US3440384A

US3440384A - Electromagnetic unit

Info

Publication number: US3440384A
Application number: US503739A
Authority: US
Inventors: Charles F Schroeder
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1962-11-30
Filing date: 1965-10-23
Publication date: 1969-04-22
Anticipated expiration: 1986-04-22
Also published as: US3307007A; US3307009A; US3307008A

Description

Original Filed Nov. '50, 1962 April 22, 1969 c. F. scHRoEDER l 3,440,384

ELECTROMAGNETIC UNIT sheet ors Fig- 2` f April 22, 1969 ELECTROMAGNETIC UNITv Original Filed Nov.'30, 1962 lSheet a of 3 j INVENToR.

c. F. sc'HRoEc-:ER 3,440,384

- Clanes .Sav/pasan v April 22, 1969 c.-F. scHRoEDER y 3,440,384

ELECTROMAGNETIC UNIT original Filed Nov. so, 1962 sheet 3 of s .INVENTOR Cf/AAL 5 A' Self/Pasos@ United States Patent O U.S. Cl. 219-10.49 16 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A heating unit including a resistance heating element within a sheath of electrically conductive material, both the resistance and the sheath being electrically energizable such that the sheath will provide a heat in addition to that provided by the resistance heating element.

This application is a division of my copending application Ser. No. 241,208, tiled on Nov. 30, 1962, now Patent No. 3,265,851.

The present invention relates to an electromagnetic transformer unit, and more particularly, a heater unit utilizing a closed secondary winding in such manner as to make the unit adaptable to performance in a wide range of specic devices for different heating purposes.

According to the present invention, a magnetic circuit construction is provided which, although capable of design for operation at any of a Wide range of frequencies, is highly adaptable to the translation of electrical energy into heat energy at the usual commercial frequencies of 50 or 60 cycles and even lower frequencies, such as 25 cycles still occasionally encountered in practice.

It is a purpose of the invention to provide a magnetic circuit construction incorporating principles which make it adaptable to provision of heating units for translation of electrical energy into heat energy at commercially.1 available power frequencies with a minimum of cost in equipment.

It is another object of the invention to provide a new electrical heating unit flexibly adaptable to any of a wide variety of uses by proportional changes in shape within the latitude of variation permitted by the principles employed.

In brief, the operating elements of the construction of the invention includes a magnetic core energized by a primary winding, and a single turn secondary loop which surrounds both the core and primary to provide a heating -unit arrangement ilexibly utilizable for either home appliance of industrial purposes. This is accomplished in general by surrounding a magnetic circuit loop with a secondary, not only closed about the cross section of the core, but also extending along the length of the magnetic circuit and forming a closed loop.

A feature of the invention lies in its adaptability in design to practically any commercial voltage and frequency without need for special auxiliary frequency-generating equipment.

Another feature of the invention lies in its ruggedness of construction andl adaptability to provision of selective surface areas to be heated to high temperatures, while other portions of the unit remain substantially cool.

Still another feature of the construction of this invention lies in its eiiciency in translation of electrical energy into heat energy, and the adaptability of the principles to practically any size construction.

Other objects and features which are believed to be characteristic of my invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. My invention, however, both in organization and manner of construction, together with further objects and features thereof, may be best 3,440,384 Patented Apr. 22, 1969 ICC understood by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Although for purposes of illustration, this invention is herein described in connection with the translation of electrical energy into heat, it will be understood upon review of the embodiments disclosed, that they are adaptable for other purposes as well, such for example, as where large magnet linx concentrations are desirable and are produced as a result of high currents in the closed secondary loop.

FIGURE l is an isometric view, partially broken away and partially in cross-section, illustrating a magnetic circuit construction embodying the principles of my invention;

FIGURE 2 is an isometric view, partially broken away and partially in cross-section, of an electrically heated kettle embodying the magnetic circuit principles of my invention;

FIGURE 3 is a partially broken away and partially cross-sectional view of an extrusion press cylinder embodying a plurality of magnetic circuit sections according to the principles of my invention;

FIGURE 4 is an isometric partially broken cross-sectional view of a hot-plate type unit embodying the principles of the magnetic circuit construction of this invention;

FIGURE 5 is an isometric broken cross-sectional View of a frypan construction embodying the closed secondary magnetic circuit principles of the present invention;

FIGURE 6 is a somewhat schematic isometric view partially broken away and partially in cross-section of a heater strip embodying the principles of the present invention;

FIGURE 7 is an enlarged broken cross-sectional view of a portion of the heater strip of FIGURE 6'; and

FIGURE 8 is a semi-schematic illustration of a heating unit embodying the principles of the present invention adapted to intergral association of a temperature control circuit. l

Referring to the drawings in greater detail, FIGURE l shows the general arrangement of components of a transformer type construction 10 employing a single turn secondary loop wherein the single turn loop comprises the outer shell made up of an annular member of U-shaped cross-section capped by a tlat ring-shaped capping member which forms an enclosure and completes a closed electrical loop for an annular magnetic core 13 residing therein. The ring-shaped cap 12 and the annular U-shaped member 11 are both of electrically conducting material such as aluminum, steel, copper, zinc, etc., capable of permitting a low resistance juncture of the ring cap 12 and the memer 11 to establish a lower resistance loop about the magnetic core enclosed therein. The magnetic core 13 is made up of magnetic flux path segments and in this respect, can for example, be a spiral-wound core or a series of stacked annular discs or even a magnetic wire wound core. The primary or energizing winding 14 is wound directly on the core over electrical insulation of high temperature-resistant properties. The primary winding as illustrated may extend over the full length of the core, and correspondingly extend through the interior of the annular secondary for its entire length. The leads 15 for the primary winding 14 are connected to plug-type connector p-rongs 17 mounted on an insulating member 16 installed in the side of the annular secondary.

FIGURE 1 illustrates that the

annular members

11 and 12, in a sense, form a pair of secondary loops. One closed loop is formed by the cross-sectional path of the shell for the core 13, while the other loop is provided longitudinally by the annular shape of the shell.

In operation, energization of the primary winding 14 generates a magnetic flux in the core 13. This llux cuts the walls of the surrounding shell and generates a secondary current having a path extending around the cross-section of the shell. This is illustrated by the dashed-line loop drawn in the shell wall in FIGURE 1. Since the magnetic flux alternates, the current ow in the cross-sectional loop is also alternating. Accordingly, double headed arrows are utilized to illustrate the path 4of ow of such current. Any tendency toward ux leakage diametrically across the annular core results in generation of an annular current flow, in addition to the ow'in the cross-sectional loop. Sufficient current can be readily made to flow, particularly in the cross-sectional loop, to result in the temperature of the unit being raised to a degree permitting its utilization as a heater unit.

FIGURE 2 shows a heating kettle embodying the principles of the transformer unit of FIGURE l for translation of electrical energy into heat for cooking purposes. In this embodiment, the closed loop secondary is formed of the hollow shell-like walls of the kettle made up of a thick outer wall 21 and a thin inner wall 22. Since the current ow in the secondary is predominantly in the crosssectional loop, the current ow in the thick outer wall equals that of the thin interior wall of the kettle. Thus, when the annular-shaped core 23 encased within the crosssectional loop is energized by the primary coil 24 wound thereon, the current How in the cross-sectional loop will cause by far the greatest 12R loss in the interior wall 22 effecting translation of the energy into heat. In the opposite sense, however, the outer thicker wall 21 of Vthe cross-sectional loop can be made suiiciently thick that it will remain relatively cool while the interior wall 22 is raised to desired temperature.

Although the core 23 is shown extending through substantially the full height of the heating kettle, it can also be made shorter under certain electrical design criteria and not so long as to extend through the full length of the hollow walled structure. That is, the hollow interior of the unit can be made to extend a distance beyond the core and also be made narrower, if desired, to conform to desired exterior design configurations.

Upon reviewing the path of current flow in the secondary briefly, again it will be noted that when the magnetic flux build-up and collapse occurs within the core 23, the current ow in the closed secondary loop formed by joinder of the thin interior wall 22 to the thicker exterior through the overhanging edge of the thick wall-section 21 and its bridging bottom portion 26, can be made such that the temperature of the interior will be raised appreciably while the

thicker sections

21 and 26 will not experience an appreciable rise in temperature. Thus, the exterior of the heating kettle can be maintained cool, while the interior is of suicient temperature to heat its contents, such as food placed therein to be cooked.

To further enhance the eiciency of utilization of the kettle, the exterior can be made of relatively low electrical resistance materials such as aluminum, while the interior is made of steel having higher resistivity as well as a magnetic hysteresis which will provide a corresponding larger capability for generation of heat with a given magnitude of current flow in the secondary loop. Electrical and thermal insulation 28, such as asbestos or fibrous glass, is inserted between the core 23 and the interior wall 22 to both electrically isolate the walls and to thermally insulate the core from the hot interior wall. Thus, the core, by having an interior diameter dimension somewhat larger than the diameter of the thin interior wall, is both isolated by space as well as the thermal insulation interposed therein. The interior wall and the exterior walls are joined such as by welding them together at their zone of juncture at the top of the kettle as at the bridging projection 26. If desired, the exterior can be coated with a protective layer of material such as an epoxy resin. Handles 29 are provided at the exterior and an electrical plug 25 connected to the winding 24 is provided for convenient connection to a power source such as a 60 cycle power source.

FIGURE 3 illustrates another unit incorporating the transformer construction of my invention for heating purposes. This apparatus utilizes a series of circular transformer sections physically aligned to form a hollow cylinder such as the interior of a resin extrusion press. The common interior Wall 32 of the cylinder is raised to a desired temperature while the thicker exterior which makes a series of adjacent closed loop secondaries with the interior wall 32 is maintained relatively cool. Within each closed loop secodnary is a magnetic core of annular shape 33 extending about the cylindrical interior. Each core 33 is enclosed by the outer shell 31 which provides a pair of radially inwardly extending annular projections 35 located on opposite sides of the core between the shell and the interior wall 32. The interior wall 32 is sufficiently thin in dimension that it can be readily heated bv current liow therethrough while the exterior shell 31 of larger thickness will not become appreciably heated by the same current. Each core 33 has an insulated primary Winding 34 wound thereon while thermal insulating material is interposed between the core and the interior wall 32 of the cylinder. Thus, the core is thermally and electrically insulated from the interior wall.

The series of spaced cores 33 so arranged about and along the length of the interior wall 32, Vare well adapted to independent energization of adjacent zones to establish different desired temperatures along the length of the cylinder. At the front of the cylinder, a nozzle 36 is provided, as shown in dotted lines, having an aperture 39 through which material from the interior of the cylinder is extruded into a mold 37 also outlined in dotted lines. A feature of this arrangement lies in that the material extruded under pressure from such cylinder can be intimately regulated so that the material can be heated or allowed to cool to different temperatures at each stage of its path of progression along the length of the cylinder.

FIGURE 4 illustrates still another embodiment of the present invention wherein the transformer principles are utilized for generation of heat in a hot-plate type unit. In this construction, the hot-plate unit 40 is formed of a circular electrically conducting base 41 having an annular recess therein for receipt of a magnetic core 43, also of annular shape. The core 43 has a primary winding 44 wound thereon over its full length and energized through the exterior wall of the recess by way of leads 45 connected to suitable exterior power source. The circular base is capped by a thin plate 42 enclosing the core 43. The recess in the base is sufficiently deep that thermal insulation 48 can be interposed between the plate land the core with its energizing winding thereon. The base can be made of material having a low resistivity such as aluminum, while the thin cap platae is made of a higher resistivity material such ras steel so that current flow in the loop formed by the base member and the covering plate is most effective in translating the electrical energy into heat within the plate 42. The steel plate will generate heat due to both hysteresis and eddy current losses in addition to resistance losses due to the secondary current ow therein. The juncture between the base member and the cover plate 42 can be effected in zones of smaller cross-section formed by bevelling the base portions contacting the plate so that heat transmission to the base from the cover plate is minimized.

FIGURE 5 illustrates a fry pan unit utilizing the principles of the transformer construction of FIGURE 4 in which the exterior of `the transformer remains cool while only the interior zones are raised to a relatively high temperature. lIn this connection, the core 53 is of lat annular shape with an insulated primary winding 54 wound directly thereon extending over the full length of the annual and enclosed by the base 51 of thick crosssection forming a loop with an inserted at plate member 52 having an upwardly extending wall 50. The outer shell formed of the base 51 has an upwardly projecting overhanging lip section '59, while the plate member 52 inserted therein engages the interior of the lip l519 by way of its wall 50 to form an electrical loop therewith. The shell 51 also has a central projection 58 centrally engaging the under portion of the plate member '52, thereby forming a closed annular secondary loop about each increment of length of the core 53. The winding 54 on the core 53 has a pair of leads '5 extending through the wall of the shell 51 to a suitable connecting plug (not shown) on the handle 56 of the fry pan. Thermal insulation `S7 is interposed beween the core '5'3' and the bottom of the hot plate 52 to thermally insulate the core from the heating portion of the fry pan.

EIGURES 6 and 7 illustrate a Ikitchen-range type electrical heating element embodying the principles of this invention. The heating element here is shaped generally to look like those used in kitchen electrical ranges but utilizes magnetic principles in conjunction with the usual resistance heating principles to translate electrical energy into heat. An annular tube 461 of electrically conducting material encloses a core 63I of magnetic material electrically energized by a primary winding `64 connected to a pair of connecting prongs "65 adapted for association with a plug 66 connected to a source of electrical energy. The magnetic core is embedded within a high temperature resistant electrical insulating material such as a ceramic material 68 and can be laminated or in the form of a generally circular cable of wire conductors extending about the interior of the annular tube to form a complete annular magnetic core. The 'winding `64 generates magnetic flux in the core which cuts the circular wall of the tube to cause a current flow therein and consequently effect heating of the tube. For more efficient local transfer of heat to utensils placed thereon, the tube 61 is provided with a thin-walled upper portion or top 62 of material having a high electrical resistivity, thereby concentrating the heat in the upper zone of the annular loop 61 and correspondingly making it more quickly responsive in temperature to energy changes.

The primary winding 64 can be made of resistance wire such as Nichrome wire, which of itself will generate heat when energized in a manner similar to the electrical resistance heaters conventionally utilized. In addition to resistance heating, however, the tube in this arrangement translates magnetic enengy into heat directly in the walls of the tube 61 before heat is conducted thereto from the resistance Wire through the insulating materials. Thus,` a combination of resistance and magnetic heating of the tube 61is provided which is much quicker in startup than straight resistance-type heating elements, since heat is generated in the outer walls as soon as electrical energy is supplied.

To reduce transfer of heat to the magnetic core 63 from the primary winding, the core is provided with an electrical and thermal insulation covering 67 such as asbestos paper over which the energizing resistance winding 64 is wound. Both the magnetic core an-d the resistance wire are electrically isolated from the outer shell by the ceramic insulating material 68 within which they are embedded. Although resistance heating is here described, the primary can also be made to generate heat principally :by current flow in the surrounding walls as in the arrangement of the foregoing embodiments. Where the resistance wire is utilized for the primary, however, the core may be more desirably disposed closer to the top of the space within the tube 61 so that the heatwill be more readily conducted, through the heating surface from the resistance wire rather than to the side walls or the bottom.

FIGURE 8 illustrates a heating unit and the adaptability of the present invention to regulation by temperature control means without need for large power control elements. In this arrangement, the heating unit is an assembly of a closed loop secondary 102 of annular shape enclosing a magnetic core 103, beside being provided with a primary winding 104 within the secondary loop 102, has a second or control winding which provides a saturating magnetic flux. The primary winding 104 is energized in conventional lmanner by the line leads L1, L2 connected to a suitable source of alternating current, while the second winding 105 is connected to the line leads L1 and L2 through a rectifier 115 and bridge `circuit. The second winding 105 is energized by D.C. under the control of a bridge circuit having an associated temperature sensing means such as a thermister connected therein. The magnetic flux generated by the primary Winding 1044 thus can be regulated in effectiveness to translate the electrical energy into heat by a setting of manually adjustable control components associated -with the bridge.

The bridge circuit of FIGURE 8 is essentially a Wheatstone bridge type circuit having a thermister or other temperature sensing element such as a thermocouple 117 connected therein, While the remaining

bridge resistances

118, 119, and 120 are connected so that setting of the variable resistance 118 will determine the amount of energy converted into electrical power in the closed secondary 102, and correspondingly fix the degree of temperature rise and temperature of the tube 102. The thermocouple is positioned on a section of the secondary which is representative of the temperature of the heating unit, and by setting the varia'ble resistance 118 to a temperature setting determined by calibration, the balance of current flow in the bridge determines the saturating D.C. current flowing in the winding 105. The resistance 118 can be accurately calibrated for temperature to be maintained at the heating unit so that when a temperature setting is made, a D.C. magnetic ilux will be generated in the core such as will permit generation of the proper amount of flux due to current flow in the winding 104 corresponding to the desired temperature.

Saturation of the core 103 by the second windingv 105 can be carried to a value such that little or substantially no heating of the secondary tube 102 will occur. On the other hand, the setting can be adjusted so that the degree of saturation by the D C. winding 105 is nil to permit full translation of the electrical energy of the winding 104 into heat energy in the tube 102. Thus, with a single setting of the relatively low current capacity resistance in the bridge circuit, the larger current of the secondary tube and translation of electrical energy into heat within the system can be'fixed.

This bridge arrangement however, is only exemplary of one of many Ibridge control arrangements which can be adapted to the units of the present invention. For example, impedance type bridges, as well as any number of other type of electrical bridge networks can be utilized with a temperature sensing mechanism to provide saturation controls for setting temperature of the heating unit.

In view of the foregoing, it will be understood that many variations of the present invention can `be provided within the broad scope of the principles embodied therein. For example, the transformer, although as illustrated, is predominantly adopted to use for heating units, it will be recognized that the transformer construction as illustrated in FIGURE l can be utilized for other magnetic circuit arrangements, such as provision of an energizing circuit for still another loop extended through the opening in the annular configuration illustrated. The magnetic flux concentration in the secondary, and about the secondary of the construction is also of novel character, and any number of adaptations of the transformer principles have disclosed can be accomplished. Thus, while particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such modifications which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

I claim:

1. An electrical heating unit for electric ranges and the like comprising a longitudinal tubular electrical current conducting element, said element along its length being closed on itself to form a loop, a magnetically energizable core extending along the length and through the interior of said tubular conducting element, a primary winding, and for energization of said core, and power supply means for energizing said primary winding whereby said tubular conducting element becomes heated as a closed secondary about said core subject to energization of said core.

2. An electrical heating element for use inpelectric ranges and the like comprising a longitudinal tubular electric current conducting element, said element being closed upon itself along its length to form an electric current conducting loop circuit, a magnetically energizable core extending along the full length through the hollow interior of said element and closing on itself to form a magnetic loop on the interior of said current conducting loop, and a primary winding Wound on said core for energization of said core, whereby said tubular conducting element becomes heated as a closed secondary about said core subject to energization of said core.

3. An electric heating element for electric ranges and the like comprising a longitudinal hollow electrical conductOr which along its length is closed on itself to form a closed electrical loop, a magnetically energizable core extending through the. interior of said hollow conductor forming a closed magnetic loop therein whereby said conductor forms a closed secondary path about said core, said hollow conductor having portions of reduced wall thickness along its length for selective concentration of heat in said portions subject to magnetic energization of said core.

4. An electrical heating element according to claim 4 wherein said loop is generally flat in overall orientation and wherein said portions of reduced wall thickness are located on one side of said loop generally in a single plane.

5. A heater unit comprising a longitudinal hollow electrical current conducting loop circuit closed on itself along its length, a magnetic core extending through the interior of said hollow current conducting circuit forming a magnetic loop circuit surrounded by said current conducting circuit as a closed secondary circuit thereabout, and an energizing winding wound along the length of said magnetic circuit, said energizing winding comprising a high resistance heater conductor for generation of a substantial portion of the heat of said unit.

6. The heater unit of claim 5 wherein a portion of the cross-section of the longitudinal hollow electrical circuit is of higher resistance for selective concentration of heat generated therein subject to energization of said core.

7. A heater unit comprising a longitudinal hollow electrical circuit, a magnetic core extending through the interior of said hollow circuit forming a magnetic circuit, and an energizing winding wound on said magnetic circuit, said energizing winding comprising a high resistance heater conductor for generation of a substantial portion of the heat of said unit, said longitudinal hollow electrical circuit having a portion of reduced cross-section for selective concentration of heat generated therein subject to energization of said core.

8. A heating unit adapted to heat an object and comprising a longitudinal hollow electrical current conductor, a magnetic core extending through the interior of said hollow conductor comprising a plurality of sideby-side oriented magnetic elements, an energizing winding collinear with said core for energizing said magnetic core whereby upon energization of said core a heating current is generated in said hollow conductor as a closed circuit about said magnetic core, said energizing winding comprising a high resistance heater conductor for generation of a substantial amount of heat of said unit for the object to be heated thereby.

9. A cooking unit for a domestic range adapted to support a domestic cooking utensile and comprising an electrically conductive sheath, a resistance element in said sheath and a dielectric material separating said element from said sheath, means for electrically energizing said resistance element to produce a first amount of heat to heat said cooking unit, and means for electrically directly energizing said conductive sheath to produce a relatively high current therein for additional heat to heat said cooking utensil, said last named means including a transformer having the secondary thereof in circuit with said conductive sheath.

10. A cooking unit for a domestic range comprising an electrically conductive longitudinal tubular heating component, a resistance element in said tubular component and a dielectric material separating said element from said tubular component, means for electrically energizing said resistance element to produce a first amount of heat to heat said cooking unit, and means for electrically directly energizing said conductive tubular component to provide sufficient current therein to generate additional heat to heat rapidly said cooking unit.

11. A heating unit for heating a cooking utensile thereon and comprising an electrically uninsulated conductive component and an electrically energizable resistance element electrically separate from said conductive component, both of said conductive component and said resistance element being in heat transfer relationship to a cooking utensil supported on said heating unit, power supply means for electrically energizing said resistance element to produce heat at said heating unit, and transformer means for electrically energizing said conductive component to produce suicient current therein for an additional amount of heat at said heating unit, said last named means including a transformer having the secondary thereof in circuit with said conductive component.

12. A cooking unit for heating cooking utensils comprising an electrically conductive tubular heating component and an electrically energizable resistance heating element therein electrically insulated from said conductive component, both of said conductive component and said resistance element being in heat transfer relationship to an object being heated by the heating unit, a voltage supply means for electrically energizing and accordingly heating said resistance element, and means for electrically energizing said conductive component to produce a relatively high current therein for an additional amount of heat at said heating unit.

13. A heating unit adapted to support a cooking utensil thereon and comprising an electrically uninsuated conductive component and an electrically energizable resistance element electrically separate from said conductive component, both of said conductive component and said resistance element being in heat transfer relationship to a cooking utensil supported on said heating unit, domestic power supply means for electrically energizing said resistance element to produce a lirst amount of heat at said heating unit, and relatively low voltage power supply means for electrically energizing said conductive cornponent during heat-up to produce an additional amount of heat at said heating unit, said last named means including a transformer having the secondary thereof in circuit with said conductive component and adapted to supply power at a relatively low voltage to eliminate shock hazard from said conductive component.

14. A heating unit adapted to heat an object and cornprising an electrically uninsulated conductive component and an electrically energizable resistance element electrically separate from said conductive component, both of said conductive component and said resistance element being in heat transfer relationship to an object being heated by said heating unit, domestic power supply means for electrically energizing said resistance element to produce a rst amount of heat at said heating unit, relatively low voltage power supply and means for electrically energizing said conductive component during heat-up to produce an additional amount of heat at said heating unit,

said relatively low voltage power supply means including means connected to said conductive component and controllable to provide a suiciently low voltage to said conductive component to eliminate shock hazard therefrom.

15. A cooking unit for a domestic range adapted to support a domestic cooking utensil and comprising an electrically conductive sheath, a resistance element in said sheath and a dielectric material separating said element from said sheath, means for electrically energizing said resistance element to produce a rst amount of heat to heat said cooking unit, and -means for electrically directly energizing said conductive sheath to produce a second amount of additional heat to heat rapidly said cooking utensil, said last named means including a transformer having the secondary thereof in circuit with said conductive sheath.

16. A cooking unit for a domestic range comprising an electrically conductive sheath, a resistance element in said sheath and a dielectric material separating said element from said sheath, means for electrically energizing said resistance element to produce a first amount of heat to heat said cooking unit, and means for electrically directly energizing said conductive sheath to produce a former having the secondary thereof in circuit with said conductive sheath.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 607,093 7/1898 Snow 219-10.79 1,052,119 2/1913 Anderson 219-10.79

891,657 6/1908 Berry 2194-1049 1,991,248 2/1935 Hartigan 219-503 2,338,236 1/1944 Ferris 219-10.79 2,873,343 2/ 1959 Collopy 219-10.79 3,219,800 11/ 1965 Alexander 219-448 2,673,921 3/ 1954 Schorg 219-1051 2,879,366 3/1959 Tadburry 21910.79 2,971,077 2/ 1961 Palmer 219-436 RICHARD M. WOOD, Primary Examiner.

L. H. BENDER, Assistant Examiner.

U.S. Cl. X.R.