 5 minutes in an oven kept at a temperature of about 600° C. for effecting the required soldering of the joints between the tubes 3, the fins 4, and seat plates 5.
- the heat exchanger core of aluminum requires a step of shower coating and a step of dipping for the application of mixed solution of the non-corrosive flux and water. Therefore, it is disadvantageous that the maintenance of different non-corrosive flux concentrations in the two mixed solutions is of such difficulty as to impair the productivity of the complete process.
- the present heat exchanger core is associated with another disadvantage in that part of the non-corrosive flux applied to the joints between the tubes 3 and the seat plates 5 is allowed to remain after the the soldering work, and this can induce clogging of the fins, degrade the radiating properties of the fins, and spoil the appearance of the product.
- Mr. Takashi Kozono one of the inventors of the present invention, filed his own invention and application for patent under Japanese Patent Application SHO 60(1985)-279,227 (date of application Dec. 13, 1985; date of disclosure Jun 24, 1987; serial number of disclosure SHO 62(1987)-140,677; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 940,585 dated Dec. 12, 1986) prior to the filing of the present patent application with the Patent Office of Japan.
- the invention of Mr. Takashi Kozono concerns a method for the application of a powdery substance on a substrate through a liquid medium. This method comprises applying the liquid on the substrate and applying the powdery substance on the surface of the substrate which had previous been coated with the liquid either directly or after removal of excess liquid with a forced air current.
- Mr. Takashi Kozono can be used for the application of powdery flux to opposed surfaces of non-ferrous metal pieces given to be joined by soldering.
- Takashi Kozono's invention is directed to a soldering of non-ferrous metal pieces.
- the invention of Mr. Takashi Kozono teaches absolutely nothing about a heat exchangers core of aluminum to which the present invention is directed.
- the surface of the annular groove is not roughened according to the present invention. Therefore, when the O-ring is inserted into the annular groove, the O-ring adheres tightly to the annular groove.
- the skirt of the tank of synthetic resin is mounted on the O-ring and compressed, then the O-ring contacts uniformly troughout to a desired ratio of compression to give rise to create an airtight structure with the O-ring.
- the non-corrosive flux is allowed to adhere only to the portion of the preassembled core covered with the sprayed water, since the water is first sprayed on the preassembled core and then the non-corrosive flux is sprayed on the preassembled core in a powdery state. If a proper measure is taken to prevent the annular groove of the seat plate from being wetted with the water sprayed on the preassembled core, then the non-corrosive flux is not allowed to adhere to the annular groove of the seat plate.
- the present invention does not entail the disadvantage based on the spraying of the mixed solution of non-corrosive flux with water, Where a drawback is that the non-corrosive flux once deposited is washed off with the running water and that distribution of the non-corrosive flux is consequently disturbed to such an extent as to impair the appearance of the product. Moreover, since the non-corrosive flux is sprayed on in a powdery state, the portion of the non-corrosive flux sprayed but not deposited quickly enough on the core can be recovered.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view of a heat exchanger core of aluminum according to the present invention.
- FIGS. 2(a)-2(e) are schematic diagrams explaining and illustrating a process of soldering to be performed on the heat exchanger core of aluminum according to the invention
- FIG. 2(a) illustrates placing water in the form of a spray on a preassembly heat exchanger core
- FIG. 2(b) illustrates spraying non-corrosive flux in the powdery state with the powder spray gun unto a heat exchanger preassembly
- FIG. 2(c) is a diagram illustrating the drawing of the preassembled heat exchanger core
- FIG. 2(d) illustrates the soldering treatment in an oven
- FIG. 2(e) illustrates the final product of complete heat exchanger core
- FIG. 3 is a front elevation of view of heat exchanger
- FIG. 4 is a cross section of an essential part of the heat exchanger core
- FIGS. 5(a)-5(d) are explanatory diagrams illustrating a process of soldering performed on heat exchanger core of aluminum
- FIG. 5(a) illustrates the spraying schematically illustrates the spraying of mixed solution
- FIG. 5(b) illustrates schematically the treatment by immersion of the heat exchanger core
- FIG. 5(c) illustrates schematically the drying of heat exchanger core
- FIG. 5(d) illustrates schematically the soldering of the heat exchanger core
- FIG. 1 is a plan view of the heat exchanger core of aluminum contemplated by the present invention. No non-corrosive flux is present in an annular groove 34 of seat plate 33. A soldered portion produced by an amount of non-corrosive flux is formed in the portions of fitting holes 35 between tubes 31 and seat plates 33.
- the production of the heat exchanger core 30 is about as follows.
- tubes 31 of aluminum and fins 32 of aluminum are tacked together by following a conventional method for preparing a preassembled heat exchanger core 40 of aluminum.
- water is sprayed in the form of a mist on the preassembled heat exchanger core through plurality of spray nozzle 41 as illustrated in FIG. 2(a).
- the water is sprayed uniformly throughout the entire area between the tubes 31 of aluminum.
- Ample application of water to the area of the joints between the tubes 31 of aluminum and the seat plates 33 of aluminum can be obtained by spraying the water with the spray nozzles 41 held diagonally, since the seat plates 33 of aluminum rise upright.
- the tubes 31 are forced into the seat plates 33 so tightly in the joints between the tubes 31 of aluminum and seat plates 33 of aluminum such that the gaps in the joints are sufficiently small to prevent water from reaching the annular grooves on the side of the seat plates 33 of aluminum.
- the non-corrosive flux in the powdery state is sprayed onto the preassembled heat exchanger core 40 of aluminum with a powder spray gun 42 as illustrated in FIG. 2(b).
- the non-corrosive flux is in a powdery state and is caused to adhere fast to the portion wetted with the water sprayed in the preceding step by this spraying, and the powdery state is caused not to adhere to the portion of the preassembled heat exchanger core 40 which left unwet.
- the non-corrosive flux is uniformly sprayed from an equal distance similar to the spraying of water to the joints between the tubes 31 of aluminum and the fins 32 of aluminum.
- the non-corrosive flux is sprayed in diagonal direction so that the flux in the powdery state is amply applied to the aforementioned joints between the tubes 31 of aluminum and the seat plates of aluminum.
- a method, which moves the powder spray gun 42 relative to the surface being coated, is adopted for spraying of the non-corrosive flux in the powdery state.
- This spraying of the non-corrosive flux of the powdery state is carried out in a room furnished with a suction blower. While the spraying is in progress, the suction blower is operated to recover stray non-corrosive flux powder scattered by the powder spray gun. The recovered non-corrosive powder flux is sifted for removal of foreign particles and reused.
- the preassembled heat exchanger core which core is wet because of the spraying, is dried by conventional method as illustrated in FIG. (2c).
- the preassembled heat exchanger now coated with the non-corrosive flux is subjected to a soldering treatment in an oven according to a conventional method as illustrated in FIG. 2(d).
- a complete heat exchanger core 30 of aluminum is obtained as illustrated in FIG. 2(e).
- the recovery ratio of the non-corrosive flux is conspicuously high according to the present invention method as compared with a conventional method because the non-corrosive flux in the powdery state is sprayed after water has been sprayed. Since in contrast, the conventional method uses the non-corrosive flux in a mixed solution with water. Moreover, the recovery of the excess non-corrosive flux can be effected safely and inexpensively, since the recovery of the excess of non-corrosive flux is attained simply with a room which is provided with a suction blower. The non-corrosive flux does not move from the surface onto which it is deposited, because the non-corrosive flux is used in a powdery state.
- the drawback can be eliminated that the non-corrosive flux once deposited on the surface is washed off by the running water and therefore the distribution of the non-corrosive flux is disturbed as a consequence based on the disadvantage of the use of the mixed solution of non-corrosive flux with water.
- the disadvantage that the soldering work induces uneven firing of the surface or defective union of the joints is eliminated since the distribution of the non-corrosive flux is stable.
- a perfect absence of residual non-corrosive flux in the annular grooves 34 of the seat plates 33 may be accomplished by keeping the annular grooves 34 of the seat plates 33 shielded or covered with a masking material during the application of a water and the application of the non-corrosive flux.
- the perfect absence of residual non-corrosive flux in the annular grooves 34 of the seat plates 33 may be attained by thoroughly drying the annular grooves 34 of the seat plates 33 after the application of water as illustrated in FIG. (2a)
- the preceding embodiment has been described as using tubes and fins, both of which have their surfaces coated with an oven soldering material.
- the present invention can be performed even where the soldering material is applied only to the surface of either the tubes or the fins.
- the production method for the heat exchanger core of aluminum contemplated according to the invention need not be limited to the specific embodiment described above. Other suitable steps or some other suitable method can also be adopted.
Abstract
Description
Claims (16)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP62-44421 | 1987-02-27 | ||
JP62044421A JPS63212066A (en) | 1987-02-27 | 1987-02-27 | Aluminum made heat exchanger core |
JP62078749A JPS63242468A (en) | 1987-03-30 | 1987-03-30 | Flux coating method in brazing method on core of aluminum made heat exchanger |
JP62-78749 | 1987-03-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US4901907A true US4901907A (en) | 1990-02-20 |
Family
ID=26384335
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US07/159,195 Expired - Fee Related US4901907A (en) | 1987-02-27 | 1988-02-23 | Heat exchanger core made of aluminum and method for application of flux during process of soldering thereof |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4901907A (en) |
KR (1) | KR950014047B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU597475B2 (en) |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5174490A (en) * | 1990-07-26 | 1992-12-29 | Sanden Corporation | Brazing method |
US6012511A (en) * | 1996-02-05 | 2000-01-11 | Sanden Corporation | Heat exchanger formed by brazing a provisional assembly and method of manufacturing the same with a brazing defect suppressed |
US6305595B1 (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2001-10-23 | Yang-Shiau Chen | Die set for welding a panel like heat pipe to a heat sink |
US6317913B1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 2001-11-20 | Alcoa Inc. | Method of depositing flux or flux and metal onto a metal brazing substrate |
US6344237B1 (en) | 1999-03-05 | 2002-02-05 | Alcoa Inc. | Method of depositing flux or flux and metal onto a metal brazing substrate |
US20030234272A1 (en) * | 2002-06-21 | 2003-12-25 | Christian Lamothe | Fluxing apparatus for applying powdered flux |
US6945321B2 (en) | 2001-02-15 | 2005-09-20 | Sanden Corporation | Heat exchangers |
US20060289151A1 (en) * | 2005-06-22 | 2006-12-28 | Ranga Nadig | Fin tube assembly for heat exchanger and method |
US20100270361A1 (en) * | 2003-02-26 | 2010-10-28 | Behr Gmbh & Co., | Device and Method For Applying a Flow Agent For Hard Soldering of Parts |
CN105880767A (en) * | 2014-12-04 | 2016-08-24 | 重庆普致汽车配件有限公司 | Welding process for radiator |
CN108613588A (en) * | 2018-05-28 | 2018-10-02 | 江苏雪旺制冷科技有限公司 | A kind of copper-aluminium joint that evaporator refrigeration efficiency can be improved |
US10939600B2 (en) | 2018-11-28 | 2021-03-02 | International Business Machines Corporation | Flux residue detection |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100500016B1 (en) * | 2002-05-01 | 2005-07-12 | 오주희 | Method for Continuously Brazing Aluminium Parts |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2460174A1 (en) * | 1979-07-02 | 1981-01-23 | Louyot Comptoir Lyon Alemand | Fluxing metal parts to be brazed - by heating or wetting parts and dipping in fluidised bed of flux powder |
JPS62140677A (en) * | 1985-12-13 | 1987-06-24 | Taiheiyo Kiko Kk | Coating method for granular particle |
US4723597A (en) * | 1984-08-15 | 1988-02-09 | Nihon Radiator Co., Ltd. | Heat exchanger core |
-
1988
- 1988-02-11 AU AU11629/88A patent/AU597475B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-02-22 KR KR1019880001810A patent/KR950014047B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-02-23 US US07/159,195 patent/US4901907A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2460174A1 (en) * | 1979-07-02 | 1981-01-23 | Louyot Comptoir Lyon Alemand | Fluxing metal parts to be brazed - by heating or wetting parts and dipping in fluidised bed of flux powder |
US4723597A (en) * | 1984-08-15 | 1988-02-09 | Nihon Radiator Co., Ltd. | Heat exchanger core |
JPS62140677A (en) * | 1985-12-13 | 1987-06-24 | Taiheiyo Kiko Kk | Coating method for granular particle |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5174490A (en) * | 1990-07-26 | 1992-12-29 | Sanden Corporation | Brazing method |
US6012511A (en) * | 1996-02-05 | 2000-01-11 | Sanden Corporation | Heat exchanger formed by brazing a provisional assembly and method of manufacturing the same with a brazing defect suppressed |
US6344237B1 (en) | 1999-03-05 | 2002-02-05 | Alcoa Inc. | Method of depositing flux or flux and metal onto a metal brazing substrate |
US6317913B1 (en) | 1999-12-09 | 2001-11-20 | Alcoa Inc. | Method of depositing flux or flux and metal onto a metal brazing substrate |
US6305595B1 (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2001-10-23 | Yang-Shiau Chen | Die set for welding a panel like heat pipe to a heat sink |
US6945321B2 (en) | 2001-02-15 | 2005-09-20 | Sanden Corporation | Heat exchangers |
US6755339B2 (en) * | 2002-06-21 | 2004-06-29 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Fluxing apparatus for applying powdered flux |
US20030234272A1 (en) * | 2002-06-21 | 2003-12-25 | Christian Lamothe | Fluxing apparatus for applying powdered flux |
EP1521660B1 (en) * | 2002-06-21 | 2008-01-30 | Delphi Technologies Inc. | Use of a fluxing apparatus for applying powdered flux |
US20100270361A1 (en) * | 2003-02-26 | 2010-10-28 | Behr Gmbh & Co., | Device and Method For Applying a Flow Agent For Hard Soldering of Parts |
US20060289151A1 (en) * | 2005-06-22 | 2006-12-28 | Ranga Nadig | Fin tube assembly for heat exchanger and method |
US7293602B2 (en) | 2005-06-22 | 2007-11-13 | Holtec International Inc. | Fin tube assembly for heat exchanger and method |
CN105880767A (en) * | 2014-12-04 | 2016-08-24 | 重庆普致汽车配件有限公司 | Welding process for radiator |
CN108613588A (en) * | 2018-05-28 | 2018-10-02 | 江苏雪旺制冷科技有限公司 | A kind of copper-aluminium joint that evaporator refrigeration efficiency can be improved |
US10939600B2 (en) | 2018-11-28 | 2021-03-02 | International Business Machines Corporation | Flux residue detection |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU597475B2 (en) | 1990-05-31 |
KR880010305A (en) | 1988-10-08 |
KR950014047B1 (en) | 1995-11-20 |
AU1162988A (en) | 1988-09-01 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: NIHON RADIATOR CO. LTD., 5-24-15, MINAMIDAI, NAKAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:ENOKIDO, HIROAKI;HATANAKA, TAKAYUKI;KOZONO, TAKASHI;REEL/FRAME:004867/0559 Effective date: 19880418 Owner name: PACIFIC MACHINERY AND ENGINEERING CO. LTD., 5-24-1 Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:ENOKIDO, HIROAKI;HATANAKA, TAKAYUKI;KOZONO, TAKASHI;REEL/FRAME:004867/0559 Effective date: 19880418 Owner name: NIHON RADIATOR CO. LTD.,JAPAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ENOKIDO, HIROAKI;HATANAKA, TAKAYUKI;KOZONO, TAKASHI;REEL/FRAME:004867/0559 Effective date: 19880418 Owner name: PACIFIC MACHINERY AND ENGINEERING CO. LTD.,JAPAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ENOKIDO, HIROAKI;HATANAKA, TAKAYUKI;KOZONO, TAKASHI;REEL/FRAME:004867/0559 Effective date: 19880418 |
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REMI | Maintenance fee reminder mailed | ||
LAPS | Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees | ||
FP | Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee |
Effective date: 19930220 |
|
STCH | Information on status: patent discontinuation |
Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362 |