US3666924A - Electric resistance convection heater - Google Patents

Electric resistance convection heater Download PDF

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US3666924A
US3666924A US89796A US3666924DA US3666924A US 3666924 A US3666924 A US 3666924A US 89796 A US89796 A US 89796A US 3666924D A US3666924D A US 3666924DA US 3666924 A US3666924 A US 3666924A
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Prior art keywords
stack
electrodes
washers
electric
rods
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Expired - Lifetime
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US89796A
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Erik Jensen
Shelby L Blankenship
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YORK-LUXAIRE Inc A CORP OF DE
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Assigned to YORK-LUXAIRE, INC., A CORP. OF DE. reassignment YORK-LUXAIRE, INC., A CORP. OF DE. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00—Details
    • F24H9/18—Arrangement or mounting of grates or heating means
    • F24H9/1854—Arrangement or mounting of grates or heating means for air heaters
    • F24H9/1863—Arrangement or mounting of electric heating means
    • F24H9/1872—PTC
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H3/00—Air heaters
    • F24H3/02—Air heaters with forced circulation
    • F24H3/04—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element
    • F24H3/0405—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element using electric energy supply, e.g. the heating medium being a resistive element; Heating by direct contact, i.e. with resistive elements, electrodes and fins being bonded together without additional element in-between
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic

Definitions

  • An electric resistance convection heater comprising a stack of electrically conductive fin electrodes mounted in spaced relation on a plurality of electrically insulating support elements with spacer washers therebetween, certain of said spacers being formed of insulating .material and others being formed of conductive material to cause an electric current applied to different ones of said electrodes to flow serially through the electrodes in a predetermined path, and certain of said conductive spacers being formed of a material having apositive temperature resistance coefficient thus providing self-limiting response for the heater. 4
  • FIG. 2 PTC RESISTOR CONDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVE TlNG c RESISTOR cowoucnva
  • Electric resistance convection heaters formed of a stack of spaced electrode fins of sheet material having electrical resistance characteristics are well known. Such heaters may find application for air heating in the furnaces or ducts of ventilation and air conditioning equipment. It is desirable that such heaters be limited in response so that they will not overheat and create a fire hazard in the event of reduced air flow through the heater. Relatively complex protective circuits using various forms of temperature sensing devices have been employed to protect the electric heater in such application. It is therefore desirable to have a simple, reliable and inexpensive form of electric convection heater that is essentially selflimiting in operation to assure that an excess of heat will not be obtained.
  • SUMMARY Electric current terminals are connected to spaced ones of the v fins and certain of said washers are electrically conductive and others are electrically insulating so that the electric current is caused to flow serially through the fins from one terrninal'to the other in a predetermined path thus electrically heating the fins and conveying heat to the fluid passing between the spaced apart fins.
  • the feature of the invention is the provision that one or more of the electrically .conductive washers is formed of a material having a positive temperature resistance coefficient.
  • the resistance of those conductive washers having a positive temperature coefficient would increase to cause theapplied voltage across the fins to be reduced thus reducing the effective convected heat from the fins in a self-limiting manner, it being understood thatthe electrically conductive spacer washers are comparatively small 'insurface area and are not in themselves convective heating resistance elements.
  • the heater assembly is drawing.
  • the rods 11-17 are supported on supporting frame members 19 and 20.
  • Electric terminals 21 and 22 are applied to different spaced ones of the fin electrodes and may be as shown to the upper and lower fin electrode, see FIG. 1.
  • the end supporting rods 11 and 17 respectively and intermediate supporting rods 12, 13 are shown to have insulating sleeves 23, 24, 25 and 26 which serve to insulate the fin electrodes from the supporting rods. Should the supporting rods 11-17 be formed of insulating material such as a hard thermoplastic or the like, it would not be necessary to use the insulating sleeves as shown at 23-26.
  • Several of the sheet electrode fins 30-34 are shown to be supported in spaced apart relation on the support rods 11, 12, 13 and 17 and their associated insulating sleeves 23-26.
  • a plurality of spacerv washers are positioned on the supporting sleeves 23-26 between adjacent ones of the fins 30-34.
  • the spacer washer 40- between the fin 30 and the fin 31 on the rod 26 is formed of electrically conductive material while all of the spacer washers 41-44 on the intermediate sleeve 24 are formed of insulating material.
  • the spacer washer 45 adjacent the end support 11 is formed of electrically conductive material while the next above spacer washer 46 is formed of insulating material and the next above spacer washer 47 is formed of electrically conductive material.
  • the spacer washers 48 and 49 are formed of insulating material while the spacer washer 50 is formed of electrically conductive material.
  • an electric current applied to the fin electrode'30 will pass through the conductive washer 40 and pass serially from right to left through fin electrode 31 and through the conductive washer 45 to the fin electrode 32 and left to right through that electrode and through the conductive washer 50 to the fin electrode 33 to pass from right to left and through the conductive washer47 to the fin electrode 34 for passing from left to right.
  • each fin being an electrode formed of sheet material having a desired electrical resistivity and convective heat capability.
  • the stack of fins are supported on a plurality of insulating support elements 11-17 which elements may be in one form of the invention a plurality of metal rods having insulating sleeves thereon as will be more clearly shown in connection with the description for FIG. 2 of the In other words an electriccurrent connected to spaced electrodes 30 and 34 will pass serially through all of the heating electrodes 30, 31, 32 and 33 in a predetermined zig-zag relation.
  • a principal feature of the invention is'the provision that one or more of the electrically conductive washers 40, 45, 47 and 50 are formed of a material having a positive temperature resistance coefficient.
  • conductive washers 40 and 50 are illustrated as having a positive temperature resistance coefficient.
  • those electrically conductive washers 40 and 50 having a positive temperature resistance coefficient would increase in resistance to increase the voltage drop across such washers and reduce the applied voltage across the heater fin electrodes to thus reduce the total amount of heat converted by the heater stack so that a self-limiting response of the heater assembly will be obtained.
  • the positive temperature coefficient spacer washers may be formed of various materials having the desired characteristics. Therefore, a particular positive temperature coefficient material is not specified. Also the specific dimensions and maintained in closely spaced relation thereon by washer spacers on theelements, means to supply electric current to said stack through a first electric terminal connected to one of said fins and a second electric terminal connected to another of said fins, at least one of said spacer washers being formed of electrically conductive material and at least another of said washers being formed of electrically insulating material to cause electric current applied to said tenninals to flow serially through said fins in a predetermined path; and at least one of said electrically conductive spacer washers being formed of resistive material having a positive temperature coefficient thereby providing a self-limiting electric resistance heater construction with which a predetermined maximum temperature may not be exceeded.
  • each of said support elements is formed of metal and an insulating sleeve is positioned on each supporting element to insulate the respective element from each electrode and conductive washer.
  • the support elements are rods and include a first rod adjacent one end of the stack of sheet electrodes and a second rod adjacent the other end of the stack of sheet electrodes with a plurality of intermediate support rods therebetween, said electrically conductive washers being positioned alternately with insulating washers on said first and second rods only to cause said electric current to flow serially through said electrodes from top to bottom, and said electric temiinals being secured to the upper and lower electrodes respectively of thestack.
  • the support elements are rods and include a first rod adjacent one end of the stack of sheet electrodes and a second rod adjacent the other end of the stack of sheet electrodes with a plurality of intermediate support rods therebetween, said electrically conductive washers being positioned alternately with insulating washers on said first and second rods only to cause said electric current to flow serially through said electrodes from top to bottom, and said electric terminals being secured to the upper and lower electrodes respectively of the stack.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Abstract

An electric resistance convection heater comprising a stack of electrically conductive fin electrodes mounted in spaced relation on a plurality of electrically insulating support elements with spacer washers therebetween, certain of said spacers being formed of insulating material and others being formed of conductive material to cause an electric current applied to different ones of said electrodes to flow serially through the electrodes in a predetermined path, and certain of said conductive spacers being formed of a material having a positive temperature resistance coefficient thus providing self-limiting response for the heater.

Description

United States Patent Jensen et al.
1151 3,666,924 1 1 May 30,1972
[541 ELECTRIC RESISTANCE CONVECTION HEATER [72] Inventors: Erik Jensen; Shelby L. Blankenship, both of Staunton, Va. 1
[73] Assignee: Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa.
[22] Filed: Nov. 16, 1970 [21] Appl. No.: 89,796
[52] US. Cl ..219/552, 219/359, 219/539,
Ichikawa ..338/22RX 798,589 9/1905 Baehr ..338/3 19 X 2,647,978 8/1953 Dyer ....338/322 X 2,769,071 10/1956 Ward ..338/22 R 3,556,705 1/1971 Mellett et al. ..338/22 R X FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 1,273,477 9/1961 France ..338/319 Primary ExaminerVolodymyr Y. Mayewsky Attorney-i. l-l. Henson and F. E. Blake [57] ABSTRACT An electric resistance convection heater comprising a stack of electrically conductive fin electrodes mounted in spaced relation on a plurality of electrically insulating support elements with spacer washers therebetween, certain of said spacers being formed of insulating .material and others being formed of conductive material to cause an electric current applied to different ones of said electrodes to flow serially through the electrodes in a predetermined path, and certain of said conductive spacers being formed of a material having apositive temperature resistance coefficient thus providing self-limiting response for the heater. 4
4 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures PTC RESlSTOR RESISTOR CONDUCTIVE Patented May 30, 1972 3,666,924
PTC RESISTOR CONDUCTIVE CONDUCTIVE TlNG c RESISTOR cowoucnva FIG. 2
' WITNESSES VENTORS En .Jensen & K/WQW W Shelby L. Blankenship fim g I AT TOR N EY ELECTRIC RESISTANCE CONVECTION HEATER BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Electric resistance convection heaters formed of a stack of spaced electrode fins of sheet material having electrical resistance characteristics are well known. Such heaters may find application for air heating in the furnaces or ducts of ventilation and air conditioning equipment. It is desirable that such heaters be limited in response so that they will not overheat and create a fire hazard in the event of reduced air flow through the heater. Relatively complex protective circuits using various forms of temperature sensing devices have been employed to protect the electric heater in such application. It is therefore desirable to have a simple, reliable and inexpensive form of electric convection heater that is essentially selflimiting in operation to assure that an excess of heat will not be obtained.
PRIOR ART I Reference may be made to the US. Pat. No. 424,921 issued to Capek on Apr. 1, 1890 for a description of an electrical heater having a stack ofspaced apart sheet resistance electrodes but the arrangement does not provide a self-limiting heater construction in the manner ofthe present invention.
SUMMARY Electric current terminals are connected to spaced ones of the v fins and certain of said washers are electrically conductive and others are electrically insulating so that the electric current is caused to flow serially through the fins from one terrninal'to the other in a predetermined path thus electrically heating the fins and conveying heat to the fluid passing between the spaced apart fins. The feature of the invention is the provision that one or more of the electrically .conductive washers is formed of a material having a positive temperature resistance coefficient. Thus, should the temperature of the heater at- .tempt to increase above a design limit for any reason, the resistance of those conductive washers having a positive temperature coefficient would increase to cause theapplied voltage across the fins to be reduced thus reducing the effective convected heat from the fins in a self-limiting manner, it being understood thatthe electrically conductive spacer washers are comparatively small 'insurface area and are not in themselves convective heating resistance elements.
Other features and advantages will be apparent with reference to the following specification and drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawing, the heater assembly is drawing. The rods 11-17 are supported on supporting frame members 19 and 20. Electric terminals 21 and 22 are applied to different spaced ones of the fin electrodes and may be as shown to the upper and lower fin electrode, see FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. 2 of the drawing, a portion of the heater stack will be described in detail. The end supporting rods 11 and 17 respectively and intermediate supporting rods 12, 13 are shown to have insulating sleeves 23, 24, 25 and 26 which serve to insulate the fin electrodes from the supporting rods. Should the supporting rods 11-17 be formed of insulating material such as a hard thermoplastic or the like, it would not be necessary to use the insulating sleeves as shown at 23-26. Several of the sheet electrode fins 30-34 are shown to be supported in spaced apart relation on the support rods 11, 12, 13 and 17 and their associated insulating sleeves 23-26. In order to maintain the desired spacing between the fins 30-34, a plurality of spacerv washers are positioned on the supporting sleeves 23-26 between adjacent ones of the fins 30-34. For example, the spacer washer 40- between the fin 30 and the fin 31 on the rod 26 is formed of electrically conductive material while all of the spacer washers 41-44 on the intermediate sleeve 24 are formed of insulating material. On the other hand, the spacer washer 45 adjacent the end support 11 is formed of electrically conductive material while the next above spacer washer 46 is formed of insulating material and the next above spacer washer 47 is formed of electrically conductive material. Similarly the spacer washers 48 and 49 are formed of insulating material while the spacer washer 50 is formed of electrically conductive material. Thus, an electric current applied to the fin electrode'30 will pass through the conductive washer 40 and pass serially from right to left through fin electrode 31 and through the conductive washer 45 to the fin electrode 32 and left to right through that electrode and through the conductive washer 50 to the fin electrode 33 to pass from right to left and through the conductive washer47 to the fin electrode 34 for passing from left to right.
comprised of a stack of a plurality of spaced apart fins generally shown at 10, each fin being an electrode formed of sheet material having a desired electrical resistivity and convective heat capability. The stack of fins are supported on a plurality of insulating support elements 11-17 which elements may be in one form of the invention a plurality of metal rods having insulating sleeves thereon as will be more clearly shown in connection with the description for FIG. 2 of the In other words an electriccurrent connected to spaced electrodes 30 and 34 will pass serially through all of the heating electrodes 30, 31, 32 and 33 in a predetermined zig-zag relation.
A principal feature of the invention is'the provision that one or more of the electrically conductive washers 40, 45, 47 and 50 are formed of a material having a positive temperature resistance coefficient. For example, conductive washers 40 and 50 are illustrated as having a positive temperature resistance coefficient. Thus should the temperature of the heater stack rise above a design limit, those electrically conductive washers 40 and 50 having a positive temperature resistance coefficient would increase in resistance to increase the voltage drop across such washers and reduce the applied voltage across the heater fin electrodes to thus reduce the total amount of heat converted by the heater stack so that a self-limiting response of the heater assembly will be obtained.
It should be obvious to anyone skilled in the art that the positive temperature coefficient spacer washers may be formed of various materials having the desired characteristics. Therefore, a particular positive temperature coefficient material is not specified. Also the specific dimensions and maintained in closely spaced relation thereon by washer spacers on theelements, means to supply electric current to said stack through a first electric terminal connected to one of said fins and a second electric terminal connected to another of said fins, at least one of said spacer washers being formed of electrically conductive material and at least another of said washers being formed of electrically insulating material to cause electric current applied to said tenninals to flow serially through said fins in a predetermined path; and at least one of said electrically conductive spacer washers being formed of resistive material having a positive temperature coefficient thereby providing a self-limiting electric resistance heater construction with which a predetermined maximum temperature may not be exceeded.
2. The invention of claim 1 in which each of said support elements is formed of metal and an insulating sleeve is positioned on each supporting element to insulate the respective element from each electrode and conductive washer.
3. The invention of claim 1 in which the support elements are rods and include a first rod adjacent one end of the stack of sheet electrodes and a second rod adjacent the other end of the stack of sheet electrodes with a plurality of intermediate support rods therebetween, said electrically conductive washers being positioned alternately with insulating washers on said first and second rods only to cause said electric current to flow serially through said electrodes from top to bottom, and said electric temiinals being secured to the upper and lower electrodes respectively of thestack.
4. The invention of claim 2 in which the support elements are rods and include a first rod adjacent one end of the stack of sheet electrodes and a second rod adjacent the other end of the stack of sheet electrodes with a plurality of intermediate support rods therebetween, said electrically conductive washers being positioned alternately with insulating washers on said first and second rods only to cause said electric current to flow serially through said electrodes from top to bottom, and said electric terminals being secured to the upper and lower electrodes respectively of the stack.

Claims (4)

1. An electric resistance heater comprising, a stack of a plurality of spaced apart heat convecting fin electrodes adapted to be positioned in the path of fluid to be heated, each of said electrodes being formed of thin planar sheet material having a predetermined electrical resistivity, said stack of fins being supported on a plurality of insulated support elements and maintained in closely spaced relation thereon by washer spacers on the elements, means to supply electric current to said stack through a first electric terminal connected to one of said fins and a second electric terminal connected to another of said fins, at least one of said spacer washers being formed of electrically conductive material and at least another of said washers being formed of electrically insulating material to cause electric current applied to said terminals to flow serially through said fins in a predetermined path; and at least one of said electrically conductive spacer washers being formed of resistive material having a positive temperature coefficient thereby providing a self-limiting electric resistance heater construction with which a predetermined maximum temperature may not be exceeded.
2. The invention of claim 1 in which each of said support elements is formed of metal and an insulating sleeve is positioned on each supporting element to insulate the respective element from each electrode and conductive washer.
3. The invention of claim 1 in which the support elements are rods and include a first rod adjacent one end of the stack of sheet electrodes and a second rod adjacent the other end of the stack of sheet electrodes with a plurality of intermediate support rods therebetween, said electrically conductive washers being positioned alternately with insulating washers on said first and second rods only to cause said electric current to flow serially through said electrodes from top to bottom, and said electric terminals being secured to the upper and lower electrodes respectively of the stack.
4. The invention of claim 2 in which the support elements are rods and include a first rod adjacent one end of the stack of sheet electrodes and a second rod adjacent the other end of the stack of sheet electrodes with a plurality of intermediate support rods therebetween, said electrically conductive washers being positioned alternately with insulating washers on said first and second rods only to cause said electric current to flow serially through said electrodes from top to bottom, and said electric terminals being secured to the upper and lower electrodes respectively of the stack.
US89796A 1970-11-16 1970-11-16 Electric resistance convection heater Expired - Lifetime US3666924A (en)

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2331229A1 (en) * 1975-11-07 1977-06-03 Murata Manufacturing Co FLUID HEATING UNIT
US4108125A (en) * 1976-09-10 1978-08-22 Texas Instruments Incorporated High efficiency early fuel evaporation carburetion system
US4141327A (en) * 1976-09-09 1979-02-27 Texas Instruments Incorporated Early fuel evaporation carburetion system
US4346285A (en) * 1979-04-28 1982-08-24 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Heating device employing thermistor with positive coefficient characteristic
US4363958A (en) * 1980-01-29 1982-12-14 Nippon Soken, Inc. Preheating apparatus for diesel engines
US4459466A (en) * 1980-11-26 1984-07-10 Nippon Soken, Inc. Dual air passage heating apparatus with ceramic heater element
US5571432A (en) * 1992-04-21 1996-11-05 Valeo Thermique Habitacle Heating and ventilating apparatus for the cabin of a motor vehicle having a propulsion motor with relatively low heat loss
EP1912028A1 (en) * 2006-10-11 2008-04-16 Behr France Rouffach SAS Electric heating means, specially for an automobile
WO2018215537A1 (en) * 2017-05-24 2018-11-29 Webasto SE Electric heating device, method for producing, operating and using said type of device
US20200108692A1 (en) * 2018-10-08 2020-04-09 Hanon Systems Perforated member and air conditioner for vehicle having same

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US798589A (en) * 1904-09-28 1905-09-05 George Baehr Resistance device.
US1158572A (en) * 1910-05-14 1915-11-02 Cutler Hammer Mfg Co Electrical resistance device.
US2647978A (en) * 1951-08-11 1953-08-04 Electric Controller & Mfg Co Resistance unit and element thereof
US2769071A (en) * 1953-04-10 1956-10-30 Frank L Ward Bridge balancing devices
FR1273477A (en) * 1960-09-02 1961-10-13 Metal Deploye Le Advanced electric resistant block
US3044968A (en) * 1958-05-13 1962-07-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp Positive temperature coefficient thermistor materials
US3491193A (en) * 1968-02-13 1970-01-20 Armond C Bianchi Instruction device
US3556705A (en) * 1969-10-08 1971-01-19 Stewart Warner Corp Electrical ignition and control system for fuel burner

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US798589A (en) * 1904-09-28 1905-09-05 George Baehr Resistance device.
US1158572A (en) * 1910-05-14 1915-11-02 Cutler Hammer Mfg Co Electrical resistance device.
US2647978A (en) * 1951-08-11 1953-08-04 Electric Controller & Mfg Co Resistance unit and element thereof
US2769071A (en) * 1953-04-10 1956-10-30 Frank L Ward Bridge balancing devices
US3044968A (en) * 1958-05-13 1962-07-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp Positive temperature coefficient thermistor materials
FR1273477A (en) * 1960-09-02 1961-10-13 Metal Deploye Le Advanced electric resistant block
US3491193A (en) * 1968-02-13 1970-01-20 Armond C Bianchi Instruction device
US3556705A (en) * 1969-10-08 1971-01-19 Stewart Warner Corp Electrical ignition and control system for fuel burner

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2331229A1 (en) * 1975-11-07 1977-06-03 Murata Manufacturing Co FLUID HEATING UNIT
US4141327A (en) * 1976-09-09 1979-02-27 Texas Instruments Incorporated Early fuel evaporation carburetion system
US4108125A (en) * 1976-09-10 1978-08-22 Texas Instruments Incorporated High efficiency early fuel evaporation carburetion system
US4346285A (en) * 1979-04-28 1982-08-24 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Heating device employing thermistor with positive coefficient characteristic
US4363958A (en) * 1980-01-29 1982-12-14 Nippon Soken, Inc. Preheating apparatus for diesel engines
US4459466A (en) * 1980-11-26 1984-07-10 Nippon Soken, Inc. Dual air passage heating apparatus with ceramic heater element
US5571432A (en) * 1992-04-21 1996-11-05 Valeo Thermique Habitacle Heating and ventilating apparatus for the cabin of a motor vehicle having a propulsion motor with relatively low heat loss
EP1912028A1 (en) * 2006-10-11 2008-04-16 Behr France Rouffach SAS Electric heating means, specially for an automobile
WO2018215537A1 (en) * 2017-05-24 2018-11-29 Webasto SE Electric heating device, method for producing, operating and using said type of device
WO2018215545A1 (en) * 2017-05-24 2018-11-29 Webasto SE Electric heating device
CN110691949A (en) * 2017-05-24 2020-01-14 韦巴斯托股份公司 Electric heater, method for producing and operating such an electric heater, and use of such a heater
US20200113019A1 (en) * 2017-05-24 2020-04-09 Webasto SE Electric heating device
CN110691949B (en) * 2017-05-24 2022-04-08 韦巴斯托股份公司 Electric heater, method for producing and operating such an electric heater, and use of such a heater
US20200108692A1 (en) * 2018-10-08 2020-04-09 Hanon Systems Perforated member and air conditioner for vehicle having same
US11912102B2 (en) * 2018-10-08 2024-02-27 Hanon Systems Perforated member and air conditioner for vehicle having same

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