US20220288183A1 - Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against staphylococcus infections - Google Patents

Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against staphylococcus infections Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20220288183A1
US20220288183A1 US17/713,683 US202217713683A US2022288183A1 US 20220288183 A1 US20220288183 A1 US 20220288183A1 US 202217713683 A US202217713683 A US 202217713683A US 2022288183 A1 US2022288183 A1 US 2022288183A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
polypeptide
seq
amino acid
nos
construct
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
US17/713,683
Inventor
Francois Malouin
Celine Ster
Julie COTE-GRAVEL
Eric Brouillette
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SOCPRA Sciences et Genie SEC
Original Assignee
SOCPRA Sciences et Genie SEC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SOCPRA Sciences et Genie SEC filed Critical SOCPRA Sciences et Genie SEC
Priority to US17/713,683 priority Critical patent/US20220288183A1/en
Assigned to SOCPRA SCIENCES ET GENIE S.E.C. reassignment SOCPRA SCIENCES ET GENIE S.E.C. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UNIVERSITE DE SHERBROOKE
Assigned to UNIVERSITE DE SHERBROOKE reassignment UNIVERSITE DE SHERBROOKE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BROUILLETTE, ERIC, COTE-GRAVEL, JULIE, MALOUIN, FRANCOIS, STER, CELINE
Publication of US20220288183A1 publication Critical patent/US20220288183A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/085—Staphylococcus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
    • C07K14/305—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Micrococcaceae (F)
    • C07K14/31—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria from Micrococcaceae (F) from Staphylococcus (G)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K7/08—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 12 to 20 amino acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/62—DNA sequences coding for fusion proteins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/74—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for prokaryotic hosts other than E. coli, e.g. Lactobacillus, Micromonospora
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
    • A61K2039/522—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells avirulent or attenuated
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/55—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the host/recipient, e.g. newborn with maternal antibodies
    • A61K2039/552—Veterinary vaccine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/20—Fusion polypeptide containing a tag with affinity for a non-protein ligand
    • C07K2319/21—Fusion polypeptide containing a tag with affinity for a non-protein ligand containing a His-tag

Definitions

  • Bovine mastitis is the most frequent and costly disease for dairy producers and Staphylococcus aureus is considered to be the transmittable bacterium that is the most often responsible for the development of the disease (Sears ef al., 2003). Staphylococcal IMIs, which may lead to mastitis, are difficult to treat and frequent relapses are common (Sandholm ef al., 1990).
  • the present invention seeks to meet these and other needs.
  • Item 1 A fusion construct of formula (I): X-A-linker-B-Z (I) wherein: (1) A and B are identical or different and are independently: (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL0264 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 185), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG.
  • a and B are identical or different and are independently: (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL0264 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 185), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG.
  • Item 2 The construct of item 1, wherein (1) (a) is a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 22D (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92), a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIGS. 231 -K (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120), or a SACOL1867 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 25D (SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164).
  • a is a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as
  • Item 6 The construct of any one of items 1-2 and 4, wherein said immunogenic fragment (d) comprises one or more of the following amino acid sequences:
  • Item 7 The construct of item 6, wherein said immunogenic fragment (d) comprises one or more of the following amino acid sequences:
  • Item 8 The construct of any one of items 1-2 and 4-5, wherein said immunogenic fragment (d) comprises one or more of the following amino acid sequences:
  • Item 9 The construct of item 8, wherein said immunogenic fragment (d) comprises one or more of the following amino acid sequences:
  • Item 12 The construct of any one of items 1 to 11, wherein the linker comprises at least four identical or different amino acids selected from the group consisting of glycine, serine, alanine, aspartate, glutamate and lysine.
  • Item 16 The construct of any one of items 1 to 15, wherein said Z is absent.
  • Item 17 An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the construct defined in any one of items 1 to 16.
  • Item 21 The cell of item 20, wherein the live attenuated form of Staphylococcus aureus has a stabilized small colony variant (SCV) phenotype.
  • SCV small colony variant
  • Item 27 A method for preventing and/or treating a Staphylococcal intramammary infection (IMI) in a mammal, said method comprising administrating to said mammal an effective amount of the construct defined in any one of items 1 to 16: of the nucleic acid molecule defined in item 17; of the vector defined in item 18; of the cell defined in any one of items 19 to 22; or of the composition defined in any one of items 23 to 26.
  • IMI Staphylococcal intramammary infection
  • Item 28 The method of item 27, wherein said Staphylococcal IMI is caused by one or more Staphylococcus aureus strains.
  • Item 33 The construct defined in any one of items 1 to 16; the nucleic acid molecule defined in item 17; the vector defined in item 18; the cell defined in any one of items 19 to 22; the composition defined in any one of items 23 to 26 or a combination of at least two thereof, for use in the prevention and/or treatment of a Staphylococcal intramammary infection (IMI) in a mammal.
  • IMI Staphylococcal intramammary infection
  • Item 34 The construct, nucleic acid molecule, vector, cell, composition or combination of item 33, wherein said Staphylococcal IMI is caused by one or more Staphylococcus aureus strains.
  • FIGS. 1A-D shows serum total IgG ( FIG. 1A ), lgG1 ( FIG. 1B ), and lgG2 ( FIG. 1C ) titers for the vaccinated (9) and placebo (0.10) cows for each antigen of the vaccine, namely SACOL0029, SACOL0442. SACOL0720, SACOL1867, SACOL1912, and SACOL2385, four weeks after the second immunization (just before the experimental infection).
  • the lgG2/lgG1 ratio is represented for the vaccinated cows.
  • FIGS. 1A-D shows serum total IgG ( FIG. 1A ), lgG1 ( FIG. 1B ), and lgG2 ( FIG. 1C ) titers for the vaccinated (9) and placebo (0.10) cows for each antigen of the vaccine, namely SACOL0029, SACOL0442. SACOL0720, SACOL1867, SACOL1912, and SACOL2385, four weeks
  • open circles (o) represent data for the vaccinated cows
  • black squares ( ⁇ ) represent data for the placebo cows.
  • Each symbol represents the titer for one cow.
  • Horizontal lines represent the medians: dashed lines represent the medians for the vaccinated cows while continuous lines represent the medians for the placebo cows.
  • titers for the vaccinated cows are higher than the titers for the placebo cows (P ⁇ 0.0001).
  • symbols represent the ratio lgG2/lgG1 for each cow.
  • Horizontal lines represent the medians. The different letters show statistical differences. ***. P ⁇ 0.001.
  • FIG. 2 shows antigen dependent proliferation of blood CD4+ cells from the vaccinated cows (9) and placebo cows (10) four weeks after the second immunization for each antigen.
  • Each symbol represents the percentage of CD4+ cells that have proliferated for each cow after a week of incubation with the positive control (ConA) or each antigen, namely SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, SACOL1867. SACOL1912, and SACOL2385.
  • Open circles (0.0) represent data for the vaccinated cows
  • black squares ( ⁇ ) represent data for the placebo cows.
  • Horizontal lines represent the medians: dashed lines represent the medians for the vaccinated cows while continuous lines represent the medians for the placebo cows.
  • FIG. 3 shows experimental S. aureus intramammary infections in dairy cows.
  • CFU Colony Forming Unit
  • Aseptic milk samples were taken at morning milking and Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) were determined by Valacta (Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC).
  • Open circles (o) and the dashed line represent data for the vaccinated cows, while the black squares ( ⁇ ) and the continuous line represent data for the placebo cows.
  • SCC and CFU data for each cow is the mean of the data for the 3 infected quarters ten days after the experimental infection.
  • Milk samples for the determination of milk lgG2 titers are the mix of an equivalent volume of milk from the 4 quarters of each cow 10 days after the experimental infection (6 weeks after the second immunization).
  • Black squares ( ⁇ ) represent data for the placebo cows
  • open circles (o) represent data for the vaccinated cows.
  • FIG. 5 shows serum total IgG titers for the vaccinated cows for each antigen of a vaccine comprising the fused antigens SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 (shown as SACOL0029-1867) and the antigens SACOL0442 and SACOL0720.
  • the targeted antigens were SACOL0029-1867, SACOL0029, SACOL1867, SACOL0442 and SACOL0720.
  • Each open circle represents the titer four weeks after the second immunization for each of the 11 cows whereas each black diamond represents the preimmune titer.
  • Horizontal lines represent the medians: solid line for the preimmune serums, dotted line for the samples taken four weeks after immunization. Titers for the vaccinated cows are higher than the titers of the preimmune serums (**, P ⁇ 0.01; ***, P ⁇ 0.001 for the other antigens tested).
  • FIG. 6 shows serum total IgG titers against the SACOL1867 antigen of mice immunised with the fusion protein (SACOL0029-1867; fusion), a combination of the separate proteins (SACOL0029+SACOL1867; combination), the SACOL0029 protein only (0029) or SACOL1867 protein only (1867), in equivalent molar quantities.
  • Open circles (o ) represent data for preimmune titers
  • black squares ( ⁇ ) represent data for the immune titers.
  • preimmune sera were mixed equally between the 5 mice of each immunization group to obtain a preimmune pool titer, represented by one open circle per group.
  • each square symbol represents the titer for one mouse.
  • Horizontal lines represent the medians: black lines represent the medians for the immune serums while dashed lines (and the open circle) represent the medians for the preimmune serums pool.
  • Titers for the vaccinated mice in the fusion, combination and 1867 groups are higher than the titers for the preimmune mice (P ⁇ 0.001), and the titers of the mice that received SACOL0029 monovalent antigen only were not found to be significantly different from the titers of the preimmune pool against SACOL1867.
  • Statistical significance between immune titers of fusion group versus the combination and the two monovalent vaccines groups is shown (***: P ⁇ 0.001).
  • FIG. 7 Serum total IgG (as measured by O.D. 450 nm in the ELISA assay) directed against a B-cell epitope sequence KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1) contained in a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SACOL0442 (GEHLPKGNIVINTKDGGKYTLESHKELQKDRENVKINTAD.
  • FIGS. 8A-B Deletion of hemB in ATCC29213 and ⁇ 720 strains of Staphylococcus aureus .
  • FIG. 8A The hemB gene in the wild-type (WT) strain ATCC29213 and its isogenic mutant ⁇ 720 was deleted by homologous recombination and replacement with an ermA cassette to create the mutant strains ⁇ hemB and ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB, respectively. Thick lines and numbers denote the PCR-amplified regions depicted in B for parental (1) and hemB deleted (2) strains.
  • FIG. 8B PCR products of the WT strain and its isogenic ⁇ hemB mutant (similar results were obtained with ⁇ 720 and ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB strains).
  • Results are normalized according to that obtained for ATCC 29213 (WT) or ⁇ hemB, respectively, and are expressed as means with SD (**, P ⁇ 0.01; ***, P ⁇ 0.001; unpaired f test).
  • FIG. 9C Means and SD of intracellular CFUs for WT and mutants at 12 h (left) and 24 h (right). A two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test was used (*: P ⁇ 0.05; ***: P ⁇ 0.001). All values indicate the mean of three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate.
  • FIG. 10 shows persistence of S. aureus ATCC 29213 (WT) and isogenic mutants within MAC-T cells over time.
  • MAC-T cells were infected with each of the four strains for 3 h, then were incubated with lysostaphin an additional 30 min. 12 h or 24 h and lysed for measurement of intracellular bacteria (CFU).
  • Intracellular bacterial CFUs are expressed as the percentage of the initial inoculum after being transformed in base 10 logarithmic values (Log 10 CFU/ml). Values indicate the mean of three independent triplicate experiments with standard deviations.
  • FIGS. 11A-B shows viability of MAC-T cells infected by S. aureus ATCC 29213 (WT) and isogenic mutants.
  • MAC-T cells were infected with each of the four strains for 3 h, then were incubated with lysostaphin for 12 h ( FIG. 11 A) or 24 h ( FIG. 11 B).
  • MTT viability assays were then performed with a method described in Kubica et al., 2008. The results are reported as percent viability relative to uninfected cells and are expressed as the mean with SD of three independent experiments done in triplicate.
  • Statistical significance with (0) symbol are compared to the WT (Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test: * or ⁇ : P ⁇ 0.05; **: P ⁇ 0.01: ***: P ⁇ 0.001; ⁇ : P ⁇ 0.0001).
  • FIG. 13 Double mutant ( ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB) stimulates neutrophil influx in mammary glands to similar levels compared to WT in the first 24 hours following infection.
  • Mice were infected as described in materials and methods, and a control group (PBS) of mice received a sterile PBS injection. Glands were harvested at indicated times, homogenized and kinetically assayed for MPO activity as described in materials and methods. Each dot represents MPO Units for one gland, which is shown as raw values adjusted by gram of gland. Means are represented by thick lines.
  • FIG. 14 Visual Inflammation of the large R4 and L4 mammary glands 24 h after mouse IMI with S. aureus ATCC 29213 (WT) and the double mutant ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB ( ⁇ ). Mice were infected as described in materials and methods, and control group (PBS) mice received a sterile PBS injection. Pictures show glands that were harvested after 24 h. In each panel, the R4 (left) and L4 (right) glands are shown.
  • FIGS. 15B-C Immunization of mice with the live-attenuated double mutant ( ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB) stimulates a strong humoral response against S. aureus bovine mastitis isolates of commonly found spa types. Mice were immunized as previously described: serums were collected before priming immunization (Preimmune) and ten days after the boost immunization (Immune).
  • FIG. 15B IgG titers rise with increasing doses of the live-attenuated strain ⁇ 720G ⁇ hemB each dot represents the total IgG titer of one mouse against a ⁇ 720GA/iem8 whole cell extract.
  • FIG. 15C Immunization with the live-attenuated mutant M20GLhemB confers IgG titers against components that are shared by mastitis strains of commonly found spa types. Each dot represents the total IgG titer of one mouse against the whole cell extract of the indicated strain. Medians are represented by thick lines for Immune titers and dashed lines for Preimmune titers. All immune titers were compared to their corresponding preimmune titer (P ⁇ 0.0001) and between clinical strains (Two-way ANOVA and Sidak's multiple comparisons test: NS: no significant difference).
  • FIG. 16 shows total serum IgG titers against SACOL0029-1867 fusion protein of mice immunised with the protein mix (composed of 5 g of the antigens SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, and the SACOL0029-1867 fusion), 10 CFU of the attenuated live strain ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB alone or a combination of the protein mix and the ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB strain.
  • Open circles (o) represent data for preimmune titers
  • black squares ( ⁇ ) represent data for the immune titers. Each symbol represents the titer for one mouse.
  • Horizontal lines represent the medians: black lines represent the medians for the immune serums while dashed lines represent the medians for the preimmune serums.
  • FIG. 17 shows total serum IgG titers against SACOL0029 of mice immunised with the protein mix (composed of 5 Mg of the antigens SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, and the SACOL0029-1867 fusion), 105 CFU of the attenuated live strain ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB alone or a combination of the protein mix and the ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB strain.
  • Open circles (o) represent data for preimmune titers
  • black squares ( ⁇ ) represent data for the immune titers.
  • Each symbol represents the total IgG titer for one mouse.
  • Horizontal lines represent the medians: black lines represent the medians for the immune serums while dashed lines represent the medians for the preimmune serums.
  • Statistical significance between immune and preimmune titers of the three mice groups is shown (**: P ⁇ 0.01).
  • FIG. 18 shows total serum IgG titers against the staphylococcal surface protein ClfA for mice immunised with the SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, and SACOL0029-1867 protein mix, 10 5 CFU of the attenuated live strain ⁇ 720 ⁇ 7 ⁇ alone or a combination of the protein mix and Lll b emB.
  • Open circles (o) represent data for preimmune titers
  • black squares ( ⁇ ) represent data for the immune titers. Each symbol represents the titer for one mouse.
  • Horizontal lines represent the medians: black lines represent the medians for the immune serums while dashed lines represent the medians for the preimmune serums.
  • Statistical significance between preimmune titers and immune titers is shown (*: P ⁇ 0.05).
  • FIG. 19 shows serum ratio of lgG2a/lgG1 titers against the SACOL0029-1867 fusion polypeptide for mice immunised with the protein mix, or the combination of the protein mix and the attenuated N2QNiemB live strain.
  • FIG. 20 shows serum ratios against the SACOL0029 antigen.
  • Open squares ( ⁇ ) represent data for preimmune titers
  • black squares ( ⁇ ) represent data for the immune titers.
  • Each symbol represents the titer ratio for one mouse.
  • Horizontal lines represent the medians.
  • Statistical significance between the protein mix group versus combination group ratios is shown (*: P ⁇ 0.05; **: P ⁇ 0.01).
  • SACOL0442 polynucleotides (full length sequence SEQ ID NO: 28) and polypeptides (full length, fragments and variant(s) sequences SEQ ID NOs: 29 to 36 and 1). Selected epitopes are shown shaded; IV. SACOL1867 polynucleotides (full length sequence SEQ ID NO: 37) and polypeptides (full length, fragment(s) and variant(s) sequences SEQ ID NOs: 38 to 41). Selected epitopes are shown shaded. Predicted transmembrane (enzim.hu/hmmtop/html/submit.html) domain shown bolded; V.
  • SACOL1912 polynucleotide full length sequence SEQ ID NO: 42
  • polypeptides full length and variant(s) sequences SEQ ID NOs: 43 to 44
  • Selected epitopes are shown shaded (see e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 45-48);
  • SACOL2385 polynucleotide full length SEQ ID NO: 49
  • polypeptides full length and variant(s) sequences SEQ ID NOs: 50 to 51.
  • Selected epitopes are shown shaded (see e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 52-53); VII.
  • the double underlined sequence if any, is that of the polyhistidine
  • the italicized sequence is the sequence of the SACOL0442 fragment
  • the single underlined sequence is the sequence of the linker
  • the bolded sequence is the sequence of the SACOL0720 fragment
  • FIGS. 22A-D I. Multiple polynucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 71-72, 28, 73 to 81) alignment for full length SACOL0442 and orthologues; II. Multiple polypeptide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92) alignment for full length SACOL0442, orthologues and consensus sequences derived therefrom are presented. In these sequences, “*” denotes that the residues in that column are identical in all sequences of the alignment, “:” denotes that conserved substitutions have been observed, and “.” denotes that semi-conserved substitutions have been observed. Consensus sequences derived from these alignments are also presented wherein X is any amino acid. In the polypeptide sequences, selected epitopes are shown shaded (see e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 1, 34, 93-97).
  • polypeptide sequences selected epitopes are shown shaded (see e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 165-180) and the end of the signal peptide domain and/or transmembrane domain is marked with a line (separates signal peptide and/or transmembrane domain from secreted form).
  • FIG. 26 . 1 polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 181) for full length SACOL1715 (hemB); and 11-amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 182) for full length SACOL1715 (hemB).
  • FIG. 27 1—polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 183) for full length ClfA (NWMN_0756, newman); and 11-amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 184) for full length ClfA.
  • the present invention showed that a fusion of two antigens created an unexpected synergy in the immune response.
  • the present invention also stabilized the SCV phenotype of a Staphylococcus via hemB
  • HemB is coding for the HemB protein/monomer, which combines to create the porphobilinogen synthase or aminolevulinate dehydratase enzyme [EC 4.2.1.24].
  • an antigen of the present invention namely gene SACOL0720, which has been previously shown to be important for S. aureus in cationic peptide resistance (Falord, 2012; Kawada-Matsuo, 2011; Meehl, 2007) and in vivo during IMI (Allard, 2013).
  • this attenuated double mutant strain expressing constructs of the present invention is usable for immunization and protection against IMIs.
  • the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”). “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, un-recited elements or method steps.
  • a and B are identical or different and are each independently an antigenic polypeptide (i.e. native, fragment or variant thereof) of the present invention.
  • a and/or B is (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL0264 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 185), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 22D (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92), a SACOL0718 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 186), a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIGS.
  • Transmembrane domains can be predicted using, for example, the software TMpredrM (ExPASy) ch.embnet.org/software/TMPRED_form.html, psort.org/psortb/index.html enzim.hu/hmmtop/html/submit.html and/or Sign/P 4.1 (cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP).
  • TMpredTM and Signal/P 4.1 predicted extracellular domain for: SACOL0720: AA 310-508; SACOL0442 AA 36 to 203.
  • GenbankTM accession numbers for S. aureus genes listed herein and their encoded antigenic polypeptides encompassed by the present invention are depicted in Table I below:
  • each X in the consensus sequences is defined as being any amino acid, or absent when this position is absent in one or more of the orthologues presented in the alignment.
  • each X in the consensus sequences is defined as being any amino acid that constitutes a conserved or semi-conserved substitution of any of the amino acid in the corresponding position in the orthologues presented in the alignment, or absent when this position is absent in one or more of the orthologues presented in the alignment.
  • Conservative amino acid mutation may include addition, deletion, or substitution of an amino acid; a conservative amino acid substitution is defined herein as the substitution of an amino acid residue for another amino acid residue with similar chemical properties (e.g., size, charge, or polarity). Such a conservative amino acid substitution may be a basic, neutral, hydrophobic, or acidic amino acid for another of the same group (see e.g., Table II below).
  • basic amino acid it is meant hydrophilic amino acids having a side chain pK value of greater than 7, which are typically positively charged at physiological pH.
  • Basic amino acids include histidine (His or H), arginine (Arg or R), and lysine (Lys or K).
  • hydrophobic amino acid (also “non-polar amino acid”) is meant to include amino acids exhibiting a hydrophobicity of greater than zero according to the normalized consensus hydrophobicity scale of Eisenberg (1984). Hydrophobic amino acids include proline (Pro or P), isoleucine (He or I), phenylalanine (Phe or F), valine (Val or V), leucine (Leu or L), tryptophan (Trp or W), methionine (Met or M), alanine (Ala or A), and glycine (Gly or G). “Acidic amino acid” refers to hydrophilic amino acids having a side chain pK value of less than 7, which are typically negatively charged at physiological pH. Acidic amino acids include glutamate (Glu or E), and aspartate (Asp or D).
  • a semi-conserved amino acid replaces one residue with another one that has similar steric conformation, but does not share chemical properties.
  • Examples of semi-conservative substitutions would include substituting cysteine for alanine or leucine; substituting serine for asparagine; substituting valine for threonine; or substituting proline for alanine.
  • the similarity and identity between amino acid or nucleotide sequences can be determined by comparing each position in the aligned sequences.
  • Optimal alignment of sequences for comparisons of similarity and/or identity may be conducted using a variety of algorithms, for example using a multiple sequence alignment program/software well known in the art such as ClustalWTM, SAGATM, UGENETM or T-coffeeTM. Examples of multiple sequence alignments are described in the examples below and depicted in FIGS. 21 A to 25 .
  • a and/or B is (b) a polypeptide encoded by a gene from a same operon as a gene encoding the polypeptide of (a) as defined above.
  • SACOL0718 is a gene from the same operon as SACOL0720.
  • a and/or B Is (c) a polypeptide comprising an Immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a) or (b) as defined above.
  • An Immunogenic fragment of a protein/polypeptide Is defined as a part of a protein/polypeptide which is capable of inducing/eliciting an immune response in a host.
  • the immunogenic fragment is capable of eliciting the same immune response in kind, albeit not necessarily in amount, as the protein/polypeptide.
  • An immunogenic fragment of a protein/polypeptide preferably comprises one or more epitopes of said protein/polypeptide.
  • An epitope of a protein/polypeptide is defined as a fragment of said protein/polypeptide of at least about 4 or 5 amino acids in length, capable of eliciting a specific antibody and/or an immune cell (e.g., a T cell or B cell) bearing a receptor capable of specifically binding said epitope.
  • an immune cell e.g., a T cell or B cell
  • a linear epitope comprises a stretch of consecutive amino acids.
  • a conformational epitope is typically formed by several stretches of consecutive amino acids that are folded in position and together form an epitope in a properly folded protein.
  • An immunogenic fragment as used herein refers to either one, or both, of said types of epitopes.
  • the immunogenic fragment of a protein/polypeptide comprises at least 16 amino acid residues.
  • the immunogenic fragment comprises at least 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, or 160 consecutive amino acids of the native protein/polypeptide.
  • the fragment has at least 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or 50 or more consecutive amino acids of the native protein/polypeptide.
  • the immunogenic fragment comprises at least 13 consecutive amino acid residues of the polypeptide.
  • fragments encompassed by the present invention comprise immunogenic fragments of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of SACOL029 as shown in FIG.
  • fragments encompassed by the present invention include immunogenic fragments comprising at least one epitope of antigenic proteins/polypeptides of the present invention (polypeptide (a) defined above).
  • fragments encompassed by the present invention include immunogenic fragments comprising at least one epitope as depicted (shaded) in any one of the antigenic proteins/polypeptides depicted in any one of FIGS. 21 to 25 .
  • epitopes in a sequence may be predicted with softwares such as BCPredTM, AAPTM, FBCPredTM and ABCPredTM.
  • the above-mentioned immunogenic fragment comprises a sequence that is conserved (i.e. identical) in at least two different strains of Staphylococcus aureus . In further embodiments, the above-mentioned immunogenic fragment comprises a sequence that is conserved (i.e. identical) in at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 different strains of Staphylococcus aureus . In another embodiment, the above-mentioned strains of Staphylococcus aureus are COL, RF122, NCTC 8325, JH1, JH9, Newman, Mu3, Mu50, USA300-FPR3757, N315, MW2 or MSSA476. In an embodiment, the above-mentioned strains of Staphylococcus aureus are associated with bovine mastitis (e.g., RF122).
  • polypeptide in another embodiment, is expressed in at least two different strains of Staphylococcus aureus .
  • substantially identical as used herein refers to polypeptides having at least 60% of identity, in embodiments at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of identity in their amino acid sequences.
  • the polypeptides have at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of identity in their amino acid sequences with other polypeptides to which they are compared.
  • a and/or B is (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (c) defined above.
  • the amino acid is at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to (a) (e.g., over their full length).
  • the amino acid is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% to (a).
  • antigens orthologues presented in alignments of FIGS. 21-25 are not identical but present a certain identity with the antigens or fragments to which they are compared. Consensuses presented in these FIGs embody such percent identities.
  • a and/or B is (e) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic variant comprising at least 13 consecutive amino acids of any one of (a) to (d).
  • An immunogenic variant of a protein/polypeptide is defined as a part of a protein/polypeptide which is capable of inducing/eliciting an immune response in a host.
  • agents (proteins/polypeptides, fragments thereof) having non-naturally occurring modifications e.g., immunogenic variants
  • which are capable of inducing an immune response specific for the unmodified agent are also within the scope of the term “vaccine component”.
  • the vaccine components of the present invention can be modified to enhance their activity, stability, and/or bioavailability, and/or to reduce their toxicity.
  • Conservative amino acid substitutions may be made, like for example replacement of an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain by another amino acid comprising an acidic side chain, replacement of a bulky amino acid by another bulky amino acid, replacement of an amino acid comprising a basic side chain by another amino acid comprising a basic side chain, and the like.
  • a person skilled in the art is well able to generate variants of a protein/polypeptide. This is for instance done through screening of a peptide library or by peptide changing programs.
  • An immunogenic variant according to the invention has essentially the same immunogenic properties of said protein in kind, not necessarily in amount.
  • An immunogenic variant of a protein/polypeptide of the invention may for instance comprise a fusion protein and/or chimeric protein.
  • a protein identified herein predicted to be an exotoxin, enterotoxin or superantigen e.g., SACOL0442
  • SACOL0442 enterotoxin or superantigen
  • SACOL0442 polypeptide could potentially interfere with the mammalian immune system and antibody production, and/or show some toxicity in the host.
  • SACOL0442 polypeptide was used in combination with for example SACOL0720 during immunization, it may be useful to modify the protein or polypeptide used for vaccination so that the biological activity of the exotoxin is decreased.
  • exotoxin For such a purpose, it is possible to inactivate the exotoxin with chemicals (e.g., formaldehyde). It is also possible to use molecular biology techniques to delete or mutate the putative region(s) involved in exotoxin activity without losing immunogenicity (Chang ef a/., 2008). Another example is the conjugation or mixture of amino acid-based components with nucleic acids (e.g., genes or portions of genes added separately or in a contiguous sequence) carbohydrates such as those found in microbial polysaccharide capsules or biofilms.
  • nucleic acids e.g., genes or portions of genes added separately or in a contiguous sequence
  • variants include antigens described herein or fragments thereof comprising at either of their N or C terminus or inserted within their antigen sequence, an oligopeptide useful for purification (e.g., affinity purification) or useful as a spacer or linker.
  • oligopeptides useful for affinity purification include polyhistidine tags (e.g., 6-10 histidine residues including or not RGS tags (e.g. HHHHHH, RGSHHHHHH, or RGSHHHHHGS).
  • the his-tag may also be followed by an amino acid sequence suitable to facilitate a removal of the polyhistidine-tag using endopeptidases.
  • the “X” and/or “Z” segments as recited in formula (I) also may comprise such oligopeptide useful for purification and/or sequence suitable to facilitate removal of such oligopeptide useful for purification.
  • the immunogenic fragment comprises at least one epitope of the polypeptide (a).
  • the immunogenic fragment comprises at least one epitope of the polypeptide (a) as depicted (shaded) in the sequences presented in FIGS. 21-25 , In other specific embodiments, the variants are as disclosed in FIGS. 21-25 .
  • Insertion of linkers between fusion protein domains can increase bioactivity by augmenting distance between domains alleviating potential repulsive forces between different segments (e.g., antigenic fragments) of the construct resulting in improved and/or restored protein folding.
  • Different sequences of polypeptide linkers can be used and arm known to have distinct properties, such as flexible, rigid or cleavable linkers.
  • the present invention encompasses the use of any such linkers including any one of those listed in Chen et, al. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. (2013), 65(10):1357-69 for example. Examples herein provide illustrations of specific linkers that were used (i.e.
  • GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS SEQ ID NO: 60
  • ERKYK SEQ ID NO: 61
  • EAAAKEAAAK SEQ ID NO: 62
  • flexible linker structures rich in small hydrophilic amino acids that maintain distance between the two connected domains and improve their folding.
  • the Fc comprises a CH2 domain, a CH3 domain and a hinge region.
  • the Fc is a constant domain of an immunoglobulin selected from the group consisting of lgG-1, lgG-2, lgG-3, lgG-3 and lgG-4.
  • the Fe is a constant domain of an immunoglobulin lgG-1.
  • Linkers may be included between contiguous antigens of the fusion (e.g., 1 linker in fusion comprising
  • linker may be larger and may comprise a fragment crystallizable region (Fc).
  • the linker is an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid or is absent. In a specific embodiment, the linker comprises at least three (at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10) amino acids selected from the group consisting of glycine, serine, alanine, aspartate, glutamate and lysine.
  • the linker is (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 63); (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 67); or (XPXPXP)n (SEQ ID NO: 69) wherein x is any amino acid; wherein n is any one of 1 to 5, more specifically 1, 2, 3.4 or 5; EAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID NO: 62); EAAAKEAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID NO: 64); GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 67): GGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 68); GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 60); XPXPXP (SEQ ID NO: 69), wherein x is any amino acid; XPXPXPXPXPXP (SEQ ID NO: 70), wherein x is any amino acid; ERKYK (SEQ ID NO: 61); ERKYKERKYK (SEQ ID NO: 65); ERKYKERKY
  • X and Z are each independently absent or an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid. Without being so limited, they may be one or more of amino acids resulting from cloning strategy, amino acids used to facilitate purification of the construct (e.g. polyhistidine), amino acids suitable to facilitate a removal of the purification-tag using endopeptidases.
  • any one of X and/or Z may also include the sequence of a further antigen (antigen C, antigen D, etc.) and, optionally that of at least one further linker.
  • X and/or Z comprise one or more further antigen(s) and optionally linker(s)
  • X and/or Z could be more specifically illustrated as e.g., formula (II) or (III) as follows X′-C-linkeri-A-linker2-B-Z′ (II) when the fusion comprises at least 3 antigens; or X′-C-linkeri-A-linker2-B-linker3-D-Z′ (III) when the fusion comprises at least 4 antigens.
  • the fusion construct comprises 2, 3, 4 or more antigen polypeptides (and, the case being further linkers).
  • the fusion construct may be SACOL0029_SACOL0442; SACOL0029_SACOL0720; SACOL0029_SACOL1867; SACOL0029_SACOL0720_SACOL1867; SACOL0029_SACOL1867_SACOL0442; SACOL0029_SACOL0720_SACOL0442; SACOL0442_SACOL0029_SACOL0720; SACOL0442_SACOL0029_SACOL1867; SACOL0442_SACOL1867_SACOL0720; SACOL0720_SACOL0442_SACOL1867; or SACOL0029_SACOL1867_SACOL0720_SACOL0442, or any of the foregoing constructs wherein the antigen polypeptides are in any other order.
  • constructs of the present invention may be used as sole immunogenic component of a composition (e.g., vaccine) of the present invention or in combination with one or more further fusion construct(s), immunogenic polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variant(s) thereof and/or live attenuated bacteria (e.g., S. aureus ) (expressing or not fusion constructs and/or polypeptide(s), fragment(s) orvariant(s) thereof).
  • a composition e.g., vaccine
  • further fusion construct(s), immunogenic polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variant(s) thereof and/or live attenuated bacteria (e.g., S. aureus ) expressing or not fusion constructs and/or polypeptide(s), fragment(s) orvariant(s) thereof).
  • the one or more fusion constructs may be any immunogenic fusion construct including a further fusion construct as defined above (see e.g., Example 14).
  • the one or more immunogenic polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variant(s) thereof for use in compositions of the present invention may be any polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variant(s) that contribute to the immunogenicity of the compositions of the present invention as defined herein.
  • such polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variants) includes (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL0264 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 185), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG.
  • the live attenuated bacteria for use in compositions of the present invention may be independent from the fusions constructs and/or polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variant(s) thereof of the present invention, or be the vessel for (i.e. may express) such fusion constructs and/or polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variants) thereof of the present invention.
  • useful live attenuated bacteria in the context of combinations of the present invention include Staphylococcus [e.g., aureus ) bacteria having at least one gene contributing to virulence (e.g., ⁇ 720) or contributing to fitness in the host (e.g., a metabolic gene) mutated or deleted.
  • virulence e.g., ⁇ 720
  • fitness in the host e.g., a metabolic gene
  • such gene may be any one of the genes identified in Novick 2003, Novick 2008, or Maresso and Schneewind 2008.
  • the live attenuated bacteria may be further attenuated by having a stabilized SCV phenotype.
  • SCV phenotype refers to bacteria having a dysfunctional oxidative
  • stabilized SCV phenotype is used to denote an SCV strain retaining the SCV phenotype i.e. unable to produce invasive revertants (i.e., a reversion to the normal growth phenotype).
  • Such stabilized SCV S. aureus may be produced by mutating or deleting any one of the genes (e.g., ⁇ hemB) listed in Table III below.
  • the present invention encompasses the use of the stabilized SCV S. aureus exemplified in Examples 15 to 25.
  • Mutation as used herein includes a substitution, a deletion and/or an insertion of one or more nucleotides that prevents expression of the polypeptide encoded by a gene of the present invention or that prevents expression of a functional polypeptide.
  • the mutation prevents expression of the polypeptide.
  • the two mutations in the same attenuated live or inactivated strain of S. aureus are a deletion or an insertion. It is expected that a mutated strain of S. aureus having a mutation at any position of one of the genes of the present invention that prevents expression of the polypeptide can be used as an attenuated live vaccine in accordance with the present invention. Attenuated live vaccines, i.e.
  • vaccines comprising the bacterium according to the invention in a live attenuated form, have the advantage over inactivated vaccines that they best mimic the natural way of infection.
  • their replicating abilities allow vaccination with low amounts of bacteria; their number will automatically increase until it reaches the trigger level of the immune system. From that moment on, the immune system will be triggered and will finally eliminate the bacteria.
  • a minor disadvantage of the use of live attenuated bacteria however might be that inherently there is a certain level of virulence left. This need not be a real disadvantage as long as the level of virulence is acceptable, i.e. as long as the vaccine at least decreases the bacterial infection (e.g., IMI) symptoms.
  • IMI bacterial infection
  • Genbank TM accession numbers for S. aureus genes associated with SCV phenotype (Kahl, 2014) Gene Name GenBank TM Gene ID No. GenBank TM Protein No. hemB 3238571 (SACOL1715) AAW36820.1 WP_000667126.1 Gl: 446589780 EG4.2.1.24 menB 3236546 (SACOL1052) AAW36517.1 WP_000526687.1 Gl: 446448832 EC: 2.2.1.9 thyA 3238178 (SACOL1462) AAW36663.1 WP_000667126.1 Gl: 446589780 EC.2.1.1.45 fusA 3236183 (SACOL0593) AAW37703.1 Gl: 57285609 FusE (gene: 3238328 (SACOL2224) AAW37099.1 rplF) Gl: 57285005 relA (relA2) 3238211 (SACOL1689) AAW36795.1 Gl: 57284701
  • the nucleic acid of the present invention preferably comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes one or more proteins/polypeptides noted above (or fragments thereof) operably linked to regulatory elements needed for gene expression, such as a promoter, an initiation codon, a stop codon, enhancers, and a polyadenylation signal. Regulatory elements are preferably selected that are operable in the species to which they are to be administered. In specific embodiments, the nucleic acid is as depicted in FIGS. 21 to 25 .
  • nucleic acid of the invention e.g., nucleic acid vaccine, DNA or RNA vaccine.
  • the nucleic acid of the present vaccine can be “naked” DNA or can be operably incorporated in a vector.
  • Nucleic acids may be delivered to cells in vivo using methods well known in the art such as direct injection of DNA, receptor-mediated DNA uptake, viral-mediated transfection or non-viral transfection and lipid-based transfection, all of which may involve the use of vectors. Direct injection has been used to introduce naked DNA into cells in vivo (see e.g., Acsadi ef al. (1991) Nature 332:815-818; Wolff ef al. (1990) Science 247:1465-1468).
  • a delivery apparatus e.g., a “gene gun” for injecting DNA into cells in vivo may be used.
  • Naked DNA may also be introduced into cells by complexing the DNA to a cation, such as polylysine, which is coupled to a ligand for a cell-surface receptor (see for example Wu, G, and Wu. C. H. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263: 14621; Wilson ef al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267: 963-967; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,320). Binding of the DNA-ligand complex to the receptor may facilitate uptake of the DNA by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
  • a cation such as polylysine
  • a DNA-ligand complex linked to adenovirus capsids which disrupt endosomes, thereby releasing material into the cytoplasm may be used to avoid degradation of the complex by intracellular lysosomes (see for example Curiel ef al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 8850; Cristiano ef al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2122-2126).
  • Preferred viral vectors include Bacteriophages, Herpes virus, Adenovirus, Polio virus, Vaccinia virus, defective retroviruses, adeno-associated virus (AAV) and Avipox. Methods of transforming viral vector with an exogenous DNA construct are also well described in the art.
  • the nucleic acid may be incorporated in a host such as a host cell in vitro or ex vivo (e.g., an immune cell such as a dendritic cell) or, as indicated above, in an attenuated microbial host (e.g., attenuated S. aureus , SCV, etc., see e.g., Examples 25-26 for instance) by transfection or transformation, and the transfected or transformed cell or microorganism, which expresses the polypeptide (e.g. fusion of multiple antigens or fragments therefor and/or single antigens or fragments thereof) of interest, may be administered to the subject. Following administration, the cell will express the protein or polypeptide of interest (or a variant or fragment thereof) in the subject, which will in turn lead to the induction of an immune response directed against the protein, polypeptide or fragment thereof.
  • a host cell in vitro or ex vivo e.g., an immune cell such as a dendritic cell
  • Attenuated live bacteria to immunize and/or to deliver specific constructs or antigen mixture of the present invention represents an interesting approach to improve immune responses (Griffiths and Khader, 2014).
  • Live attenuated organisms that mimic natural infection stimulate the immune system in a powerful manner, eliciting broad and robust immune responses that produce both serum and mucosal antibodies, and effector and memory T cells which act synergistically to protect against disease (Detmer and Glenting, 2006; Kollaritsch et al, 2000; Pasetti et al., 2011).
  • suitable attenuated live bacterial vectors include S.
  • compositions can be formulated into compositions.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to vaccine components (e.g., excipients, carriers, adjuvants) and compositions that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction, such as gastric upset, dizziness and the like, when administered to a subject.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable means approved by regulatory agency of the federal or state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and in humans.
  • excipient refers to a diluent, carrier, or vehicle with which the vaccine components of the present invention may be administered.
  • Sterile water or aqueous saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions may be employed as carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
  • the agent of the present invention is administered in combination with an adjuvant or immunostimulant.
  • Suitable adjuvant or immunostimulant that may improve the efficacy of components to raise an immune response include but is not limited to oils (e.g., mineral oils, emulsified oil such as MONTANIDETM or EMULSIGENTM-D), metallic salts (e.g., alum, aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate), cationic peptides (Bowdish et al., 2005; Hancock, et al., 2000) such as indolicidin, a cationic peptide produced by the cow's immune cells (Falla et al., 1996), natural and artificial microbial components (e.g., bacterial liposaccharides.
  • oils e.g., mineral oils, emulsified oil such as MONTANIDETM or EMULSIGENTM-D
  • metallic salts e.g., alum, aluminum hydroxide or aluminum
  • Freund's adjuvants such as muramyl dipeptide (MDP), cyclic-diguanosine-5′-monophosphate (c-di-GMP), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) such as surface polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, glycans, peptidoglycan or microbial DNA (e.g., CpG), plant components such as saponins (e.g., Quil-ATM), and/or one or more substances that have a carrier effect (e.g., bentonite, latex particles, liposomes, ISCOMTM, DNA and polyphosphazine (PCPP) copolymers).
  • MDP muramyl dipeptide
  • c-di-GMP cyclic-diguanosine-5′-monophosphate
  • PAMPS pathogen-associated molecular patterns
  • surface polysaccharides e.g., lipopolysaccharides, glycan
  • Vaccine components of the invention may be administered in a pharmaceutical composition.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in unit dosage form. Any appropriate route of administration may be employed, for example, parenteral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intramammary, intracranial, intraorbital, ophthalmic, intraventricular, intracapsular, intraarticular, intraspinal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, or oral administration. Examples of specific routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramammary; oral (e.g., inhalation); transdermal (topical); transmucosal, and rectal administration.
  • compositions and formulations may, for example, contain excipients, sterile water, or saline, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, miglyol, oils of vegetable origin, or hydrogenated napthalenes.
  • Biocompatible, biodegradable lactide polymer, lactide/glycolide copolymer, or polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers may be used to control the release of the compounds.
  • Other potentially useful parenteral delivery systems for compounds of the invention include ethylenevinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes.
  • Formulations for inhalation or intramammary injection may contain excipients, for example, lactose, or may be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, miglyol, glycocholate and deoxycholate, or may be oily solutions (e.g., paraffin oil) for administration in the form of nasal drops, or as a gel.
  • excipients for example, lactose
  • oily solutions e.g., paraffin oil
  • Therapeutic formulations may be in the form of liquid solutions or suspension; for oral administration, formulations may be in the form of tablets or capsules; and for intranasal formulations, in the form of powders, nasal drops, or aerosols.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, intramammary or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils (e.g., paraffin oil), polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol, miglyol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; reducing agents such dithiothreitol, buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
  • suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, CremophorTM ELTM (BASF. Parsippany. N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • Oral compositions generally include an Inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed In gelatin capsules or compressed Into tablets or feed.
  • the active components can be Incorporated with excipients and used In the form of tablets, troches, capsules or In feed.
  • Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be Included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following Ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, PrimogelTM, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, PrimogelTM, or corn starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • the vaccine components are delivered In the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means.
  • penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
  • penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives.
  • Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories.
  • the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
  • Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to specific cell types) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • compositions may also contain preserving agents, solubilizing agents, stabilizing agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, odorants, salts for the variation of osmotic pressure, buffers, coating agents or antioxidants. They may also contain other therapeutically valuable agents.
  • Intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramammary or oral administration is a preferred form of use.
  • the dosages in which the components of the present invention are administered in effective amounts depend on the nature of the specific active ingredient, the host and the requirements of the subject and the mode of application.
  • Polypeptides, nucleic acids and delivery systems of the present invention may be used as antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcal infections including those causing intramammary infection (IMI).
  • the Staphylococcal infections are caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Passive immunization is the injection of antibodies or antiserum, previously generated against the pathogen (or antigens described herein), in order to protect or cure a recipient animal of an infection or future infection. Protection fades over the course of a few weeks during which time the active immunization with polypeptides, nucleic acids or delivery systems (e.g., as described above) will have time to generate a lasting protective response.
  • Serum for passive immunization can be generated by immunization of donor animals using the polypeptides, nucleic acids or delivery systems, as described herein. This serum, which contains antibodies against the antigens, can be used immediately or stored under appropriate conditions.
  • IMI acute infections
  • prophylactic Teuchscherr ef a/., 2008
  • Use of antibodies or serums in a passive immunization can be combined with other agents such as an antibiotic to increase the cure rate of an infection currently in progress or to increase protection against an imminent infection.
  • Active immunization is administration of the polypeptides, nucleic acids or delivery systems as described herein to a subject.
  • the components identified in accordance with the teachings of the present invention have a prophylactic and/or therapeutic value such as they can be used to raise an immune response to prevent and/or combat diseases or conditions, and more particularly diseases or conditions related to microbial infections.
  • the terms “prevent/preventing/prevention” or “treat/treating/treatment” as used herein, refer to eliciting the desired biological response, i.e., a prophylactic and therapeutic effect, respectively in a subject.
  • the therapeutic effect comprises one or more of a decrease/reduction in the severity, intensity and/or duration of the microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof following administration of the polypeptide, nucleic acid or delivery system (agent/composition of the present invention) of the present invention when compared to its severity, intensity and/or duration in the subject prior to treatment or as compared to that/those in a non-treated control subject having the infection or any symptom thereof.
  • a prophylactic effect may comprise a delay in the onset of the microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof in an asymptomatic subject at risk of experiencing the microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof at a future time; or a decrease/reduction in the severity, intensity and/or duration of a microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof occurring following administration of the agent/composition of the present invention, when compared to the timing of their onset or their severity, intensity and/or duration in a non-treated control subject (i.e.
  • microbial infection e.g., bacterial infection
  • staphylococcal infection e.g., staphylococcal infection
  • the agent/composition of the present invention in a therapeutic treatment, is administered after the onset of the microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof.
  • the agent/composition of the present invention in a prophylactic treatment, is administered before the onset of the microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof or after the onset thereof but before the progression thereof.
  • “decrease” or “reduction” of microbial infection refers to a reduction in a symptom of at least 10% as compared to a control subject (a subject not treated with the agent/composition present invention), in an embodiment of at least 20% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 30% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 40% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 50% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 60% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 70% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 80% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 90% lower, in a further embodiment of 100% (complete inhibition).
  • a staphylococcal IMI symptom refers for example to visual abnormalities in milk (e.g., such as a watery appearance, flakes, clots, malodourous, presence of blood), redness of the udder, swelling in the udder, tenderness in the udder, elevated rectal temperature (>39.0° C.), anorexia, decreased rumen motility and fatigue.
  • An increase in milk somatic cell counts (SCC) is another staphylococcal IMI. Milk somatic cells include white blood cells such as leukocytes or neutrophils as well as epithelial cells. It is generally agreed that a SCC of >200,000/mL may represent a staphylococcal IMI symptom or is indicative of a staphylococcal IMI.
  • Toxicity or efficacy of vaccine components to elicit an immune response can be determined by standard procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals. The dose ratio between toxic and immune stimulatory effects can be measured. Components that exhibit large ratios are preferred. While components that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system in order to minimize potential damage to cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.
  • the dosage of such components lies preferably within a range of administered concentrations that include efficacy with little or no toxicity.
  • the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • any suitable amount of the pharmaceutical composition may be administered to a subject.
  • the dosages will depend on many factors. Typically, the amount of active ingredient contained within a single dose will be an amount that effectively prevents, or treats IMI without inducing significant toxicity. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage required to effectively raise an immune response in a subject.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the antigens (e.g., fusion construct) of the present invention may require a series of doses. In general, an amount of about 0.01 mg-500 mg of antigens including the fusion construct per dose, come into consideration. In a specific embodiment, an amount of about 0.1 mg-1 mg of antigens including the fusion construct per dose, come into consideration.
  • one, two or three doses of the vaccine may favor optimal development of immunity.
  • the time between two doses may be as short as three or four weeks but it may be preferred to separate the priming dose (first dose) and the booster dose (second dose) by five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten weeks before stimulating the immune system with the booster shot.
  • a subsequent booster shot (a recall shot) may also be optimal to provide a sustainable immunity. This recall could for example occur every half year (6 months), yearly, every two years, every three or every five years.
  • sample refers to any solid or liquid sample isolated from a live being. In a particular embodiment, it refers to any solid (e.g., tissue sample) or liquid sample isolated from a mammal, such as milk, a biopsy material (e.g., solid tissue sample), blood (e.g., plasma, serum or whole blood), saliva, synovial fluid, urine, amniotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid.
  • tissue sample e.g., tissue sample
  • blood e.g., plasma, serum or whole blood
  • saliva e.g., synovial fluid
  • urine e.g., amniotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid.
  • sample may be, for example, fresh, fixed (e.g., formalin-, alcohol- or acetone-fixed), paraffin-embedded or frozen prior to analysis of the infectious agent's expression level.
  • the term “subject” or “patient” refers to an animal, preferably a mammal such as but not limited to a human, cow (e.g., heifer, multiparous, primiparous, calf), goat, sheep, ewe, ass, horse, pig, chicken, cat, dog, etc. who is the object of treatment, observation or experiment. In a specific embodiment, it is a cow (e.g., at risk of experiencing staphylococcal (e.g., IMI) infection).
  • cow e.g., at risk of experiencing staphylococcal (e.g., IMI) infection.
  • the above-mentioned mammal is a cow.
  • Examples of methods to measure the amount/level of selected proteins/polypeptides include, but are not limited to: Western blot, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunoprecipitation, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, fluorescent polarization, phosphorescence, immunohistochemical analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, microcytometry, microarray, microscopy, flow cytometry, and assays based on a property of the protein including but not limited to DNA binding, ligand binding, interaction with other protein partners or enzymatic activity.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • MALDI-TOF matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight
  • a detectable tag such as for example, an enzyme, fluorophore, or chromophore.
  • Polyclonal antibodies can be prepared by immunizing a suitable subject (e.g., rabbit, goat, mouse, or other mammal) with the polypeptide/protein of interest or a fragment thereof as an immunogen.
  • a polypeptide/protein “fragment” “portion” or “segment” is a stretch of amino acid residues of at least about 5, 7, 10, 14, 15, 20, 21 or more amino acids of the polypeptide noted above.
  • the antibody titer in the immunized subject can be monitored over time by standard techniques, such as with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using immobilized exosomal marker polypeptide or a fragment thereof.
  • ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
  • antibody-producing cells can be obtained from the animal, usually a mouse, and can be used to prepare monoclonal antibodies by standard techniques, such as the hybridoma technique originally described by Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256: 495-497, the human B cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al. (1983) Immunol. Today 4: 72), the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al. (1985) in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, ed. Reisfeld and Sell (Alan R. Liss. Inc., New York, N.Y.), pp. 77-96) or trioma techniques.
  • the technology for producing hybridomas is well known (see generally Coligan et al., eds. (1994) Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.).
  • Kits for generating and screening phage display libraries are commercially available (e.g., the Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody SystemTM, Catalog No. 27-9400-01; and the Stratagene SurfZAPTM Phage Display Kit, Catalog No. 240612).
  • immobilized antibodies specific for the polypeptides/proteins is also contemplated by the present invention and is well known by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the antibodies could be immobilized onto a variety of solid supports, such as magnetic or chromatographic matrix particles, the surface of an assay place (such as microtiter wells), pieces of a solid substrate material (such as plastic, nylon, paper), and the like.
  • An assay strip could be prepared by coating the antibody or a plurality of antibodies in an array on solid support. This strip could then be dipped into the test sample and then processed quickly through washes and detection steps to generate a measurable signal, such as a colored spot.
  • mRNA levels are known in the art, and include for example polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), SAGE, quantitative PCR (q-PCR).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • RT-PCR reverse transcriptase-PCR
  • SAGE quantitative PCR
  • q-PCR quantitative PCR
  • kits comprising the components of the present invention.
  • the kit can comprise one or more components.
  • the components can be packaged in a suitable container and device for administration.
  • the kit can further comprise instructions for using the kit.
  • Example 1 Materials and Methods for Vaccine Including SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, SACOL1867, SACOL1912 and SACOL2385 (Vaccine #1)
  • SACOL0029 (GenBankTM accession No.: YPJ84940.1) (SEQ ID NO: 5), SACOL0442 (YPJ85332.1) (SEQ ID NO: 29), SACOL0720 (YPJ85601.1) (SEQ ID NO: 11), SACOL1867 (GenBankTM accession No.: YPJ86695.1) (SEQ ID NO: 38), SACOL1912 (GenBankTM accession No.: YPJ86737.1) (SEQ ID NO: 43), and SACOL2385 (GenBankTM accession No.: YPJ87189.1) (SEQ ID NO: 50). His-tagged recombinant proteins of SACOL0029, SACOL1867, SACOL1912, and SACOL2385 were engineered and produced by GenScript, Inc.
  • Cows were randomly divided into 2 groups: one group (10 cows) received saline (placebo group); the other group (9 cows) received the vaccine #1 (vaccinated group).
  • the vaccine was composed of 300 pg of each of six antigens (SACOL0029, SACOL0720, SACOL1867, SACOL1912, and SACOL2385) combined with EmulsigenTM-D (MVP Technologies, Omaha, Neb.), CpG ODN 2007 (TCGTCGTTGTCGTTTTGTCGTT (SEQ ID NO: 194), a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), VIDO, Saskatoon, SW) and the cationic peptide indolicidin (ILPWKWPWWPWRR (SEQ ID NO: 195), used to induce the cow's immune response. (Chemprep Inc., Miami, Fla.). Two immunizations were performed 10 weeks apart, subcutaneously in the neck.
  • Detection of total IgG, lgG1 and lgG2 by ELISA Detection of total IgG, lgG1 and lgG2 against each of the antigens in serum and milk was performed as previously described with some modifications (Ster et al., Vef. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), 136: 311-318).
  • Nunc MaxiSorpTM 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with the test antigen (5 ⁇ g/mL diluted in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer, Sigma Aldrich, Oakville, ON) and incubated overnight at 37° C. The plates were then saturated with the PBS containing 0.5% gelatin (BD.
  • the secondary antibodies used were a goat anti-bovine IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., West Grove, Pa.), a sheep anti-bovine lgG1 (AbD Serotec, Raleigh, N.C.) or a sheep anti-bovine lgG2 (AbD Serotec), diluted 1/50.000 1/20,000 and 1/20,000 respectively in PBS containing 0.5% gelatin and 0.1% TweenTM 20. After 1 h of incubation at 37° C. followed by 3 washes, peroxidase activity was detected with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reagent (KPL Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
  • TMB 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine
  • Detection of total IgG, lgG1 and lgG2 in milk was carried out using the same procedure with few modifications. Milk samples were diluted into PBS containing 0.5% gelatin. The sheep anti-bovine lgG2 was diluted 1/10.000 into PBS containing 0.5% gelatin and 0.1% TweenTM 20.
  • PBMCs were isolated from jugular vein blood and labelled with carboxyfluoroscein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE; Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, Oreg.) as previously described (Loiselle et al., J. Dairy. Sci. (2009), 92:1900-1912).
  • CFDA-SE carboxyfluoroscein diacetate, succinimidyl ester
  • the PBMCs (5 ⁇ 10 6 cells per well) were stimulated with the mitogen concanavalin A (ConA; positive control; Sigma Aldrich) at a final concentration of 1 ⁇ g/mL, or each antigen (5 ⁇ g per well) and incubated for 7 days at 37° C. As a negative control, the PBMCs were incubated without any mitogen. Stimulations were performed in duplicate (Ster et al., 2010).
  • the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ cells was evaluated after incubation with the different mitogens.
  • the cells were centrifuged at 300*g for 5 min, suspended in PBS containing 0.5% BSA.
  • the mouse anti-bovine CD8 coupled with Alexa FluorTM 647 (diluted 1/20. AbD Serotec) and the mouse anti-bovine CD4 coupled with rPE (diluted 1/20. AbD Serotec) were then added. After 20 min of incubation on ice, the cells were washed three times with PBS containing 0.5% BSA. The cells were then suspended in PBS with 0.5% formaldehyde. The percentages of the proliferative populations were determined by flow cytometry on a BD FACS Canto II flow cytometer using the BD FACS Diva software.
  • Somatic cell count (SCC) determinations and bacterial analysis of aseptic quarter milk samples were carried out prior to experimental IMI to ensure that all cows were free of IMI.
  • Experimental infusion of mammary quarters with bacteria was performed in three (randomly chosen) of the four quarters of each cow after the evening milking according to a procedure previously described (Petitclerc et al., J. Dairy. Sci. (2007), 90: 2778-2787) with few modifications. Briefly, before inoculation, teats were scrubbed with gauze soaked in 70% ethanol. Teats were allowed to air-dry before intramammary infusion of 3 mL of bacterial suspension (containing 63 CFU) into three of the four quarters.
  • Recombinant His-tagged antigens for SACOL0029 (GenBankTM accession No.: YPJ84940.1) (SEQ ID NO: 5), SACOL0442 (SEQ ID NO: 29), SACOL0720 (SEQ ID NO: 11), SACOL1867 (GenBankTM accession No.: YPJ86695.1) (SEQ ID NO: 38), SACOL1912 (GenBankTM accession No.: YPJ86737.1) (SEQ ID NO: 43), and SACOL2385 (GenBankTM accession No.: YPJ87189.1) (SEQ ID NO: 50), were prepared and administered to healthy cows as described in Example 1 (Production of the antigens and Immunization of dairy cows).
  • Example 2 Antigen dependent proliferation of blood CD4+ and CD8+ cells from the vaccinated cows (9) and placebo cows (10) was evaluated as described in Example 1 (Evaluation of the cellular immune response) four weeks after the second immunization (just before the experimental infection) for each antigen.
  • the results for CD4+ cells are shown in FIG. 2 , in which each symbol represents the percentage of CD4+ cells that have proliferated for each cow after a week of incubation with the positive control (ConA) or each antigen.
  • Open circles (o) represent data for the vaccinated cows, black squares ( ⁇ ) represent data for the placebo cows.
  • Horizontal lines represent the medians: dashed lines represent the medians for the vaccinated cows while continuous lines represent the medians for the placebo cows.
  • the symbol * shows the statistical differences between the vaccinated and the placebo groups for antigens SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720 and SACOL1912 (*, PO.05).
  • CD8+ cells were similar for the vaccinated and placebo cows for all antigens with the exception of the antigen SACOL0720 for with higher proliferation of the CD8+ cells was observed for the vaccinated cows (data not shown). Induction of CD8+ cells also seemed to be important for the resolution of the infection (Riollet et al., 2001; Burton and Erskine, 2003).
  • the vaccine was able to stimulate both cellular (CD8+) and humoral (CD4+) immune response.
  • the vaccine #1 with its different antigens leads to a balanced immune response.
  • Example 1 Experimental S. aureus IMI infection in dairy cows were carried out and evaluated as described in Example 1 (Experimental S. aureus IMI in dairy cows, Evaluation of the S. aureus viable counts after experimental infections, Evaluation of the somatic cell counts and Statistical analysis).
  • 63 CFU of S. aureus were infused into 3 of the 4 quarters of the vaccinated (9) and placebo cows (10) at the evening milking (day 1, arrow in FIG. 3 ).
  • Aseptic milk samples were taken at morning milking and SCC was determined by Valacta (Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC). The results are shown FIG.
  • Example 5 Correlation Between SCC or the Viable Counts of S. aureus (CFU) Relative to Serum or Milk IgG Titers against Specific Antigens—Vaccine #1
  • Example 6 Materials and Methods for Vaccine Including SACOL0442, SACOL0720, and a Fusion Between SACOL1867 and SACOL0029—Vaccine #2
  • the antigens are polypeptides encoded by: SACOL0029 (GenBankTM accession No.: YP_184940.1) (SEQ ID NO: 5).
  • SACOL1867 GenBankTM accession No.: YPJ86695.1 (SEQ ID NO: 38).
  • SACOL0442 SEQ ID NO: 29
  • SACOL0720 SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • the SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 antigens were included in the form of a fusion. His-tagged recombinant proteins of SACOL0720 and SACOL0029-1867 were engineered and produced by GenScript. Inc.
  • a his-tagged recombinant protein of SACOL0442 was engineered and produced using QIA expression technology (pQE30 plasmid) from Qiagen Inc. (Mississauga. ON. Canada), according to the manufacturers' recommendations. (see FIGS. 21D-E and I, and items II, III and VII for SACOL0720. SACOL0442, and SACOL0029-1867 his-tagged sequences).
  • the surface protein ClfA (SEQ ID NO: 184), was also additionally produced by using the QIA expression vector by cloning the clfA gene from S. aureus ATCC 25904. The latter recombinant protein was not part of the vaccine composition but was used in ELISA assays to determine IgG titers of sera against other S. aureus proteins such as ClfA.
  • the vaccine was composed of 300 ⁇ g of each of 3 antigens (SACOL0442 and SACOL0720 as defined in Example 1 and the fusion SACOL0029-1867) and with EmulsigenTM-D (MVP Technologies, Omaha, Nebr.).
  • CpG ODN 2007 i.e. Tc ⁇ T06 ⁇ T06THT6T06 ⁇ (SEQ ID NO: 194) (IDT, Coralville, Iowa)
  • IDT IDT, Coralville, Iowa
  • IpG ODN 2007 i.e. Tc ⁇ T06 ⁇ T06THT6T06 ⁇ (SEQ ID NO: 194) (IDT, Coralville, Iowa)
  • IIPWKWPWWPWRR SEQ ID NO: 195, GenScript, Piscataway, N.J., Chemprep Inc., Miami, Fla.
  • Detection of total IgG by ELISA Detection of total IgG against each of the antigens in serum was performed as previously described with some modifications (Ster et al., Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), 136: 311-318).
  • Nunc MaxiSorpTM 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with the test antigen (5 g/mL diluted in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. Sigma Aldrich, Oakville, ON) and incubated overnight at 37° C. The plates were then saturated with the PBS containing 0.5% gelatin (BD, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) for 1 h at 37° C.
  • FIG. 5 shows serum total IgG titers for the vaccinated cows for each antigen of the vaccine (including the fused antigens SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 (labeled SACOL0029-1867 on FIG. 5 ).
  • Each open circle represents the titer four weeks after the second immunization for each cow (just before the experimental infection) whereas each black diamond represents the preimmune titer.
  • Horizontal lines represent the medians: solid line for the preimmune serums, dotted line for the samples taken four weeks after immunization. Titers for the vaccinated cows are higher than the titers of the preimmune serums (**, P ⁇ 0.01; ***, P ⁇ 0.001 for the other antigens tested).
  • FIG. 5 thus shows that the vaccine composed of three separate antigens, including a fusion peptide, induces a strong immune response in the cows. Furthermore, FIG. 5 surprisingly shows that the fused antigens SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 (fusion SACOL0029-SACOL1867) raised antibody titers that were above those raised by each of the antigen alone (Compare FIG. 1A vs. FIG. 5 ) and that such fused antigens provide an additional benefit to the vaccine.
  • the titers of immune cows against SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 reached 3200 and 51200, respectively ( FIG. 1A ), whereas when these antigens were administered as a fusion, the titers of immune cows reached 12800 and 409600, respectively ( FIG. 5 ), showing that the fusion create an unexpected synergy in the immune response.
  • Example 8 Materials and Methods for Vaccine Comprising SACOL0029, SACOL1867, and a Fusion Between SACOL1867 and SACOL0029—Vaccine #3
  • antigens Three antigens derived from two genes that are highly expressed during S. aureus bovine intramammary infection were selected for inclusion in a vaccine. These antigens are: SACOL0029 (GenBankTM accession No.: YP_184940.1) (SEQ ID NO: 5), SACOL1867 (GenBankTM accession No.: YP_186695.1) (SEQ ID NO: 38) and a fusion between SACOL1867 and SACOL0029 (GenBankTM accession No.: YPJ84940.1) (SEQ ID NO: 5). His-tagged recombinant proteins of SACOL0029, SACOL1867 and SACOL0029-1867 were engineered and produced by GenScript, Inc. (Piscataway, N.J.). (see FIGS. 21A , F and I, items I. IV and VII for SACOL0029, SACOL1867, and SACOL0029-1867 his-tagged sequences).
  • mice The immunogenic properties of recombinant S. aureus proteins encoded by the SACOL0029, SACOL1867 genes and a fusion of SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 were evaluated in mice.
  • Four groups of mice received the exact equimolar quantity of proteins, either in a monovalent form (SACOL0029 or SACOL1867) or in a multivalent form (the fusion SACOL0029-1867 or SACOL0029 together with SACOL1867 in combination), were compared.
  • mice Five micrograms of the fusion were administered to one group of mice.
  • the corresponding molar quantity of 5 ⁇ g of the SACOL0029-1867 fusion was determined to be 168.55 pmol, in regard to its theoretical molecular weight.
  • An amount of 1.15 ⁇ g and 3.69 ⁇ g of SACOL0029 and SACOL1867, respectively was administered in two other groups of mice in order to provide 168.55 pmol of each antigen, respectively.
  • the last group of mice received the combination of the two individual antigens (168.55 pmol of each).
  • SACOL0029, SACOL1867 and the SACOL0029-1867 fusion polypeptides were individually mixed and suspended in PBS to obtain the final equimolar quantity of each antigenic dose in a volume of 100 ⁇ l.
  • Twenty CD-1 female mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A (5 mice) received 5 ⁇ g of the SACOL0029-1867 fusion protein (Fusion); group B (5 mice) received 1.15 ⁇ g of SACOL0029 and 3.69 ⁇ g of SACOL1867 (Combination): group C (5 mice) received 1.15 ⁇ g of SACOL0029 (0029) and group D received 3.69 ⁇ g of SACOL1867 (1867).
  • the CD-1 mice were immunized by two subcutaneous injections in the neck two weeks apart. No adverse side effects were observed during the totality of the experimental immunization period. Blood samples were taken just before the first priming injection (preimmune serums) and ten days after the boost immunization (immune serums). The blood aliquots were allowed to clot at room temperature for an hour, centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4° C. The sera were harvested and kept at ⁇ 20° C. until subsequent analysis.
  • TMB 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine
  • Example 9 The Fusion of Antigens Induces Significantly Higher Antibody Titers Compared to Monovalent Antigens or a Combination of Antigens—Vaccine #3
  • FIG. 6 shows that an antigen (SACOL1867) included in a fusion polypeptide (i.e., the SACOL0029-1867 fusion protein) can induce a strong and specific antibody immune response against that specific antigen (SACOL1867), and, more importantly, that this response can be significantly higher than that obtained with a monovalent form of this antigen (SACOL1867 administered alone) or a multivalent combination of individual polypeptides that are part of the fusion (combination of SACOL1867 plus SACOL0029).
  • SACOL1867 administered alone
  • SACOL0029 a fusion polypeptide
  • FIG. 6 shows that an antigen (SACOL1867) included in a fusion polypeptide (i.e., the SACOL0029-1867 fusion protein) can induce a strong and specific antibody immune response against that specific antigen (SACOL1867), and, more importantly, that this response can be significantly higher than that obtained with a monovalent form of this antigen (SACOL1867 administered alone) or a multivalent combination of individual polypeptid
  • Example 10 Materials and Methods for Vaccines Including SACOL0720 Fragments) and/or SACOL442 Fragment(s)—Vaccines #4-6
  • Peptides and amino acid fragments of 15 to 50 amino acids in length and derived from sequences SACOL0442 and/or SACOL0720 were selected based on the presence of B-cell epitopes. Fusions of peptide epitopes were also designed in which an amino acid linker (for example, EAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID NO: 62), or ERKYK (SEQ ID NO: 61) or KDYERKYKKHIVS (SEQ ID NO: 196)) joined the various epitopes.
  • Peptides and amino acid fragments were synthesized by Biomatik, Inc. (Cambridge. ON). Upon receipt, lyophilised peptides and amino acid fragments were suspended in sterile water at a concentration of 5 mg/mL and stored at ⁇ 80° C. until day of use.
  • mice Peptides and amino acid fragments were used as antigens for immunization of mice.
  • each peptide and amino acid fragment or a combination of such were mixed and suspended in PBS containing 20% of the EMULSIGEN®-D oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant to obtain a final dose of 100 ⁇ g of polypeptide per dose, unless otherwise specified.
  • CD-1 female mice were randomly divided into different groups of 3 to 4 animals. Mice were immunized by two subcutaneous injections in the neck two weeks apart. No adverse side effects were observed during the totality of the experimental period.
  • Detection of total IgG by ELISA Detection of serum total IgG, against specific amino acid sequences found in the antigens used for the immunization of mice, was performed as previously described with some modifications (Ster et al., Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), 136: 311-318).
  • Nunc MaxiSorpTM 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with 100 ⁇ I of each of the target amino acid sequences diluted at a final concentration of 5 ⁇ ç/ ⁇ i, in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer (Sigma Aldrich. Oakville, ON) and incubated overnight at room temperature.
  • the plates were then saturated with PBS containing 5% skim milk powder for 1 h at 37° C.
  • PBS containing 5% skim milk powder for 1 h at 37° C.
  • One hundred microliters of four-fold or two-fold serial dilutions of the sera in PBS containing 1% milk and 0.025% TweenTM 20 were loaded into the plates and incubated for 1 h at 37° C.
  • the plates were then washed three times with PBS containing 0.05% TweenTM 20.
  • One hundred microliters of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody were then added to the plate.
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • the secondary antibody used was a goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., West Grove, Pa.), diluted 1/5000 in PBS containing 1% milk and 0.025% TweenTM 20. After 1 h of incubation at 37° C. followed by 3 washes with PBS TweenTM 20 and a final wash with PBS, peroxidase activity was detected with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reagent (KPL Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
  • TMB 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine
  • the sequence of the fusion of peptides was KDGGKYTLESHKELQEAAAKEAAAKKDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 3) (vaccine #4), where the linker is italicized and the different epitopes are identified in bold characters.
  • Example 12 A Fusion of Multiple Epitopes Used as an Antigen in Immunizations Significantly Enhances the Immune Response against a Single Epitope—Vaccine #4
  • the sequence of the fusion of peptides was KDGGKYTLESHKELQEAAAKEAAAKKDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 3), where the linker is italicized and the different epitopes are identified in bold characters.
  • the epitopes were KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1) encoded from SACOL0442, KDINKIYFMTDVDL (SEQ ID NO: 23) encoded from SACOL0720, and DVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 24) also encoded from SACOL0720.
  • immunization with the fusion of three peptide epitopes significantly increased the antibody production against an amino acid fragment encoded from SACOL0442 (GEHLPKGNIVINTKDGGKYTLESHKELQKDRENVKINTAD) (SEQ ID NO: 2), which contains the peptide epitope KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1), compared to the antibody level obtained when only using the peptide epitope KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1) as antigen for immunization.
  • Sera were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies directed toward a fragment of the native protein encoded by SACOL0720 (SEQ ID NO: 25) (i.e. polyhistidine version shown in FIG. 21 D, item II). Both mice vaccinated with the peptide fragment corresponding to the variant sequence of amino acids (or fusion SACOL0720-720) produced antibodies that recognized epitopes in the original sequence of amino acids in an ELISA assay with titers of 1/6400 or higher.
  • a fusion of peptide epitopes encoded from SACOL0442 and SACOL0720 was combined to a polypeptide fusion containing sequences of SACOL0029 and SACOL 1867 (see sequence in FIG. 21H , Item VII) and was used to vaccinate mice (vaccine #6).
  • the peptide fusion 0442-0720 and the polypeptide fusion 1867-0029 were mixed and suspended in PBS containing 20% of the EMULSIGEN®-D oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant to obtain a final dose of 100 ⁇ g and 5 ⁇ g per dose of the peptide fusion (0442-0720) and the polypeptide fusion (0029-1867), respectively.
  • the IgG antibodies from the sera harvested from the animals were able to bind amino acid fragments comprising epitopes from either SACOL0442 or SACOL0720 or to polypeptide SACOL0029 or SACOL1867 in ELISA assays with antibody titers of 1/6400 or higher.
  • the fusion of peptides and polypeptides used for immunization and the polypeptides or amino acid fragments used as antibody targets in ELISA assays are shown in the Table IV below.
  • S. aureus ATCC 29213 and its isogenic mutant ⁇ 720 were previously described (Allard ef al. 2013). Except otherwise stated, S. aureus strains were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and agar (TSA) (BD, ON, Canada), and Escherichia coli DH5a were grown in LB and LBA medium (BD). Whenever required, ampicillin (IOO ⁇ ç/i ⁇ I) (Sigma, Oakville.
  • BMEC bovine mammary epithelial cell
  • MAC-T Human mammary epithelial cell
  • the MAC-T cells were routinely cultured and maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), supplemented with 5 ⁇ g/ml insulin (Roche Diagnostics Inc., Laval, Canada) and 1 Mg/ml hydrocortisone (Sigma), and incubated at 37° C. in a humidified incubator with 5% C02.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
  • FBS heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum
  • DNA manipulations Recommendations from the manufacturers of kits were followed for genomic DNA isolation (Sigma), plasmid DNA isolation (Qiagen, ON, Canada), extraction of DNA fragments from agarose gels (Qiagen) and purification of PCR products and of digested DNA fragments (Qiagen).
  • Primers (IDT® Integrated DNA Technologies; Coraville, Iowa, USA) were designed to add restriction sites upstream and downstream of the amplified products.
  • Plasmid constructs were generated using E, coli DH5a (Invitrogen, Burlington, ON, Canada), restriction enzymes (NEB), and the T4 DNA ligase (NEB). Plasmid constructs were validated by restriction digestion patterns and DNA sequencing before electroporation in S. aureus RN4220 (Kreiswirth ef al., 1983) and in final host strains. Plasmids used in Examples 15-25 are listed in Table V above.
  • S. aureus ATCC 29213 mutant for gene SACOL0720 was generated using the TargeTronTM Gene Knockout System (with the TargeTronTM Vector pNL9164 (Sigma-Aldrich Canada Ltd.) (Chen et al., 2007) for disruption of bacterial genes by insertion of group II introns (fragment size of approx. 2 Kb as previously described (Allard et al., 2013) between nucleotide 803 and 804 in S. aureus ATCC29213. The manufacturer protocols and recommendations were followed.
  • pBT-E:hemB the temperature-sensitive pBT2-hemB:emrA
  • pBT-E:hemB the temperature-sensitive pBT2-hemB:emrA
  • the pBT-E plasmid was constructed by the insertion of an ermA cassette between Xbal and Sail sites of temperature-sensitive shuttle vector pBT2 (Bruckner, 1997).
  • the flanking regions of gene hemB (SACOL1715) DNA fragments were amplified from S.
  • aureus ATCC 29213 and were cloned on both sides of the ermA cassette into the plasmid pBT-E.
  • the plasmid was then transferred for propagation into S. aureus RN4220 (res-).
  • plasmid DNA was isolated and used to transform ATCC 29213 and ⁇ 720 by electroporation.
  • bacteria were first grown overnight at 30° C. with 10 ⁇ g/ml of erythromycin and a 1 ⁇ g/ml hemin supplementation (Sigma-Aldrich, ON, Canada).
  • Bacteria were then diluted 1:1000 and grown overnight at 42° C. with 2.5 ⁇ g/ml of erythromycin and 1 ⁇ g/ml hemin. This step was repeated twice. Finally, bacteria were diluted 1:1000 and grown overnight at 42° C. without antibiotics. Mutants with the inactivated hemB gene were selected as resistant to erythromycin and sensitive to chloramphenicol, together with an SCV phenotype that can be complemented (i.e., reversion to the normal growth phenotype) by a 5 Mg/ml hemin supplementation on agar plates. The deletion of hemB in the ATCC 29213 (i.e., ⁇ hemB) and ⁇ 720 (i.e., ⁇ hemB ⁇ 720) strains was confirmed by PCR (see FIGS. 8A and B).
  • MAC-T BMECs were used for the characterization of intracellular infectivity and persistence of ATCC 29213 (WT) and its isogenic mutants. Forty-eight hours before infection, 1 ⁇ 10 5 /ml MAC-T cells were seeded on treated 24-well plates (Corning) to obtain 30% confluence. Monolayers were grown to confluence under 10% CO 2 at 37° C. Six hours prior to infection, monolayers were washed with DMEM and incubated with invasion medium (IM) (growth medium without antibiotics containing 1% heat-inactivated FBS).
  • IM invasion medium without antibiotics containing 1% heat-inactivated FBS.
  • the treatment was allowed for 30 min to determine CFUs at 3 h of infection, or for an additional 12 or 24 h. Then, following extensive washing with Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS), monolayers were detached with trypsinization and lysed with 0.05% Triton X-100 and PBS was added to obtain a final I X concentration. The lysate was serially diluted and plated on TSA for CFUs determination.
  • DPBS Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline
  • BMECs viability and metabolic activity assay To determine the cytotoxic damage inflicted by S. aureus ATCC 29213 (WT) and its isogenic mutants on MAC-T cells, the MTT cell metabolic activity assay that measures the reduction of 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) into an insoluble formazan product in viable cells, was performed. The assay followed the method of Kubica ef a/. (Kubica ef a/, 2008) with some modifications. Briefly, S.
  • aureus infection of cells was achieved as described in the persistence assay, but instead of lysis after 12 h or 24 h, cells were incubated with 100 ⁇ I of MTT reagent (5 mg/ml) (Sigma) in DPBS for 2 h at 37° C. Following this, an acidic solvent solution of 16% SDS and 40% PMF, pH 47, was added to lyse the cells and solubilize the crystals of formazan overnight. The samples were read using an Epoch microplate reader (Biotek Instruments Inc.) at a wavelength of 570 nm.
  • mice mastitis model of infection is based on that previously described (Brouillette, 2005; Brouillette, 2004). All the experiments performed with mice were approved by the ethics committee on animal experimentation of the Faculte des sciences of the Universite de Sherbrooke and were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
  • lactating CD-1 mice (Charles River Laboratories) were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine at 87 and 13 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, and mammary glands were inoculated under a binocular. Mammary ducts were exposed by a small cut at the near ends of teats and a 100 ⁇ l-bacterial suspension containing 10 2 CFUs in endotoxin-free phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, Sigma) was injected through the teat canal using a 32-gauge blunt needle.
  • PBS endotoxin-free phosphate-buffered saline
  • Total protein extraction from mammary glands was performed by an optimized method previously described (Pulli ef a/., 2013), with some modifications.
  • Mammary tissues were homogenized in a buffer containing a final concentration of potassium phosphate of 50 mM, pH 6.0, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) 50 mM (Sigma).
  • CAB hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide
  • the samples were then sonicated, freeze-thawed in liquid nitrogen, and centrifuged at 2000 g for 15 min at 4° C. Finally, the fat layer was removed by aspiration, and supernatants were saved for a final centrifugation of 15 min at 15 000 g, to discard every cellular debris.
  • Neutrophil recruitment in mammary tissues was measured by quantification of MPO enzyme activity by the o-dianisidine-H 2 O 2 method, modified for microplates (Bradley, RD, and Rothstein. GPPC, 1982).
  • 10 ⁇ I of tissue extraction supernatants were incubated with a solution of o-dianisidine hydrochloride (0.0.167 mg/mL) (Sigma) and 0.0005% H 2 O 2 (Sigma) in 50 mM CTAB phosphate buffer 50 mM, pH 6.0.
  • the MPO activity was measured kinetically with intervals of 15 s over a period of 5 min in an Epoch microplate reader at 460 nm.
  • a Unit of MPO was considered as the amount of enzyme that degrades 1 ⁇ mol of H 2 O 2 /min at 25° C., assuming an absorption coefficient of 11.3 mM ⁇ 1 cm ⁇ 1 at 460 nm for o-dianisidine (Zhang ef a/., 2004). Results were expressed as units of MPO per g of gland.
  • mice Animal immunizations with the live attenuated mutant ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB.
  • the immunogenic properties of the attenuated strain ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB administered as a live vaccine were evaluated in mice.
  • SC subcutaneous
  • the doses of 10 6 , 10 7 and 10 8 CFUs and the SC route were selected for subsequent experiments.
  • S. aureus ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB colonies previously grown on BHIA plates were washed twice in ice cold PBS and suspended in PBS containing 15% glycerol, then aliquoted and kept at ⁇ 80° C. until subsequent use.
  • Mice were immunized by two subcutaneous injections of bacteria in PBS (100 ⁇ l), in the neck, two weeks apart. Blood samples were taken just before the priming injection (preimmune serums) and ten days after the boost immunization (immune serums). Blood aliquots were allowed to clot at room temperature for an hour and then centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4° C. The serums were collected and kept at ⁇ 20° C. until subsequent analysis.
  • S. aureus whole cell extracts were prepared as previously described with some modifications (Asli ef a/., 2016). Briefly, overnight bacterial cultures were diluted 1/1000 in fresh BHI broth, and then incubated at 35° C. (225 rpm) until an ⁇ 600 nm of ⁇ 0.8 was reached. Bacterial cells were centrifuged and pellets were washed in ice-cold PBS twice and suspended with the addition of 5 ml of PBS per ml of pellet.
  • Detection of serum total IgG against the ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB vaccination strain and each of the bovine IMI isolates was performed to demonstrate and measure the systemic humoral response generated by the immunization of mice.
  • Nunc MaxiSorpTM 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with 100 ⁇ l of each of the whole S. aureus cell extracts (10 Mg/ml diluted in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer, Sigma), and incubated overnight at room temperature. The plates were then saturated with PBS containing 5% skim milk powder for 1 h at 37° C., followed by a second blocking step with an addition of 5% porcine serum to prevent unspecific S. aureus protein A interactions.
  • Example 16 Construction of Strain S. aureus ATCC 29213 ⁇ 720, ⁇ hemB and ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB
  • a mutation in gene SACOL0720 was shown to alter the virulence of S. aureus in experimental IMI infections in the cow (Allard et al., 2013).
  • a stable S. aureus SCV was first created through the deletion of the hemB gene ( ⁇ hemB) (see Example 15, Generation of live attenuated S. aureus strain ⁇ 720 and ⁇ hemB). Further attenuation of this SCV was then achieved by inactivation of gene SACOL0720 ( ⁇ 720) (see Example 15. Generation of ⁇ hemB ⁇ 720).
  • Example 18 Strain S. aureus ⁇ hemB ⁇ 720 is Attenuated in a Mouse IEM Model
  • the virulence of the double mutant was evaluated and compared to the WT strain in a murine IMI model (Brouillette and Malouin, 2005).
  • the exponential phase of infection took place mainly within the first 12 h post-infection, while the maximal bacterial burden was reached at 24 h for the double mutant and 48 h (day 2 [D2]) for the WT strain ( FIG. 12 ).
  • the double mutant showed a reduction of 1.9 log 10 in mean CFU/g of gland compared to WT (P ⁇ 0.05).
  • the mutant bacterial burden showed a constant decline until complete bacterial clearance was reached at day 12 (shown by the asterisk on FIG. 12 ).
  • the parental WT strain provoked severe invasive infections compared to the mutant, killing 3 of 9 remaining mice at day 2 and 2 of 3 mice at day 7 ( FIG. 12 ; arrows) before glands could be harvested for those groups.
  • Mice surviving the WT infection maintained high viable counts (9 log 10 CFU/g of gland) at day 7, an approximate 5 log 10 difference in bacterial burden compared to the double mutant.
  • the attenuated strain ⁇ hemB ⁇ 720 appears ideal for vaccination purposes and for intracellular delivery of antigens. Indeed, the low and temporary internalization of ⁇ hemB ⁇ 720 should help stimulation of cell-mediated immunity, a component of the immune response that is important for defense against S. aureus (Fowler and Proctor, 2014).
  • MPO activity was monitored in M2QkhemB infected glands 4 and 12 days after infection. The level of activity was then compared to levels obtained with PBS injected mice. As illustrated in FIG. 15 , the apparent neutrophil presence in mutant infected glands was still high 4 days after infection, with MPO activity ranging from 8 to 21 Units/g of gland. Besides, gland involution, the process by which the lactating gland returns to a morphologically near pre-pregnant state, is ordinarily associated with neutrophilic recruitment that allows phagocytosis of apoptotic cells during the remodelling of tissue (Stein, 2007).
  • mice glands are already in that normal state of modification, as indicated by their rapid shrinking.
  • MPO levels in mutant infected glands went through a substantial decline between day 4 and 12, (P ⁇ 0.01). MPO levels were then considered to be back to a normal level at day 12 showing no significant difference from that obtained with the PBS-injected mice.
  • the inflammatory response of L720 hemB infected glands goes back to normal levels with bacterial clearance ( FIG. 15 ).
  • mice were immunized with different doses of the live vaccine and serum total IgGs were assayed for binding to whole cell extracts of a variety of S. aureus bovine isolates.
  • doses of 10 6 , 10 7 and 10 8 CFUs, administered subcutaneously in the neck triggered no adverse effect such as modification of mice behavior or signs of inflammation or necrosis at the immunization site throughout the immunization period.
  • immunization using increasing amounts of the live double mutant ATCC 29213 ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB yielded increasing titers of systemic IgG antibodies against a whole cell extract of its own antigens ( FIG. 15B ).
  • the titers of the immune sera were significantly higher than those of the preimmune sera, demonstrating specificity of antibody production against S. aureus antigens present in the live vaccine.
  • immunization using increasing amounts of ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB also yielded a consequential rise of antibody titers against a variety S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis, including strains from the major spa types found in Canada and elsewhere in the world ( FIG. 15C ).
  • mice using subcutaneous injections of live ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB raised a strong humoral response as judged by the high titers of total IgG measured against a whole bacterial cell extract.
  • the vaccine strain ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB had sufficient common features with bovine mastitis strains so that the antibody response also strongly recognized strains from a variety of common mastitis associated spa types.
  • double mutant background (ATCC 29213) share many common features with bovine mastitis strains
  • such a double mutant can be created in any desired genetic background if one wishes, notably in any strain that was isolated from bovine mastitis, such as but not limited to S. aureus strain RF122.
  • Example 21 Material and Methods—SACOL0442, SACOL0720, SACOL0029 and a Fusion Between SACOL1867 and SACOL0029+Attenuated Live Bacteria (Vaccine #7)
  • the production of antigens was performed as described in Example 6, in the section production of the antigens except for the additional presence of the antigen SACOL0029. His-tagged recombinant proteins of SACOL0029 were engineered and produced by GenScript. Inc. (Piscataway, N.J.). (see FIG. 21A , item 1, his-tagged sequence).
  • CD-1 female mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: group 1 (5 mice) received a mixed protein dose (protein Mix); group 2 (5 mice) received an attenuated bacteria ( ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB) dose ( ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB); group 3 (6 mice) received a combination of mixed proteins and attenuated bacteria (combination). CD-1 female mice were immunized by two subcutaneous injections in the neck two weeks apart. The proteins and bacterial strains doses were diluted in PBS as previously described and administered in a final volume of 100 ⁇ I for each group of mice.
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • the secondary antibodies used were a goat anti-mouse IgG, lgG2a and lgG1 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., West Grove, Pa.), diluted 1/5000 respectively in PBS containing 3% milk and 0.025% TweenTM 20. After 1 h of incubation at 37° C. followed by 3 washes, peroxidase activity was detected with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reagent (KPL Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
  • TMB 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine
  • Example 22 The Fusion of Antigens and the Combination with a Live Attenuated S. aureus Strain Induces High Antibody Titers in Mice—Vaccine #7
  • Example 21 The antigens and live attenuated S. aureus strain ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB are produced as described in Example 21. Mice are immunized and IgGs detected as described in Example 21.
  • Example 23 The Live Attenuated S. aureus Strain Significantly Improves Antibody Immune Response against Some Specific Antigens—Vaccine #7
  • the antigens and live attenuated S. aureus strain ⁇ 7202hemB are produced as described in Example 21. Mice are immunized and IgGs detected as described in Example 21.
  • Example 24 The Live Attenuated S. aureus Strain Induces Significant Antibody Titers against Additional Surface Proteins of S. aureus —Vaccine #7
  • Example 21 The antigens and live attenuated S. aureus strain ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB are produced as described in Example 21. Mice are immunized and IgGs detected as described in Example 21.
  • results in FIG. 18 show that immunization with the attenuated live strain ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB (alone or when co-administered with polypeptide antigens) significantly increases the production of specific antibodies against the staphylococcal surface protein ClfA, compared to that achieved with the protein mix alone composed of SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, and SACOL0029-1867.
  • Example 25 The Live Attenuated S. aureus Strain Significantly Balances the Th1/Th2 Immune Response—Vaccine #7
  • the antigens and live attenuated S. aureus strain ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB are produced as described in Example 21.
  • Serum lgG2a and IgG1 isotypes against the SACOL0029-1867 fusion protein were detected in serums of vaccinated mice as previously described and the ratio of lgG2a to lgG1 titers of each mouse was determined, lgG2a isotype is associated with the Th1 immune response in mice, whereas lgG1 is a marker for the Th2 response.
  • the induction of lgG2 production in cows and the extent of the lgG2 titers in milk significantly correlates with protection of the cows against a challenge with S. aureus , as judged by the levels of the corresponding somatic cells (SCC) or bacterial counts (CFU) in milk of the cows ( FIG. 4C ).
  • FIGS. 19 and 20 demonstrate that the attenuated live strain ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB included in the combination immunization vaccine ( ⁇ 720 ⁇ hemB S. aureus administered with SACOL0029, SACOL0442. SACOL0720, and SACOL0029-1867) induces a significantly higher lgG2a/lgG1 antibody ratio against the SACOL0029-1867 fusion and SACOL0029 proteins than that seen with the protein mix immunization (SACOL0029, SACOL0442. SACOL0720, and SACOL0029-1867), resulting in a significantly more balanced Th1/Th2 response.
  • Examples 21 to 25 above show that even if a strong antibody response was obtained by the immunization with different antigens (including e.g., SACOL0029-1867 fusion) in a protein mix composition, the immunization of mice with a combination of these antigens with a live attenuated strain significantly improved immune responses against S. aureus , by inducing higher antibody titers against some specific antigens (e.g., SACOL0029), by the production of antibodies against other staphylococcal proteins (e.g., ClfA), and by achieving a more balanced lgG2a/lgG1 ratio, a good marker of a stronger Th1 type response, against the antigens coadministered with the live strain.
  • antigens including e.g., SACOL0029-1867 fusion
  • SACOL0029-SACOL1867-SACOL0442 SACOL0442-SACOL0029-SACOL0720, SACOL0442-SACOL0029-SACOL0720, SACOL0442-SACOL1867-SACOL0720, SACOL0720-SACOL0442-SACOL1867, SACOL04029-SACOL1867-SACOL0720-SACOL0442, are cloned in plasmid pCN36 (Charpentier ef a/., 2004) under a constitutive promoter (PblaZ from plasmid pCN40) (Charpentier ef a/., 2004) and expressed in the S. aureus ⁇ hemB ⁇ 720 strain.
  • Certain protein antigens proposed herein are predicted to be an exotoxin, enterotoxin or superantigen (e.g., SACOL0442) or proteins useful for protection against host defenses (e.g., SACOL0720) and could potentially interfere with the mammalian immune system and antibody production, and/or show some toxicity in the host. Although such interference was not observed with the vaccine composition and formulations described here, it may be useful to modify the protein or polypeptide expressed in the S. aureus ⁇ hemB ⁇ 720 strain so that the cloned genes do not complement its virulence.
  • SACOL0442 enterotoxin or superantigen
  • SACOL0720 proteins useful for protection against host defenses
  • recombinant protein expression Is also confirmed by Western blots of bacterial lysates.
  • CD-1 female mice are vaccinated by two subcutaneous injections two weeks apart.
  • Each of the S. aureus ⁇ hemB ⁇ 720 strains carrying or not one of the constructed expression vectors are diluted in saline and administered in a final volume of 100 ⁇ l per dose.
  • Group 1 receives a double-mutant strain alone; group 2 receives a double-mutant strain expressing fusion SACOL0029-1867; group 3 receives a double-mutant strain expressing fusion SACOL0029-0442; group 4 receives a double-mutant strain expressing fusion SACOL0029-0720; group 5 receives a mixture of double-mutant strains, one expressing fusion SACOL0029-1867 and the other expressing fusion SACOL0029-0442; group 6 receives a mixture of double-mutant strains, one expressing fusion SACOL0029-1867 and the other expressing fusion SACOL0029-0720; and group 7 receives a mixture of double-mutant strains.
  • Blood samples are taken just before the first injection and twelve days after the second one. The samples are allowed to clot at room temperature for an hour, then centrifuged at 2 000 g for 10 min at 4° C. The supernatants (sera) are harvested and kept at ⁇ 20° C. until subsequent analysis. Mice are euthanized at day 27 and blood is collected by cardiac puncture. The immune sera are recovered, aliquoted and stored as for the pre-immune sera.
  • the immune response to vaccination is evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of serum polyclonal IgG antibodies directed towards S. aureus whole cells (Wood strain) or specific recombinant proteins.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • Anti-mouse IgG-HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • TMB 3.3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine

Abstract

There is provided a fusion construct of formula (I): X-A-linker-B-Z (I) wherein: (1) A and B are identical or different and are independently: (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL264 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 185), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 22D (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92), a SACOL0718 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 186), a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIGS. 23I-J (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120), a SACOL1353 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 187), a SACOL1416 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 188), a SACOL1611 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 189), a SACOL1867 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 25D (SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164), a SACOL1912 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 43), a SACOL1944 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 190), a SACOL2144 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 191), a SACOL2365 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 192), a SACOL2385 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 50) or a SACOL2599 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 193), based on the gene nomenclature from the Staphylococcus aureus COL (SACOL) genome set forth in NCBI Reference Sequence NC_002951.2; (b) a polypeptide encoded by a gene from a same operon as a gene encoding the polypeptide of (a); (c) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a) or (b); (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (c); or (e) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic variant comprising at least 13 consecutive amino acids of any one of (a) to (c); (2) the linker is an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid or is absent; (3) X is absent or is an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid; and (4) Z is absent or is an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid. Also provided are compositions and kits comprising the fusion and uses of these fusions, compositions and kits.

Description

    CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This patent application is a divisional patent application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, now U.S. patent Ser. No. ______, which a national stage entry of International Patent Application No. PCT/CA2017/051253, filed Oct. 20, 2017, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/411,120, filed Oct. 21, 2016, the contents of which are herein incorporated in their entirety.
    • STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
  • N.A.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present Invention relates to vaccine constructs and uses thereof against Staphylococcus infections. More specifically, the present invention is concerned with vaccine constructs combining antigens and their uses against Staphylococcus infections such as bovine intramammary infections (IMI).
    • REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING
  • Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.821(c), a sequence listing is submitted herewith as an ASCII compliant text file named SEQUENCE LISTING USP62411120_ST25, created on Oct. 5, 2017 and having a size of 278 kilobytes. The content of the aforementioned file is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Bovine mastitis is the most frequent and costly disease for dairy producers and Staphylococcus aureus is considered to be the transmittable bacterium that is the most often responsible for the development of the disease (Sears ef al., 2003). Staphylococcal IMIs, which may lead to mastitis, are difficult to treat and frequent relapses are common (Sandholm ef al., 1990).
  • The development of vaccines for the prevention and control of S. aureus IMIs has been extensively investigated although no formulation has demonstrated protective efficacy to date. This is probably because of inadequate vaccine targets (Middleton, 2008; Middleton 2009), high diversity among strains capable of provoking mastitis (Buzzola, 2007; Kerro-Dego, 2006; Middleton, 2008) or the failure to elicit an appropriate immune response (Bharathan, 2011; Ferens, 2000; Fowler, 2014; Proctor, 2012). It is increasingly understood that immunity solely based on vaccine-induced antibodies may be important but is however insufficient for inducing protection against S. aureus (Middleton 2008; Middleton 2009). It appears that cell mediated immunity (CMI) based on Th1 and Th17 type responses may be necessary to complete the protection (Fowler, 2014: Lin, 2009; Proctor, 2012: Spellberg, 2012).
  • Bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics in vitro is a poor predictor of therapeutic efficacy in chronically infected cows (Owens ef al., 1997). Although infections that follow treatment of mastitis can be due to newly acquired strains, they are often the result of the persistence of the original infective organism (Sandholm ef al., 1990; Myllys ef al., 1997). Existing therapies thus often fail to eliminate the infection and it would be highly desirable to find novel approaches to prevent or treat staphylococcal IMI.
  • A lack of vaccine efficacy and protective ability has been noted for commercially available S. aureus vaccines (Middleton, 2008). Thus, it would be highly desirable to use highly efficient S. aureus antigens that are known to be expressed during IMI as vaccine components for protection against IMI and mastitis.
  • The present invention seeks to meet these and other needs.
  • The present description refers to a number of documents, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • In a first aspect, the present invention provides fusion polypeptides displaying increased immunogenicity and their use as vaccine against staphylococcal IMI.
  • A characteristic of staphylococcal such as S. aureus IMI is the ability of S. aureus to persist within host cells. In particular. S. aureus small colony variants (SCVs) do not generally generate invasive infections and can be internalized in host cells. In a further aspect therefore, the present invention provides live-attenuated S. aureus strains for vaccine purposes based on the phenotypic aspects of SCVs to provide an immune response against such strains and increase the vaccine protective efficacy.
  • In an aspect, the present invention provides the following items:
  • Item 1: A fusion construct of formula (I): X-A-linker-B-Z (I) wherein: (1) A and B are identical or different and are independently: (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL0264 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 185), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 22D (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92), a SACOL0718 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 186), a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIGS. 23I-K (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120), a SACOL1353 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 187), a SACOL1416 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 188), a SACOL1611 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 189), a SACOL1867 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 25D (SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164), a SACOL1912 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 43), a SACOL1944 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 190), a SACOL2144 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 191), a SACOL2365 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 192), a SACOL2385 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 50) or a SACOL2599 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 193), based on the gene nomenclature from the Staphylococcus aureus COL (SACOL) genome set forth in NCBI Reference Sequence NC_002951.2; (b) a polypeptide encoded by a gene from a same operon as a gene encoding the polypeptide of (a); (c) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a) or (b); (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (c); or (e) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic variant comprising at least 13 consecutive amino acids of any one of (a) to (c); (2) the linker is an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid or is absent; (3) X is absent or is an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid; and (4) Z is absent or is an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid.
  • Item 2: The construct of item 1, wherein (1) (a) is a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 22D (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92), a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIGS. 231-K (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120), or a SACOL1867 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 25D (SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164).
  • Item 3: The construct of item 2, wherein at least one of A and B is (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131); (b) a polypeptide encoded by a gene from a same operon as a gene encoding the polypeptide of (a); (c) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a) or (b); (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (c); or (e) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic variant comprising at least 13 consecutive amino acids of any one of (a) to (d); and the other one of A and B is (a′) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL1867 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 25D (SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164); (b′) a polypeptide encoded by a gene from a same operon as a gene encoding the polypeptide of (a′); (c′) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a′) or (b′); (d′) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a′) to (c′); or (e′) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic variant comprising at least 12 consecutive amino acids of any one of (a′) to (d′).
  • Item 4: The construct of item 2, wherein at least one of A and B is (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 22D (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92); (b) a polypeptide encoded by a gene from a same operon as a gene encoding the polypeptide of (a); (c) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a) or (b); (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (c); or (e) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic variant comprising at least 13 consecutive amino acids of any one of (a) to (d); and the other one of A and B is (a′) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIGS. 23I-K (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120); (b′) a polypeptide encoded by a gene from a same operon as a gene encoding the polypeptide of (a′); (c′) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a′) or (b′); (d′) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a′) to (c′); or (e′) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic variant comprising at least 12 consecutive amino acids of any one of (a′) to (d′).
  • Item 5: The construct of item 2, wherein A and B are identical or different and are (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIGS. 23I-K (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120); (b) a polypeptide encoded by a gene from a same operon as a gene encoding the polypeptide of (a); (c) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a) or (b); (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (c); or (e) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic variant comprising at least 13 consecutive amino acids of any one of (a) to (d).
  • Item 6: The construct of any one of items 1-2 and 4, wherein said immunogenic fragment (d) comprises one or more of the following amino acid sequences:
  • (SEQ ID NO: 34)
    KDTINGKSNKSRNW;
    and
    (SEQ ID NO: 1)
    KDGGKYTLESHKELQ
  • Item 7: The construct of item 6, wherein said immunogenic fragment (d) comprises one or more of the following amino acid sequences:
  • (SEQ ID NO: 30)
    STQNSSSVQDKQLQKVEEVPNNSEKALVKKLYDRYSKDTINGKSNKSRNWVYSERPLN
    ENWRIHLEGTYTVAGRVYTPKRNITLNKEWTLKELDHIIRFAHISYGLYMGEHLPKGNI
    VINTKDGGKYTLESHKELQKDRENVKINTADIK NVTFKLVKSVNDIEQV;
    (SEQ ID NO: 32)
    DKQLQKVEEVPNNSEKALVKKLYDRYSKDTINGKSNKSRNWWSERPLNENQVRIHLEG
    TYTVAGRVYTPKRNIT LNKEWTLKELDHIIRFAHISYGLYMGEHLPKGNIVINTK;
    and
    (SEQ ID NO: 33)
    DKQLQKVEEVPNNSEKALVKKLYDRYSKDTINGKSNKSRNWVYSERPLNENQVRIHLE
    GTYTVAGRVYTPKRNITLNKEWTLKELDHIIRFAHISYGLYMGEHLPKGNIVINTKDGGK
    YTLESHKELQKDRENVKINTADIKNVTFKLVKSV NDIEQV.
  • Item 8: The construct of any one of items 1-2 and 4-5, wherein said immunogenic fragment (d) comprises one or more of the following amino acid sequences:
  • (SEQ ID NO: 21)
    QFGFDLKHKKDALA;
    (SEQ ID NO: 22)
    TIKDQQKANQLAS;
    (SEQ ID NO: 23)
    KDINKIYFMTDVDL;
    and
    (SEQ ID NO: 24)
    DVDLGGPTFVLND.
  • Item 9: The construct of item 8, wherein said immunogenic fragment (d) comprises one or more of the following amino acid sequences:
  • (SEQ ID NO: 12)
    RASLSSEIKYTAPHDVTIKDQQKANQLASELNNQKIPHFYNYKEVIHTKLYKDNLFDVK
    AKEPYNVTITSDKYIPNTD
    LKRGQADLFVAEGSIKDLVKHKKHGKAIIGTKKHHVNIKLRKDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPT
    FVLNDKDYQEIRKYTKAK
    HIVSQFGFDLKHKKDALALEKAKNKVDKSIETRSEAISSISSLTG;
    (SEQ ID NO: 13)
    ASLSSEIKYTAPHDVTIKDQQKANQLASELNNQKIPHFYNYKEVIHTKLYKDNLFDVKA
    KEPYNVTITSDKYIPNTDL
    KRGQADLFVAEGSIKDLVKHKKHGKAIIGTKKHHVNIKLRKDINKINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTF
    VLNDKDYQEIRKYTKAKHI
    VSQFGFDLKHKKDALALEKAKNKVDKSIETRSEAISSISSLTG;
    (SEQ ID NO: 14)
    ASLSSEIKYTAPHDVTIKDQQKANQLASELNNQKIPHFYNYKEVIHTKLYKDNLFDVKA
    KEPYNVTITSDKYIPNTDL
    KRGQADLFVAEGSIKDLVKHKKHGKAIIGTKKHHVNIKLRKDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTF
    VLNDKDYQE;
    (SEQ ID NO: 15)
    KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKDYQEIRKYTKAKHIVSQFGFDLKHKKDALA;
    (SEQ ID NO: 16)
    KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKD;
    (SEQ ID NO: 17)
    KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKDY;
    (SEQ ID NO: 19)
    KD INKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLN D;
    (SEQ ID NO: 18)
    SQFGFDLKHKKDALA;
    and
    (SEQ ID NO: 20)
    KHIVSQFGFDLKHKKDALA.
  • Item 10: The construct of any one of items 1-3, wherein said immunogenic fragment (cl) comprises one or more of the following amino acid sequences:
  • (SEQ ID NO: 165)
    PYNGWSFKDATGF;
    (SEQ ID NO: 167)
    AHPNGDKGNGGIYK;
    (SEQ ID NO: 169)
    SISDYPGDEDISVM;
    (SEQ ID NO: 172)
    RGPKGFNFNENVQA;
    (SEQ ID NO: 175)
    QFESTGTIKRIKDN;
    and
    (SEQ ID NO: 178)
    GNSGSPVLNSNNEV.
  • Item 11: The construct of item 10, wherein said immunogenic fragment (d) comprises the following amino acid sequence:
  • (SEQ ID NO: 39)
    TQVKDTNIFPYNGWSFKDATGFVIGKNTIITNKHVSKDYKVGDRITAHPNGDKGNGGIY
    KIKSISDYPGDEDISVM
    NIEEQAVERGPKGFNFNENVQAFNFAKDAKVDDKIKVIGYPLPAQNSFKQFESTGTIKRI
    KDNILNFDAYIEPGNSG SPVLNSNNEVIGWYGGIGKIGSEYNGAVYFTPQIKDFIQKHIEQ.
  • Item 12: The construct of any one of items 1 to 11, wherein the linker comprises at least four identical or different amino acids selected from the group consisting of glycine, serine, alanine, aspartate, glutamate and lysine.
  • Item 13: The construct of any one of items 1 to 12, wherein the linker comprises (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 67), (ERKYK)n (SEQ ID NO: 61); or (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 63), wherein n=1 to 5.
  • Item 14: The construct of any one of items 1 to 13, wherein said X comprises a polyhistidine of 6 to 10 amino acids.
  • Item 15: The construct of any one of items 1 to 13, wherein said X is absent.
  • Item 16: The construct of any one of items 1 to 15, wherein said Z is absent.
  • Item 17: An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the construct defined in any one of items 1 to 16.
  • Item 18: A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid defined in item 17.
  • Item 19: A host cell comprising the vector defined in item 18.
  • Item 20: The cell of item 19, which is a live attenuated form of Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Item 21: The cell of item 20, wherein the live attenuated form of Staphylococcus aureus has a stabilized small colony variant (SCV) phenotype.
  • Item 22: The cell of item 21, wherein the live attenuated form of Staphylococcus aureus having a stabilized SCV phenotype is a ΔhemBΔ720 S. aureus.
  • Item 23: A composition comprising: (A) at least one of the constructs defined in any one of items 1 to 16; at least one of the nucleic acid molecules defined in item 17; at least one of the vectors defined in item 18; or at least one of the cells defined in any one of items 19 to 22; and (B) (i) the polypeptide defined in any one of items 1 to 11; (ii) a live attenuated Staphylococcus aureus; (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; (iv) an adjuvant; or (v) a combination of at least two of (i) to (iv).
  • Item 24: The composition of item 23, wherein the live attenuated form of Staphylococcus aureus expresses: (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL0264 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 185), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 22D (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92), a SACOL0718 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 186), a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIGS. 231-K (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120), a SACOL1353 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 187), a SACOL1416 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 188). SACOL1611 (SEQ ID NO: 189), a SACOL1867 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 25D (SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164), a SACOL1912 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 43). SACOL1944 (SEQ ID NO: 190), a SACOL2144 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 191), a SACOL2365 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 192), a SACOL2385 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 50) or a SACOL2599 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 193) based on the gene nomenclature from the Staphylococcus aureus COL (SACOL) genome set forth in NCBI Reference Sequence NC_002951.2; (b) a polypeptide encoded by a gene from a same operon as a gene encoding the polypeptide of (a); (c) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a) or (b); (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (c); or (e) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic variant comprising at least 13 consecutive amino acids of any one of (a) to (c).
  • Item 25: The composition of item 23 or 24, wherein the live attenuated form of Staphylococcus aureus has a stabilized small colony variant (SCV) phenotype.
  • Item 26: The composition of any one of items 23 to 25, wherein the adjuvant comprises alum, an oil (e.g., emulsified oil, mineral oil), saponin (e.g., Quil-A™), cyclic-diguanosine-5′-monophosphate (c-di-GMP), polyphosphasine, indolicidin, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) or a combination of at least two thereof.
  • Item 27: A method for preventing and/or treating a Staphylococcal intramammary infection (IMI) in a mammal, said method comprising administrating to said mammal an effective amount of the construct defined in any one of items 1 to 16: of the nucleic acid molecule defined in item 17; of the vector defined in item 18; of the cell defined in any one of items 19 to 22; or of the composition defined in any one of items 23 to 26.
  • Item 28: The method of item 27, wherein said Staphylococcal IMI is caused by one or more Staphylococcus aureus strains.
  • Item 29: The method of item 27 or 28, wherein said mammal is a cow.
  • Item 30: A use of an effective amount of (i) the construct defined in any one of items 1 to 16; (ii) the nucleic acid molecule defined in item 17; (iii) the vector defined in item 18; of the cell defined in any one of items 19 to 22; (iv) the composition defined in any one of items 23 to 26; or (v) a combination of at least two of (i) to (iv), for preventing and/or treating a Staphylococcal intramammary infection (IMI) in a mammal.
  • Item 31: The use of item 30, wherein said Staphylococcal IMI is caused by one or more Staphylococcus aureus strains.
  • Item 32: The use of item 30 or 31, wherein said mammal is a cow.
  • Item 33: The construct defined in any one of items 1 to 16; the nucleic acid molecule defined in item 17; the vector defined in item 18; the cell defined in any one of items 19 to 22; the composition defined in any one of items 23 to 26 or a combination of at least two thereof, for use in the prevention and/or treatment of a Staphylococcal intramammary infection (IMI) in a mammal.
  • Item 34: The construct, nucleic acid molecule, vector, cell, composition or combination of item 33, wherein said Staphylococcal IMI is caused by one or more Staphylococcus aureus strains.
  • Item 35: The construct, nucleic acid molecule, vector, cell or composition of item 33 or 34, wherein said mammal Is a cow.
  • Item 36: A kit for preventing and/or treating a Staphylococcal intramammary infection (IMI) in a mammal comprising: (A) (i) at least one of the constructs defined in any one of items 1 to 16; (ii) at least one of the nucleic acid molecules defined in item 17; (iii) at least one of the vectors defined in items 18; (iv) at least one of the cells defined in any one of items 19 to 22; or (v) a combination of at least two of (i) to (iv), and (B) (i) the polypeptide defined in any one of items 1 to 11; (ii) a live attenuated Staphylococcus aureus; (iii) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; (iv) an adjuvant; (v) instructions for using the kit for preventing and/or treating a Staphylococcal intramammary infection (IMI) in a mammal; or (vi) a combination of at least two of (i) to (v).
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • In the appended drawings:
  • FIGS. 1A-D, shows serum total IgG (FIG. 1A), lgG1 (FIG. 1B), and lgG2 (FIG. 1C) titers for the vaccinated (9) and placebo (0.10) cows for each antigen of the vaccine, namely SACOL0029, SACOL0442. SACOL0720, SACOL1867, SACOL1912, and SACOL2385, four weeks after the second immunization (just before the experimental infection). In FIG. 1D, the lgG2/lgG1 ratio is represented for the vaccinated cows. In FIGS. 1A, B and C, open circles (o) represent data for the vaccinated cows, black squares (▪) represent data for the placebo cows. Each symbol represents the titer for one cow. Horizontal lines represent the medians: dashed lines represent the medians for the vaccinated cows while continuous lines represent the medians for the placebo cows. In FIGS. 1A, B and C, titers for the vaccinated cows are higher than the titers for the placebo cows (P<0.0001). In FIG. 1 D, symbols represent the ratio lgG2/lgG1 for each cow. Horizontal lines represent the medians. The different letters show statistical differences. ***. P<0.001.
  • FIG. 2, shows antigen dependent proliferation of blood CD4+ cells from the vaccinated cows (9) and placebo cows (10) four weeks after the second immunization for each antigen. Each symbol represents the percentage of CD4+ cells that have proliferated for each cow after a week of incubation with the positive control (ConA) or each antigen, namely SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, SACOL1867. SACOL1912, and SACOL2385. Open circles (0.0) represent data for the vaccinated cows, black squares (▪) represent data for the placebo cows. Horizontal lines represent the medians: dashed lines represent the medians for the vaccinated cows while continuous lines represent the medians for the placebo cows. Statistical analysis: Mixed procedure of SAS. The symbol * shows the statistical differences between the vaccinated and the placebo groups for antigens SACOL0029. SACOL0442. SACOL0720 and SACOL1912 (*, P<0.05). In addition, the proliferation of CD8+ cells was similar for the vaccinated and placebo cows for all antigens with the exception of the antigen SACOL0720 for which higher proliferation of the CD8+ cells was observed for the vaccinated cows (data not shown).
  • FIG. 3, shows experimental S. aureus intramammary infections in dairy cows. Four weeks and 4 days after the second immunization, 63 Colony Forming Unit (CFU) of S. aureus were infused into 3 of the 4 quarters of the vaccinated (9) and placebo cows (10) at the evening milking (day 1, arrow in FIG. 3). Aseptic milk samples were taken at morning milking and Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) were determined by Valacta (Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC). Open circles (o) and the dashed line represent data for the vaccinated cows, while the black squares (▪) and the continuous line represent data for the placebo cows. Each open circle represents the mean of SCC for all the infected quarters of the vaccinated cows (27) while each square represents the mean of SCC for all the infected quarters of the placebo cows (30 quarters). Over the challenge period, somatic cell counts in milk were found to be significantly lower for the vaccinated cows than for the placebo cows (***: PO.001).
  • FIGS. 4A-C. FIG. 4A shows the correlation between CFU and the SCC for each cow, and FIG. 4B shows the correlation between serum IgG1 titer against SACOL0442 and SCC for each cow. Each symbol represents data for one cow. In FIG. 4A, it represents the mean of SCC and CFU for the 3 infected quarters from the beginning to the end of the infection. In FIG. 4B, it represents the mean of SCC for the 3 infected quarters from the beginning to the end of the infection and the serum lgG1 titer against SACOL0442 four weeks after the second immunization and just before the experimental infection. Open circles represent data for the vaccinated cows and black squares represent data for the placebo cows. There is a strong correlation between the SCC/ml and the CFU/ml and a negative correlation between the SCC and the lgG1 titer against SACOL0442. In FIG. 4C, the correlation between SCC or CFU relative to milk lgG2 titer against SACOL0029 is shown for each cow ten days after experimental infection (6 weeks after the second immunization). Each symbol represents data for one cow ten days after the experimental infection. Aseptic milk samples were taken at morning milking and the viable counts of S. aureus were determined by 10-fold dilutions and plating on tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates while SCC were determined by Valacta (Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC). SCC and CFU data for each cow is the mean of the data for the 3 infected quarters ten days after the experimental infection. Milk samples for the determination of milk lgG2 titers are the mix of an equivalent volume of milk from the 4 quarters of each cow 10 days after the experimental infection (6 weeks after the second immunization). Black squares (▪) represent data for the placebo cows, open circles (o) represent data for the vaccinated cows.
  • FIG. 5, shows serum total IgG titers for the vaccinated cows for each antigen of a vaccine comprising the fused antigens SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 (shown as SACOL0029-1867) and the antigens SACOL0442 and SACOL0720. In the ELISA, the targeted antigens were SACOL0029-1867, SACOL0029, SACOL1867, SACOL0442 and SACOL0720. Each open circle represents the titer four weeks after the second immunization for each of the 11 cows whereas each black diamond represents the preimmune titer. Horizontal lines represent the medians: solid line for the preimmune serums, dotted line for the samples taken four weeks after immunization. Titers for the vaccinated cows are higher than the titers of the preimmune serums (**, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001 for the other antigens tested).
  • FIG. 6 shows serum total IgG titers against the SACOL1867 antigen of mice immunised with the fusion protein (SACOL0029-1867; fusion), a combination of the separate proteins (SACOL0029+SACOL1867; combination), the SACOL0029 protein only (0029) or SACOL1867 protein only (1867), in equivalent molar quantities. Open circles (o ) represent data for preimmune titers, black squares (▪) represent data for the immune titers. For the preimmune titers, preimmune sera were mixed equally between the 5 mice of each immunization group to obtain a preimmune pool titer, represented by one open circle per group. For the immune titers, each square symbol represents the titer for one mouse. Horizontal lines represent the medians: black lines represent the medians for the immune serums while dashed lines (and the open circle) represent the medians for the preimmune serums pool. Titers for the vaccinated mice in the fusion, combination and 1867 groups are higher than the titers for the preimmune mice (P<0.001), and the titers of the mice that received SACOL0029 monovalent antigen only were not found to be significantly different from the titers of the preimmune pool against SACOL1867. Statistical significance between immune titers of fusion group versus the combination and the two monovalent vaccines groups is shown (***: P<0.001).
  • FIG. 7. Serum total IgG (as measured by O.D. 450 nm in the ELISA assay) directed against a B-cell epitope sequence KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1) contained in a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SACOL0442 (GEHLPKGNIVINTKDGGKYTLESHKELQKDRENVKINTAD. SEQ ID NO: 2), and obtained from mice immunized with either a fusion of peptides encoded from SACOL0442 and SACOL0720 KDGGKYTLESHKELQEAAAKEAAAKKDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 3) (Group 1) or the peptide KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1) encoded from SACOL0442 (Group 2). Each group was composed of 4 animals (n=4) that were injected two times with equimolar amounts of the sequence KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1) (corresponding to 100 μg of KDGGKYTLESHKELQEAAAKEAAAKKDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 3) for Group 1 and 31.25 μg of KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1) for Group 2) at a 2-week interval, and sera were prepared from blood harvested one week after the last injection. The ELISA assay was carried out with serum samples diluted 100 000 times and a fragment from SACOL0442 (GEHLPKGNIVINTKDGGKYTLESHKELQKDRENVKINTAD, (SEQ ID NO: 2)) was used as the target antigen containing the peptide epitope KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1). Individual data are expressed as circles on the graph and the medians by bars. The difference between groups was found statistically significant (P<0.0286, Kuskal-Wallis test. GraphPad Prism™ 7.00).
  • FIGS. 8A-B. Deletion of hemB in ATCC29213 and Δ720 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. (FIG. 8A) The hemB gene in the wild-type (WT) strain ATCC29213 and its isogenic mutant Δ720 was deleted by homologous recombination and replacement with an ermA cassette to create the mutant strains ΔhemB and Δ720ΔhemB, respectively. Thick lines and numbers denote the PCR-amplified regions depicted in B for parental (1) and hemB deleted (2) strains. (FIG. 8B) PCR products of the WT strain and its isogenic ΔhemB mutant (similar results were obtained with Δ720 and Δ720ΔhemB strains).
  • FIGS. 9A-C, show influence of S. aureus ΔhemB, Δ720, and ΔhemBΔ720 mutations on MAC-T cell infectivity. MAC-T cells were infected with each of the four strains for 3 h, then were incubated with lysostaphin an additional 30 min (t=3 h), 12 h or 24 h and lysed for measurement of viable intracellular bacteria (CFU). (FIG. 9A) Relative recovery of the initial inoculum found within cells at t 3 h for Δ720, and (FIG. 9B) for ΔhemBΔ720 mutants. Results are normalized according to that obtained for ATCC 29213 (WT) or ΔhemB, respectively, and are expressed as means with SD (**, P≤0.01; ***, P≤0.001; unpaired f test). (FIG. 9C) Means and SD of intracellular CFUs for WT and mutants at 12 h (left) and 24 h (right). A two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test was used (*: P<0.05; ***: P<0.001). All values indicate the mean of three independent experiments, each performed in triplicate.
  • FIG. 10, shows persistence of S. aureus ATCC 29213 (WT) and isogenic mutants within MAC-T cells over time. MAC-T cells were infected with each of the four strains for 3 h, then were incubated with lysostaphin an additional 30 min. 12 h or 24 h and lysed for measurement of intracellular bacteria (CFU). Intracellular bacterial CFUs are expressed as the percentage of the initial inoculum after being transformed in base 10 logarithmic values (Log 10 CFU/ml). Values indicate the mean of three independent triplicate experiments with standard deviations.
  • FIGS. 11A-B, shows viability of MAC-T cells infected by S. aureus ATCC 29213 (WT) and isogenic mutants. MAC-T cells were infected with each of the four strains for 3 h, then were incubated with lysostaphin for 12 h (FIG. 11 A) or 24 h (FIG. 11 B). MTT viability assays were then performed with a method described in Kubica et al., 2008. The results are reported as percent viability relative to uninfected cells and are expressed as the mean with SD of three independent experiments done in triplicate. Statistical significance with (0) symbol are compared to the WT (Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test: * or Φ: P<0.05; **: P<0.01: ***: P<0.001; ΦΦΦΦ: P<0.0001).
  • FIG. 12. Shows murine IMIs with the parental (WT) and ΔhemBΔ720 (ΔΔ) strains. Mice were infected as previously described and glands harvested at the indicated hour (h) or day (D) after infection. Each column represents the median value of bacterial CFU counts for a group of glands, and ranges are indicated by bars. A minimum of six glands per group were used excepted for the WT strain at D7 (2 glands: only one mouse survived). Mortality of mice at specific time points is indicated by arrows. The asterisk indicates the clearance of ΔhemBΔ720) from glands (below the detection limit of 10 CFU/gland).
  • FIG. 13. Double mutant (Δ720ΔhemB) stimulates neutrophil influx in mammary glands to similar levels compared to WT in the first 24 hours following infection. Mice were infected as described in materials and methods, and a control group (PBS) of mice received a sterile PBS injection. Glands were harvested at indicated times, homogenized and kinetically assayed for MPO activity as described in materials and methods. Each dot represents MPO Units for one gland, which is shown as raw values adjusted by gram of gland. Means are represented by thick lines.
  • FIG. 14. Visual Inflammation of the large R4 and L4 mammary glands 24 h after mouse IMI with S. aureus ATCC 29213 (WT) and the double mutant Δ720ΔhemB (ΔΔ). Mice were infected as described in materials and methods, and control group (PBS) mice received a sterile PBS injection. Pictures show glands that were harvested after 24 h. In each panel, the R4 (left) and L4 (right) glands are shown.
  • FIG. 15A. Neutrophil infiltration goes back to normal levels after clearance of the double mutant Δ720ΔhemB. Mice were infected as described in materials and methods, and a control group (PBS) of mice received a sterile PBS injection. Glands were harvested at the indicated times, homogenized and kinetically assayed for MPO activity as described in materials and methods. Columns represent means of MPO Units of a group of 6 glands (4 for the PBS control) adjusted by gram of gland, and error bars illustrate standard deviation. Statistical significance between the Day 4 and 12 groups post infection is shown by (Φ) symbol. One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests were used (ΦΦ: P<0.01; NS: No significant difference between groups).
  • FIGS. 15B-C. Immunization of mice with the live-attenuated double mutant (Δ720ΔhemB) stimulates a strong humoral response against S. aureus bovine mastitis isolates of commonly found spa types. Mice were immunized as previously described: serums were collected before priming immunization (Preimmune) and ten days after the boost immunization (Immune). FIG. 15B. IgG titers rise with increasing doses of the live-attenuated strain Δ720GΔhemB each dot represents the total IgG titer of one mouse against a Δ720GA/iem8 whole cell extract. Medians are represented by thick lines for Immune titers and dashed lines for Preimmune titers. Titers were compared to their corresponding preimmune titers (Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test: ****: P<0.0001). FIG. 15C. Immunization with the live-attenuated mutant M20GLhemB confers IgG titers against components that are shared by mastitis strains of commonly found spa types. Each dot represents the total IgG titer of one mouse against the whole cell extract of the indicated strain. Medians are represented by thick lines for Immune titers and dashed lines for Preimmune titers. All immune titers were compared to their corresponding preimmune titer (P<0.0001) and between clinical strains (Two-way ANOVA and Sidak's multiple comparisons test: NS: no significant difference).
  • FIG. 16, shows total serum IgG titers against SACOL0029-1867 fusion protein of mice immunised with the protein mix (composed of 5 g of the antigens SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, and the SACOL0029-1867 fusion), 10 CFU of the attenuated live strain Δ720ΔhemB alone or a combination of the protein mix and the Δ720ΔhemB strain. Open circles (o) represent data for preimmune titers, black squares (▪) represent data for the immune titers. Each symbol represents the titer for one mouse. Horizontal lines represent the medians: black lines represent the medians for the immune serums while dashed lines represent the medians for the preimmune serums. Titers for the vaccinated mice in the protein mix group and combination group are higher than the titers for the preimmune mice (P<0.001). Statistical significance between immune titers of combination versus the two other vaccinated mice groups is shown (**: P<0.01).
  • FIG. 17, shows total serum IgG titers against SACOL0029 of mice immunised with the protein mix (composed of 5 Mg of the antigens SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, and the SACOL0029-1867 fusion), 105 CFU of the attenuated live strain Δ720ΔhemB alone or a combination of the protein mix and the Δ720ΔhemB strain. Open circles (o) represent data for preimmune titers, black squares (▪) represent data for the immune titers. Each symbol represents the total IgG titer for one mouse. Horizontal lines represent the medians: black lines represent the medians for the immune serums while dashed lines represent the medians for the preimmune serums. Statistical significance between immune and preimmune titers of the three mice groups is shown (**: P<0.01).
  • FIG. 18, shows total serum IgG titers against the staphylococcal surface protein ClfA for mice immunised with the SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, and SACOL0029-1867 protein mix, 105 CFU of the attenuated live strain Δ720ΔΛβπ7β alone or a combination of the protein mix and Lll b emB. Open circles (o) represent data for preimmune titers, black squares (▪) represent data for the immune titers. Each symbol represents the titer for one mouse. Horizontal lines represent the medians: black lines represent the medians for the immune serums while dashed lines represent the medians for the preimmune serums. Statistical significance between preimmune titers and immune titers is shown (*: P<0.05).
  • FIG. 19, below shows serum ratio of lgG2a/lgG1 titers against the SACOL0029-1867 fusion polypeptide for mice immunised with the protein mix, or the combination of the protein mix and the attenuated N2QNiemB live strain.
  • FIG. 20, shows serum ratios against the SACOL0029 antigen. Open squares (▪) represent data for preimmune titers, black squares (▪) represent data for the immune titers. Each symbol represents the titer ratio for one mouse. Horizontal lines represent the medians. Statistical significance between the protein mix group versus combination group ratios is shown (*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01).
  • FIGS. 21A-J. I. SACOL0029 polynucleotides (full length sequence SEQ ID NO: 4) and polypeptides (full length, fragment(s) and variant(s) sequences SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 9). Selected epitopes are shown shaded and/or bolded; II. SACOL0720 polynucleotides (full length sequence SEQ ID NO: 10) and polypeptides (full length, fragments and variant(s) sequences SEQ ID NOs: 11 to 27). Selected epitopes are shown shaded; Ill. SACOL0442 polynucleotides (full length sequence SEQ ID NO: 28) and polypeptides (full length, fragments and variant(s) sequences SEQ ID NOs: 29 to 36 and 1). Selected epitopes are shown shaded; IV. SACOL1867 polynucleotides (full length sequence SEQ ID NO: 37) and polypeptides (full length, fragment(s) and variant(s) sequences SEQ ID NOs: 38 to 41). Selected epitopes are shown shaded. Predicted transmembrane (enzim.hu/hmmtop/html/submit.html) domain shown bolded; V. SACOL1912 polynucleotide (full length sequence SEQ ID NO: 42) and polypeptides (full length and variant(s) sequences SEQ ID NOs: 43 to 44). Selected epitopes are shown shaded (see e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 45-48); VI. SACOL2385 polynucleotide (full length SEQ ID NO: 49) and polypeptides (full length and variant(s) sequences SEQ ID NOs: 50 to 51). Selected epitopes are shown shaded (see e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 52-53); VII. Fusions: (i) SACOL0029-1867 fusion polynucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 54 and 56) and polypeptide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 55, 57-58). In the polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences, the double underlined sequence, if any, is that of the polyhistidine, the italicized sequence is the sequence of the SACOL0029 fragment, the single underlined sequence is the sequence of the linker and the bolded sequence is the sequence of the SACOL1867 fragment; (ii) SACOL0720-720 fusion polypeptide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 27 In the polypeptide sequence, the double underlined sequence, if any, is that of the polyhistidine, the italicized sequences are the sequences of the SACOL0720 fragments and the single underlined sequence is the sequence of the linker; (iii) SACOL0442-720 fusion polypeptide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3). In the polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences, the double underlined sequence, if any, is that of the polyhistidine, the italicized sequence is the sequence of the SACOL0442 fragment, the single underlined sequence is the sequence of the linker and the bolded sequence is the sequence of the SACOL0720 fragment; and VIII. Sequences of linkers (SEQ ID NOs: 59 to 70)
  • FIGS. 22A-D I. Multiple polynucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 71-72, 28, 73 to 81) alignment for full length SACOL0442 and orthologues; II. Multiple polypeptide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92) alignment for full length SACOL0442, orthologues and consensus sequences derived therefrom are presented. In these sequences, “*” denotes that the residues in that column are identical in all sequences of the alignment, “:” denotes that conserved substitutions have been observed, and “.” denotes that semi-conserved substitutions have been observed. Consensus sequences derived from these alignments are also presented wherein X is any amino acid. In the polypeptide sequences, selected epitopes are shown shaded (see e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 1, 34, 93-97).
  • FIGS. 23A-K I. Multiple polynucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 98 to 104, 10, and 105 to 108) alignment for full length SACOL0720 and orthologues; H. Multiple polypeptide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120) alignment for full length SACOL0720, orthologues, and consensus sequences derived therefrom are presented. In these sequences, “*” denotes that the residues in that column are identical in all sequences of the alignment, “:” denotes that conserved substitutions have been observed, and “.” denotes that semi-conserved substitutions have been observed. Consensus sequences derived from these alignments are also presented wherein X is any amino acid. In the polypeptide sequences, selected epitopes are shown shaded (see e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 22, 19 and 21).
  • FIG. 24 Multiple polypeptide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131) alignment for full length SACOL0029, orthologues, and consensus sequences derived therefrom are presented. In these sequences, “*” denotes that the residues in that column are identical in all sequences of the alignment, “:” denotes that conserved substitutions have been observed, and “.” denotes that semi-conserved substitutions have been observed. Consensus sequences derived from these alignments are also presented wherein X is any amino acid. In the polypeptide sequences, selected epitopes are shown shaded (see e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 132-139). Bolded epitope identified by BCPred™. Shaded epitopes identified by AAp predictions.
  • FIGS. 25A-D. I-Multiple polynucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 140 to 151) alignment for full length SACOL1867 and orthologues; II-Multiple polypeptide sequences (SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164) alignment for full length SACOL1867, orthologues, and consensus sequences derived therefrom are presented. In these sequences, “*” denotes that the residues in that column are identical in all sequences of the alignment. “:” denotes that conserved substitutions have been observed, and “.” denotes that semi-conserved substitutions have been observed. Consensus sequences derived from these alignments are also presented wherein X is any amino acid. In the polypeptide sequences, selected epitopes are shown shaded (see e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 165-180) and the end of the signal peptide domain and/or transmembrane domain is marked with a line (separates signal peptide and/or transmembrane domain from secreted form).
  • FIG. 26. 1—polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 181) for full length SACOL1715 (hemB); and 11-amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 182) for full length SACOL1715 (hemB).
  • FIG. 27. 1—polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 183) for full length ClfA (NWMN_0756, newman); and 11-amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 184) for full length ClfA.
    •  DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
  • The present invention showed that a fusion of two antigens created an unexpected synergy in the immune response.
  • In addition, the present invention also stabilized the SCV phenotype of a Staphylococcus via hemB
  • (complete deletion thus impairing the possibility of reversion to an invasive phenotype (Tuchscherr, 2011)) enabling its use as a vaccine delivery system. HemB is coding for the HemB protein/monomer, which combines to create the porphobilinogen synthase or aminolevulinate dehydratase enzyme [EC 4.2.1.24]. In addition, further attenuation was brought about by inactivation of an antigen of the present invention, namely gene SACOL0720, which has been previously shown to be important for S. aureus in cationic peptide resistance (Falord, 2012; Kawada-Matsuo, 2011; Meehl, 2007) and in vivo during IMI (Allard, 2013). Hence, this attenuated double mutant strain expressing constructs of the present invention is usable for immunization and protection against IMIs.
    • General Definitions
  • Headings, and other identifiers, e.g., (a), (b). (i). (ii), etc., are presented merely for ease of reading the specification and claims. The use of headings or other identifiers in the specification or claims does not necessarily require the steps or elements be performed in alphabetical or numerical order or the order in which they are presented.
  • In the present description, a number of terms are extensively utilized. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided.
  • The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more”, “at least one”, and “one or more than one”.
  • Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of error for the device or method being employed to determine the value. In general, the terminology “about” is meant to designate a possible variation of up to 10%. Therefore, a variation of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10% of a value is included in the term “about”. Unless indicated otherwise, use of the term “about” before a range applies to both ends of the range.
  • As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”). “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, un-recited elements or method steps.
  • As used herein, the term “consists of” or “consisting of” means including only the elements, steps, or ingredients specifically recited in the particular claimed embodiment or claim.
    • Polypeptides, Nucleic Acids and Delivery Systems
  • As used herein, the term “vaccine” refers to any compound/agent (“vaccine component”), or combinations thereof, capable of inducing/eliciting an immune response in a host and which permits to treat and/or prevent an infection and/or a disease. Therefore, non-limiting examples of such agent include proteins, polypeptides, protein/polypeptide fragments, immunogens, antigens, peptide epitopes, epitopes, mixtures of proteins, peptides or epitopes as well as nucleic acids, genes or portions of genes (encoding a polypeptide or protein of interest or a fragment thereof) added separately or in a contiguous sequence such as in nucleic acid vaccines, and the like.
  • In an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fusion construct of formula I:

  • X-A-linker-B-Z  (formula (I),
  • Wherein A and B are identical or different and are each independently an antigenic polypeptide (i.e. native, fragment or variant thereof) of the present invention.
  • In a specific embodiment, A and/or B is (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL0264 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 185), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 22D (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92), a SACOL0718 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 186), a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIGS. 231-J (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120), a SACOL1353 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 187), a SACOL1416 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 188), SACOL1611 (SEQ ID NO: 189), a SACOL1867 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 25D (SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164), a SACOL1912 polypeptide as set forth in FIG. 21G-V (SEQ ID NO: 43), SACOL1944 (SEQ ID NO: 190), a SACOL2144 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 191), a SACOL2365 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 192), a SACOL2385 polypeptide as set forth in VI on FIG. 21H (SEQ ID NO: 50) or a SACOL2599 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 193). In a specific embodiment, the above polypeptide (a) is the secreted or extracellular fragment of the polypeptide defined above. Transmembrane domains can be predicted using, for example, the software TMpredrM (ExPASy) ch.embnet.org/software/TMPRED_form.html, psort.org/psortb/index.html enzim.hu/hmmtop/html/submit.html and/or Sign/P 4.1 (cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP). TMpred™ and Signal/P 4.1 predicted extracellular domain for: SACOL0720: AA 310-508; SACOL0442 AA 36 to 203. Enzim predicted a transmembrane domain SACOL1867 (1-40) so that extracellular domain was: AA 41-239 while psort.org/psortb/index.html predicted that SACOL1867 was an extracellular protein. Since the above-mentioned transmembrane and/or signal peptide domains are putative, the present invention encompasses cases where the antigens presented herein (e.g., SACOL1867) have or not a signal peptide and/or transmembrane domain and encompasses the corresponding extracellular fragments. In an embodiment, the above-mentioned polypeptide is a polypeptide normally secreted or expressed at the surface of the bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus).
  • The Genbank™ accession numbers for S. aureus genes listed herein and their encoded antigenic polypeptides encompassed by the present invention are depicted in Table I below:
  • TABLE I
    Genbank ™ accession numbers for the IMI-associated S. aureus genes
    and encoded polypeptides described herein
    Gene name Gene ID No. GenBank ™ protein No.
    SACOL0029 3236748 YP_184940.1
    (SEQ ID NO: 5)
    SACOL0100 3236858 YP_185004.1
    SACOL0101 3236840 YP_185005.1
    SACOL0105 3236844 YP_185009.1
    SACOL0148 3236734 YP_185048.1
    SACOL0154 3238707 YP_185054.1
    SACOL0204 3236774 YP_185103.1
    SACOL0205 3236775 YP_185104.1
    SACOL0264 3236683 YP_185159.1
    WP_000570071
    (SEQ ID NO: 185)
    SACOL0442 3236485 YP_185332.1
    (SEQ ID NO: 29)
    SACOL0461 3236475 YPJ85351.1
    SACOL0608 3236353 YP_185493.1
    SACOL0660 3238251 YP_185544.1
    SACOL0688 3236721 YP_185570.1
    SACOL0690 3236723 YP_185572.1
    SACOL0704 3236241 YP_185586.1
    SACOL0718 3236599 YP_185600.1
    WP_000985996
    (SEQ ID NO: 186)
    SACOL0720 3236600 YPJ85601.1
    (SEQ ID NO: 11)
    SACOL0829 3238649 YP_185703.1
    SACOL1054 3236163 YPJ85919.1
    SACOL1142 3236098 YP_186005.1
    SACOL1145 3237661 YP_186008.1
    SACOL1320 3236394 YP_186175.1
    SACOL1353 3236077 YP_186206.1
    WP_000603968
    (SEQ ID NO: 187)
    SACOL1416 3236563 YP_186268.1
    WP_000548932
    (SEQ ID NO: 188)
    SACOL1611 3236575 YPJ86451.1
    WP_001095260
    (SEQ ID NO: 189)
    SACOL1637 3238018 YP_186477.1
    SACOL1680 3238476 YP_186520.1
    SACOL1781 3236594 YPJ86614.1
    SACOL1812 3238705 YP_186645.1
    SACOL1867 3236101 YP_186695.1
    (SEQ ID NO: 38)
    SACOL1912 3236086 YP_186737.1
    (SEQ ID NO: 43)
    SACOL1944 3237515 YP_186769.1
    WP_000149064
    (SEQ ID NO: 190)
    SACOL2092 3238693 YP_186907.1
    SACOL2144 3237436 YP_186957.1
    WP_000908177
    (SEQ ID NO: 191)
    SACOL2169 3237416 YPJ86981.1
    SACOL2171 3237418 YP_186983.1
    SACOL2321 3238070 YP_187128.1
    SACOL2325 3238483 YP_187132.1
    SACOL2342 3235997 YP_187148.1
    SACOL2365 3238203 YP_187170.1
    WP_000827000
    (SEQ ID NO: 192)
    SACOL2379 3237628 YP_187183.1
    SACOL2385 3238646 YP_187189.1
    (SEQ ID NO: 50)
    SACOL2599 3237186 YP_187390.1
    AAW38600
    (SEQ ID NO: 193)
  • Consensuses derived from the alignments of certain the above listed polypeptides are presented in FIGS. 21-25. In specific embodiment of these consensuses, each X in the consensus sequences (e.g., consensuses in FIGS. 21-25) is defined as being any amino acid, or absent when this position is absent in one or more of the orthologues presented in the alignment. In specific embodiment of these consensuses, each X in the consensus sequences is defined as being any amino acid that constitutes a conserved or semi-conserved substitution of any of the amino acid in the corresponding position in the orthologues presented in the alignment, or absent when this position is absent in one or more of the orthologues presented in the alignment. In FIGS. 21-25, conservative substitutions are denoted by the symbol “:” and semi-conservative substitutions are denoted by the symbol In another embodiment, each X refers to any amino acid belonging to the same class as any of the amino acid residues in the corresponding position in the orthologues presented in the alignment, or absent when this position is absent in one or more of the orthologues presented in the alignment. In another embodiment, each X refers to any amino acid in the corresponding position of the orthologues presented in the alignment, or absent when this position is absent in one or more of the orthologues presented in the alignment. In a specific embodiment, A and/or B is a polypeptide satisfying any one of these consensuses or a fragment thereof.
  • Conservative amino acid mutation may include addition, deletion, or substitution of an amino acid; a conservative amino acid substitution is defined herein as the substitution of an amino acid residue for another amino acid residue with similar chemical properties (e.g., size, charge, or polarity). Such a conservative amino acid substitution may be a basic, neutral, hydrophobic, or acidic amino acid for another of the same group (see e.g., Table II below). By the term “basic amino acid” it is meant hydrophilic amino acids having a side chain pK value of greater than 7, which are typically positively charged at physiological pH. Basic amino acids include histidine (His or H), arginine (Arg or R), and lysine (Lys or K). By the term “neutral amino acid” (also “polar amino acid”), it is meant hydrophilic amino acids having a side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH, but which has at least one bond in which the pair of electrons shared in common by two atoms is held more closely by one of the atoms. Polar amino acids include serine (Ser or S), threonine (Thr or T), cysteine (Cys or C), tyrosine (Tyr or Y), asparagine (Asn or N), and glutamine (Gin or Q). The term “hydrophobic amino acid” (also “non-polar amino acid”) is meant to include amino acids exhibiting a hydrophobicity of greater than zero according to the normalized consensus hydrophobicity scale of Eisenberg (1984). Hydrophobic amino acids include proline (Pro or P), isoleucine (He or I), phenylalanine (Phe or F), valine (Val or V), leucine (Leu or L), tryptophan (Trp or W), methionine (Met or M), alanine (Ala or A), and glycine (Gly or G). “Acidic amino acid” refers to hydrophilic amino acids having a side chain pK value of less than 7, which are typically negatively charged at physiological pH. Acidic amino acids include glutamate (Glu or E), and aspartate (Asp or D).
  • A semi-conserved amino acid replaces one residue with another one that has similar steric conformation, but does not share chemical properties. Examples of semi-conservative substitutions would include substituting cysteine for alanine or leucine; substituting serine for asparagine; substituting valine for threonine; or substituting proline for alanine.
  • The Table II below indicates which amino acid belongs to each amino acid class.
  • Class Name of the amino acids
    Aliphatic Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine
    Hydroxyl or Sulfur/ Serine, Cysteine, Selenocysteine, Threonine,
    Selenium-containing Methionine
    Cyclic Proline
    Aromatic Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan
    Basic Histidine, Lysine, Arginine
    Acidic and their Amide Aspartate, Glutamate, Asparagine, Glutamine
  • The similarity and identity between amino acid or nucleotide sequences can be determined by comparing each position in the aligned sequences. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparisons of similarity and/or identity may be conducted using a variety of algorithms, for example using a multiple sequence alignment program/software well known in the art such as ClustalW™, SAGA™, UGENE™ or T-coffee™. Examples of multiple sequence alignments are described in the examples below and depicted in FIGS. 21 A to 25.
    • Gene Operon
  • In another embodiment, A and/or B is (b) a polypeptide encoded by a gene from a same operon as a gene encoding the polypeptide of (a) as defined above. For example, SACOL0718 is a gene from the same operon as SACOL0720.
    • Fragment
  • In another embodiment, A and/or B Is (c) a polypeptide comprising an Immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a) or (b) as defined above.
  • An Immunogenic fragment of a protein/polypeptide Is defined as a part of a protein/polypeptide which is capable of inducing/eliciting an immune response in a host. In an embodiment, the immunogenic fragment is capable of eliciting the same immune response in kind, albeit not necessarily in amount, as the protein/polypeptide. An immunogenic fragment of a protein/polypeptide preferably comprises one or more epitopes of said protein/polypeptide. An epitope of a protein/polypeptide is defined as a fragment of said protein/polypeptide of at least about 4 or 5 amino acids in length, capable of eliciting a specific antibody and/or an immune cell (e.g., a T cell or B cell) bearing a receptor capable of specifically binding said epitope. Two different kinds of epitopes exist: linear epitopes and conformational epitopes. A linear epitope comprises a stretch of consecutive amino acids. A conformational epitope is typically formed by several stretches of consecutive amino acids that are folded in position and together form an epitope in a properly folded protein. An immunogenic fragment as used herein refers to either one, or both, of said types of epitopes. In an embodiment where immunogenic fragments are used alone (i.e. not fused in a larger polypeptide construct (e.g., fusion with other antigenic fragment)), the immunogenic fragment of a protein/polypeptide comprises at least 16 amino acid residues. In a further embodiment, the immunogenic fragment comprises at least 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, or 160 consecutive amino acids of the native protein/polypeptide. In a specific embodiment, the fragment has at least 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, or 50 or more consecutive amino acids of the native protein/polypeptide. In an embodiment where the at least one immunogenic fragment forms part of a larger polypeptide construct (e.g., fusion with other antigenic polypeptide, fragment or variant thereof), the immunogenic fragment comprises at least 13 consecutive amino acid residues of the polypeptide. Without being so limited, fragments encompassed by the present invention comprise immunogenic fragments of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of SACOL029 as shown in FIG. 21 (and corresponding fragments in SACOL029 orthologues (e.g., depicted in FIG. 24); of SACOL0442 as shown in FIG. 21 (and corresponding fragments in SACOL0442 orthologues (e.g., depicted in FIG. 22); of SACOL0720 as shown in FIG. 21, (and corresponding fragments in SACOL0720 orthologues (e.g., depicted in FIG. 23); and of SACOL1867 as shown in FIG. 21 (and corresponding fragments in SACOL1867 orthologues (e.g., depicted in FIG. 25). In another embodiment, fragments encompassed by the present invention include immunogenic fragments comprising at least one epitope of antigenic proteins/polypeptides of the present invention (polypeptide (a) defined above). In another embodiment, fragments encompassed by the present invention include immunogenic fragments comprising at least one epitope as depicted (shaded) in any one of the antigenic proteins/polypeptides depicted in any one of FIGS. 21 to 25. Without being so limited, epitopes in a sequence may be predicted with softwares such as BCPred™, AAP™, FBCPred™ and ABCPred™.
  • In an embodiment, the above-mentioned immunogenic fragment comprises a sequence that is conserved (i.e. identical) in at least two different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. In further embodiments, the above-mentioned immunogenic fragment comprises a sequence that is conserved (i.e. identical) in at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. In another embodiment, the above-mentioned strains of Staphylococcus aureus are COL, RF122, NCTC 8325, JH1, JH9, Newman, Mu3, Mu50, USA300-FPR3757, N315, MW2 or MSSA476. In an embodiment, the above-mentioned strains of Staphylococcus aureus are associated with bovine mastitis (e.g., RF122).
    • Variants
  • In another embodiment, the above-mentioned polypeptide, or a polypeptide substantially identical to said polypeptide, is expressed in at least two different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Substantially identical as used herein refers to polypeptides having at least 60% of identity, in embodiments at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of identity in their amino acid sequences. In further embodiments, the polypeptides have at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of identity in their amino acid sequences with other polypeptides to which they are compared.
  • In another embodiment. A and/or B is (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (c) defined above. In other embodiments, the amino acid is at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to (a) (e.g., over their full length). In further embodiments, the amino acid is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% to (a). For example, antigens orthologues presented in alignments of FIGS. 21-25 are not identical but present a certain identity with the antigens or fragments to which they are compared. Consensuses presented in these FIGs embody such percent identities.
  • In another embodiment, A and/or B is (e) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic variant comprising at least 13 consecutive amino acids of any one of (a) to (d). An immunogenic variant of a protein/polypeptide is defined as a part of a protein/polypeptide which is capable of inducing/eliciting an immune response in a host. As will be understood by the person of ordinary skill, agents (proteins/polypeptides, fragments thereof) having non-naturally occurring modifications (e.g., immunogenic variants) and which are capable of inducing an immune response specific for the unmodified agent (e.g., capable of inducing the production of antibodies capable of recognizing the unmodified agent) are also within the scope of the term “vaccine component”. For example, the vaccine components of the present invention can be modified to enhance their activity, stability, and/or bioavailability, and/or to reduce their toxicity. Conservative amino acid substitutions may be made, like for example replacement of an amino acid comprising an acidic side chain by another amino acid comprising an acidic side chain, replacement of a bulky amino acid by another bulky amino acid, replacement of an amino acid comprising a basic side chain by another amino acid comprising a basic side chain, and the like. A person skilled in the art is well able to generate variants of a protein/polypeptide. This is for instance done through screening of a peptide library or by peptide changing programs. An immunogenic variant according to the invention has essentially the same immunogenic properties of said protein in kind, not necessarily in amount. An immunogenic variant of a protein/polypeptide of the invention may for instance comprise a fusion protein and/or chimeric protein. For example, the biological function of a protein identified herein predicted to be an exotoxin, enterotoxin or superantigen (e.g., SACOL0442) could potentially interfere with the mammalian immune system and antibody production, and/or show some toxicity in the host. Although such interference was not observed when the SACOL0442 polypeptide was used in combination with for example SACOL0720 during immunization, it may be useful to modify the protein or polypeptide used for vaccination so that the biological activity of the exotoxin is decreased. For such a purpose, it is possible to inactivate the exotoxin with chemicals (e.g., formaldehyde). It is also possible to use molecular biology techniques to delete or mutate the putative region(s) involved in exotoxin activity without losing immunogenicity (Chang ef a/., 2008). Another example is the conjugation or mixture of amino acid-based components with nucleic acids (e.g., genes or portions of genes added separately or in a contiguous sequence) carbohydrates such as those found in microbial polysaccharide capsules or biofilms. Other examples of variants include antigens described herein or fragments thereof comprising at either of their N or C terminus or inserted within their antigen sequence, an oligopeptide useful for purification (e.g., affinity purification) or useful as a spacer or linker. Examples of oligopeptides useful for affinity purification include polyhistidine tags (e.g., 6-10 histidine residues including or not RGS tags (e.g. HHHHHH, RGSHHHHHH, or RGSHHHHHGS). The his-tag may also be followed by an amino acid sequence suitable to facilitate a removal of the polyhistidine-tag using endopeptidases. The “X” and/or “Z” segments as recited in formula (I) also may comprise such oligopeptide useful for purification and/or sequence suitable to facilitate removal of such oligopeptide useful for purification.
  • In specific embodiments, the immunogenic fragment comprises at least one epitope of the polypeptide (a). Without being so limited, in certain embodiments, the immunogenic fragment comprises at least one epitope of the polypeptide (a) as depicted (shaded) in the sequences presented in FIGS. 21-25, In other specific embodiments, the variants are as disclosed in FIGS. 21-25.
    • Linker
  • Insertion of linkers between fusion protein domains can increase bioactivity by augmenting distance between domains alleviating potential repulsive forces between different segments (e.g., antigenic fragments) of the construct resulting in improved and/or restored protein folding. Different sequences of polypeptide linkers can be used and arm known to have distinct properties, such as flexible, rigid or cleavable linkers. The present invention encompasses the use of any such linkers including any one of those listed in Chen et, al. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. (2013), 65(10):1357-69 for example. Examples herein provide illustrations of specific linkers that were used (i.e. GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 60), ERKYK (SEQ ID NO: 61), or and EAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID NO: 62)), i.e. flexible linker structures, rich in small hydrophilic amino acids that maintain distance between the two connected domains and improve their folding.
  • In another specific embodiment, the Fc comprises a CH2 domain, a CH3 domain and a hinge region. In another specific embodiment, the Fc is a constant domain of an immunoglobulin selected from the group consisting of lgG-1, lgG-2, lgG-3, lgG-3 and lgG-4. In another specific embodiment, the Fe is a constant domain of an immunoglobulin lgG-1.
  • Linkers may be included between contiguous antigens of the fusion (e.g., 1 linker in fusion comprising
  • two antigens, 2 linkers in fusions comprising three antigens, three linkers in fusions comprising four antigens, etc.). In fusions where large protein domains are used, linker may be larger and may comprise a fragment crystallizable region (Fc).
  • In a specific embodiment, the linker is an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid or is absent. In a specific embodiment, the linker comprises at least three (at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10) amino acids selected from the group consisting of glycine, serine, alanine, aspartate, glutamate and lysine. In a specific embodiment, the linker is (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 63); (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 67); or (XPXPXP)n (SEQ ID NO: 69) wherein x is any amino acid; wherein n is any one of 1 to 5, more specifically 1, 2, 3.4 or 5; EAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID NO: 62); EAAAKEAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID NO: 64); GGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 67): GGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 68); GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 60); XPXPXP (SEQ ID NO: 69), wherein x is any amino acid; XPXPXPXPXPXP (SEQ ID NO: 70), wherein x is any amino acid; ERKYK (SEQ ID NO: 61); ERKYKERKYK (SEQ ID NO: 65); ERKYKERKYKERKYK (SEQ ID NO: 66). In a more specific embodiment, the linker is GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 60), ERKYK (SEQ ID NO: 61), or EAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID NO: 62).
    • N and C Terminal of Construct
  • X and Z are each independently absent or an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid. Without being so limited, they may be one or more of amino acids resulting from cloning strategy, amino acids used to facilitate purification of the construct (e.g. polyhistidine), amino acids suitable to facilitate a removal of the purification-tag using endopeptidases. In specific embodiments, where the fusion construct comprises three or more antigen polypeptides, any one of X and/or Z may also include the sequence of a further antigen (antigen C, antigen D, etc.) and, optionally that of at least one further linker. Such embodiments wherein X and/or Z comprise one or more further antigen(s) and optionally linker(s), could be more specifically illustrated as e.g., formula (II) or (III) as follows X′-C-linkeri-A-linker2-B-Z′ (II) when the fusion comprises at least 3 antigens; or X′-C-linkeri-A-linker2-B-linker3-D-Z′ (III) when the fusion comprises at least 4 antigens. In both formula (II) and (III) X′, Z′, linker{circumflex over ( )} linker, and, the case being, linker, are identical or different and are independently defined as are X, Z and linker in formula (I) defined herein.
  • Hence, in specific embodiments, the fusion construct comprises 2, 3, 4 or more antigen polypeptides (and, the case being further linkers). In a more specific embodiment, and without being so limited the fusion construct may be SACOL0029_SACOL0442; SACOL0029_SACOL0720; SACOL0029_SACOL1867; SACOL0029_SACOL0720_SACOL1867; SACOL0029_SACOL1867_SACOL0442; SACOL0029_SACOL0720_SACOL0442; SACOL0442_SACOL0029_SACOL0720; SACOL0442_SACOL0029_SACOL1867; SACOL0442_SACOL1867_SACOL0720; SACOL0720_SACOL0442_SACOL1867; or SACOL0029_SACOL1867_SACOL0720_SACOL0442, or any of the foregoing constructs wherein the antigen polypeptides are in any other order.
    • Combination
  • The constructs of the present invention may be used as sole immunogenic component of a composition (e.g., vaccine) of the present invention or in combination with one or more further fusion construct(s), immunogenic polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variant(s) thereof and/or live attenuated bacteria (e.g., S. aureus) (expressing or not fusion constructs and/or polypeptide(s), fragment(s) orvariant(s) thereof).
  • The one or more fusion constructs may be any immunogenic fusion construct including a further fusion construct as defined above (see e.g., Example 14).
  • The one or more immunogenic polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variant(s) thereof for use in compositions of the present invention may be any polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variant(s) that contribute to the immunogenicity of the compositions of the present invention as defined herein. Without being so limited, such polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variants) includes (a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131), a SACOL0264 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 185), a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 22D (SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92), a SACOL0718 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 186), a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIGS. 231-K (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120), a SACOL1353 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 187), a SACOL1416 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 188), SACOL1611 (SEQ ID NO: 189), a SACOL1867 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the sequences depicted in FIG. 25D (SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164), a SACOL1912 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 43), a SACOL1944 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 190), a SACOL2144 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 191), a SACOL2365 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 192), a SACOL2385 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 50) or a SACOL2599 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 193); (b) a polypeptide encoded by a gene from a same operon as a gene encoding the polypeptide of (a); (c) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a) or (b); (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (c); or (e) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic variant comprising at least 13 consecutive amino acids of any one of (a) to (c), as defined above. Without being so limited, any such polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variant(s) encompasses those included in compositions (e.g., vaccines #1 to #8) exemplified in Examples 1 to 14 and 21-26.
    • Live Attenuated Bacteria
  • The live attenuated bacteria [e.g. S. aureus) for use in compositions of the present invention may be independent from the fusions constructs and/or polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variant(s) thereof of the present invention, or be the vessel for (i.e. may express) such fusion constructs and/or polypeptide(s), fragment(s) or variants) thereof of the present invention.
  • Without being so limited, as illustrated herein, useful live attenuated bacteria in the context of combinations of the present invention include Staphylococcus [e.g., aureus) bacteria having at least one gene contributing to virulence (e.g., Δ720) or contributing to fitness in the host (e.g., a metabolic gene) mutated or deleted. Without being so limited, such gene may be any one of the genes identified in Novick 2003, Novick 2008, or Maresso and Schneewind 2008.
  • In a further embodiment, the live attenuated bacteria may be further attenuated by having a stabilized SCV phenotype. As used herein the terms “SCV phenotype” refers to bacteria having a dysfunctional oxidative
  • metabolism causing a slow growth, an alteration in the expression of virulence factors, and an ability to be internalized in host cells. As used herein the term stabilized SCV phenotype is used to denote an SCV strain retaining the SCV phenotype i.e. unable to produce invasive revertants (i.e., a reversion to the normal growth phenotype). Such stabilized SCV S. aureus may be produced by mutating or deleting any one of the genes (e.g., ΔhemB) listed in Table III below. Without being limited, the present invention encompasses the use of the stabilized SCV S. aureus exemplified in Examples 15 to 25. Mutation as used herein includes a substitution, a deletion and/or an insertion of one or more nucleotides that prevents expression of the polypeptide encoded by a gene of the present invention or that prevents expression of a functional polypeptide. In a preferred embodiment, the mutation prevents expression of the polypeptide. In another specific embodiment, the two mutations in the same attenuated live or inactivated strain of S. aureus are a deletion or an insertion. It is expected that a mutated strain of S. aureus having a mutation at any position of one of the genes of the present invention that prevents expression of the polypeptide can be used as an attenuated live vaccine in accordance with the present invention. Attenuated live vaccines, i.e. vaccines comprising the bacterium according to the invention in a live attenuated form, have the advantage over inactivated vaccines that they best mimic the natural way of infection. In addition, their replicating abilities allow vaccination with low amounts of bacteria; their number will automatically increase until it reaches the trigger level of the immune system. From that moment on, the immune system will be triggered and will finally eliminate the bacteria. A minor disadvantage of the use of live attenuated bacteria however might be that inherently there is a certain level of virulence left. This need not be a real disadvantage as long as the level of virulence is acceptable, i.e. as long as the vaccine at least decreases the bacterial infection (e.g., IMI) symptoms. Of course, the lower the remaining virulence of the live attenuated vaccine is, the less influence the vaccination has on weight gain during/after vaccination.
  • TABLE III
    Genbank ™ accession numbers for S. aureus genes associated with SCV
    phenotype (Kahl, 2014)
    Gene Name GenBank ™ Gene ID No. GenBank ™ Protein No.
    hemB 3238571 (SACOL1715) AAW36820.1
    WP_000667126.1
    Gl: 446589780
    EG4.2.1.24
    menB 3236546 (SACOL1052) AAW36517.1
    WP_000526687.1
    Gl: 446448832
    EC: 2.2.1.9
    thyA 3238178 (SACOL1462) AAW36663.1
    WP_000667126.1
    Gl: 446589780
    EC.2.1.1.45
    fusA 3236183 (SACOL0593) AAW37703.1
    Gl: 57285609
    FusE (gene: 3238328 (SACOL2224) AAW37099.1
    rplF) Gl: 57285005
    relA (relA2) 3238211 (SACOL1689) AAW36795.1
    Gl: 57284701
    EC: 2.7.6.5
    cspB 3238398 (SACOI2731) AAW37379.1
    Gl: 57285285
    hemH 3236274 (SACOI1888) AAW36901.1
    Gl: 57284807
    EC: 4.99.1.1
    ctaA 3237823 (SACOL1124) AAW38004.1
    Gl: 57285910
    • Nucleic Acids
  • The nucleic acid of the present invention preferably comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes one or more proteins/polypeptides noted above (or fragments thereof) operably linked to regulatory elements needed for gene expression, such as a promoter, an initiation codon, a stop codon, enhancers, and a polyadenylation signal. Regulatory elements are preferably selected that are operable in the species to which they are to be administered. In specific embodiments, the nucleic acid is as depicted in FIGS. 21 to 25.
  • Within the context of the present invention is the in vivo administration of a nucleic acid of the invention to a mammal so that one or more proteins/polypeptides (or a fragment thereof) of interest is/are expressed in the mammal (e.g., nucleic acid vaccine, DNA or RNA vaccine).
    • Delivery Systems
  • The nucleic acid of the present vaccine can be “naked” DNA or can be operably incorporated in a vector. Nucleic acids may be delivered to cells in vivo using methods well known in the art such as direct injection of DNA, receptor-mediated DNA uptake, viral-mediated transfection or non-viral transfection and lipid-based transfection, all of which may involve the use of vectors. Direct injection has been used to introduce naked DNA into cells in vivo (see e.g., Acsadi ef al. (1991) Nature 332:815-818; Wolff ef al. (1990) Science 247:1465-1468). A delivery apparatus (e.g., a “gene gun”) for injecting DNA into cells in vivo may be used. Such an apparatus may be commercially available (e.g., from BioRad). Naked DNA may also be introduced into cells by complexing the DNA to a cation, such as polylysine, which is coupled to a ligand for a cell-surface receptor (see for example Wu, G, and Wu. C. H. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263: 14621; Wilson ef al. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267: 963-967; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,320). Binding of the DNA-ligand complex to the receptor may facilitate uptake of the DNA by receptor-mediated endocytosis. A DNA-ligand complex linked to adenovirus capsids which disrupt endosomes, thereby releasing material into the cytoplasm, may be used to avoid degradation of the complex by intracellular lysosomes (see for example Curiel ef al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 8850; Cristiano ef al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2122-2126).
  • Useful delivery vectors include biodegradable microcapsules, immuno-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) or liposomes, and genetically engineered attenuated live vectors such as cells, viruses or bacteria.
  • Liposome vectors are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles, having a membrane portion formed of lipophilic material and an interior aqueous portion. The aqueous portion is used in the present invention to contain the polynucleotide material to be delivered to the target cell. It is generally preferred that the liposome forming materials have a cationic group, such as a quaternary ammonium group, and one or more lipophilic groups, such as saturated or unsaturated alkyl groups having about 6 to about 30 carbon atoms. One group of suitable materials is described in European Patent Publication No. 0187702, and further discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,844 to Wolff et al., the pertinent disclosures of which are incorporated by reference. Many other suitable liposome-forming cationic lipid compounds are described in the literature. See, e.g., L. Stamatatos, et al., Biochemistry 27:3917 3925 (1988); and H. Eibl, et al., Biophysical Chemistry 10:261 271 (1979). Alternatively, a microsphere such as a polylactide-coglycolide biodegradable microsphere can be utilized. A nucleic acid construct is encapsulated or otherwise complexed with the liposome or microsphere for delivery of the nucleic acid to a tissue, as is known in the art.
  • Preferred viral vectors include Bacteriophages, Herpes virus, Adenovirus, Polio virus, Vaccinia virus, defective retroviruses, adeno-associated virus (AAV) and Avipox. Methods of transforming viral vector with an exogenous DNA construct are also well described in the art.
  • See Sambrook and Russell, above.
  • As indicated above, the nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) may be incorporated in a host such as a host cell in vitro or ex vivo (e.g., an immune cell such as a dendritic cell) or, as indicated above, in an attenuated microbial host (e.g., attenuated S. aureus, SCV, etc., see e.g., Examples 25-26 for instance) by transfection or transformation, and the transfected or transformed cell or microorganism, which expresses the polypeptide (e.g. fusion of multiple antigens or fragments therefor and/or single antigens or fragments thereof) of interest, may be administered to the subject. Following administration, the cell will express the protein or polypeptide of interest (or a variant or fragment thereof) in the subject, which will in turn lead to the induction of an immune response directed against the protein, polypeptide or fragment thereof.
  • The use of attenuated live bacteria to immunize and/or to deliver specific constructs or antigen mixture of the present invention represents an interesting approach to improve immune responses (Griffiths and Khader, 2014). Live attenuated organisms that mimic natural infection stimulate the immune system in a powerful manner, eliciting broad and robust immune responses that produce both serum and mucosal antibodies, and effector and memory T cells which act synergistically to protect against disease (Detmer and Glenting, 2006; Kollaritsch et al, 2000; Pasetti et al., 2011). Examples of suitable attenuated live bacterial vectors include S. aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Shigella, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, or any other suitable bacterial vector, as is known in the art. Methods of transforming live bacterial vectors with an exogenous DNA construct are well described in the art. See, for example. Joseph Sambrook and David W. Russell, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2001). The present invention encompasses the use of a composition comprising an attenuated live bacterium (e.g., ΔhemBΔ720 S. aureus expressing the construct of the present invention as sole immunogenic component or in combination with other attenuated live bacteria each expressing another polypeptide, fragment or variant of the present invention (e.g., SACOL0442. SACOL0720 or fragments or variants thereof).
    • Compositions
  • The polypeptides, nucleic acids and delivery systems (e.g., host cells comprising said nucleic acids or vectors) described herein can be formulated into compositions. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to vaccine components (e.g., excipients, carriers, adjuvants) and compositions that are physiologically tolerable and do not typically produce an allergic or similar untoward reaction, such as gastric upset, dizziness and the like, when administered to a subject. Preferably, as used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by regulatory agency of the federal or state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and in humans. The term “excipient” refers to a diluent, carrier, or vehicle with which the vaccine components of the present invention may be administered. Sterile water or aqueous saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions may be employed as carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
  • In an embodiment, the agent of the present invention is administered in combination with an adjuvant or immunostimulant. Suitable adjuvant or immunostimulant that may improve the efficacy of components to raise an immune response include but is not limited to oils (e.g., mineral oils, emulsified oil such as MONTANIDE™ or EMULSIGEN™-D), metallic salts (e.g., alum, aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate), cationic peptides (Bowdish et al., 2005; Hancock, et al., 2000) such as indolicidin, a cationic peptide produced by the cow's immune cells (Falla et al., 1996), natural and artificial microbial components (e.g., bacterial liposaccharides. Freund's adjuvants, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), cyclic-diguanosine-5′-monophosphate (c-di-GMP), pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) such as surface polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, glycans, peptidoglycan or microbial DNA (e.g., CpG), plant components such as saponins (e.g., Quil-A™), and/or one or more substances that have a carrier effect (e.g., bentonite, latex particles, liposomes, ISCOM™, DNA and polyphosphazine (PCPP) copolymers). Immunization with synthetic nanoparticles (such as those made from a biodegradable synthetic polymer like poly(D, L-lacticco-glycolic acid)) containing antigens plus ligands that signal through TLR to stimulate proinflammatory cytokines is also possible (Kasturi et al, 2011).
  • Vaccine components of the invention may be administered in a pharmaceutical composition. Pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in unit dosage form. Any appropriate route of administration may be employed, for example, parenteral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intramammary, intracranial, intraorbital, ophthalmic, intraventricular, intracapsular, intraarticular, intraspinal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, or oral administration. Examples of specific routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramammary; oral (e.g., inhalation); transdermal (topical); transmucosal, and rectal administration.
  • Conventional pharmaceutical practice may be employed to provide suitable formulations or compositions to administer such vaccine components with or without adjuvants to subjects. Methods well known in the art for making pharmaceutical compositions and formulations arm found in, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, (20rd ed.) ed. A. R. Gennaro A R., 2000, Lippincott: Philadelphia. Formulations for parenteral administration may, for example, contain excipients, sterile water, or saline, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, miglyol, oils of vegetable origin, or hydrogenated napthalenes. Biocompatible, biodegradable lactide polymer, lactide/glycolide copolymer, or polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers may be used to control the release of the compounds. Other potentially useful parenteral delivery systems for compounds of the invention include ethylenevinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes. Formulations for inhalation or intramammary injection may contain excipients, for example, lactose, or may be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, miglyol, glycocholate and deoxycholate, or may be oily solutions (e.g., paraffin oil) for administration in the form of nasal drops, or as a gel.
  • Therapeutic formulations may be in the form of liquid solutions or suspension; for oral administration, formulations may be in the form of tablets or capsules; and for intranasal formulations, in the form of powders, nasal drops, or aerosols. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, intramammary or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils (e.g., paraffin oil), polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol, miglyol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; reducing agents such dithiothreitol, buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous or intramammary administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor™ EL™ (BASF. Parsippany. N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • Oral compositions generally Include an Inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed In gelatin capsules or compressed Into tablets or feed. For the purpose of oral vaccine administration, the active components can be Incorporated with excipients and used In the form of tablets, troches, capsules or In feed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be Included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following Ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel™, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • For administration by Inhalation, the vaccine components are delivered In the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
  • Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to specific cell types) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • The pharmaceutical compositions may also contain preserving agents, solubilizing agents, stabilizing agents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, odorants, salts for the variation of osmotic pressure, buffers, coating agents or antioxidants. They may also contain other therapeutically valuable agents.
  • Intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramammary or oral administration is a preferred form of use. The dosages in which the components of the present invention are administered in effective amounts depend on the nature of the specific active ingredient, the host and the requirements of the subject and the mode of application.
    • Microbial Targets
  • Polypeptides, nucleic acids and delivery systems of the present invention may be used as antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcal infections including those causing intramammary infection (IMI). In a preferred embodiment, the Staphylococcal infections are caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Methods of Immunizing with Polypeptides, Nucleic Acids, Vectors, Cells, Compositions and Delivery Systems
  • Encompassed by the methods, uses, pharmaceutical compositions and kits of the present invention is passive and active immunization.
  • Passive immunization is the injection of antibodies or antiserum, previously generated against the pathogen (or antigens described herein), in order to protect or cure a recipient animal of an infection or future infection. Protection fades over the course of a few weeks during which time the active immunization with polypeptides, nucleic acids or delivery systems (e.g., as described above) will have time to generate a lasting protective response. Serum for passive immunization can be generated by immunization of donor animals using the polypeptides, nucleic acids or delivery systems, as described herein. This serum, which contains antibodies against the antigens, can be used immediately or stored under appropriate conditions. It can be used to combat acute infections (e.g., IMI) or as a prophylactic (Tuchscherr ef a/., 2008). Use of antibodies or serums in a passive immunization can be combined with other agents such as an antibiotic to increase the cure rate of an infection currently in progress or to increase protection against an imminent infection.
  • Active immunization is administration of the polypeptides, nucleic acids or delivery systems as described herein to a subject.
  • The components identified in accordance with the teachings of the present invention have a prophylactic and/or therapeutic value such as they can be used to raise an immune response to prevent and/or combat diseases or conditions, and more particularly diseases or conditions related to microbial infections.
  • The terms “prevent/preventing/prevention” or “treat/treating/treatment” as used herein, refer to eliciting the desired biological response, i.e., a prophylactic and therapeutic effect, respectively in a subject. In accordance with the present invention, the therapeutic effect comprises one or more of a decrease/reduction in the severity, intensity and/or duration of the microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof following administration of the polypeptide, nucleic acid or delivery system (agent/composition of the present invention) of the present invention when compared to its severity, intensity and/or duration in the subject prior to treatment or as compared to that/those in a non-treated control subject having the infection or any symptom thereof. In accordance with the invention, a prophylactic effect may comprise a delay in the onset of the microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof in an asymptomatic subject at risk of experiencing the microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof at a future time; or a decrease/reduction in the severity, intensity and/or duration of a microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof occurring following administration of the agent/composition of the present invention, when compared to the timing of their onset or their severity, intensity and/or duration in a non-treated control subject (i.e. asymptomatic subject at risk of experiencing the microbial (e.g., bacterial) infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof); and/or a decrease/reduction in the progression of any preexisting microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof in a subject following administration of the agent/composition of the present invention when compared to the progression of microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof in a non-treated control subject having such preexisting microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof. As used herein, in a therapeutic treatment, the agent/composition of the present invention is administered after the onset of the microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof. As used herein, in a prophylactic treatment, the agent/composition of the present invention is administered before the onset of the microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof or after the onset thereof but before the progression thereof.
  • As used herein, “decrease” or “reduction” of microbial infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection) or any symptom thereof refers to a reduction in a symptom of at least 10% as compared to a control subject (a subject not treated with the agent/composition present invention), in an embodiment of at least 20% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 30% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 40% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 50% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 60% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 70% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 80% lower, in a further embodiment of at least 90% lower, in a further embodiment of 100% (complete inhibition).
  • As used herein, the term “symptom” in reference to a staphylococcal infection refers to any staphylococcal infection symptom such as pain, inflammation, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue muscle aches, anorexia, dehydration, low blood pressure, cellulitis, impetigo, boil and scalded skin syndrome. More particularly, in reference to a staphylococcal IMI, a staphylococcal IMI symptom refers for example to visual abnormalities in milk (e.g., such as a watery appearance, flakes, clots, malodourous, presence of blood), redness of the udder, swelling in the udder, tenderness in the udder, elevated rectal temperature (>39.0° C.), anorexia, decreased rumen motility and fatigue. An increase in milk somatic cell counts (SCC) is another staphylococcal IMI. Milk somatic cells include white blood cells such as leukocytes or neutrophils as well as epithelial cells. It is generally agreed that a SCC of >200,000/mL may represent a staphylococcal IMI symptom or is indicative of a staphylococcal IMI.
    • Dosage
  • Toxicity or efficacy of vaccine components to elicit an immune response can be determined by standard procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals. The dose ratio between toxic and immune stimulatory effects can be measured. Components that exhibit large ratios are preferred. While components that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system in order to minimize potential damage to cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.
  • Data obtained from cell culture assays and laboratory animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in large animals and humans. The dosage of such components lies preferably within a range of administered concentrations that include efficacy with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • Any suitable amount of the pharmaceutical composition may be administered to a subject. The dosages will depend on many factors. Typically, the amount of active ingredient contained within a single dose will be an amount that effectively prevents, or treats IMI without inducing significant toxicity. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage required to effectively raise an immune response in a subject. Moreover, the therapeutically effective amount of the antigens (e.g., fusion construct) of the present invention may require a series of doses. In general, an amount of about 0.01 mg-500 mg of antigens including the fusion construct per dose, come into consideration. In a specific embodiment, an amount of about 0.1 mg-1 mg of antigens including the fusion construct per dose, come into consideration. Generally, one, two or three doses of the vaccine may favor optimal development of immunity. The time between two doses may be as short as three or four weeks but it may be preferred to separate the priming dose (first dose) and the booster dose (second dose) by five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten weeks before stimulating the immune system with the booster shot. A subsequent booster shot (a recall shot) may also be optimal to provide a sustainable immunity. This recall could for example occur every half year (6 months), yearly, every two years, every three or every five years.
  • “Sample” or “biological sample” refers to any solid or liquid sample isolated from a live being. In a particular embodiment, it refers to any solid (e.g., tissue sample) or liquid sample isolated from a mammal, such as milk, a biopsy material (e.g., solid tissue sample), blood (e.g., plasma, serum or whole blood), saliva, synovial fluid, urine, amniotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid. Such sample may be, for example, fresh, fixed (e.g., formalin-, alcohol- or acetone-fixed), paraffin-embedded or frozen prior to analysis of the infectious agent's expression level.
    • Patients
  • As used herein the term “subject” or “patient” refers to an animal, preferably a mammal such as but not limited to a human, cow (e.g., heifer, multiparous, primiparous, calf), goat, sheep, ewe, ass, horse, pig, chicken, cat, dog, etc. who is the object of treatment, observation or experiment. In a specific embodiment, it is a cow (e.g., at risk of experiencing staphylococcal (e.g., IMI) infection).
  • As used herein the terms “subject at risk of experiencing a staphylococcal infection (e.g., staphylococcal infection (e.g., IMI) or any symptom thereof at a future time” refers to a mammal (e.g., a cow (e.g., heifer, multiparous, primiparous, calf), goat, sheep) that is used for milk or meat production.
  • In an embodiment, the above-mentioned mammal is a cow.
    • Method of Detection
  • Examples of methods to measure the amount/level of selected proteins/polypeptides include, but are not limited to: Western blot, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunoprecipitation, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, fluorescent polarization, phosphorescence, immunohistochemical analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, microcytometry, microarray, microscopy, flow cytometry, and assays based on a property of the protein including but not limited to DNA binding, ligand binding, interaction with other protein partners or enzymatic activity.
  • In an embodiment, the amount of the polypeptide/protein within the methods of the present invention is detected using antibodies that are directed specifically against the polypeptide/protein. The term “antibody” as used herein encompasses monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity or specificity. “Antibody fragments” comprise a portion of a full-length antibody, generally the antigen binding or variable region thereof. Interactions between antibodies and a target polypeptide are detected by radiometric, colorimetric, or fluorometric means. Detection of antigen-antibody complexes may be accomplished by addition of a secondary antibody that
  • is coupled to a detectable tag, such as for example, an enzyme, fluorophore, or chromophore.
  • Methods for making antibodies are well known in the art. Polyclonal antibodies can be prepared by immunizing a suitable subject (e.g., rabbit, goat, mouse, or other mammal) with the polypeptide/protein of interest or a fragment thereof as an immunogen. A polypeptide/protein “fragment” “portion” or “segment” is a stretch of amino acid residues of at least about 5, 7, 10, 14, 15, 20, 21 or more amino acids of the polypeptide noted above. The antibody titer in the immunized subject can be monitored over time by standard techniques, such as with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using immobilized exosomal marker polypeptide or a fragment thereof. At an appropriate time after immunization, e.g., when the antibody titers are highest, antibody-producing cells can be obtained from the animal, usually a mouse, and can be used to prepare monoclonal antibodies by standard techniques, such as the hybridoma technique originally described by Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256: 495-497, the human B cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al. (1983) Immunol. Today 4: 72), the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al. (1985) in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, ed. Reisfeld and Sell (Alan R. Liss. Inc., New York, N.Y.), pp. 77-96) or trioma techniques. The technology for producing hybridomas is well known (see generally Coligan et al., eds. (1994) Current Protocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.).
  • Alternatively, to preparing monoclonal antibody-secreting hybridomas, a monoclonal antibody can be identified and isolated by screening a recombinant combinatorial immunoglobulin library (e.g., an antibody phage display library) with a polypeptide or a fragment thereof to thereby isolate immunoglobulin library members that bind the polypeptide.
  • Kits for generating and screening phage display libraries are commercially available (e.g., the Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System™, Catalog No. 27-9400-01; and the Stratagene SurfZAP™ Phage Display Kit, Catalog No. 240612).
  • Furthermore, antibodies directed against one or more of the polypeptides/proteins described herein may be obtained from commercial sources.
  • The use of immobilized antibodies specific for the polypeptides/proteins is also contemplated by the present invention and is well known by one of ordinary skill in the art. The antibodies could be immobilized onto a variety of solid supports, such as magnetic or chromatographic matrix particles, the surface of an assay place (such as microtiter wells), pieces of a solid substrate material (such as plastic, nylon, paper), and the like. An assay strip could be prepared by coating the antibody or a plurality of antibodies in an array on solid support. This strip could then be dipped into the test sample and then processed quickly through washes and detection steps to generate a measurable signal, such as a colored spot.
  • The analysis of a plurality (2 or more) of polypeptides/proteins may be carried out separately or simultaneously with one test sample. Several polypeptides/proteins may be combined into one test for efficient processing of a multiple of samples.
  • The analysis of polypeptides/proteins could be carried out in a variety of physical formats as well. For example, the use of microtiter plates or automation could be used to facilitate the processing of large numbers of test samples. Alternatively, single sample formats could be developed to facilitate immediate treatment and diagnosis in a timely fashion. Particularly useful physical formats comprise surfaces having a plurality of discrete, addressable locations for the detection of a plurality of different analytes. Such formats include protein microarrays, or “protein chips” (see, e.g., Ng and Hag. J. Cell Mol. Med. 6: 329-340, 2002) and capillary devices.
  • In an embodiment, the above-mentioned level of expression is determined by measuring the level of expression of a mRNA transcribed from said one or more genes.
  • Methods to determine nucleic acid (mRNA) levels are known in the art, and include for example polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR), SAGE, quantitative PCR (q-PCR). Southern blot. Northern blot, sequence analysis, microarray analysis, detection of a reporter gene, or other DNA/RNA hybridization platforms. For RNA expression, preferred methods include, but are not limited to: extraction of cellular mRNA and Northern blotting using labeled probes that hybridize to transcripts encoding all or part of one or more of the nucleic acids encoding the protein/polypeptide of this invention; amplification of mRNA expressed from one or more of the nucleic acids encoding the proteins/polypeptides of this invention using specific primers, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (q-PCR), and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by quantitative detection of the product by any of a variety of means; extraction of total RNA from the biological sample, which is then labeled and used to probe cDNAs or oligonucleotides encoding all or part of the nucleic acids encoding the proteins/polypeptides of this invention, arrayed on any of a variety of surfaces.
    • Kits
  • The present invention also encompasses kits comprising the components of the present invention. For example, the kit can comprise one or more components. The components can be packaged in a suitable container and device for administration. The kit can further comprise instructions for using the kit.
  • The present invention also provides a kit or package comprising reagents useful for administering one or more construct, polypeptide, nucleic acid, vector, host, compositions of the present invention, or a combination of at least two thereof, to a subject in need thereof for treating and/or preventing Staphylococcal IMI. Such kit may further comprise, for example, instructions for the prevention and/or treatment of Staphylococcal IMI, containers, reagents useful for performing the methods. The kit may further include where necessary agents for reducing background interference in a test, agents for increasing signal, software and algorithms for combining and interpolating marker values to produce a prediction of clinical outcome of interest, apparatus for conducting a test, calibration curves and charts, standardization curves and charts, and the like.
    • MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
  • The present invention is illustrated in further details by the following non-limiting examples.
    • Example 1: Materials and Methods for Vaccine Including SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, SACOL1867, SACOL1912 and SACOL2385 (Vaccine #1)
  • Production of the antigens. Six antigens that are highly expressed during S. aureus bovine intramammary infection were selected for inclusion in a first bovine vaccine (Vaccine #1). These antigens are:
  • SACOL0029 (GenBank™ accession No.: YPJ84940.1) (SEQ ID NO: 5), SACOL0442 (YPJ85332.1) (SEQ ID NO: 29), SACOL0720 (YPJ85601.1) (SEQ ID NO: 11), SACOL1867 (GenBank™ accession No.: YPJ86695.1) (SEQ ID NO: 38), SACOL1912 (GenBank™ accession No.: YPJ86737.1) (SEQ ID NO: 43), and SACOL2385 (GenBank™ accession No.: YPJ87189.1) (SEQ ID NO: 50). His-tagged recombinant proteins of SACOL0029, SACOL1867, SACOL1912, and SACOL2385 were engineered and produced by GenScript, Inc. (Piscataway, N.J.). His-tagged recombinant proteins of SACOL0442 and SACOL0720 were engineered and produced using QIA expression technology (pQE30 plasmid) from Qiagen Inc. (Mississauga. ON, Canada), according to the manufacturers' recommendations. See, FIG. 21 I to VI for the his-tagged sequences of the antigens. Examples 2-5 and FIG. 1 relate to this vaccine #1.
  • Immunization of dairy cows. Nineteen healthy multiparous Holstein cows in mid-lactation were housed in a level II biosafety barn at the Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (Sherbrooke, QC). Cows were randomly divided into 2 groups: one group (10 cows) received saline (placebo group); the other group (9 cows) received the vaccine #1 (vaccinated group). The vaccine was composed of 300 pg of each of six antigens (SACOL0029, SACOL0720, SACOL1867, SACOL1912, and SACOL2385) combined with Emulsigen™-D (MVP Technologies, Omaha, Neb.), CpG ODN 2007 (TCGTCGTTGTCGTTTTGTCGTT (SEQ ID NO: 194), a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), VIDO, Saskatoon, SW) and the cationic peptide indolicidin (ILPWKWPWWPWRR (SEQ ID NO: 195), used to induce the cow's immune response. (Chemprep Inc., Miami, Fla.). Two immunizations were performed 10 weeks apart, subcutaneously in the neck. No adverse side effects were observed. Blood from the caudal vein and milk samples were taken before the first immunization (preimmune serums) and then every two weeks for the detection of total IgG, IgG1 and lgG2. Larger volumes of blood from the jugular vein (150 ml was taken before the first immunization and 14 weeks after the first immunization (i.e., 4 weeks after the second immunization) for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolation and analysis of the cellular immune responses.
  • Detection of total IgG, lgG1 and lgG2 by ELISA. Detection of total IgG, IgG1 and lgG2 against each of the antigens in serum and milk was performed as previously described with some modifications (Ster et al., Vef. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), 136: 311-318). Nunc MaxiSorp™ 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with the test antigen (5 μg/mL diluted in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer, Sigma Aldrich, Oakville, ON) and incubated overnight at 37° C. The plates were then saturated with the PBS containing 0.5% gelatin (BD. Franklin Lakes, N.J.) for 1 h at 37° C. One hundred microliters of two-fold serial dilutions of the sera in PBS containing 0.5% gelatin and 0.1% Tween™ 20 were loaded into the plates and incubated for 1 h at 37° C. The plates were washed three times with PBS containing 0.1% Tween™ 20. One hundred microliters of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody were added to the plate. The secondary antibodies used were a goat anti-bovine IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., West Grove, Pa.), a sheep anti-bovine lgG1 (AbD Serotec, Raleigh, N.C.) or a sheep anti-bovine lgG2 (AbD Serotec), diluted 1/50.000 1/20,000 and 1/20,000 respectively in PBS containing 0.5% gelatin and 0.1% Tween™ 20. After 1 h of incubation at 37° C. followed by 3 washes, peroxidase activity was detected with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reagent (KPL Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
  • Detection of total IgG, lgG1 and lgG2 in milk was carried out using the same procedure with few modifications. Milk samples were diluted into PBS containing 0.5% gelatin. The sheep anti-bovine lgG2 was diluted 1/10.000 into PBS containing 0.5% gelatin and 0.1% Tween™ 20.
  • Evaluation of the cellular immune response. PBMCs were isolated from jugular vein blood and labelled with carboxyfluoroscein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE; Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, Oreg.) as previously described (Loiselle et al., J. Dairy. Sci. (2009), 92:1900-1912). At the end of the CFDA-SE labelling procedure, the PBMCs were suspended in RPMI medium containing 5% FBS and 1× antibiotic/antimycotic (Δ5955, Sigma Chemical Aldrich). The PBMCs (5×106 cells per well) were stimulated with the mitogen concanavalin A (ConA; positive control; Sigma Aldrich) at a final concentration of 1 μg/mL, or each antigen (5 μg per well) and incubated for 7 days at 37° C. As a negative control, the PBMCs were incubated without any mitogen. Stimulations were performed in duplicate (Ster et al., 2010).
  • The proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ cells was evaluated after incubation with the different mitogens. The cells were centrifuged at 300*g for 5 min, suspended in PBS containing 0.5% BSA. The mouse anti-bovine CD8 coupled with Alexa Fluor™ 647 (diluted 1/20. AbD Serotec) and the mouse anti-bovine CD4 coupled with rPE (diluted 1/20. AbD Serotec) were then added. After 20 min of incubation on ice, the cells were washed three times with PBS containing 0.5% BSA. The cells were then suspended in PBS with 0.5% formaldehyde. The percentages of the proliferative populations were determined by flow cytometry on a BD FACS Canto II flow cytometer using the BD FACS Diva software.
  • Experimental S. aureus in IMI in dairy cows. Before their use in experimental IMI, the relationship between the absorbance of the bacterial cultures (Δ600 nm) and CFU was determined. The day of the challenge, a volume of the overnight culture of S. aureus in Mueller Hinton broth (MHB; BD) was transferred to 200 mL of fresh MHB to obtain an Δ600 nm of 0.1 and subsequently grown at 35° C. until the Δ600 nm reached a value corresponding to 108 CFU/mL in the exponential phase of growth. The strain to be used in this experimental infection (CLJ08-3) had previously been characterized in the co-inventor's lab (Allard et al., Vet. Microbiol. (2013) 162: 761-770). For intramammary infusions, bacteria were routinely diluted in sterile PBS (Sigma Aldrich) to obtain approximately 50 CFU in 3 mL. In this experiment, the inoculum was plated on TSA and found to contain 63 cfu in 3 mL.
  • Somatic cell count (SCC) determinations and bacterial analysis of aseptic quarter milk samples were carried out prior to experimental IMI to ensure that all cows were free of IMI. Experimental infusion of mammary quarters with bacteria was performed in three (randomly chosen) of the four quarters of each cow after the evening milking according to a procedure previously described (Petitclerc et al., J. Dairy. Sci. (2007), 90: 2778-2787) with few modifications. Briefly, before inoculation, teats were scrubbed with gauze soaked in 70% ethanol. Teats were allowed to air-dry before intramammary infusion of 3 mL of bacterial suspension (containing 63 CFU) into three of the four quarters. Immediately after infusion, all quarters were thoroughly massaged and teats were dipped in an iodophore-based teat sanitizer. Disposable gloves were worn throughout the procedure and disinfected before proceeding to the next animal. All quarters infused with S. aureus became infected and all cows showed clinical signs (inflammation, and/or poor milk appearance) of mastitis at some time during the first few days after infusion of S. aureus.
  • Evaluation of the S. aureus viable counts after experimental infections. Aseptic milk samples were taken before the morning milking three times a week during the 3 first weeks following the experimental infection and then twice a week for the 2 remaining weeks. After foremilk was discarded and the teats were disinfected with 70% ethanol, a 10-mL milk sample was aseptically collected in a 50-mL sterile vial for each individual quarter. Milk samples were serially diluted and 100 μi, of each dilution were plated on both tryptic soy agar (Becton Dickinson) and mannitol salt agar plates (Becton Dickinson) for CFU determinations and S. aureus identification. Plates were then incubated for 24 h at 35° C. before the colonies were counted. The dilutions that showed between 30 and 300 colonies were used to calculate the bacterial concentration. Each dilution was plated in duplicate.
  • Evaluation of the somatic cell counts. At the same frequency as for aseptic milk samples, milk was harvested using individual quarter milking units at morning milking and weighed for the determination of quarter milk production. A non-aseptic 50-mL sample was also taken from each quarter milking units for the determination of the SCC by a commercial laboratory (Valacta Inc., Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada). The milking units were thoroughly washed and disinfected with an iodine-based germicide detergent (K.O. Dyne®, GEA Farm Technologies, Westmoreland, N.Y.) between their uses on each cow. All other materials in contact with milk were disinfected with 70% ethanol.
  • Statistical analysis. Statistical analyses of the experimental infection data were performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.) as repeated measurements. For the analysis of SCC and CFU, data were Iog10 transformed prior to analysis.
  • Statistical analysis of the antibody titers and of the correlation between CFU and SCC was performed using GraphPad Prism™ v6.05.
  • Ethics statement. All animal experiments were approved by the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada local institutional animal care committee and conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
    • Example 2: Serum Total IgG1 Titers Following Vaccination—Vaccine #1
  • Recombinant His-tagged antigens for SACOL0029 (GenBank™ accession No.: YPJ84940.1) (SEQ ID NO: 5), SACOL0442 (SEQ ID NO: 29), SACOL0720 (SEQ ID NO: 11), SACOL1867 (GenBank™ accession No.: YPJ86695.1) (SEQ ID NO: 38), SACOL1912 (GenBank™ accession No.: YPJ86737.1) (SEQ ID NO: 43), and SACOL2385 (GenBank™ accession No.: YPJ87189.1) (SEQ ID NO: 50), were prepared and administered to healthy cows as described in Example 1 (Production of the antigens and Immunization of dairy cows). Nine dairy cows received the vaccine and 10 cows received saline (placebo). Total serum IgG, lgG1 and lgG2 titers were detected as described in Example 1 (Detection of total IgG, lgG1 and lgG2 by ELISA).
  • As expected, and as shown in FIGS. 1B-C, immunization induced an increased production of antigen-specific serum lgG1 and lgG2 for the vaccinated group in comparison to the placebo group. Interestingly, the lgG2/lgG1 ratio was 1 for SACOL0442 (see FIG. 1D), which is an indication of a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response to this antigen. For the antigens SACOL0029, SACOL0720, SACOL1912 and SACOL2385, the lgG2/lgG1 ratio is significantly lower than the ratio for SACOL0442 which indicated that these antigens induced mostly an lgG1 antibody response via the Th2 pathway.
    • Example 3: Antigen Dependent Proliferation of Blood CD4+ and CD8+ Cells Following Vaccination-Vaccine #1
  • Antigen dependent proliferation of blood CD4+ and CD8+ cells from the vaccinated cows (9) and placebo cows (10) was evaluated as described in Example 1 (Evaluation of the cellular immune response) four weeks after the second immunization (just before the experimental infection) for each antigen. The results for CD4+ cells are shown in FIG. 2, in which each symbol represents the percentage of CD4+ cells that have proliferated for each cow after a week of incubation with the positive control (ConA) or each antigen. Open circles (o) represent data for the vaccinated cows, black squares (▪) represent data for the placebo cows. Horizontal lines represent the medians: dashed lines represent the medians for the vaccinated cows while continuous lines represent the medians for the placebo cows.
  • The symbol * shows the statistical differences between the vaccinated and the placebo groups for antigens SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720 and SACOL1912 (*, PO.05).
  • In addition, the proliferation of CD8+ cells was similar for the vaccinated and placebo cows for all antigens with the exception of the antigen SACOL0720 for with higher proliferation of the CD8+ cells was observed for the vaccinated cows (data not shown). Induction of CD8+ cells also seemed to be important for the resolution of the infection (Riollet et al., 2001; Burton and Erskine, 2003). The vaccine was able to stimulate both cellular (CD8+) and humoral (CD4+) immune response. The vaccine #1 with its different antigens leads to a balanced immune response.
    • Example 4: Protection Effect of the Vaccine as Evaluated by Following the Evolution of Somatic Cell Counts (SCC)—Vaccine #1
  • Experimental S. aureus IMI infection in dairy cows were carried out and evaluated as described in Example 1 (Experimental S. aureus IMI in dairy cows, Evaluation of the S. aureus viable counts after experimental infections, Evaluation of the somatic cell counts and Statistical analysis). Four weeks and 4 days after the second immunization, 63 CFU of S. aureus were infused into 3 of the 4 quarters of the vaccinated (9) and placebo cows (10) at the evening milking (day 1, arrow in FIG. 3). Aseptic milk samples were taken at morning milking and SCC was determined by Valacta (Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC). The results are shown FIG. 3, in which open circles (o) and the dashed line represent data for the vaccinated cows, while the black squares (▪) and the continuous line represent data for the placebo cows. Each open circle represents the mean of SCC for all the infected quarters of the vaccinated cows (27) while each square represents the mean of SCC for all the infected quarters of the placebo cows (30 quarters).
  • Over the challenge period. SCC in milk were found to be significantly lower for the vaccinated cows than for the placebo cows (***; P<0.001), indicating less inflammation and a better control of the infection in the vaccinated cows.
    • Example 5: Correlation Between SCC or the Viable Counts of S. aureus (CFU) Relative to Serum or Milk IgG Titers Against Specific Antigens—Vaccine #1
  • As shown in FIGS. 4A-B, SCC were positively correlated to S. aureus CFU of the challenge period (FIG. 4A, r=0.82, P<0.0001) and negatively correlated to the serum lgG1 titer against SACOL0442 measured prior to the infection (FIG. 4B, r=−0.49, P<0.05). Vaccination thus had reduced this criterium of inflammation induced by the challenge. A similar analysis was performed with the samples collected at day 10. The same correlations were observed as previously obtained but at this particular time point SCC and S. aureus CFU also correlated to the milk lgG2 titer against SACOL0029 (FIG. 4C, r=−0.48, P<0.05 and r=−0.58, P<0.05, respectively). These results show that more than one antigen is involved in the immune response against the infection.
    • Example 6: Materials and Methods for Vaccine Including SACOL0442, SACOL0720, and a Fusion Between SACOL1867 and SACOL0029—Vaccine #2
  • Production of the antigens. Four antigens that are highly expressed during S. aureus bovine intramammary infection were selected for inclusion in vaccine #2. The antigens are polypeptides encoded by: SACOL0029 (GenBank™ accession No.: YP_184940.1) (SEQ ID NO: 5). SACOL1867 (GenBank™ accession No.: YPJ86695.1) (SEQ ID NO: 38). SACOL0442 (SEQ ID NO: 29), and SACOL0720 (SEQ ID NO: 11). The SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 antigens were included in the form of a fusion. His-tagged recombinant proteins of SACOL0720 and SACOL0029-1867 were engineered and produced by GenScript. Inc. (Piscataway, N.J.). A his-tagged recombinant protein of SACOL0442 was engineered and produced using QIA expression technology (pQE30 plasmid) from Qiagen Inc. (Mississauga. ON. Canada), according to the manufacturers' recommendations. (see FIGS. 21D-E and I, and items II, III and VII for SACOL0720. SACOL0442, and SACOL0029-1867 his-tagged sequences). The surface protein ClfA (SEQ ID NO: 184), was also additionally produced by using the QIA expression vector by cloning the clfA gene from S. aureus ATCC 25904. The latter recombinant protein was not part of the vaccine composition but was used in ELISA assays to determine IgG titers of sera against other S. aureus proteins such as ClfA.
  • The vaccine was composed of 300 μg of each of 3 antigens (SACOL0442 and SACOL0720 as defined in Example 1 and the fusion SACOL0029-1867) and with Emulsigen™-D (MVP Technologies, Omaha, Nebr.). CpG ODN 2007 (i.e. TcθT06 θT06THT6T06π (SEQ ID NO: 194) (IDT, Coralville, Iowa)), and indolicidin (ILPWKWPWWPWRR (SEQ ID NO: 195, GenScript, Piscataway, N.J., Chemprep Inc., Miami, Fla.) (vaccine #2).
  • Immunization of dairy cows. Eleven healthy multiparous Holstein cows in mid-lactation were housed in a level II biosafety barn at the Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (Sherbrooke, QC). Cows received the vaccine #2 (vaccinated group). Two immunizations were performed 10 weeks apart, subcutaneously in the neck. No adverse side effects were observed. Blood from the caudal vein and milk samples were taken before the first immunization (preimmune serums) and then every week for the detection of total IgG.
  • Detection of total IgG by ELISA. Detection of total IgG against each of the antigens in serum was performed as previously described with some modifications (Ster et al., Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), 136: 311-318). Nunc MaxiSorp™ 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with the test antigen (5 g/mL diluted in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. Sigma Aldrich, Oakville, ON) and incubated overnight at 37° C. The plates were then saturated with the PBS containing 0.5% gelatin (BD, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) for 1 h at 37° C. One hundred microliters of two-fold serial dilutions of the sera in PBS containing 0.5% gelatin and 0.1% Tween™ 20 were loaded into the plates and incubated for I h at 37° C. The plates were washed three times with PBS containing 0.1% Tween™ 20. One hundred microliters of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody were added to the plate. The secondary antibodies used were a goat anti-bovine IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., West Grove, Pa.) diluted 1/1000,000 in PBS containing 0.5% gelatin and 0.1% Tween™ 20. After 1 h of incubation at 37° C. followed by 3 washes, peroxidase activity was detected with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reagent (KPL Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
    • Example 7: The Fusion of Antigens Induces High Antibody Titers—Vaccine #2
  • FIG. 5 shows serum total IgG titers for the vaccinated cows for each antigen of the vaccine (including the fused antigens SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 (labeled SACOL0029-1867 on FIG. 5). Each open circle represents the titer four weeks after the second immunization for each cow (just before the experimental infection) whereas each black diamond represents the preimmune titer. Horizontal lines represent the medians: solid line for the preimmune serums, dotted line for the samples taken four weeks after immunization. Titers for the vaccinated cows are higher than the titers of the preimmune serums (**, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001 for the other antigens tested).
  • FIG. 5 thus shows that the vaccine composed of three separate antigens, including a fusion peptide, induces a strong immune response in the cows. Furthermore, FIG. 5 surprisingly shows that the fused antigens SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 (fusion SACOL0029-SACOL1867) raised antibody titers that were above those raised by each of the antigen alone (Compare FIG. 1A vs. FIG. 5) and that such fused antigens provide an additional benefit to the vaccine.
  • More particularly, when administered individually in a vaccine, the titers of immune cows against SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 reached 3200 and 51200, respectively (FIG. 1A), whereas when these antigens were administered as a fusion, the titers of immune cows reached 12800 and 409600, respectively (FIG. 5), showing that the fusion create an unexpected synergy in the immune response.
    • Example 8: Materials and Methods for Vaccine Comprising SACOL0029, SACOL1867, and a Fusion Between SACOL1867 and SACOL0029—Vaccine #3
  • Production of the antigens. Three antigens derived from two genes that are highly expressed during S. aureus bovine intramammary infection were selected for inclusion in a vaccine. These antigens are: SACOL0029 (GenBank™ accession No.: YP_184940.1) (SEQ ID NO: 5), SACOL1867 (GenBank™ accession No.: YP_186695.1) (SEQ ID NO: 38) and a fusion between SACOL1867 and SACOL0029 (GenBank™ accession No.: YPJ84940.1) (SEQ ID NO: 5). His-tagged recombinant proteins of SACOL0029, SACOL1867 and SACOL0029-1867 were engineered and produced by GenScript, Inc. (Piscataway, N.J.). (see FIGS. 21A, F and I, items I. IV and VII for SACOL0029, SACOL1867, and SACOL0029-1867 his-tagged sequences).
  • Immunization of mice. The immunogenic properties of recombinant S. aureus proteins encoded by the SACOL0029, SACOL1867 genes and a fusion of SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 were evaluated in mice. Four groups of mice received the exact equimolar quantity of proteins, either in a monovalent form (SACOL0029 or SACOL1867) or in a multivalent form (the fusion SACOL0029-1867 or SACOL0029 together with SACOL1867 in combination), were compared.
  • In brief, the theoretical molecular weight of each amino acid sequence corresponding to the entire fusion or to the SACOL0029 or SACOL1867 portion of the fusion were calculated using the ExPASy™ Bioinformatic resource portal (http://web.expasy.org/cgi-bin/compute_pi/pi_tool).
  • Five micrograms of the fusion were administered to one group of mice. The corresponding molar quantity of 5 μg of the SACOL0029-1867 fusion was determined to be 168.55 pmol, in regard to its theoretical molecular weight. An amount of 1.15 μg and 3.69 μg of SACOL0029 and SACOL1867, respectively was administered in two other groups of mice in order to provide 168.55 pmol of each antigen, respectively. The last group of mice received the combination of the two individual antigens (168.55 pmol of each).
  • For the preparation of the immunization doses, SACOL0029, SACOL1867 and the SACOL0029-1867 fusion polypeptides were individually mixed and suspended in PBS to obtain the final equimolar quantity of each antigenic dose in a volume of 100 μl. Twenty CD-1 female mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A (5 mice) received 5 μg of the SACOL0029-1867 fusion protein (Fusion); group B (5 mice) received 1.15 μg of SACOL0029 and 3.69 μg of SACOL1867 (Combination): group C (5 mice) received 1.15 μg of SACOL0029 (0029) and group D received 3.69 μg of SACOL1867 (1867). The CD-1 mice were immunized by two subcutaneous injections in the neck two weeks apart. No adverse side effects were observed during the totality of the experimental immunization period. Blood samples were taken just before the first priming injection (preimmune serums) and ten days after the boost immunization (immune serums). The blood aliquots were allowed to clot at room temperature for an hour, centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4° C. The sera were harvested and kept at −20° C. until subsequent analysis.
  • Detection of total IgG by ELISA. Detection of serum total IgG against SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 recombinant proteins was performed as previously described with some modifications (Ster et al., Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), 136: 311-318). Nunc MaxiSorp™ 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with 75 μI of each of the test antigen (6.67 μg/mL diluted in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. Sigma Aldrich, Oakville, ON) and incubated overnight at room temperature. The plates were then saturated with PBS containing 5% skim milk powder for 1 h at 37° C. One hundred microliters of four-fold serial dilutions of the sera in PBS containing 3% milk and 0.025% Tween™ 20 were loaded into the plates and incubated for 1 h at 37° C. The plates were washed three times with PBS containing 0.05% Tween™ 20. One hundred microliters of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody were then added to the plate. The secondary antibody used was a commercial goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., West Grove, Pa.), diluted 1/5000 in PBS containing 3% milk and 0.025% Tween™ 20. After 1 h of incubation at 37° C. followed by 3 washes, peroxidase activity was detected with the addition of one hundred microliters of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reagent (KPL Inc., Gaithersburg, Md., according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
  • Statistical analysis Statistical analysis of the antibody titers and of the correlation was performed using GraphPad Prism™ v6.05.
    • Example 9: The Fusion of Antigens Induces Significantly Higher Antibody Titers Compared to Monovalent Antigens or a Combination of Antigens—Vaccine #3
  • FIG. 6 shows that an antigen (SACOL1867) included in a fusion polypeptide (i.e., the SACOL0029-1867 fusion protein) can induce a strong and specific antibody immune response against that specific antigen (SACOL1867), and, more importantly, that this response can be significantly higher than that obtained with a monovalent form of this antigen (SACOL1867 administered alone) or a multivalent combination of individual polypeptides that are part of the fusion (combination of SACOL1867 plus SACOL0029). Thus, in addition to the advantage of generating an immune response against multiple polypeptidic targets, such fused antigens also provide the additional benefit of greatly improving the antibody titers against those targets.
    • Example 10: Materials and Methods for Vaccines Including SACOL0720 Fragments) and/or SACOL442 Fragment(s)—Vaccines #4-6
  • Production of the antigens. Peptides and amino acid fragments of 15 to 50 amino acids in length and derived from sequences SACOL0442 and/or SACOL0720 were selected based on the presence of B-cell epitopes. Fusions of peptide epitopes were also designed in which an amino acid linker (for example, EAAAKEAAAK (SEQ ID NO: 62), or ERKYK (SEQ ID NO: 61) or KDYERKYKKHIVS (SEQ ID NO: 196)) joined the various epitopes. Peptides and amino acid fragments were synthesized by Biomatik, Inc. (Cambridge. ON). Upon receipt, lyophilised peptides and amino acid fragments were suspended in sterile water at a concentration of 5 mg/mL and stored at −80° C. until day of use.
  • Immunization of mice. Peptides and amino acid fragments were used as antigens for immunization of mice. For the preparation of the immunization doses, each peptide and amino acid fragment or a combination of such were mixed and suspended in PBS containing 20% of the EMULSIGEN®-D oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant to obtain a final dose of 100 μg of polypeptide per dose, unless otherwise specified. CD-1 female mice were randomly divided into different groups of 3 to 4 animals. Mice were immunized by two subcutaneous injections in the neck two weeks apart. No adverse side effects were observed during the totality of the experimental period. Blood samples were taken just before the first priming injection (preimmune serums) and ten days after the boost immunization (immune serums). The blood aliquots were allowed to clot at room temperature for an hour, and then centrifuged at 10.000 g for 10 min at 4° C. The sera were harvested and kept at −20° C. until subsequent analysis.
  • Detection of total IgG by ELISA. Detection of serum total IgG, against specific amino acid sequences found in the antigens used for the immunization of mice, was performed as previously described with some modifications (Ster et al., Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), 136: 311-318). Nunc MaxiSorp™ 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with 100 μI of each of the target amino acid sequences diluted at a final concentration of 5 μç/Γηi, in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer (Sigma Aldrich. Oakville, ON) and incubated overnight at room temperature. The plates were then saturated with PBS containing 5% skim milk powder for 1 h at 37° C. One hundred microliters of four-fold or two-fold serial dilutions of the sera in PBS containing 1% milk and 0.025% Tween™ 20 were loaded into the plates and incubated for 1 h at 37° C. The plates were then washed three times with PBS containing 0.05% Tween™ 20. One hundred microliters of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody were then added to the plate. The secondary antibody used was a goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., West Grove, Pa.), diluted 1/5000 in PBS containing 1% milk and 0.025% Tween™ 20. After 1 h of incubation at 37° C. followed by 3 washes with PBS Tween™ 20 and a final wash with PBS, peroxidase activity was detected with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reagent (KPL Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
  • Statistical analysis. Statistical analysis of the antibody titers and optical densities was performed using GraphPad Prism™ v6.05.
    • Example 11: Immune Response Against a Fusion of Peptides that Includes Epitopes Encoded from Sequences SACOL0442 and SACOL0720—Vaccine #4
  • A fusion of peptide epitopes encoded from SACOL0442 and SACOL0720 was used to vaccinate mice (n=4). The sequence of the fusion of peptides was KDGGKYTLESHKELQEAAAKEAAAKKDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 3) (vaccine #4), where the linker is italicized and the different epitopes are identified in bold characters. The epitopes were KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1) encoded from SACOL0442, KDINKIYFMTDVDL (SEQ ID NO: 23) encoded from SACOL0720, and DVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 24) also encoded from SACOL0720. The IgG antibodies from the sera harvested from the animals were able to bind amino acid fragments comprising B-cell epitopes from either SACOL0442 (i.e. KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1)) and/or SACOL0720 (i.e. QFGFDLKHKKDALA (SEQ ID NO: 21); KDINKIYFMTDVDL (SEQ ID NO: 23), DVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 24)) in ELISA assays with antibody titers of 1/6400 or higher. The fusion of peptides used for immunization and the amino acid fragments or polypeptides used as antibody targets in ELISA assays are shown in Table III below. In this table, the epitopes are in bold and the linker sequence is italicized.
  • TABLE III
    Polypeptide vaccine and antibody response targets
    Fusion of peptides used for vaccination
    KDGGKYTLESHKELQ EAAAKEAAAK KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO:
    3)
    Peptides and polypeptides targets bound by IgG from vaccinated mice in an ELISA assay
    KDGGKYTLESHKELQ EAAAKEAAAK KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO:
    3) (fusion of peptides);
    GEHLPKGNIVINTKDGGKYTLESHKELQKDRENVKINTAD (SEQ ID NO: 2) (fragment
    encoded by SACOL0442);
    KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKDYERKYKKHIVSQFGFDLKHKKDALA (SEQ ID
    NO: 271) (variant comprising fragments encoded by SACOL0720)
    SACOL0442 (SEQ ID NO: 55) (i.e. polyhistidine version shown in FIG. 21 E, item II);
    SACOL0720 (SEQ ID NO: 25) (i.e. polyhistidine version shown in FIG. 21 D, item III);
  • All antibody targets shown above were bound in an ELISA assay by IgG from mice vaccinated with the fusion antigen above.
  • This demonstrates that a fusion of peptide epitopes encoded by both SACOL0442 and SACOL0720 can be used to immunize and elicit an immune response in a mammal. The obtained immune response includes the production of antibodies that recognize SACOL0442 or SACOL0720, amino acid fragments or variants encoded from either SACOL0442 or SACOL0720.
    • Example 12: A Fusion of Multiple Epitopes Used as an Antigen in Immunizations Significantly Enhances the Immune Response Against a Single Epitope—Vaccine #4
  • A fusion of peptide epitopes encoded from SACOL0442 and SACOL0720 was used to vaccinate mice (n=4). The sequence of the fusion of peptides was KDGGKYTLESHKELQEAAAKEAAAKKDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 3), where the linker is italicized and the different epitopes are identified in bold characters. The epitopes were KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1) encoded from SACOL0442, KDINKIYFMTDVDL (SEQ ID NO: 23) encoded from SACOL0720, and DVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 24) also encoded from SACOL0720. Another group of mice (n=4) was immunized with the single peptide epitope KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1), encoded from SACOL0442.
  • Sera were collected from animals and tested for the presence of IgG antibodies directed toward an amino acid fragment encoded from SACOL0442 (GEHLPKGNIVINTKDGGKYTLESHKELQKDRENVKINTAD) (SEQ ID NO: 2), which contains the peptide epitope KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • As shown on FIG. 7, immunization with the fusion of three peptide epitopes (one encoded from SACOL0442 and two encoded from SACOL0720) significantly increased the antibody production against an amino acid fragment encoded from SACOL0442 (GEHLPKGNIVINTKDGGKYTLESHKELQKDRENVKINTAD) (SEQ ID NO: 2), which contains the peptide epitope KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1), compared to the antibody level obtained when only using the peptide epitope KDGGKYTLESHKELQ (SEQ ID NO: 1) as antigen for immunization.
    • Example 13: Immune Response Against a Polypeptide Fragment of 50 Amino Acids Encoded a Variant of SACOL0720—Vaccine #5
  • A group of mice (n=3) was vaccinated with a 50-amino acid peptide fragment (KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKDYERKYKKHIVSQFGFDLKHKKDALA (SEQ ID NO: 27)) (vaccine #5) containing B-cell epitopes (bold characters) encoded from the sequence SACOL0720, more specifically epitopes KDINKIYFMTDVDL (SEQ ID NO: 23), DVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 24) and QFGFDLKHKKDALA (SEQ ID NO: 21). The overall sequence of KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKDYERKYKKHIVSQFGFDLKHKKDALA (SEQ ID NO: 27) vary from the native sequence of SACOL0720 by four amino acids in the region linking the epitopes DVDLGGPTFVLND (SEQ ID NO: 24) and QFGFDLKHKKDALA (SEQ ID NO: 21). Vaccine #5 can thus be considered being a variant fragment of SACOL0720 or a fusion of epitopes from SACOL0720, which are spaced by linker ERKYK (SEQ ID NO: 61).
  • Sera were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies directed toward a fragment of the native protein encoded by SACOL0720 (SEQ ID NO: 25) (i.e. polyhistidine version shown in FIG. 21 D, item II). Both mice vaccinated with the peptide fragment corresponding to the variant sequence of amino acids (or fusion SACOL0720-720) produced antibodies that recognized epitopes in the original sequence of amino acids in an ELISA assay with titers of 1/6400 or higher.
  • This demonstrates that an amino acid fragment that comprises epitopes encoded from sequence SACOL0720 can elicit an immune response in a mammal. This also further demonstrates that a variant of the native sequence has the capacity to stimulate the immune system against the original fragment sequence containing B-cell epitopes.
    • Example 14: Immune Response Against a Combination of Fusions (Peptide Fusion 0442-0720 and Polypeptide Fusion 0029-1867)—Vaccine #6
  • A fusion of peptide epitopes encoded from SACOL0442 and SACOL0720 (see sequence in FIG. 211, Item VII-fusions) was combined to a polypeptide fusion containing sequences of SACOL0029 and SACOL 1867 (see sequence in FIG. 21H, Item VII) and was used to vaccinate mice (vaccine #6).
  • For the preparation of the immunization doses, the peptide fusion 0442-0720 and the polypeptide fusion 1867-0029 were mixed and suspended in PBS containing 20% of the EMULSIGEN®-D oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant to obtain a final dose of 100 μg and 5 μg per dose of the peptide fusion (0442-0720) and the polypeptide fusion (0029-1867), respectively. CD-1 female mice (n=3) were immunized by three subcutaneous injections in the neck. The first two injections were made one week apart and the third injection 3 weeks after the second one. No adverse side effects were observed during the totality of the experimental period. Blood samples were taken just before the first priming injection (preimmune serums) and fourteen days after the last boost immunization (immune serums). The blood aliquots were allowed to clot at room temperature for an hour, and then centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4° C. The sera were harvested and kept at −20° C. until subsequent analysis.
  • The IgG antibodies from the sera harvested from the animals were able to bind amino acid fragments comprising epitopes from either SACOL0442 or SACOL0720 or to polypeptide SACOL0029 or SACOL1867 in ELISA assays with antibody titers of 1/6400 or higher. The fusion of peptides and polypeptides used for immunization and the polypeptides or amino acid fragments used as antibody targets in ELISA assays are shown in the Table IV below.
  • TABLE IV
    Mixed polypeptide fusion vaccine and antibody response targets
    A mixture of the fusion of peptides 0442-0720 and polypeptide fusion 0029-1867 was
    used for vaccination (vaccine #6)
    The epitopes are in bold and the linker sequence is italicized
    0442-0720: KDGGKYTLESHKELQ EAAAKEAAK KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLND
    (SEQ ID NO: 3)
    0029-1867: SACOL0029-GGGGSGGGGSGGGGS-SACOL1867 (SEQ ID NO: 55)
    Peptides and polypeptides bound by IgG from vaccinated mice in an ELISA assay
    GEHLPKGNIVINTKDGGKYTLESHKELQKDRENVKINTAD (fragment encoded by
    SACOL0442) (SEQ ID NO: 2) (see sequence in FIG. 211, Item VII-fusions);
    KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKDYERKYKKHIVSQFGFDLKHKKDALA (fragment
    encoded by SACOL0720) (SEQ ID NO: 271) (see sequence in FIG. 211, item VII-fusions);
    SACOL1867 (SEQ ID NO: 40) (see his-tagged sequence in FIG. 21 F, Item IV);
    SACOL0029 (SEQ ID NO: 8) (see his-tagged sequence in FIG. 21A, item I);
  • This demonstrates that a combination of fusions (e.g., peptide fusion 0442-0720 mixed with the polypeptide fusion 0029-1867) can be used to immunize and elicit an immune response in a mammal. The obtained immune response includes the production of antibodies that recognize amino acid sequences encoded from either SACOL0442 or SACOL0720 or SACOL0029 or SACOL1867.
    • Example 15: Materials and Methods for Attenuated Live Mutant
  • Bacterial strains and growth conditions. Strains used in Examples 15-25 are listed in Table V. S. aureus ATCC 29213 and its isogenic mutant Δ720 were previously described (Allard ef al. 2013). Except otherwise stated, S. aureus strains were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) and agar (TSA) (BD, ON, Canada), and Escherichia coli DH5a were grown in LB and LBA medium (BD). Whenever required, ampicillin (IOOμç/iηI) (Sigma, Oakville. Ontario, Canada), chloramphenicol (20 μg ill) (ICN Biomedicals, Irvine, Calif.), and erythromycin (10 μg/ml) (Sigma) were added to agar plates. For the immunological tests, four different bovine mastitis isolates were selected corresponding to some of the predominant S. aureus spa types found in Canadian dairy herds and elsewhere in the world (Veh ef al., 2015; Mitra ef al., 2013). Strain SHY97-3906 (spa t529) was isolated from a case of clinical bovine mastitis that occurred during the lactation period, and CU08-3 (spa t359) was originally isolated from a cow with persistent mastitis at dry-off (Allard ef al., 2013). Strains Sa3151 (spa t13401) and Sa3181 (spa t267) were obtained from the Canadian Bovine Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Network (CBMMQRN) Mastitis Pathogen Culture Collection (Universite de Montreal, Faculte de medecine veterinaire, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada), and were isolated from cases of subclinical intramammary infections.
  • TABLE V
    Strains and plasmids used in Examples 15-25
    Strain or plasmid Relevant details Source or reference
    Strains
    S. aureus
    RN4220 Derivative of 8325-4, acceptor of foreign DNA Kreiswirth ef a/. (1983)
    —
    ATCC29213 Wild Type, SACOL0720 (vraG) positive, American Type Culture
    normal phenotype
    Δ720 SACOL0720 (vraG) transposon insertion Allard et al. (2013)
    isogenic mutant of ATCC29213
    ΔhemB hemB::EWr, isogenic mutant of ATCC29213, As described herein
    SCV phenotype
    Δ720ΔhemB hemB::EWr, isogenic mutant of Δ720, SCV As described herein
    phenotype
    E. coli
    SHY97-3906 isolated from a case of
    (spa t529) clinical bovine mastitis
    CLJ08-3 (spa isolated from a cow with
    t359) persistent mastitis at dry-off
    Sa3151 (spa CBMMQRN) Pathogen
    t13401) Culture Collection
    Sa318l (spa t267) CBMMQRN) Pathogen
    Culture Collection
    DH5a lacZDM15) hsdR17 recA1 endA1 gyrA96 thil Invitrogen (ON, Canada)
    relA1
    Plasmids
    pBT2 Shuttle vector, temperature-sensitive, AprCmr Bruckner (1997)
    PBT-E pBT2 derivative, inserted ErmA cassette As described herein
    pBT2 derivative, for hemB deletion;
    pBT-EhemB AprCmrEmr As described herein
  • Cell culture conditions. An established bovine mammary epithelial cell (BMEC) line, MAC-T (Huynh ef a/., 1991), was used as a cell culture model of infection. The MAC-T cells were routinely cultured and maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), supplemented with 5 μg/ml insulin (Roche Diagnostics Inc., Laval, Canada) and 1 Mg/ml hydrocortisone (Sigma), and incubated at 37° C. in a humidified incubator with 5% C02. Cell culture reagents were purchased from Wisent (St-Bruno, QC, Canada).
  • DNA manipulations. Recommendations from the manufacturers of kits were followed for genomic DNA isolation (Sigma), plasmid DNA isolation (Qiagen, ON, Canada), extraction of DNA fragments from agarose gels (Qiagen) and purification of PCR products and of digested DNA fragments (Qiagen). An additional treatment of 1 h with lysostaphin (Sigma) at 200 μg/ml was used to achieve efficient lysis of S. aureus cells in genomic and plasmid DNA isolations. Primers (IDT® Integrated DNA Technologies; Coraville, Iowa, USA) were designed to add restriction sites upstream and downstream of the amplified products. PCRs were performed using the Taq DNA Polymerase (NEB, Pickering, ON, Canada) for routine PCR or the Q5 high fidelity DNA Polymerase (NEB) for cloning, and cycling times and temperatures were optimized for each primer pair. Plasmid constructs were generated using E, coli DH5a (Invitrogen, Burlington, ON, Canada), restriction enzymes (NEB), and the T4 DNA ligase (NEB). Plasmid constructs were validated by restriction digestion patterns and DNA sequencing before electroporation in S. aureus RN4220 (Kreiswirth ef al., 1983) and in final host strains. Plasmids used in Examples 15-25 are listed in Table V above.
  • Generation of live attenuated S. aureus strain Δ720 and ΔhemB.
  • An isogenic hemB mutant of the ATCC 29213 strain was constructed, in which the hemB gene was deleted and replaced by the insertion of an emrA cassette by homologous recombination. S. aureus ATCC 29213 mutant for gene SACOL0720 (Δ720) was generated using the TargeTron™ Gene Knockout System (with the TargeTron™ Vector pNL9164 (Sigma-Aldrich Canada Ltd.) (Chen et al., 2007) for disruption of bacterial genes by insertion of group II introns (fragment size of approx. 2 Kb as previously described (Allard et al., 2013) between nucleotide 803 and 804 in S. aureus ATCC29213. The manufacturer protocols and recommendations were followed.
  • Generation of ΔhemB Δ720. To achieve a second mutation in gene hemB in order to obtain a SCV phenotype in the Δ720 mutant genetic background, another strategy was used: the temperature-sensitive pBT2-hemB:emrA (pBT-E:hemB) was used in a strategy previously described (Mitchell et al., 2008), with some modifications. Briefly, the pBT-E plasmid was constructed by the insertion of an ermA cassette between Xbal and Sail sites of temperature-sensitive shuttle vector pBT2 (Bruckner, 1997). The flanking regions of gene hemB (SACOL1715) DNA fragments were amplified from S. aureus ATCC 29213 and were cloned on both sides of the ermA cassette into the plasmid pBT-E. The plasmid was then transferred for propagation into S. aureus RN4220 (res-). After bacterial lysis with lysostaphin (200 Mg/ml for 1 h at room temperature), plasmid DNA was isolated and used to transform ATCC 29213 and Δ720 by electroporation. For plasmid integration and mutant generation, bacteria were first grown overnight at 30° C. with 10 μg/ml of erythromycin and a 1 μg/ml hemin supplementation (Sigma-Aldrich, ON, Canada). Bacteria were then diluted 1:1000 and grown overnight at 42° C. with 2.5 μg/ml of erythromycin and 1 μg/ml hemin. This step was repeated twice. Finally, bacteria were diluted 1:1000 and grown overnight at 42° C. without antibiotics. Mutants with the inactivated hemB gene were selected as resistant to erythromycin and sensitive to chloramphenicol, together with an SCV phenotype that can be complemented (i.e., reversion to the normal growth phenotype) by a 5 Mg/ml hemin supplementation on agar plates. The deletion of hemB in the ATCC 29213 (i.e., ΔhemB) and Δ720 (i.e., ΔhemBΔ720) strains was confirmed by PCR (see FIGS. 8A and B).
  • Hemin supplementation in broth culture. To evaluate the capacity of hemin to restore optimal growth kinetics of S. aureus ΔhemB and the double mutant Δ72ΔhemB, overnight bacterial cultures were diluted to an Δ600 nm of approximately 0.1 in culture tubes containing fresh BHI supplemented with hemin (Sigma) added at various concentrations. The A600 nm of cultures was monitored at different points in time during the incubation period at 35° C. (225 rpm).
  • S. aureus Infection of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells (BMECs).
  • MAC-T BMECs were used for the characterization of intracellular infectivity and persistence of ATCC 29213 (WT) and its isogenic mutants. Forty-eight hours before infection, 1×105/ml MAC-T cells were seeded on treated 24-well plates (Corning) to obtain 30% confluence. Monolayers were grown to confluence under 10% CO2 at 37° C. Six hours prior to infection, monolayers were washed with DMEM and incubated with invasion medium (IM) (growth medium without antibiotics containing 1% heat-inactivated FBS). Overnight bacterial cultures were diluted 1:20 in fresh TSB and grown to mid-logarithmic growth phase, then washed with PBS and diluted in IM to a multiplicity of infection of 10. Invasion was achieved by incubating monolayers with bacteria for 3 h. Monolayers were then washed with DMEM and incubated with IM containing 20 μg/ml lysostaphin to kill extracellular bacteria. The use of lysostaphin to kill extracellular normal and SCV S. aureus was previously validated in cell invasion assays (Moisan ef a/., 2006 and Tuchscherr ef a/, 2011). The treatment was allowed for 30 min to determine CFUs at 3 h of infection, or for an additional 12 or 24 h. Then, following extensive washing with Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS), monolayers were detached with trypsinization and lysed with 0.05% Triton X-100 and PBS was added to obtain a final I X concentration. The lysate was serially diluted and plated on TSA for CFUs determination.
  • BMECs viability and metabolic activity assay. To determine the cytotoxic damage inflicted by S. aureus ATCC 29213 (WT) and its isogenic mutants on MAC-T cells, the MTT cell metabolic activity assay that measures the reduction of 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) into an insoluble formazan product in viable cells, was performed. The assay followed the method of Kubica ef a/. (Kubica ef a/, 2008) with some modifications. Briefly, S. aureus infection of cells was achieved as described in the persistence assay, but instead of lysis after 12 h or 24 h, cells were incubated with 100 μI of MTT reagent (5 mg/ml) (Sigma) in DPBS for 2 h at 37° C. Following this, an acidic solvent solution of 16% SDS and 40% PMF, pH 47, was added to lyse the cells and solubilize the crystals of formazan overnight. The samples were read using an Epoch microplate reader (Biotek Instruments Inc.) at a wavelength of 570 nm. All assays were performed in triplicate, and control wells with uninfected cells (high viability control) or lysed WT infected cells (bacteria background control; treated with 0.05% triton X-100 for 10 min before MTT addition) were included to each plate. The level of metabolic activity was calculated using the following formula:

  • (absorbance of the sample−background control)/high control)*100.
  • Virulence in the mouse mastitis model. The mouse mastitis model of infection is based on that previously described (Brouillette, 2005; Brouillette, 2004). All the experiments performed with mice were approved by the ethics committee on animal experimentation of the Faculte des sciences of the Universite de Sherbrooke and were conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
  • Briefly, one hour following removal of 12-14 day-old offspring, lactating CD-1 mice (Charles River Laboratories) were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine at 87 and 13 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, and mammary glands were inoculated under a binocular. Mammary ducts were exposed by a small cut at the near ends of teats and a 100 μl-bacterial suspension containing 102 CFUs in endotoxin-free phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, Sigma) was injected through the teat canal using a 32-gauge blunt needle. Two glands (fourth on the right [R4] and fourth on the left [L4] from head to tail) were inoculated for each animal. Mammary glands were aseptically harvested at the indicated times, weighed and visually evaluated for inflammation. Bacterial burden was evaluated after mechanical tissue homogenization in PBS, serial dilutions, and plating on agar for CFU determination. In a second experiment, homogenized glands were conserved for protein extraction for myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity enzymatic assays.
  • Mammary Gland Protein Extraction.
  • Total protein extraction from mammary glands was performed by an optimized method previously described (Pulli ef a/., 2013), with some modifications. Mammary tissues were homogenized in a buffer containing a final concentration of potassium phosphate of 50 mM, pH 6.0, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) 50 mM (Sigma). The samples were then sonicated, freeze-thawed in liquid nitrogen, and centrifuged at 2000 g for 15 min at 4° C. Finally, the fat layer was removed by aspiration, and supernatants were saved for a final centrifugation of 15 min at 15 000 g, to discard every cellular debris. Supernatants were distributed in aliquots and kept at −80° C. until use for the enzymatic assays or protein concentration determination as measured by the bicinchoninic acid method (BCA) Protein Assay Kit (Thermo-Scientific).
  • MPO Activity Assay.
  • Neutrophil recruitment in mammary tissues was measured by quantification of MPO enzyme activity by the o-dianisidine-H2O2 method, modified for microplates (Bradley, RD, and Rothstein. GPPC, 1982). In a 96-well microplate, 10 μI of tissue extraction supernatants were incubated with a solution of o-dianisidine hydrochloride (0.0.167 mg/mL) (Sigma) and 0.0005% H2O2 (Sigma) in 50 mM CTAB phosphate buffer 50 mM, pH 6.0. The MPO activity was measured kinetically with intervals of 15 s over a period of 5 min in an Epoch microplate reader at 460 nm. A Unit of MPO was considered as the amount of enzyme that degrades 1 μmol of H2O2/min at 25° C., assuming an absorption coefficient of 11.3 mM−1 cm−1 at 460 nm for o-dianisidine (Zhang ef a/., 2004). Results were expressed as units of MPO per g of gland.
  • Mouse immunizations with the live attenuated mutant Δ720ΔhemB. The immunogenic properties of the attenuated strain Δ720ΔhemB administered as a live vaccine were evaluated in mice. In preliminary studies, the mice well tolerated intramuscular and subcutaneous (SC) injections of the attenuated strain. The doses of 106, 107 and 108 CFUs and the SC route were selected for subsequent experiments. For the preparation of bacterial inoculum, S. aureus Δ720ΔhemB colonies previously grown on BHIA plates were washed twice in ice cold PBS and suspended in PBS containing 15% glycerol, then aliquoted and kept at −80° C. until subsequent use. The viable bacterial counts in the inoculum preparation was validated by serial dilution plating on BHIA. CD-1 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: group 1 (n=3) received a dose of 106 CFUs; group 2 (n=3), 107 CFUs, and group 3 (n=3), 108 CFUs. Mice were immunized by two subcutaneous injections of bacteria in PBS (100 μl), in the neck, two weeks apart. Blood samples were taken just before the priming injection (preimmune serums) and ten days after the boost immunization (immune serums). Blood aliquots were allowed to clot at room temperature for an hour and then centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4° C. The serums were collected and kept at −20° C. until subsequent analysis.
  • Preparation of S. aureus Cell Extracts.
  • Preparation of S. aureus whole cell extracts was done as previously described with some modifications (Asli ef a/., 2016). Briefly, overnight bacterial cultures were diluted 1/1000 in fresh BHI broth, and then incubated at 35° C. (225 rpm) until an Δ600 nm of −0.8 was reached. Bacterial cells were centrifuged and pellets were washed in ice-cold PBS twice and suspended with the addition of 5 ml of PBS per ml of pellet. Bacterial suspensions were first treated with lysostaphin (Sigma) (100 μg/ml of pellet) for 1 h at 37° C., and then 3 μg of protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma), 8 μg of RNAse A (Sigma) and 8 μg of DNAse (Qiagen) per ml of pellet were added to the suspension. After 30 min at room temperature, cells were mechanically disrupted by 3 to 4 passages in a SLM Aminco™ French Pressure cell disrupter, and then centrifuged at 12,000×g and 4° C. for 10 min to remove unbroken cells. Supernatant was collected and total protein concentration was determined as previously described with the BCA Protein Assay Kit.
  • Detection of Mouse Total IgG by ELISA.
  • Detection of serum total IgG against the Δ720ΔhemB vaccination strain and each of the bovine IMI isolates was performed to demonstrate and measure the systemic humoral response generated by the immunization of mice. For target antigens. Nunc MaxiSorp™ 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with 100 μl of each of the whole S. aureus cell extracts (10 Mg/ml diluted in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer, Sigma), and incubated overnight at room temperature. The plates were then saturated with PBS containing 5% skim milk powder for 1 h at 37° C., followed by a second blocking step with an addition of 5% porcine serum to prevent unspecific S. aureus protein A interactions. One hundred microliters of two-fold serial dilutions of the sera in the dilution buffer (PBS with 2% milk, 5% porcine serum and 0.025% Tween™ 20) were loaded into the plates and incubated for 1 h at 37° C. Plates were then washed three times with PBS containing 0.05% Tween™ 20, and loaded with 100 μI of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., West Grove, Pa.) diluted 1/5000 in the dilution buffer. After 1 h of incubation at 37° C. followed by 3 washes, peroxidase activity was detected with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reagent (KPL Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
  • Statistical analysis. Statistical analyses were carried out with the GraphPad Prism™ software (v.6.02). Intracellular bacterial CFUs and bacterial CFUs/g of gland (IMI in mice) were transformed in base 10 logarithm values before being used for statistical analyses. Statistical tests used for the analysis of each experiment and significance are specified in the figure legends.
    • Example 16: Construction of Strain S. aureus ATCC 29213 Δ720, ΔhemB and Δ720ΔhemB
  • Live attenuated organisms that mimic natural infection stimulate the immune system in a powerful manner, eliciting broad and robust immune responses that produce both serum and mucosal antibodies, and effector and memory T cells which act synergistically to protect against disease (Detmer, 2006; Kollaritsch, 2000; Pasetti, 2011).
  • A mutation in gene SACOL0720 was shown to alter the virulence of S. aureus in experimental IMI infections in the cow (Allard et al., 2013).
  • Further live-attenuated strains were prepared for vaccine purposes based on the phenotypic aspects of S. aureus SCVs. SCVs do not generally generate invasive infections (i.e. additional attenuation) and can be internalized in host cells and therefore will stimulate the cell-mediated immune response in addition to the humoral immune response.
  • A stable S. aureus SCV was first created through the deletion of the hemB gene (ΔhemB) (see Example 15, Generation of live attenuated S. aureus strain Δ720 and ΔhemB). Further attenuation of this SCV was then achieved by inactivation of gene SACOL0720 (Δ720) (see Example 15. Generation of ΔhemBΔ720).
  • After infection of MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cells, the double mutant (Δ720 ΔhemB) significantly showed lower internalization and cell destruction compared to that seen with ΔhemB and Δ720, respectively.
    • Example 17: Strain S. aureus ΔhemBΔ720 is Attenuated in MAC-T Cells
  • The infectivity of ATCC 29213 (WT), Δ720, ΔhemB and ΔhemBΔ720 strains were then compared in intracellular persistence assays using MAC-T cells. By comparing the three mutant strains to their isogenic WT parent, distinct effects of mutations in genes hemB and SACOL0720 were observed. A short 3-h incubation of bacteria with cell monolayers followed by the addition of lysostaphin to eliminate extracellular bacteria demonstrated high levels of internalization into MAC-T cells for both WT and ΔhemB strains, based on the recovery of viable intracellular bacteria (CFUs) (FIGS. 9A and B). The single Δ720 mutant however showed significantly less (P≤0.01) internalization compared to its parental WT strain (FIG. 9A). The reduction in internalization seen in Δ720 was even more pronounced when comparing the double mutant ΔhemBΔ720 to ΔhemB, with a 10-fold reduction of inoculum recovery in this 3-h internalization assay (P<0.001, FIG. 9B). This initial reduction of internalized bacterial load was still apparent 12 and 24 h post invasion (PI) for the double mutant strain ΔhemBΔ720 (FIG. 9C), as illustrated by the 1−log10 reduction of CFU/ml at both time points compared to that observed for ΔhemB (P<0.001). The difference in initial intracellular bacterial loads between the single Δ720 mutant and WT strains (FIG. 9A) gradually vanished with longer incubation times (FIG. 9C), as both strains did not well persist in MAC-T cells (FIG. 10). On the opposite, intracellular CFUs recovered for the single ΔhemB strain was significantly higher compared to that recovered for the three other strains at 24 h PI (FIG. 9C. P≤0.001 against all). Overall and as expected for the SCV phenotype, the ΔhemB strain showed a higher intracellular persistence than any other strain over time (FIG. 10). These results suggest that the Δ720 mutation mainly reduces the internalization process into MAC-T cells. Results further demonstrate that the ΔhemBΔ720 mutant is still capable of internalization and persistence into BMECs but at a much lower degree than that seen with the single ΔhemB mutant.
  • The ΔhemBΔ720 and ΔhemB SCVs cause low BMEC disruption. As reported above, ΔhemB and ΔhemBΔ720 SCV strains showed a greater persistence over time in MAC-T cells, as illustrated by their sustained viability at 12 and 24 h PI in comparison with WT and Δ720 strains (FIGS. 9C and 10). The percentage of the inoculum recovered from cells stayed nearly the same from 0 to 24 h after lysostaphin addition, both for the double and single hemB mutants, with a slight increase at 12 h, indicating intracellular growth (FIG. 10). Both strains started to decrease at a slow rate after this time of infection. However, the apparent reduction of intracellular CFUs for the WT and Δ720 strains was concomitant with the visual observation of increasing damage to cell monolayers over time, in comparison to that observed with strains of the SCV phenotypes.
  • MAC-T Cells Viability was Also Evaluated Following Infection by Each of the Four Strains Studied.
  • MAC-T cell viability was evaluated by the MTT method (Kubica et al., 2008). Results show that both SCV strains (ΔhemB and ΔhemBΔ720) caused significantly less MAC-T killing in this assay in contrast to the WT and Δ720 strains. When compared to ΔhemB, the WT strain nearly reduced by half the viability of cells at 12 h (FIG. 11 A: WT: 25.4%; ΔhemB: 48.4%). This difference was still apparent at 24 h (FIG. 11 B: 16.3% vs. 34.5%, respectively), even if the bacterial load was 10 times higher for the ΔhemB mutant (FIG. 9C). The MAC-T cells were more damaged by ΔhemB than by the double mutant Δ720ΔhemB but the difference was only significant at 24 h (P<0.01). When compared directly to the WT strain, the double mutant Δ720ΔhemB sustained epithelial cells viability 2.3 times more at 12 h (FIG. 11 A) and 2.7 times more at 24 h (FIG. 11B) (12 and 24 h: P<0.0001). Therefore, the greater intracellular persistence of both SCVs strains compared to the WT and Δ720 strains over time (FIG. 10) was likely to be attributed to a lower toxicity of the SCVs to MAC-T cells (FIG. 11). Taken together, results from the BMEC infection assays provided evidence of an additive effect of both ΔhemB and Δ720 mutations for the attenuation of the WT strain.
    • Example 18: Strain S. aureus ΔhemBΔ720 is Attenuated in a Mouse IEM Model
  • To attest attenuation of ΔhemBΔ720 in an in vivo model of infection, the virulence of the double mutant was evaluated and compared to the WT strain in a murine IMI model (Brouillette and Malouin, 2005). For both strains, the exponential phase of infection took place mainly within the first 12 h post-infection, while the maximal bacterial burden was reached at 24 h for the double mutant and 48 h (day 2 [D2]) for the WT strain (FIG. 12). At 24 h, the double mutant showed a reduction of 1.9 log10 in mean CFU/g of gland compared to WT (P<0.05). Also after 24 h, the mutant bacterial burden showed a constant decline until complete bacterial clearance was reached at day 12 (shown by the asterisk on FIG. 12). In contrast, the parental WT strain provoked severe invasive infections compared to the mutant, killing 3 of 9 remaining mice at day 2 and 2 of 3 mice at day 7 (FIG. 12; arrows) before glands could be harvested for those groups. Mice surviving the WT infection maintained high viable counts (9 log10 CFU/g of gland) at day 7, an approximate 5 log10 difference in bacterial burden compared to the double mutant. These results clearly demonstrate a markedly reduced capacity of strain ΔhemBΔ720 to multiply and survive in the mammary gland. The ΔhemBΔ720 double mutant is therefore strongly attenuated in a mouse intramammary infection (IMI) model and is efficiently cleared from mammary glands.
  • The attenuated strain ΔhemBΔ720 appears ideal for vaccination purposes and for intracellular delivery of antigens. Indeed, the low and temporary internalization of ΔhemBΔ720 should help stimulation of cell-mediated immunity, a component of the immune response that is important for defense against S. aureus (Fowler and Proctor, 2014).
    • Example 19: Inflammatory Response to Δ720ΔhemB and WT Strains Following IMI
  • To monitor the inflammatory response (immune response) of the mice to infections with WT and mutant strains, neutrophil infiltration in glands was evaluated by the MPO enzymatic activity of total protein extracts of gland homogenates. MPO activity in biological samples has previously been strongly correlated with absolute number of neutrophils (Xia, 1997), and is hence an adequate marker. During the first hours after infection, neutrophil recruitment followed similar profiles for the double mutant and WT infected glands (FIG. 13), with exponential intensification of apparent neutrophil infiltration from 12 h to 24 h post infection coinciding with bacterial growth albeit with a certain delay. The absolute numbers of polymorphonuclear cells in relation with the bacterial load in mammary glands was previously shown to not always peak at the same time (Brouillette, 2005). No significant difference in MPO activity could be observed at 6, 12 and 24 h between glands infected by mutant and WT strains (FIG. 13). This equivalence in apparent neutrophil infiltration did not however correlate with the visual observation of inflammation at 24 h, at which point the WT infection generated extensive redness of infected glands in comparison to the double mutant (photographs of FIG. 14). On the contrary, mutant infected glands were not visually altered on the macroscopic level compared to PBS controls. The disparity between visual assessment of inflammation and neutrophil infiltration results could be attributed to the differences in bacterial loads (FIGS. 9A-C) and the cytotoxic activity of the WT strain (FIG. 11), and could be coherent with the highly invasive and disseminative capacity of the strain via toxins and enzymes expression. Hence, these results indicate that neutrophil recruitment in the glands infected by the mutant strain was equivalent to that seen with the WT strain and that this was sufficient to allow a subsequent decline and clearance of the mutant bacterial loads.
  • Lastly, to confirm strain safety, and to assess that this inflammatory response was not consequent to an inadmissible reactogenic strain, MPO activity was monitored in M2QkhemB infected glands 4 and 12 days after infection. The level of activity was then compared to levels obtained with PBS injected mice. As illustrated in FIG. 15, the apparent neutrophil presence in mutant infected glands was still high 4 days after infection, with MPO activity ranging from 8 to 21 Units/g of gland. Besides, gland involution, the process by which the lactating gland returns to a morphologically near pre-pregnant state, is ordinarily associated with neutrophilic recruitment that allows phagocytosis of apoptotic cells during the remodelling of tissue (Stein, 2007). In the days following infection in this model, mice glands are already in that normal state of modification, as indicated by their rapid shrinking. However, the MPO levels in mutant infected glands went through a substantial decline between day 4 and 12, (P<0.01). MPO levels were then considered to be back to a normal level at day 12 showing no significant difference from that obtained with the PBS-injected mice. The inflammatory response of L720 hemB infected glands goes back to normal levels with bacterial clearance (FIG. 15).
    • Example 20: Immunization with Δ720ΔhemB Generates a Strong Humoral Response Against Several S. aureus Bovine Intramammary Infection Isolates
  • To confirm that immunization with the live Δ720ΔhemB can indeed generate a strong immune response suitable for its use as a putative live vaccine against S. aureus intramammary infections, mice were immunized with different doses of the live vaccine and serum total IgGs were assayed for binding to whole cell extracts of a variety of S. aureus bovine isolates. First, doses of 106, 107 and 108 CFUs, administered subcutaneously in the neck, triggered no adverse effect such as modification of mice behavior or signs of inflammation or necrosis at the immunization site throughout the immunization period. Furthermore, immunization using increasing amounts of the live double mutant ATCC 29213 Δ720ΔhemB yielded increasing titers of systemic IgG antibodies against a whole cell extract of its own antigens (FIG. 15B). The titers of the immune sera were significantly higher than those of the preimmune sera, demonstrating specificity of antibody production against S. aureus antigens present in the live vaccine. Most importantly, immunization using increasing amounts of Δ720ΔhemB also yielded a consequential rise of antibody titers against a variety S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis, including strains from the major spa types found in Canada and elsewhere in the world (FIG. 15C). These results clearly show that (i) immunization with the double mutant can raise an immune response, and that (ii) the strain background (ATCC 29213) share sufficient common features with bovine mastitis strains so that the antibody response also strongly recognizes strains of major spa types.
  • Immunization of mice using subcutaneous injections of live Δ720ΔhemB raised a strong humoral response as judged by the high titers of total IgG measured against a whole bacterial cell extract. Also, the vaccine strain Δ720ΔhemB had sufficient common features with bovine mastitis strains so that the antibody response also strongly recognized strains from a variety of common mastitis associated spa types.
  • Although this demonstrated that the double mutant background (ATCC 29213) share many common features with bovine mastitis strains, such a double mutant can be created in any desired genetic background if one wishes, notably in any strain that was isolated from bovine mastitis, such as but not limited to S. aureus strain RF122.
  • These results show that a SCV strain having some residual intracellular capabilities can allow immune cells recruitment without establishing a severe infection. Such an SCV strain may act as a live-attenuated vaccine that adequately stimulates the immune response to combat pathogens with intracellular abilities.
    • Example 21: Material and Methods—SACOL0442, SACOL0720, SACOL0029 and a Fusion Between SACOL1867 and SACOL0029+Attenuated Live Bacteria (Vaccine #7)
  • Production of the antigens. The production of antigens was performed as described in Example 6, in the section production of the antigens except for the additional presence of the antigen SACOL0029. His-tagged recombinant proteins of SACOL0029 were engineered and produced by GenScript. Inc. (Piscataway, N.J.). (see FIG. 21A, item 1, his-tagged sequence).
  • Generation of live attenuated S. aureus strain Δ720ΔhemB. The generation of live attenuated S. aureus strain was performed as described in Example 15 (Generation of ΔhemBΔ720).
  • Immunization of mice. The immunogenic properties of recombinant S. aureus proteins encoded by the SACOL0442, SACOL0720, SACOL0029 genes and a fusion of SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 genes in combination, or not, with the live attenuated bacterial strain S. aureus Δ720ΔhemB were evaluated in mice. The mice well tolerated a dose of 103, 105, 106, 107 and 108 CFU by subcutaneous injections in the neck and intramuscular injections in the thigh. The dose of 105 and the subcutaneous route were selected for the following experiments.
  • For the preparation of bacterial inoculum. S. aureus Δ720ΔhemB colonies previously grown on BHIA plates were washed twice in ice cold PBS and resuspended in PBS containing 15% glycerol, then aliquoted and kept at −80° C. until subsequent use. To obtain the final mice immunization dose, corresponding to 10 CFU of attenuated bacteria, the frozen inoculum bacterial concentration was evaluated by serial dilution plating on BHIA and then was diluted to a final concentration of 105 CFU/ml in PBS on the day of immunization.
  • For the preparation of protein doses. SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, and the SACOL0029-1867 fusion polypeptide were mixed and suspended in PBS to obtain a final dose of 5 g each. CD-1 female mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: group 1 (5 mice) received a mixed protein dose (protein Mix); group 2 (5 mice) received an attenuated bacteria (Δ720ΔhemB) dose (Δ720ΔhemB); group 3 (6 mice) received a combination of mixed proteins and attenuated bacteria (combination). CD-1 female mice were immunized by two subcutaneous injections in the neck two weeks apart. The proteins and bacterial strains doses were diluted in PBS as previously described and administered in a final volume of 100 μI for each group of mice. No adverse side effects were observed during the totality of the experimental immunization period. Blood samples were taken just before the first priming injection (preimmune serums) and ten days after the boost immunization (immune serums). The blood aliquots were allowed to clot at room temperature for an hour, centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4° C. The sera were harvested and kept at −20° C. until subsequent analysis.
  • Detection of total IgG, lgG1 and lgG2 by EUSA. Detection of serum total IgG, lgG1 and lgG2 against each of the antigens previously used for immunization was performed as previously described with some modifications (Ster et al., Vef. Immunol. Immunopathol. (2010), 136: 311-318). In addition, detection of IgG against staphylococcal surface protein ClfA was performed to demonstrate the supplementary advantages of using a live strain to enhance and balance the immune response against S. aureus. Nunc MaxiSorp™ 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rochester, N.Y.) were coated with 75 μl of each of the test antigen (6.67 μç/ηΓ diluted in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer, Sigma Aldrich, Oakville, ON) and incubated overnight at room temperature. The plates were then saturated with PBS containing 5% skim milk powder for 1 h at 37° C. One hundred microliters of four-fold serial dilutions of the sera in PBS containing 3% milk and 0.025% Tween™ 20 were loaded into the plates and incubated for 1 h at 37° C. The plates were washed three times with PBS containing 0.05% Tween™ 20. One hundred microliters of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody were then added to the plate. The secondary antibodies used were a goat anti-mouse IgG, lgG2a and lgG1 (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., West Grove, Pa.), diluted 1/5000 respectively in PBS containing 3% milk and 0.025% Tween™ 20. After 1 h of incubation at 37° C. followed by 3 washes, peroxidase activity was detected with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) reagent (KPL Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
  • Statistical analysis. Statistical analysis of the antibody titers and of the correlation was performed using GraphPad Prism™ v6.05.
    • Example 22: The Fusion of Antigens and the Combination with a Live Attenuated S. aureus Strain Induces High Antibody Titers in Mice—Vaccine #7
  • The antigens and live attenuated S. aureus strain Δ720ΔhemB are produced as described in Example 21. Mice are immunized and IgGs detected as described in Example 21.
  • The results in FIG. 16 show that immunization with the SACOL0029-1867 fusion either when co-administered with other antigens or with a live attenuated strain) induces high and specific antibody responses in mice.
    • Example 23: The Live Attenuated S. aureus Strain Significantly Improves Antibody Immune Response Against Some Specific Antigens—Vaccine #7
  • The antigens and live attenuated S. aureus strain Δ7202hemB are produced as described in Example 21. Mice are immunized and IgGs detected as described in Example 21.
  • The results in FIG. 17 show that immunization with the attenuated live strain Δ720ΔhemB significantly increases the production of specific IgG antibodies against the SACOL0029 antigen, in comparison to that obtained with IgG antibodies from mice immunized with the protein mix alone.
    • Example 24: The Live Attenuated S. aureus Strain Induces Significant Antibody Titers Against Additional Surface Proteins of S. aureus—Vaccine #7
  • The antigens and live attenuated S. aureus strain Δ720ΔhemB are produced as described in Example 21. Mice are immunized and IgGs detected as described in Example 21.
  • The results in FIG. 18 show that immunization with the attenuated live strain Δ720ΔhemB (alone or when co-administered with polypeptide antigens) significantly increases the production of specific antibodies against the staphylococcal surface protein ClfA, compared to that achieved with the protein mix alone composed of SACOL0029, SACOL0442, SACOL0720, and SACOL0029-1867.
    • Example 25: The Live Attenuated S. aureus Strain Significantly Balances the Th1/Th2 Immune Response—Vaccine #7
  • The antigens and live attenuated S. aureus strain Δ720ΔhemB are produced as described in Example 21.
  • Serum lgG2a and IgG1 isotypes against the SACOL0029-1867 fusion protein were detected in serums of vaccinated mice as previously described and the ratio of lgG2a to lgG1 titers of each mouse was determined, lgG2a isotype is associated with the Th1 immune response in mice, whereas lgG1 is a marker for the Th2 response. As described in Example 5, the induction of lgG2 production in cows and the extent of the lgG2 titers in milk significantly correlates with protection of the cows against a challenge with S. aureus, as judged by the levels of the corresponding somatic cells (SCC) or bacterial counts (CFU) in milk of the cows (FIG. 4C).
  • The results shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 demonstrate that the attenuated live strain Δ720ΔhemB included in the combination immunization vaccine (Δ720ΔhemB S. aureus administered with SACOL0029, SACOL0442. SACOL0720, and SACOL0029-1867) induces a significantly higher lgG2a/lgG1 antibody ratio against the SACOL0029-1867 fusion and SACOL0029 proteins than that seen with the protein mix immunization (SACOL0029, SACOL0442. SACOL0720, and SACOL0029-1867), resulting in a significantly more balanced Th1/Th2 response.
  • Examples 21 to 25 above show that even if a strong antibody response was obtained by the immunization with different antigens (including e.g., SACOL0029-1867 fusion) in a protein mix composition, the immunization of mice with a combination of these antigens with a live attenuated strain significantly improved immune responses against S. aureus, by inducing higher antibody titers against some specific antigens (e.g., SACOL0029), by the production of antibodies against other staphylococcal proteins (e.g., ClfA), and by achieving a more balanced lgG2a/lgG1 ratio, a good marker of a stronger Th1 type response, against the antigens coadministered with the live strain.
    • Example 26: Expression of Recombinant Proteins in Strain S. aureus ΔhemBΔ720— Vaccines # 8, 9, 10 Etc.
  • Genes SACOL0442, SACOL0720, SACOL0029, and/or SACOL1867 as well as the fusion (e.g., size of 50 AA or more) of the genes (or of fragments thereof) SACOL0029 and SACOL1867 (SACOL0029-SACOL1867), fusions of fragments (e.g., epitopes) of SACOL720 and/or of SACOL0442 (fusion 720-720) (fusion 442-720) or any other fusion of genes or fragments thereof e.g., SACOL0029-SACOL0442. SACOL0029-SACOL0720, SACOL0029-SACOL0720-SACOL0442. SACOL0029-SACOL0720-SACOL1867. SACOL0029-SACOL1867-SACOL0442 SACOL0442-SACOL0029-SACOL0720, SACOL0442-SACOL0029-SACOL0720, SACOL0442-SACOL1867-SACOL0720, SACOL0720-SACOL0442-SACOL1867, SACOL04029-SACOL1867-SACOL0720-SACOL0442, are cloned in plasmid pCN36 (Charpentier ef a/., 2004) under a constitutive promoter (PblaZ from plasmid pCN40) (Charpentier ef a/., 2004) and expressed in the S. aureus ΔhemBΔ720 strain. Certain protein antigens proposed herein are predicted to be an exotoxin, enterotoxin or superantigen (e.g., SACOL0442) or proteins useful for protection against host defenses (e.g., SACOL0720) and could potentially interfere with the mammalian immune system and antibody production, and/or show some toxicity in the host. Although such interference was not observed with the vaccine composition and formulations described here, it may be useful to modify the protein or polypeptide expressed in the S. aureus ΔhemBΔ720 strain so that the cloned genes do not complement its virulence. For such a purpose, it is possible to use molecular biology techniques to delete or mutate the putative region(s) involved in such protein activity without losing immunogenicity (Chang ef a/., 2008). This is the approach the applicants used to prepare the antigens of vaccine compositions of the present invention.
  • Expression of individual recombinant protein products by each of the S. aureus ΔhemBΔ720 strains carrying one of the constructed expression vectors is validated by LC-MS/MS analyses. Briefly, strains grown in BHI with 15 μg/ml tetracycline to mid-logarithmic phase were centrifuged and pellets were inactivated with ethanol. Samples were kept at −20° C. until cell lysis and trypsin digestion procedures. Samples are incubated with lysostaphin and trypsin at 37° C., followed by cell disruption by mechanical homogenization using glass beads and a beadbeater. Lysates are then centrifuged for 25 min at 13 000 rpm at 4° C. in order to remove cell debris, before following with protein digestion with trypsin, reduction and alkylation were done by standard procedures before sample Injection for protein detection using the MRM method of LC-MS/MS.
  • Alternatively, recombinant protein expression Is also confirmed by Western blots of bacterial lysates.
    • Example 27: Mouse Immunization with Attenuated Strains Expressing Antigens—Vaccines #8, Etc.
  • CD-1 female mice are vaccinated by two subcutaneous injections two weeks apart. Each of the S. aureus ΔhemBΔ720 strains carrying or not one of the constructed expression vectors, are diluted in saline and administered in a final volume of 100 μl per dose. Group 1 receives a double-mutant strain alone; group 2 receives a double-mutant strain expressing fusion SACOL0029-1867; group 3 receives a double-mutant strain expressing fusion SACOL0029-0442; group 4 receives a double-mutant strain expressing fusion SACOL0029-0720; group 5 receives a mixture of double-mutant strains, one expressing fusion SACOL0029-1867 and the other expressing fusion SACOL0029-0442; group 6 receives a mixture of double-mutant strains, one expressing fusion SACOL0029-1867 and the other expressing fusion SACOL0029-0720; and group 7 receives a mixture of double-mutant strains. Blood samples are taken just before the first injection and twelve days after the second one. The samples are allowed to clot at room temperature for an hour, then centrifuged at 2 000 g for 10 min at 4° C. The supernatants (sera) are harvested and kept at −20° C. until subsequent analysis. Mice are euthanized at day 27 and blood is collected by cardiac puncture. The immune sera are recovered, aliquoted and stored as for the pre-immune sera.
  • The immune response to vaccination is evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of serum polyclonal IgG antibodies directed towards S. aureus whole cells (Wood strain) or specific recombinant proteins. Anti-mouse IgG-HRP (HRP: horseradish peroxidase) is used as a secondary antibody to detect the colorimetric production of 3.3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate oxidation by peroxidase activity using a spectrophotometer.
    • REFERENCES
    • Allard M. Ster C. Jacob C L, Scholl D, Diarra M S. Lacasse P, and Malouin F, 2013. The expression of a putative exotoxin and an ABC transporter during bovine intramammary infection contributes to the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Vet. Microbiol. 162:761-70.
    • Allard, M., C. Ster. L. St-James, P. Lacasse. M. S. Diarra. C. L. Jacob, and F. Malouin. 2008. Transcriptional Analysis of In Vivo-Expressed Genes in Staphylococcus aureus During Bovine Mastitis. American Society for Microbiology General Meeting. Boston, USA. Jun. 1-5, 2008 (Poster)
    • Allard, M., H. Moisan. E. Brouillette. A. L. Gervais, M. Jacques, P. Lacasse, M. S. Diarra, and F. Malouin. 2006.
    • Transcriptional modulation of some Staphylococcus aureus iron-regulated genes during growth in vitro and in a tissue cage model in vivo. Microbes Infect. 7:1679-1690.
    • Ash A. Brouillette E, Krause K M, Nichols W W, Malouin F. Distinctive binding of avibactam to penicillin-binding proteins of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016; 60: 752-756.
    • Atalla, H., C. Gyles, and B. Mallard. 2010. Persistence of a Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants (S. aureus SCV) within bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet. Microbiol. Elsevier B. V. 143:319-28.
    • Atalla, H., C. Gyles, and B. Mallard. 2011. Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants (SCVs) and their role in disease. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 12:3345.
    • Atalla. H., C. Gyles. B. Wilkie, K. Leslie, and B. Mallard. 2009. Somatic cell scores and clinical signs following experimental intramammary infection of dairy cows with a Staphylococcus aureus small colony variant (S. aureus SCV) in comparison to other bovine strains. Vet. Microbiol. 137:326-34.
    • Atalla, H., C. Gyles, CL. Jacob, H. Moisan, F. Malouin, and B. Mallard. 2008. Characterization of a Staphylococcus aureus small colony variant (SCV) associated with persistent bovine mastitis. Foodborne Pathog 5:785-799.
    • Barbagelata, M. S., L. Alvarez, M. Gordiola, L. Tuchscherr, C, von Eiff, K. Becker, D. Sordelli. and F. Buzzola.
    • 2011. Auxotrophic mutant of Staphylococcus aureus interferes with nasal colonization by the wild type. Microbes Infect. 13:1081-90.
    • Barkema, H. W., Y. H. Schukken, and R. N. Zadoks. 2006. Invited Review: The role of cow, pathogen, and treatment regimen in the therapeutic success of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 89:1877-1895.
    • Barrio, M. B., P. Rainard, F. B. Gilbert. B. Poutrel. 2003. Assessment of the opsonic activity of purified bovine slgA following intramammary immunization of cows with Staphylococcus aureus. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2884-2894.
    • Bharathan, M., and I. K. Mullarky. 2011. Targeting mucosal immunity in the battle to develop a mastitis vaccine. J.
    • Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 16:409-19.
    • Bowdish, D. M. E., Davidson, D. J., Scott, M. G, and Hancock. R. E. W., 2005. Immunomodulatory Activities of Small Host Defense Peptides. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 49(5): 1727-1732.
    • Bradley R D Rothstein. G, P. P. C. 1982. Cellular and extracellular myeloperoxidase in pyogenic inflammation.
    • Blood 60:618-622.
    • Bradley, A. 2002. Bovine mastitis: an evolving disease. Vet J. 164:116-128.
    • Brouillette, E., A. Martinez. B. J. Boy I I, N. E. Allen, and F. Malouin. 2004. Persistence of a Staphylococcus aureus small-colony variant under antibiotic pressure in vivo. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 41:35-41.
    • Brouillette, E., and F. Malouin. 2005. The pathogenesis and control of Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis: study models in the mouse. Microbes Infect. 7:560-8.
    • Brouillette, E., G. Grondin, B. G. Talbot, and F. Malouin. 2005. Inflammatory cell infiltration as an indicator of Staphylococcus aureus infection and therapeutic efficacy in experimental mouse mastitis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 104:163-9.
    • Brouillette, E., M. Hyodo. Y. Hayakawa, D. K. Karaolis, and F. Malouin. 2005. 3′,5′-cyclic diguanylic acid reduces the virulence of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus strains in a mouse model of mastitis infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49:3109-3113.
    • Bruckner, R. 1997. Gene replacement in Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus xylosus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 151:1-8.
    • Burlak, C. C. H. Hammer, M A Robinson. A. R. Whitney. M. J. McGavin, B. N. Kreiswirth, and F. R. Deleo. 2007.
    • Global analysis of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exoproteins reveals molecules produced in vitro and during infection. Cell Microbiol. 9:1172-1190.
    • Buzzola, F. R., L. P. Alvarez. L. P. N. Tuchscherr, M. S. Barbagelata, S. M. Lattar, L. Calvinho, and D. O. Sordelli.
    • 2007. Differential abilities of capsulated and noncapsulated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from diverse agr groups to invade mammary epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 75:886-91.
    • Buzzola. F. R., M. S. Barbagelata, R. L. Caccuri, and D. O. Sordelli. 2006. Attenuation and persistence of and ability to induce protective immunity to a Staphylococcus aureus aroA mutant in mice. Infect. Immun. 74:3498-506.
    • Chang, B. S., J. S. Moon, H. M. Kang, Y. I. Kim, H. K. Lee, J. D. Kim, B. S. Lee, H. C. Koo, Y. H. Park. 2008. Protective effects of recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin type C mutant vaccine against experimental bovine infection by a strain of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Vaccine. 26:2081-2091.
    • Charpentier E, Anton Al, Barry P, Alfonso B, Fang Y, Novick R P. 2004. Novel cassette-based shuttle vector system for gram-positive bacteria. Appl Environemental Microbiol 70:6076-6085.
    • Chen J., H Liu., J. Yang, K. Chou. 2007. Prediction of linear B-cell epitopes using amino acid pair antigenicity scale. Amino Acids 33: 423-428.
    • Chen et, al, Adv Drug Deliv Rev. (2013). 65(10):1357-69.
    • Chen Y., L. Caruso, B. McClane, D. Fisher. P. Gupta. 2007. Disruption of a toxin by introduction of a foreign gene into the chromosome of Clostridium perfringens using targetron induced mutagenesis. Plasmid. 58:182-189.
    • Cui, L., J. Lian, and H. Neoh. 2005. DNA microarray-based identification of genes associated with glycopeptide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob, agents . . . 49:3404-3413.
    • De Groot, A. S., J. McMurry, and L. Moise. 2008. Prediction of immunogenicity: in silico paradigms, ex vivo and in vivo correlates. Curr Opinion in Pharmacol. 8:620-626.
    • Dehal P S, Joachimiak M P, Price M N, Bates J T. Baumohl J K, Chivian D, Friedland G D, Huang K H, Keller K, Novichkov P S, Dubchak I L, Aim E J, Arkin A P. MicrobesOnline: an integrated portal for comparative and functional genomics. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 January; 38 (Database issue): D396-400. Epub 2009 Nov. 11.
    • Detmer, A., and J. Glenting. 2006. Live bacterial vaccines-a review and identification of potential hazards.
    • Microb. Cell Fact. 12:1-12.
    • Diarra, M. S., D. Petitclerc, and P. Lacasse. 2002. Response of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis to exogenous iron sources. J. Dairy Sci. 85:2141-2148.
    • E L-Manzalawy Y. Dobbs D, Honavar V. 2008a. Predicting linear B-cell epitopes using string kernels. J Mol Recognit 21: 243-255.
    • E L-Manzalawy Y, Dobbs D. Honavar V. 2008b. Predicting flexible length linear B-cell epitopes. 7th International Conference on Computational Systems Bioinformatics, Stanford. C A, pp. 121-131
    • Eng. N. F., S. Garlapati, V. Gerdts, A. Potter, L. A. Babiuk, and G. K. Mutwiri. 2010. The Potential of Polyphosphazenes for Delivery of Vaccine Antigens and Immunotherapeutic Agents. Curr Drug Deliv. 7(1):13-30.
    • Falla, T. J., D. Karunaratne. N., Hancock, R. E. W. 1996. Mode of Action of the Antimicrobial Peptide Indolicidin.
    • The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271(32), Issue of August 9, pp. 19298-19303.
    • Falord. M., G. Karimova. A. Hiron, and T. Msadek. 2012. GraXSR proteins interact with the VraFG ABC transporter to form a five-component system required for cationic antimicrobial peptide sensing and resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56:1047-58.
    • Falord. M., U. Mader, A. Hiron, M. Debarbouille, and T. Msadek. 2011. Investigation of the Staphylococcus aureus GraSR Regulon Reveals Novel Links to Virulence, Stress Response and Cell Wall Signal Transduction Pathways. PLoS One 6:e21323.
    • Ferens, W, a, and G, a Bohach. 2000. Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus on mucosal membranes: superantigens and internalization by host cells. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 135:225-30.
    • Foster. T. J. 2009. Colonization and infection of the human host by staphylococci: adhesion, survival and immune evasion. Vet. Dermatol. 20:456-70.
    • Fowler, V., and R. Proctor. 2014. Where does a Staphylococcus aureus vaccine stand? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20 Suppl 5:66-75.
    • Garcia. V., M. Gomez. M. Iglesias. N. Sanjuan. M. Gherardi. M. C. Cerquetti, and D. Sordelli. 1996.
    • Intramammary immunization with live-attenuated Staphylococcus aureus: microbiological and immunological studies in a mouse mastitis model. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 14:45-51. Gardy. J. L, M. R. Laird, F. Chen, S. Rey, C. J. Walsh, M. Ester and F. S. L. Brinkman. 2005. PSORTb v.2.0:
    • Expanded prediction of bacterial protein subcellular localization and insights gained from comparative proteome analysis. Bioinformatics 21 (5):617-623; doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti057
    • Garzoni, C. P. Francois. A. Huyghe, S. Couzinet. C. Tapparel, Y. Charbonnier, A. Renzoni, S. Lucchini, D. P.
    • Lew. P. Vaudaux, W,L. Kelley, and J. Schrenzel. 2007. A global view of Staphylococcus aureus whole genome expression upon internalization in human epithelial cells. BMC Genomics. 8:171.
    • Gasteiger E., Hoogland C. Gattiker A., Duvaud S., Wilkins M. R., Appel R. D., Bairoch A. Protein Identification and Analysis Tools on the ExPASy Server, (In) John M. Walker (ed): The Proteomics Protocols Handbook. Humana Press (2005), pp. 571-607
    • Gaupp, R., N. Ledala, and G, a Somerville. 2012. Staphylococcal response to oxidative stress. Front. Cell. Infect.
    • Microbiol. 2:33.
    • Glaser, R., K. Becker, C, von Eiff, U. Meyer-Hoffert, and J. Harder. 2014. Decreased Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Small-Colony Variants Toward Human Antimicrobial Peptides. J. Invest. Dermatol. 134:2347-50.
    • Goerke, C. S. Campana, M. G. Bayer, G. Doring, K. Botzenhart, and C. Wolz. 2000. Direct quantitative transcript analysis of the agr regulon of Staphylococcus aureus during human infection in comparison to the expression profile in vitro. Infect Immun. 68:1304-1311.
    • Griffiths, K. L, and S, a Khader. 2014. Novel vaccine approaches for protection against intracellular pathogens.
    • Curr. Opin. Immunol. Elsevier Ltd 28:58-63.
    • Guidry, A. J., L. M. Berning, C. N. Hambleton.1993. Opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus by bovine immunoglobulin isotypes. J, of Dairy Sci. 76:1285-1289.
    • Hancock, R. E. W., and Diamond, G., 2000. The role of cationic antimicrobial peptides in innate host defences.
    • Trends In Microbiology. 8(9):402.
    • Haveri, M., A. Roslof, L. Rantala, and S. Pyorala. 2007. Virulence genes of bovine Staphylococcus aureus from persistent and nonpersistent intramammary infections with different clinical characteristics. J Appl Microbiol. 103:993-1000.
    • Hogarth, C. J., J. L. Fitzpatrick, A. M. Nolan, F. J. Young, A. Pitt, and P. D. Eckersall. 2004. Differential protein composition of bovine whey: a comparison of whey from healthy animals and from those with clinical mastitis. Proteomics.4:2094-2100.
    • Horsburgh, M. J., J. L. Aish, I. J. White, J. K. Lithgow, S. J. Foster, and L. Shaw. 2002, a B Modulates Virulence Determinant Expression and Stress Resistance: Characterization of a Functional rsbU Strain Derived from Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4. J. Bacteriol. 184:5457-5467.
    • Jayarao, B. M., D. R. Henning. 2001. Prevalence of foodbome pathogens in bulk tank milk. J Dairy Sci. 84:2157-2162.
    • Kafala, B., and a Sasarman. 1997. Isolation of the Staphylococcus aureus hemCDBL gene cluster coding for early steps in heme biosynthesis. Gene 199:231-9.
    • Kahl B. C., 2014. Small colony variants (SCVs) of Staphylococcus aureus—A bacterial survival strategy. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 21: 515-522.
    • Karaolis, D. K., T. K. Means, D. Yang. M. Takahashi, T. Yoshimura, E. Muraille, D. Philpott, J. T. Schroeder, M.
    • Hyodo. Y. Hayakawa, B. G. Talbot, E. Brouillette, and F. Malouin. 2007. Bacterial c-di-GMP is an immunostimulatory molecule. J Immunol. 178:2171-2181.
    • Kasturi, S. P, et al. 2011. Programming the magnitude and persistence of antibody responses with innate immunity. Nature 470:543-547.
    • Kawada-Matsuo, M., and Y. Yoshida. 2011. Role of two-component systems in the resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to antibacterial agents. Virulence 2:427-430.
    • Kawada-Matsuo. M., Y. Yoshida, T. Zendo, J. Nagao, Y. Oogai, Y. Nakamura, K. Sonomoto, N. Nakamura, and H. Komatsuzawa. 2013. Three distinct two-component systems are involved in resistance to the class I bacteriocins, Nukacin ISK-1 and nisin A, in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 8: e69455.
    • Kerro-Dego. O., T. Prysliak, A, a Potter, and J. Perez-Casal. 2006. DNA-protein immunization against the GapB and GapC proteins of a mastitis isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 113:125-38.
    • Kollaritsch. H., S. J. Cryz, a B. Lang, C. Herzog. J. U. Que, and G. Wiedermann. 2000. Local and systemic immune responses to combined Vibrio cholerae CVD103-HgR and Salmonella typhi ty21a live oral vaccines after primary immunization and reimmunization. Vaccine 18:3031-9.
    • Koo. S. P., A. S. Bayer. H. G. Sahl, R. A. Proctor. M. R. Yeaman, S. Koo, A. S. Bayer, H. Sahl, and R. A. Proctor.
    • 1996. Staphylocidal action of thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein is not solely dependent on transmembrane potential. These include: Staphylocidal Action of Thrombin-induced Platelet Microbicidal Protein Is Not Solely Dependent on Transmembrane Pot 64.
    • Kraus, D., S. Herbert, S, a Kristian, A. Khosravi. V. Nizet. F. Gotz, and A. Peschel. 2008. The GraRS regulatory system controls Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility to antimicrobial host defenses. BMC Microbiol. 8:85.
    • Kreiswirth. B. N. S. Lofdahl, M. J. Betley, M. O'Reilly. P. M. Schlievert. M. S. Bergdoll, and R. P. Novick. 1983.
    • The toxic shock syndrome exotoxin structural gene is not detectably transmitted by a prophage. Nature 305:709-12.
    • Kubica, M., K. Guzik, J. Koziel. M. Zarebski, W. Richter. B. Gajkowska, A. Golda, A. Maciag-Gudowska, K. Brix, L. Shaw, T. Foster, and J. Potempa. 2008. A potential new pathway for Staphylococcus aureus dissemination: the silent survival of S. aureus phagocytosed by human monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS One 3:e1409.
    • Kuroda. M., K. Kuwahara-Arai, and K. Hiramatsu. 2000. Identification of the up- and down-regulated genes in vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains Mu3 and Mu50 by cDNA differential hybridization method. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 269:485-90.
    • Lammers, A., E. Kruijt, K. C, van de. P. J. Nuijten, and H. E. Smith. 2000. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus genes expressed during growth in milk: a useful model for selection of genes important in bovine mastitis? Microbiology. 146:981-987.
    • Larkin M. A., Blackshields G., Brown N. P., Chenna R., McGettigan P A, McWilliam H.*, Valentin F.*, Wallace I. M., Wilm A., Lopez R., Thompson J. D., Gibson T. J. and Higgins D. G. 2007. ClustalW and ClustalX version 2. Bioinformatics 2007 23(21): 2947-2948.
    • Leitner, G., O. Krifucks, M. D. Kiran, and N. Balaban. 2011. Vaccine development for the prevention of staphylococcal mastitis in dairy cows. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. Elsevier B. V. 142:25-35.
    • Li, M., D. J. Cha. Y. Lai. A. E. Villaruz, D. E. Sturdevant, and M. Otto. 2007. The antimicrobial peptide-sensing system aps of Staphylococcus aureus. Mol. Microbiol. 66:1136-47.
    • Lin. L, A. S. Ibrahim. X. Xu, J. M. Farber. V. Avanesian, B. Baquir, Y. Fu. S. W. French. J. E. Edwards, and B.
    • Spellberg. 2009. Th1-Th17 cells mediate protective adaptive immunity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans infection in mice. PLoS Pathog. 5:e1000703.
    • Linghua, Z., T. Xingshan. Z. Fengzhen. 2006. The efficacy of CpG oligodinucleotides, in combination with conventional adjuvants, as immunological adjuvants to swine streptococcic septicemia vaccine in piglets in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol. 6:1267-76.
    • Loffler, B., L. Tuchscherr, S. Niemann, and G. Peters. 2013. Staphylococcus aureus persistence in nonprofessional phagocytes. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. Elsevier GmbH.
    • Loiselle. M. C., C. Ster, B. G. Talbot. X. Zhao, G. F. Wagner, Y. R. Boisclair, and P. Lacasse. 2009. Impact of postpartum milking frequency on the immune system and the blood metabolite concentration of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 92:1900-1912.
    • Lowe, A. M., D. T. Beattie, and R. L. Deresiewicz. 1998. Identification of novel staphylococcal virulence genes by in vivo expression technology. Mol Microbiol. 27:967-976.
    • Maresso. A. W., and O. Schneewind. 2006. Iron acquisition and transport in Staphylococcus aureus. Biometals.
    • 19:193-203.
    • Maresso A W. Schneewind O. Sortase as a target of anti-infective therapy. Pharmacol Rev. 2008 March; 60(1):128-41.
    • Mayer, S. J., A. E. Waterman, P. M. Keen, N. Craven, and F. J. Bourne. 1988. Oxygen concentration in milk of healthy and mastitic cows and implications of low oxygen tension for the killing of Staphylococcus aureus by bovine neutrophils. J Dairy Res 55:513-519.
    • Meehl, M., S. Herbert. F. Gotz, and A. Cheung. 2007. Interaction of the GraRS two-component system with the VraFG ABC transporter to support vancomycin-intermediate resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:2679-89.
    • Melchior. M. B., M. H, vanOsch, R. M. Graat, E, van Duijkeren. D. J. Mevius, N. Nielen. W. Gaastra, J. Fink-Gremmels. 2009. Biofilm formation and genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus bovine mastitis isolates: evidence for lack of penicillin-resistance in Agr-type II strains. Vet. Microbiol. 137:83-89.
    • Merino, N., A. Toledo-Arana, M. Vergara-Irigaray, J. Valle, C. Solano. E. Calvo, J. A. Lopez. T. J. Foster, J. R.
    • Penades, and I. Lasa. 2009. Protein A-mediated multicellular behavior in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 191:832-43.
    • Middleton, J. R., C. D. Luby, and D. S. Adams. 2009. Efficacy of vaccination against staphylococcal mastitis: a review and new data. Vet. Microbiol. 134:192-8.
    • Middleton. J. R. 2008. Staphylococcus aureus antigens and challenges in vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines. 7(6):805-815.
    • Mitchell, G., A. Fugere, K. Pepin Gaudreau, E. Brouillette, E. H. Frost, A. M. Cantin, and F.
    • Malouin. 2013. SigB is a dominant regulator of virulence in Staphylococcus aureus small-colony variants. PLoS One 8:e65018.
    • Mitchell, G., C. A. Lamontagne, E. Brouillette, G. Grondin, B. G. Talbot, M. Grandbois, F. Malouin. 2008.
    • Staphylococcus aureus SigB activity promotes a strong fibronectin-bacterium interaction which may sustain host tissue colonization by small-colony variants isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Mol Microbiol 70:1540-1555.
    • Mitchell, G., C.-A. Lamontagne, E. Brouillette, G. Grondin, B. G. Talbot, M. Grandbois, and F. Malouin. 2008.
    • Staphylococcus aureus SigB activity promotes a strong fibronectin-bacterium interaction which may sustain host tissue colonization by small-colony variants isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Mol. Microbiol. 70:1540-55.
    • Mitchell, G., G. Grondin, G. Bilodeau, A. M. Cantin, and F. Malouin. 2011. Infection of Polarized Airway Epithelial Cells by Normal and Small-Colony Variant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Is Increased in Cells with Abnormal Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Function and Is Influenced by NF-{kappaJB. Infect. Immun. 79:3541-51.
    • Mitra S D. Velu D, Bhuvana M, Krithiga N, Banerjee A. Shome R, et al. Staphylococcus aureus spa type t267, clonal ancestor of bovine subclinical mastitis in India. J Appl Microbiol. 2013; 114: 1604-1615.
    • Moisan, H., E. Brouillette, C. L. Jacob, P. Langlois-Begin, S. Michaud, and F. Malouin. 2006. Transcription of virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus small-colony variants isolated from cystic fibrosis patients is influenced by SigB. J Bacteriol. 188:64-76.
    • Myllys. V., J. Ridell. J. Bjorkroth, I. Biese, and S. Pyorala. 1997. Persistence in bovine mastitis of Staphylococcus aureus clones as assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, ribotyping and biotyping. Vet Microbiol. 57:245-251.
    • National Mastitis Council. 1996. Current Concept of Bovine Mastitis. 4 ed. National Mastitis Council, Madison, Wis.
    • Nickerson, S. C, W. E. Owens. L. K. Fox, C. C. Scheifinger, T. R. Shryock, and T. E. Spike. 1999. Comparison of tilmicosin and cephapirin as therapeutics for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis at dry-off. J Dairy Sci. 82:696-703.
    • Novick R P. Autoinduction and signal transduction in the regulation of staphylococcal virulence. Mol Microbiol. 2003 June; 48(6):1429 9.
    • Novick R P, Geisinger E. Quorum sensing in staphylococci. Annu Rev Genet. 2008; 42: 541-64. Overton, I. M, S. Graham, K, a Gould, J. Hinds. C. H. Botting, S. Shirran, G. J. Barton, and P. J. Coote. 2011.
    • Global network analysis of drug tolerance, mode of action and virulence in methicillin-resistant S. aureus. BMC Syst. Biol. BioMed Central Ltd 5:68.
    • Owens, W. E., C. H. Ray, J. L. Watts, and R. J. Yancey. 1997. Comparison of success of antibiotic therapy during lactation and results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 80:313-317.
    • Park, Y. K., H. C. Koo, S. H. Kim, S. Y. Hwang, W. K. Jung, J. Kim, S. Shin, R. Kim, and Y. Park. 2007. The analysis of milk components and pathogenic bacteria isolated from bovine raw milk in Korea. J Dairy Sci. 90:5405-5414.
    • Pasetti, M. F., J. K. Simon, M. B. Sztein, and M. M. Levine. 2011. Immunology of gut mucosal vaccines. Immunol.
    • Rev. 239:125-48.
    • Peles, F., M. Wagner, L. Varga, I. Hein. P. Rieck, K. Gutser. P. Kereszturi, G. Kardos, I. Turcsanyi. B. Beri, and A. Szabo. 2007. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine milk in Hungary. Int J Food Microbiol. 118:186-93.
    • Pellegrino, M., J. Giraudo, C. Raspanti, L. Odierno, and C. Bogni. 2010. Efficacy of immunization against bovine mastitis using a Staphylococcus aureus avirulent mutant vaccine. Vaccine 28:4523-8.
    • Pellegrino, M., J. Giraudo, C. Raspanti, R. Nagel. L. Odierno, V. Primo, and C. Bogni. 2008. Experimental trial in heifers vaccinated with Staphylococcus aureus avirulent mutant against bovine mastitis. Vet. Microbiol. 127:186-90.
    • Peterson. J. D., Umayam, L. A., Dickinson, T., Hickey, E. K., White. O. 2001. The Comprehensive Microbial Resource. Nucleic Acids Res. 29(1): 123-5.
    • Petitclerc, D., K. Lauzon, A. Cochu, C. Ster, M. S. Diarra, and P. Lacasse. 2007. Efficacy of a lactoferrin-penicillin combination to treat {betaj-lactam-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 90:2778-2787.
    • Pragman, A. A., and P. M. Schlievert. 2004. Virulence regulation in Staphylococcus aureus: the need for in vivo analysis of virulence factor regulation. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 42:147-154.
    • Proctor, R, a, C, von Eiff, B. C. Kahl, K. Becker, P. McNamara. M. Herrmann, and G. Peters. 2006. Small colony variants: a pathogenic form of bacteria that facilitates persistent and recurrent infections. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4:295-305.
    • Proctor. R, a. 2012. Challenges for a universal Staphylococcus aureus vaccine. Clin. Infect. Dis. 54:1179-86.
    • Proctor, R, a., A. Kriegeskorte, B. C. Kahl. K. Becker, B. Loffler, and G. Peters. 2014. Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Variants (SCVs): a road map for the metabolic pathways involved in persistent infections. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 4:1-8.
    • Pulli, B, M. Ali, R. Forghani, S. Schob, K. L. C. Hsieh, G. Wojtkiewicz, J. J. Linnoila, and J. W. Chen. 2013.
    • Measuring myeloperoxidase activity in biological samples. PLoS One 8: e67976.
    • Reyher, K. K. S. Dufour, H. W. Barkema. L. Des Coteaux, T. J. Devries, I. R. Dohoo, G. P. Keefe, J.-P. Roy, and D. T. Scholl. 2011. The National Cohort of Dairy Farms-a data collection platform for mastitis research in Canada. J. Dairy Sci. Elsevier 94:1616-26.
    • Sadowska, B., A. Bonar, C, von Eiff, R. A. Proctor. M. Chmiela. W. Rudnicka, and B. Rozalska, 2002.
    • Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from airways of cystic fibrosis patients, and their small colony variants. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 32:191-7.
    • Saha, S and Raghava G. P. S., (2006) Prediction of Continuous B-cell Epitopes in an Antigen Using Recurrent Neural Network. Proteins, 65(1), 40-48.
    • Saha. S and Raghava G. P. S. BcePred: Prediction of Continuous B-Cell Epitopes in Antigenic Sequences Using Physico-chemical Properties. In G. Nicosia, V. Cutello. P. J. Bentley and J. Timis (Eds.) ICARIS 2004, LNCS 3239, 197-204, Springer, 2004.
    • Sandholm, M., L. Kaartinen, and S. Pyorala. 1990. Bovine mastitis—why does antibiotic therapy not always work? An overview. J Vet Pharmacol Therap. 13:248-260.
    • Schaffer, A. C., and J. C. Lee. 2009. Staphylococcal vaccines and immunotherapies. Infect Dis Clin North Am.
    • 23:153-171.
    • Sears, P. M, and McCarthy. K. K. 2003. Management and treatment of staphylococcal mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 19:171-185.
    • Sendi, P., and R, a Proctor. 2009. Staphylococcus aureus as an intracellular pathogen: the role of small colony variants. Trends Microbiol. 17:54-8.
    • Senn, M. M., M. Bischoff, C. Von Eiff. B. Berger-bachi, and B. Berger-ba. 2005, a B Activity in a Staphylococcus aureus hemB Mutant. J. Bacteriol. 187:7397-7406.
    • Sibbald, M. J., A. K. Ziebandt. S. Engelmann. M. Hecker. A, de Jong, H. J. Harmsen, G. C. Raangs, I. Stokroos, J. P. Arends, J. Y. Dubois, and J. M, van Dijl. 2006. Mapping the pathways to staphylococcal pathogenesis by comparative secretomics. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 70:755-788.
    • Silanikove, N., F. Shapiro, and G. Leitner. 2007. Posttranslational ruling of xanthine oxidase activity in bovine milk by its substrates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 363:561-565.
    • Somerville, G. A., and R. A. Proctor. 2009. At the crossroads of bacterial metabolism and virulence factor synthesis in Staphylococci. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 73:233-248.
    • Spellberg, B., and R. Daum. 2012. Development of a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus. Semin.
    • Immunopathol. 34:335-48.
    • Sprickler A. R, and J. A. Roth. Adjuvants in veterinary vaccines: mode of action and adverse effects. 2003. 17:273-281.
    • Srinivasan, V., A. A. Sawant, B. E. Gillespie, S. J. Headrick, L. Ceasaris, and S. P. Oliver. 2006. Prevalence of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of cows with mastitis. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 3:274-83.
    • Srivastava S. Singh V. Kumar V, Verma P C, Srivastava R, Basu V. Gupta V, Rawat A K. Identification of regulatory elements in 16S rRNA gene of Acinetobacter species isolated from water sample. Bioinformation. 2008; 3(4):173-6. Epub 2008 Dec. 6.
    • Ster, C, M. Allard, S. Boulanger. M. Lamontagne Boulet, J. Mulhbacher, D, a Lafontaine, E. Marsault, P.
    • Lacasse, and F. Malouin. 2013. Experimental treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bovine intramammary infection using a guanine riboswitch ligand analog. J. Dairy Sci. Elsevier 96:1000-8.
    • Sutra. L, and B. Poutrel. 1994. Virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of bovine intramammary infections due to Staphylococcus aureus. J. Med. Microbiol. 40:79-89.
    • Tavema, F., A. Negri, R. Piccinini. A. Zecconi. S. Nonnis. S. Ronchi, and G. Tedeschi. 2007. Characterization of cell wall associated proteins of a Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis case by a proteomic approach. Vet Microbiol. 119:240-247
    • Tollersrud, T., A. H. Kampen, and K. Kenny. 2006. Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin D is secreted in milk and stimulates specific antibody responses in cows in the course of experimental intramammary infection. Infect Immun. 74:3507-3512.
    • Tuchscherr. L. E. Medina. M. Hussain. W. Volker, V. Heitmann. S. Niemann, D. Holzinger, J. Roth. R, a Proctor. K. Becker, G. Peters, and B. Loffler. 2011. Staphylococcus aureus phenotype switching: an effective
    • bacterial strategy to escape host immune response and establish a chronic infection. EMBO Mol. Med. 3:129-41.
    • Tuchscherr. L. V. Heitmann, M. Hussain, D. Viemann. J. Roth. C, von Eiff. G. Peters. K. Becker, and B. Loffler.
    • 2010. Staphylococcus aureus small-colony variants are adapted phenotypes for intracellular persistence. J. Infect. Dis. 202:1031-40.
    • Tuchscherr. L. P., F. R. Buzzola, L. P. Alvarez, J. C. Lee, and D. O. Sordelli. 2008. Antibodies to capsular polysaccharide and clumping factor A prevent mastitis and the emergence of unencapsulated and small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Infect Immun. 76:5738-5744.
    • Tusnady, G. E, and Simon, 1, 2001. The HMMTOP transmembrane topology prediction server” Bioinformatics 17, 849-850.
    • Veh K A, Klein R C, Ster C, Keefe G, Lacasse P, Scholl D, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus causing persistent and nonpersistent subclinical bovine intramammary infections during lactation or the dry period. J Dairy Sci. 2015; 98: 155-168
    • Von Eiff. C. P. McNamara. K. Becker, X. Lei, M. Ziman, B. R. Bochner, G. Peters, and R. A. Proctor. 2006.
    • Phenotype Microarray Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus menD and hemB Mutants with the Small-Colony-Variant Phenotype Phenotype Microarray Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus menD and hemB Mutants with the Small-Colony-Variant Phenotype†. J. Bacteriol. 188:687-693.
    • Voyich, J. M., K. R. Braughton, D. E. Sturdevant, A. R. Whitney. B. Said-Salim. S. F. Porcella, R. D. Long, D. W.
    • Dorward. D. J. Gardner. B. N. Kreiswirth, J. M. Musser, and F. R. DeLeo. 2005. Insights into mechanisms used by Staphylococcus aureus to avoid destruction by human neutrophils. J Immunol. 175:3907-3919.
    • Watson. D. L. 1984. Evaluation of attenuated, live staphylococcal mastitis vaccine in lactating heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 67:2608-13.
    • Whist, A. C, O. Osteras, and L. Solverad. 2009. Association between isolation of Staphylococcus aureus one week after calving and milk yield, somatic cell count, clinical mastitis, and culling through the remaining lactation. J. Dairy Res. 76:24-35.
    • WO/2003/091279
    • WO/2004/043405
    • WO/2005/007683
    • WO/2006/059846
    • WO/2008/152447
    • Xia, Y., and J. L. Zweier. 1997. Measurement of Mycloperoxidase in Leukocyte-Containing Tissues. Anal.
    • Biochem. 245:93-96.
    • Yang, S.-J., A. S. Bayer, N. N. Mishra, M. Meehl. N. Ledala, M. R. Yeaman, Y. Q. Xiong, and A. L. Cheung. 2012.
    • The Staphylococcus aureus Two-Component Regulatory System. GraRS. Senses and Confers Resistance to Selected Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides. Infect. Immun. 80:74-81.
    • Zecconi, A., R. Piccinini, and L. K. Fox. 2003. Epidemiologic study of intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus during a control program in nine commercial dairy herds. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 223:684-8.
    • Zhang, C. J. Yang, and L. K. Jennings. 2004. Non—Leukocyte-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species. Diabetes 53:2950-2959.
    • Ziebandt. A. K., H. Kusch, M. Degner, S. Jaglitz, M. J. Sibbald, J. P. Arends. M. A. Chlebowicz, D. Albrecht, R.
    • Pantucek, J. Doskar. W. Ziebuhr. B. M. Broker, M. Hecker, J. M, van Dijl, and S. Engelmann. 2010. Proteomics uncovers extreme heterogeneity in the Staphylococcus aureus exoproteome due to genomic plasticity and variant gene regulation. Proteomics 285(47)36794-36803.

Claims (36)

1. A fusion construct of formula (I):

X-A-linker-B-Z  (1)
wherein
(1) A and B are different and
(a) wherein A is a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131, or a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92, and
wherein B is a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120, a SACOL 1867 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164, or a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEO ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92;
(b) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a); or
(c) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) or (b);
(2) the linker is an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid or is absent;
(3) X is absent or is an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid; and
(4) Z is absent or is an amino acid sequence of at least one amino acid.
2. The construct of claim 1, wherein A is a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131, or a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92, and B is a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120, or a SACOL 1867 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164.
3. The construct of claim 1, wherein A is
(a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131;
(b) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a); or
(c) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) or (b);
and B is
(i) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL1867 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 152 to 164;
(ii) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (i); or
(iii) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (i) or (ii).
4. The construct of claim 1, wherein is
(a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92;
(b) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a); or
(c) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) or (b);
and B is
(a′) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0720 polypeptide as set forth in any one of the SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 109 to 120;
(b′) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a′); or
(c′) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a′) or (b′).
5. The construct of claim 22L
wherein A is
(a) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0029 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEO ID NOs: 5 and 121 to 131;
(b) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (a); or
(c) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (a) or (b); and
B is
(1) a polypeptide comprising a SACOL0442 polypeptide as set forth in any one of SEO ID NOs: 29 and 82 to 92;
(2) a polypeptide comprising an immunogenic fragment of at least 13 consecutive amino acids of (1) or (1); or
(3) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical overall to the sequence of the polypeptide of any one of (1) or (2).
6. The construct of claim 1, wherein the immunogenic fragment (b) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of
(SEQ ID NO: 34) KDTINGKSNKSRNW[[;]] and (SEQ ID NO: 1) KDGGKYTLESHKELQ.
7. The construct of claim 6, wherein the immunogenic fragment (c) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
(SEQ ID NO: 30) STQNSSSVQDKQLQKVEEVPNNSEKALVKKLYDRYSKDTINGKSNKSRN WVYSERPLNENQVRIHLEGTYTVAGRVYTPKRNITLNKEWTLKELDHII RFAHISYGLYMGEHLPKGNIVINTKDGGKYTLESHKELQKDRENVKINT ADIKNVTFKLVKSVNDIEQV; (SEQ ID NO: 32) DKQLQKVEEVPNNSEKALVKKLYDRYSKDTINGKSNKSRNWVYSERPLN ENQVRIHLEGTYTVAGRVYTPKRNITLNKEWTLKELDHIIRFAHISYGL YMGEHLPKGNIVINTK; and (SEQ ID NO: 33) DKQLQKVEEVPNNSEKALVKKLYDRYSKDTINGKSNKSRNWVYSERPLN ENQVRIHLEGTYTVAGRVYTPKRNITLNKEWTLKELDHIIRFAHISYGL YMGEHLPKGNIVINTKDGGKYTLESHKELQKDRENVKINTADIKNVTFK LVKSVNDIEQV.
8. The construct of claim 1, wherein the immunogenic fragment (c) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
(SEQ ID NO: 21) QFGFDLKHKKDALA; (SEQ ID NO: 22) TIKDQQKANQLAS; (SEQ ID NO: 23) KDINKIYFMTDVDL; and (SEQ ID NO: 24) DVDLGGPTFVLND.
9. The construct of claim 1, wherein the immunogenic fragment (c) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
(SEQ ID NO: 12) RASLSSEIKYTAPHDVTIKDQQKANQLASELNNQKIPHFYNYKEVIHTKLYKDNLFDVKAK EPYNVTITSDKYIPNTDLKRGQADLFVAEGSIKOLVKHKKHGKAIIGTKKHHVNIKLRKDIN KIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKDYQEIRKYTKAKHIVSQFGFDLKHKKDALALEKAKNKVDKS IETRSEAISSISSLTG; (SEQ ID NO: 13) ASLSSEIKYTAPHDVTIKDQQKANQLASELNNQKIPHFYNYKEVIHTKLYKDNLFDVKAKEP YNVTITSDKYIPNTDLKRGQADLFVAEGSIKOLVKHKKHGKAIIGTKKHHVNIKLRKDINKIY FMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKDYQEIRKYTKAKHIVSQFGFDLKHKKDALALEKAKNKVDKSIET RSEAISSISSLTG; (SEQ ID NO: 14) ASLSSEIKYTAPHDVTIKDQQKANQLASELNNQKIPHFYNYKEVIHTKLYKDNLFDVKAKEP YNVTITSDKYIPNTDLKRGQADLFVAEGSIKDLVKHKKHGKAIIGTKKHHVNIKLRKDINKIY FMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKDYQE; (SEQ ID NO: 15) KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKDYQEIRKYTKAKHIVSQFGFDLKHKKDALA; (SEQ ID NO: 17) KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKDY; (SEQ ID NO: 16) KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLNDKD; (SEQ ID NO: 19) KDINKIYFMTDVDLGGPTFVLND; (SEQ ID NO: 20) KHIVSQFGFDLKHKKDALA and (SEQ ID NO: 18) SQFGFDLKHKKDALA.
10. The construct of claim 1, wherein the immunogenic fragment (b) comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
(SEQ ID NO: 165) PYNGWSFKDATGF; (SEQ ID NO: 167) AHPNGDKGNGGIYK; (SEQ ID NO: 169) SISDYPGDEDISVM; (SEQ ID NO: 172) RGPKGFNFNENVQA; (SEQ ID NO: 175) QFESTGTIKRIKDN; and (SEQ ID NO: 178) GNSGSPVLNSNNEV.
11. The construct of claim 10, wherein the immunogenic fragment (c) comprises the following amino acid sequence:
(SEQ ID NO: 39) TQVKDTNIFPYNGWSFKDATGFVIGKNTIITNKHVSKDYKVGDRITAHP NGDKGNGGIYKIKSISDYPGDEDISVMNIEEQAVERGPKGFNFNENVQA FNFAKDAKVDDKIKVIGYPLPAQNSFKQFESTGTIKRIKDNILNFDAYI EPGNSGSPVLNSNNEVIGWYGGIGKIGSEYNGAVYFTPQIKDFIQKHIE Q.
12. The construct of claim 1, wherein the linker comprises at least four identical or different amino acids selected from the group consisting of glycine, serine, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and lysine.
13. The construct of claim 1, wherein the linker comprises (GGGGS)n (SEQ ID NO: 67), (ERKYK)n (SEQ ID NO: 61); or (EAAAK)n (SEQ ID NO: 63), wherein n=1 to 5.
14. The construct of claim 1, wherein the X comprises a polyhistidine of 6 to 10 amino acids.
15. The construct of claim 1, wherein the X is absent.
16. The construct of claim 1, wherein the Z is absent.
17. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the construct defined in claim 1.
18. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid defined in claim 17.
19. A host cell comprising the vector defined in claim 18.
20. The cell of claim 19, which is a live attenuated form of Staphylococcus aureus.
21. The cell of claim 20, wherein the live attenuated form of Staphylococcus aureus has a stabilized small colony variant (SCV) phenotype.
22. The cell of claim 21, wherein the live attenuated form of Staphylococcus aureus having a stabilized SCV phenotype is a ΔhemBΔ720 S. aureus.
23. A composition comprising:
the construct of claim 1.
24. (canceled)
25. The composition of claim 23, wherein the live attenuated form of Staphylococcus aureus has a stabilized small colony variant (SCV) phenotype.
26. The composition of claim 23, wherein the adjuvant comprises alum, an oil, saponin, cyclicdiguanosine-5′-monophosphate (c-di-GMP), polyphosphasine, indolicidin, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), liposome or a combination of at least two thereof.
27. A method for preventing and/or treating a Staphylococcal intramammary infection (IMI) in a mammal comprising administrating to the mammal an effective amount of the construct of claim 1.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein the Staphylococcal IMI is caused by one or more Staphylococcus aureus strains.
29. The method of claim 27, wherein the mammal is a cow.
30. (canceled)
31. (canceled)
32. (canceled)
33. (canceled)
34. (canceled)
35. (canceled)
36. A kit for preventing and/or treating a Staphylococcal intramammary infection (IMI) in a mammal comprising the composition of claim 23.
US17/713,683 2016-10-21 2022-04-05 Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against staphylococcus infections Pending US20220288183A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US17/713,683 US20220288183A1 (en) 2016-10-21 2022-04-05 Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against staphylococcus infections

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201662411120P 2016-10-21 2016-10-21
PCT/CA2017/051253 WO2018072031A1 (en) 2016-10-21 2017-10-20 Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against staphylococcus infections
US201916337457A 2019-03-28 2019-03-28
US17/713,683 US20220288183A1 (en) 2016-10-21 2022-04-05 Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against staphylococcus infections

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US16/337,457 Division US11324815B2 (en) 2016-10-21 2017-10-20 Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against Staphylococcus infections
PCT/CA2017/051253 Division WO2018072031A1 (en) 2016-10-21 2017-10-20 Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against staphylococcus infections

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20220288183A1 true US20220288183A1 (en) 2022-09-15

Family

ID=62018642

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US16/337,457 Active US11324815B2 (en) 2016-10-21 2017-10-20 Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against Staphylococcus infections
US17/713,683 Pending US20220288183A1 (en) 2016-10-21 2022-04-05 Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against staphylococcus infections

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US16/337,457 Active US11324815B2 (en) 2016-10-21 2017-10-20 Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against Staphylococcus infections

Country Status (24)

Country Link
US (2) US11324815B2 (en)
EP (1) EP3529260A4 (en)
JP (2) JP7181208B2 (en)
KR (1) KR20190082229A (en)
CN (1) CN109843910A (en)
AR (1) AR109847A1 (en)
AU (2) AU2017346974B2 (en)
BR (1) BR112019007796A2 (en)
CA (1) CA3037070A1 (en)
CL (1) CL2019001048A1 (en)
CO (1) CO2019005169A2 (en)
CR (1) CR20190249A (en)
DO (1) DOP2019000102A (en)
IL (1) IL265869A (en)
MX (2) MX2019004539A (en)
MY (1) MY195369A (en)
NZ (1) NZ751880A (en)
PE (1) PE20191320A1 (en)
PH (1) PH12019500843A1 (en)
RU (2) RU2022100889A (en)
SG (2) SG10201912431XA (en)
TW (1) TW201819402A (en)
UY (1) UY37448A (en)
WO (1) WO2018072031A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022125928A1 (en) * 2020-12-11 2022-06-16 Bayer Animal Health Gmbh Methods and compositions for improved production of an antigen for use in an s. aureus vaccine

Family Cites Families (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3669503D1 (en) 1985-01-07 1990-04-19 Syntex Inc SURFACE-ACTIVE N- (OMEGA, OMEGA-1-DIALKOXY) - AND N- (OMEGA, OMEGA-1-DIALKENOXY) -ALK-1-YL-N, N, N-TRISUBSTITUTED AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS, THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR CONTAINERS.
US6228844B1 (en) 1991-11-12 2001-05-08 Vical Incorporated Stimulating vascular growth by administration of DNA sequences encoding VEGF
US7060458B1 (en) 1997-08-14 2006-06-13 Wyeth Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences relating to Staphylococcus epidermidis for diagnostics and therapeutics
US6380370B1 (en) * 1997-08-14 2002-04-30 Genome Therapeutics Corporation Nucleic acid and amino acid sequences relating to Staphylococcus epidermidis for diagnostics and therapeutics
US6833134B2 (en) 2000-06-12 2004-12-21 University Of Saskacthewan Immunization of dairy cattle with GapC protein against Streptococcus infection
GB0107661D0 (en) 2001-03-27 2001-05-16 Chiron Spa Staphylococcus aureus
US10919956B2 (en) 2002-11-12 2021-02-16 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Polysaccharide vaccine for staphylococcal infections
CN1569893A (en) 2003-07-21 2005-01-26 中国人民解放军军事医学科学院基础医学研究所 Antigen epitope of gold staphylococcus virulence factor regulatory protein and its mimic epitope and use thereof
RU2419628C2 (en) 2004-09-22 2011-05-27 ГлаксоСмитКлайн Байолоджикалз с.а. Immunogenic composition for use in vaccination against staphylococci
WO2007001423A2 (en) * 2004-10-21 2007-01-04 Wyeth Immunogenic compositions of staphylococcus epidermidis polypeptide and polynucleotide antigens
KR100729954B1 (en) 2004-12-01 2007-06-20 주식회사 엘지생명과학 Formulation of SEC1 Mutated Protein and Method for Formulation of the Same
WO2008152447A2 (en) 2006-10-30 2008-12-18 The University Of Western Ontario Staphylococcus aureus specific anti-infectives
NZ614557A (en) 2009-03-23 2015-03-27 Epitopix Llc Polypeptides and immunizing compositions containing gram positive polypeptides and methods of use
EP3263128A3 (en) * 2009-04-14 2018-01-24 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. Compositions for immunising against staphylococcus aureus
CA3133182A1 (en) 2010-03-17 2011-09-22 Socpra Sciences Et Genie, S.E.C. Bacterial vaccine components from staphylococcus aureus and uses thereof
BR112013032774B1 (en) 2011-06-19 2020-05-05 Univ New York compositions comprising isolated luke protein or polypeptide thereof, an isolated lukd protein or polypeptide thereof or their combination, as well as their use

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA3037070A1 (en) 2018-04-26
MX2019004539A (en) 2019-06-12
JP2023025066A (en) 2023-02-21
WO2018072031A1 (en) 2018-04-26
AU2022204585A1 (en) 2022-07-21
CO2019005169A2 (en) 2019-08-09
NZ751880A (en) 2023-04-28
EP3529260A1 (en) 2019-08-28
AR109847A1 (en) 2019-01-30
CN109843910A (en) 2019-06-04
RU2766354C2 (en) 2022-03-15
EP3529260A4 (en) 2020-12-16
RU2019115303A3 (en) 2021-03-02
US11324815B2 (en) 2022-05-10
RU2019115303A (en) 2020-11-23
JP2019531100A (en) 2019-10-31
BR112019007796A2 (en) 2019-09-03
PE20191320A1 (en) 2019-09-24
SG11201901483QA (en) 2019-03-28
TW201819402A (en) 2018-06-01
SG10201912431XA (en) 2020-02-27
UY37448A (en) 2018-03-23
CL2019001048A1 (en) 2019-08-30
MX2023001219A (en) 2023-03-03
US20190216913A1 (en) 2019-07-18
AU2017346974A1 (en) 2019-03-14
RU2022100889A (en) 2022-04-06
CR20190249A (en) 2019-10-16
DOP2019000102A (en) 2019-07-15
KR20190082229A (en) 2019-07-09
AU2017346974B2 (en) 2022-03-31
JP7181208B2 (en) 2022-11-30
IL265869A (en) 2019-06-30
PH12019500843A1 (en) 2019-12-02
MY195369A (en) 2023-01-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP2022078317A (en) Composition for immunizing against staphylococcus aureus
Lin Novel approaches for Campylobacter control in poultry
Bartolini et al. Recombinant outer membrane vesicles carrying Chlamydia muridarum HtrA induce antibodies that neutralize chlamydial infection in vitro
US20210322532A1 (en) Bacterial vaccine components and uses thereof
US20230256071A1 (en) Virulent aeromonas vaccines and methods
US20220288183A1 (en) Vaccine constructs and uses thereof against staphylococcus infections
Sharma et al. Immune response characterization and vaccine potential of a recombinant chimera comprising B-cell epitope of Aeromonas hydrophila outer membrane protein C and LTB
US20130243779A1 (en) Peptides protective against e. faecalis, methods and uses relating thereto
KR101680052B1 (en) Phamaceutical composition for prevention or treatment of anthrax
WO2014037367A1 (en) An immunogenic composition comprising an inactivated recombinant non-pathogenic bacterium
Lowry Identification of novel gene products associated with virulence of Brucella abortus using gene discovery and targeted approaches

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: SOCPRA SCIENCES ET GENIE S.E.C., CANADA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:UNIVERSITE DE SHERBROOKE;REEL/FRAME:059507/0396

Effective date: 20161110

Owner name: UNIVERSITE DE SHERBROOKE, CANADA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:MALOUIN, FRANCOIS;STER, CELINE;COTE-GRAVEL, JULIE;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:059506/0960

Effective date: 20161103

STPP Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general

Free format text: DOCKETED NEW CASE - READY FOR EXAMINATION