US2415089A - Microwave antennas - Google Patents

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US2415089A
US2415089A US444829A US44482942A US2415089A US 2415089 A US2415089 A US 2415089A US 444829 A US444829 A US 444829A US 44482942 A US44482942 A US 44482942A US 2415089 A US2415089 A US 2415089A
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reflector
focus
array
antenna
elements
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US444829A
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Carl B H Feldman
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AT&T Corp
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Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H01Q21/0018—Space- fed arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/24—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave constituted by a dielectric or ferromagnetic rod or pipe
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/18—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/19—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces comprising one main concave reflecting surface associated with an auxiliary reflecting surface
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/067—Two dimensional planar arrays using endfire radiating aerial units transverse to the plane of the array

Definitions

  • This invention relates to antennas and particularly to directive microwave antenna arrays.
  • horns and horn arrays have for some time past been used for radiating and collecting ener gy.
  • air-filled leaky wave guides or pipes having a plurality of transverse apertures or a single longitudinal aperture have been suggested for broadside, oblique and end-n radiant action.
  • dielectric (polystyrene) unsheathed wire or rod dimensioned to have a phase velocity equal to the free space wave propagation velocity has been employed as a pure end-on antenna.
  • the leaky .guid radiator having transverse apertures may be considered as an array, each aperture being a discrete elemental antenna, and the leaky guide having a single longitudinal aperture, and the dielectric wire, may similarly be considered as arrays, each comprising an infinite number of infinitesimally spaced apertures or segmental antennas, these linear structures are, from a transmission line or Wave guide feed standpoint, essentially unit antennas comparable to the horn antenna inasmuch as the energy is supplied to, or received from, one extremity of the transmitting or receiving structure over a single line or guide. It now appears desirable to arrange these end-on units in arrays Or superarray and to provide suitable and simple transmission means for energizing, with minimum loss, a plurality of leaky pipes and dielectric rods with cophasal energies.
  • an end-on antenna or array is defined as one having the principal axis or radius of its maximum directive lob aligned substantially with the longitudinal axis of the antenna or array;
  • a broadside array is one having the principal axis of its maximum lobe perpendicularly related to the longitudinal array axis, and
  • an oblique array is one having the principal axis of its maximum lobe at an acute angle to the
  • an end-on directional antenna is defined as an antenna array directional substantially along the line in which its elements are arranged; a broadside directional antenna is defined as fan antenna arraydirectional sub- 5 stantially at a right-angle to the line along which its elements are arranged; and an array is defined as a system of elemental antennas usually similar, excited by the same source, for the purpose of obtaining directional efiects.
  • a paraboloidal reflector and a spherical reflector face each other and have a common finite focus.
  • a translation device which may be a transmitter or a receiver, or a transmitter-receiver unit, is connected to the reflector system by means of an open-ended wave guid having its aperture located at the focus.
  • the transmitter-receiver unit hereinafter called a transceiver, includes switching means for alternately connecting the transmitter and receiver to the reflector system.
  • the portion of the paraboloidal reflector aperture surrounding the aperture of the spherical reflector is covered by a plane annular metallic shield and the input-output ends or terminals of a plurality of end-on polystyrene radiating rods are inserted in the plane shield.
  • the dielectric rods or wires are preferably spaced in two directions or dimensions so as to constitute a two-dimensional broadside array of end-on elemental antennas.
  • the dielectric wires may be spaced radially or symmetrically relative to the common reflector axis perpendicular to the shield, or arranged to form a square, circle or other geometrical figure.
  • the dielectric rods may be arranged linearly to form a singledimension broadside array, and a cylindrical parabolic reflector may be employed in place of the paraboloidal reflector.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 are respectively cross-sectional and front views of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • reference numeral l denotes a paraboloidal metallic reflector.
  • numeral 2 designates a spherical metallic reflector having a focal length or radius of"one-quar'-- ter wave-length, the reflectors having acommon. axis 3 and a common finite focus 4.
  • the concave reflectors I and 2 face each other and have their apertures included in' the same transverse plane 5 perpendicular to the axis 3.
  • Numeral 6 denotes an-annular metallic plane shield positioned in plane 5'so as to cover completely the annular portion 7 of the paraboloidal reflector aperture external to and surrounding the aperture of the spherical reflector 2.
  • a plurality of polystyrene elemental end-on antenna rods 8 of the type disclosed in the G. C. Southworth application mentioned above are attached to, and project through, shield 6, each rod 8 being tightly inserted through an aperture 9 in shield 6 and rigidly secured to the shield at its junction therewith.
  • the antenna elements are preferably evenly spaced to form an array Ill or, as shown in Fig. 2, are grouped about the center point or axis 3 to form an array comprising a square subarray ll and fourlinear subarrays l2.
  • Numeral I 3' denotes a transceiveriTR unit of the type commonly employed in radio scanning systems, the unit l3 being electrically associated by wave guide M with the finite focus 4' and the guide being open-ended for energizing the focus or absorbing energy'from waves arriving thereat.
  • the unit l3' is connected with conventional directionrange finding apparatus (not shown) such as a pulse generator, timing circuits and a cathode ray tube indicator.
  • the wavelets are radiated in all directions and impinge on segmental portions of reflectors l and 2.
  • the wavelets i5 which impinge on the spherical reflector are returned to the focus 4 and, at the focus 4, are in phase agreement with the wavelets i6 propagated radially, and directly, from the-focus to the paraboloidal reflector I.
  • the paraboloidal reflector functions to change the radial wavelet directions to parallel directionsperpendicular to shield 6, and the various paths extending from the focus 4 via the paraboloidal reflector I to the aperture plane 5 are equal in length.
  • the wavelets arriving at plane s and at the terminals ll of'the end-on polystyrene antennas 8 are energized in phase and-the radiation from array H] is broadside.
  • the gain'in all planes containing the axis'3 and the desired direction 18 is relatively large, as compared to the gain of a single rodantenna over a comparison microwave dipole:
  • the conical or apex angle of fire is -considerably smaller than that of a single member 8.
  • the space factor lobe has a relatively small width in each plane passing through axis 3.
  • the wavelets received at the focus 4 from the terminals I! of the antennas 8 have a phasev relation corresponding to the phase relation of these wavelets at terminals ll. If the incoming wave has a direction opposite to that indicated by arrow l8 the Wavelets are in phase agreement at terminals l1 and are transferred without relative phase change to 0- cus' land the transceiver I3.
  • leaky pipes or horrnantennas instead of the dielectric wires 8, may be associated with the apertures 9 of shield 1 for in-phase operation.
  • a parabolic reflector In combination, a parabolic reflector, a plane shield in the reflector'aperture and a plurality of spaced dielectric rod antenna elements extending from said shield parallel to the axis of said reflector, and a translation device at the reflector focus.
  • a concave radio reflector having a finite focus, means at said focus for radiating or receiving radio Waves, and at least two linear wave guides extending perpendicular to the reflector opening and having one pair of corresponding terminals equally distant from said opening, whereby the wavelets transferred between said means and said elements are in phase agreement at said terminals.
  • a concave radio reflector having a finite focus, a transceiver atsaid" focus and at least two parallel dielectric channels extending in a planeperpendicular to the reflector opening and having their extremities included within the reflector-cavity.
  • an antenna array comprising a plurality of parallel linear antenna elements' and" means for energizing said' elements with cophasal wavespolarized in a plane perpendicular'tothe longitudinal-axes of saidlelements, said means comprising a paraboloidal reflector having'itsaxis positioned parallel to said axes, a centimetric transmitter, and an open-ended wave guide having its open end positioned at the reflector focus and its other end connectedto said transmitter.
  • an antenna array comprising linear elements spaced in two angularlyrelateddire'ctions'or dimensions; means for cophasally'energizing said elements comprising a parabolic reflector, means atthe focus of'sa'id reflectcrfor radiatingradio waves, said-reflector having the plane of its opening perpendicularly related to and intersecting said elements, whereby the diverse paths extending from said focus to said elements via said reflector are equal in length.
  • a paraboloidal reflector a spherical reflector, said reflectors facing each other and having a common focus and their openings in a common plane, means at said focus for alternately radiating and receiving radio energy, an annular plan metallic shield extending between said reflectors in said common plane, and a plurality of parallel spaced linear antenna elements each projecting through a separate aperture in said shield, whereby the diverse propagation paths extending from said focus via said REFERENCES CETED

Description

1947- c. B. H; FELDMAN 2,415,039
MICROWAVE ANTENNAS Filed May -28, 1942 lNl/ENTDR C. B. H. FELDMAN ArmBivE longitudinal array axis.
Patented Feb. 4, 1947 MICROWAVE ANTENNAS Carl B. H. Feldman, Rumson, N. J., assignor to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated,
New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application May 28, 1942, Serial No. 444,829
8 Claims.
This invention relates to antennas and particularly to directive microwave antenna arrays.
As is known in th microwave or centimetric .field, horns and horn arrays have for some time past been used for radiating and collecting ener gy. Also, as disclosed in the copending application of Gr. C. Southworth, Serial No. 420,747, filed November 28, 1941, air-filled leaky wave guides or pipes having a plurality of transverse apertures or a single longitudinal aperture have been suggested for broadside, oblique and end-n radiant action. In addition, dielectric (polystyrene) unsheathed wire or rod dimensioned to have a phase velocity equal to the free space wave propagation velocity has been employed as a pure end-on antenna. While in a sense the leaky .guid radiator having transverse apertures may be considered as an array, each aperture being a discrete elemental antenna, and the leaky guide having a single longitudinal aperture, and the dielectric wire, may similarly be considered as arrays, each comprising an infinite number of infinitesimally spaced apertures or segmental antennas, these linear structures are, from a transmission line or Wave guide feed standpoint, essentially unit antennas comparable to the horn antenna inasmuch as the energy is supplied to, or received from, one extremity of the transmitting or receiving structure over a single line or guide. It now appears desirable to arrange these end-on units in arrays Or superarray and to provide suitable and simple transmission means for energizing, with minimum loss, a plurality of leaky pipes and dielectric rods with cophasal energies.
As used herein, an end-on antenna or array is defined as one having the principal axis or radius of its maximum directive lob aligned substantially with the longitudinal axis of the antenna or array; a broadside array is one having the principal axis of its maximum lobe perpendicularly related to the longitudinal array axis, and an oblique array is one having the principal axis of its maximum lobe at an acute angle to the The definitions given above for an end-on array and a broadside array are in agreement with, but more comprehensive than, those given on page 219 of the book American Standard Definitions of Electrical Terms published in August, 1941 by the American In-' stitute of Electrical Engineers. In the abovementioned publication an end-on directional antenna is defined as an antenna array directional substantially along the line in which its elements are arranged; a broadside directional antenna is defined as fan antenna arraydirectional sub- 5 stantially at a right-angle to the line along which its elements are arranged; and an array is defined as a system of elemental antennas usually similar, excited by the same source, for the purpose of obtaining directional efiects.
It is one object of this invention to secure highly directive radio action.
It is another object of this invention to obtain an antenna or array lobe having an exceedingly small conical or solid angular width.
It is a further object of this invention to deliver to, or receive from, a plurality of elemental dielectric antennas 'cophasal energies.
It is still another object of this invention to secure a highly efficient two-dimensional broadside array of end-on elemental or unit antennas.
It is an other object of this invention to transfer, without relative phase angle change, distinct cophasal energies between a translation device and a plurality of spaced elemental antennas arranged in an array.
In accordance with on embodiment of the invention, a paraboloidal reflector and a spherical reflector face each other and have a common finite focus. A translation device, which may be a transmitter or a receiver, or a transmitter-receiver unit, is connected to the reflector system by means of an open-ended wave guid having its aperture located at the focus. The transmitter-receiver unit, hereinafter called a transceiver, includes switching means for alternately connecting the transmitter and receiver to the reflector system. The portion of the paraboloidal reflector aperture surrounding the aperture of the spherical reflector is covered by a plane annular metallic shield and the input-output ends or terminals of a plurality of end-on polystyrene radiating rods are inserted in the plane shield. The dielectric rods or wires are preferably spaced in two directions or dimensions so as to constitute a two-dimensional broadside array of end-on elemental antennas. The dielectric wires may be spaced radially or symmetrically relative to the common reflector axis perpendicular to the shield, or arranged to form a square, circle or other geometrical figure. In operation, assuming the system is used for transmission, energy from the transmitter is radiated non-directionally at the focus and the Wavelets emitted have a cophasal relation upon arrival at the terminals of the various dielectric antennas, since the lengths of the diverse paths extending from the common finite focus to the plane of the parabcloidal reflector aperture are equal, whereby all of the elemental antennas are energized inphase and broadside 3 radiation is secured. If desired, the dielectric rods may be arranged linearly to form a singledimension broadside array, and a cylindrical parabolic reflector may be employed in place of the paraboloidal reflector.
The invention will be more fully understood from a perusal of the following specification taken in conjunction .with the drawing on which like reference characters denote elements of similar function and on which:
Figs. 1 and 2 are respectively cross-sectional and front views of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
Referring to Figs. 1 and2; reference numeral l denotes a paraboloidal metallic reflector. and" numeral 2 designates a spherical metallic reflector having a focal length or radius of"one-quar'-- ter wave-length, the reflectors having acommon. axis 3 and a common finite focus 4. The concave reflectors I and 2 face each other and have their apertures included in' the same transverse plane 5 perpendicular to the axis 3. Numeral 6 denotes an-annular metallic plane shield positioned in plane 5'so as to cover completely the annular portion 7 of the paraboloidal reflector aperture external to and surrounding the aperture of the spherical reflector 2. A plurality of polystyrene elemental end-on antenna rods 8 of the type disclosed in the G. C. Southworth application mentioned above are attached to, and project through, shield 6, each rod 8 being tightly inserted through an aperture 9 in shield 6 and rigidly secured to the shield at its junction therewith. The antenna elements are preferably evenly spaced to form an array Ill or, as shown in Fig. 2, are grouped about the center point or axis 3 to form an array comprising a square subarray ll and fourlinear subarrays l2. Numeral I 3' denotes a transceiveriTR) unit of the type commonly employed in radio scanning systems, the unit l3 being electrically associated by wave guide M with the finite focus 4' and the guide being open-ended for energizing the focus or absorbing energy'from waves arriving thereat. The unit l3'is connected with conventional directionrange finding apparatus (not shown) such as a pulse generator, timing circuits and a cathode ray tube indicator.
In operation, assuming microwave energy is supplied by the unit l3 through guide M to focus 4, the wavelets are radiated in all directions and impinge on segmental portions of reflectors l and 2. The wavelets i5 which impinge on the spherical reflector are returned to the focus 4 and, at the focus 4, are in phase agreement with the wavelets i6 propagated radially, and directly, from the-focus to the paraboloidal reflector I. As is known, the paraboloidal reflector functions to change the radial wavelet directions to parallel directionsperpendicular to shield 6, and the various paths extending from the focus 4 via the paraboloidal reflector I to the aperture plane 5 are equal in length. Hence, the wavelets arriving at plane s and at the terminals ll of'the end-on polystyrene antennas 8 are energized in phase and-the radiation from array H] is broadside. By reason of the substantially symmetrical spacing of the rods 8 about axis 3', which is aligned with the axis ofthe array space factor lobe, the gain'in all planes containing the axis'3 and the desired direction 18 is relatively large, as compared to the gain of a single rodantenna over a comparison microwave dipole: At the same time, considering the solid characteristic', the conical or apex angle of fire is -considerably smaller than that of a single member 8. Stated differently, the space factor lobe has a relatively small width in each plane passing through axis 3. When the array is used for receiving, the wavelets received at the focus 4 from the terminals I! of the antennas 8, have a phasev relation corresponding to the phase relation of these wavelets at terminals ll. If the incoming wave has a direction opposite to that indicated by arrow l8 the Wavelets are in phase agreement at terminals l1 and are transferred without relative phase change to 0- cus' land the transceiver I3.
Although the invention has been described in connection with a specific embodiment, it should be understood that it is not to be limited to the structure described. Thus, if desired, leaky pipes or horrnantennas, instead of the dielectric wires 8, may be associated with the apertures 9 of shield 1 for in-phase operation.
What is claimed is:
1. In combination, a parabolic reflector, a plane shield in the reflector'aperture and a plurality of spaced dielectric rod antenna elements extending from said shield parallel to the axis of said reflector, and a translation device at the reflector focus.
2. In combination, at least two linear antenna elements, and means forcophasally energizing said elements, said means comprising a parabolic reflector having the plane of its opening perpendicular to said elements and equally spaced from corresponding ends of said elements, and energizing means at its finite focus.
3. In combination, a concave radio reflector having a finite focus, means at said focus for radiating or receiving radio Waves, and at least two linear wave guides extending perpendicular to the reflector opening and having one pair of corresponding terminals equally distant from said opening, whereby the wavelets transferred between said means and said elements are in phase agreement at said terminals.
4.1m combination, at least two parallel linear antenna" elements for radiating or receiving microwave energy, and means for, cophasally energizing said elements, said means comprising a paraboloidal reflector having its axis parallel to said elements, and a microwave translation device associatedwith the finite focus ofsaid reflector, the lengths of the propagation paths;eX- tending'from' said focus to said elementsviasaid reflectorbeingequal.
55 In combination, a concave radio reflector having a finite focus, a transceiver atsaid" focus and at least two parallel dielectric channels extending in a planeperpendicular to the reflector opening and having their extremities included within the reflector-cavity.
6. In combination; an antenna array comprising a plurality of parallel linear antenna elements' and" means for energizing said' elements with cophasal wavespolarized in a plane perpendicular'tothe longitudinal-axes of saidlelements, said means comprising a paraboloidal reflector having'itsaxis positioned parallel to said axes, a centimetric transmitter, and an open-ended wave guide having its open end positioned at the reflector focus and its other end connectedto said transmitter.
7. In combination, an antenna arraycomprising linear elements spaced in two angularlyrelateddire'ctions'or dimensions; means for cophasally'energizing said elements comprising a parabolic reflector, means atthe focus of'sa'id reflectcrfor radiatingradio waves, said-reflector having the plane of its opening perpendicularly related to and intersecting said elements, whereby the diverse paths extending from said focus to said elements via said reflector are equal in length.
8. In combination, a paraboloidal reflector, a spherical reflector, said reflectors facing each other and having a common focus and their openings in a common plane, means at said focus for alternately radiating and receiving radio energy, an annular plan metallic shield extending between said reflectors in said common plane, and a plurality of parallel spaced linear antenna elements each projecting through a separate aperture in said shield, whereby the diverse propagation paths extending from said focus via said REFERENCES CETED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,206,683 Wolff July 2, 1940 2,206,923 Southworth July 9, 1940 1,766,041 Kolster June 24, 1930 2,078,246
I-Iollmann Apr. 27, 1937
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Cited By (163)

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US2473446A (en) * 1945-11-06 1949-06-14 Henry J Riblet Antenna
US2556046A (en) * 1946-03-28 1951-06-05 Philco Corp Directional antenna system
US2648002A (en) * 1945-11-19 1953-08-04 Us Navy Dielectric antenna
US2653238A (en) * 1945-10-26 1953-09-22 Kenneth T Bainbridge Dual frequency antenna
US2724054A (en) * 1946-01-05 1955-11-15 George J Yevick Pillbox antenna
US2727233A (en) * 1945-12-11 1955-12-13 Leonard J Eyges Dielectric rod antenna
US3204243A (en) * 1961-05-29 1965-08-31 Sylvania Electric Prod Main reflector and feed system with aperture blocking correction
US3212095A (en) * 1963-02-14 1965-10-12 James S Ajioka Low side lobe pillbox antenna employing open-ended baffles
US3310808A (en) * 1963-12-30 1967-03-21 Hazeltine Research Inc Electromagnetic wave transmissive metal walls utilizing projecting dielectric rods
US3334349A (en) * 1963-12-30 1967-08-01 Hazeltine Research Inc Electromagnetic wave transmissive metal walls utilizing dielectric rods
US3392384A (en) * 1959-10-23 1968-07-09 Eltro G M B H & Co Ges Fur Str Detection process and apparatus
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