US20210269308A1 - Chlorine dioxide precursor and methods of using same - Google Patents
Chlorine dioxide precursor and methods of using same Download PDFInfo
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- US20210269308A1 US20210269308A1 US17/072,644 US202017072644A US2021269308A1 US 20210269308 A1 US20210269308 A1 US 20210269308A1 US 202017072644 A US202017072644 A US 202017072644A US 2021269308 A1 US2021269308 A1 US 2021269308A1
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- chlorine dioxide
- acid
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- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 160
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical group [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- BZSXEZOLBIJVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O BZSXEZOLBIJVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloric acid Chemical class OCl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- -1 oxy halide salt Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 28
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 40
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 24
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 23
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 20
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 20
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 20
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 19
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 18
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 4
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000415 inactivating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 3
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chlorite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl=O UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229960002218 sodium chlorite Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000002798 spectrophotometry method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940105329 carboxymethylcellulose Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229920006184 cellulose methylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- TVWHTOUAJSGEKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorine trioxide Chemical compound [O]Cl(=O)=O TVWHTOUAJSGEKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000779 depleting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011066 ex-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006158 high molecular weight polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 2
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004383 yellowing Methods 0.000 description 2
- LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)pyridin-3-amine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CN=C1OC1=CC=C(F)C=C1F LCPVQAHEFVXVKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butoxyethanol Chemical compound CCCCOCCO POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloramine Chemical class ClN QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutaraldehyde Chemical compound O=CCCCC=O SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241001148470 aerobic bacillus Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- YALMXYPQBUJUME-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium chlorate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]Cl(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)=O YALMXYPQBUJUME-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007336 electrophilic substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052811 halogen oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000358 iron sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NNNSKJSUQWKSAM-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium;dichlorate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]Cl(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)=O NNNSKJSUQWKSAM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002906 microbiologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010943 off-gassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- VKJKEPKFPUWCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium chlorate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]Cl(=O)=O VKJKEPKFPUWCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- PFUVRDFDKPNGAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium peroxide Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][O-] PFUVRDFDKPNGAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052979 sodium sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium sulfide (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-2] GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003509 tertiary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YIEDHPBKGZGLIK-UHFFFAOYSA-L tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphanium;sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.OC[P+](CO)(CO)CO.OC[P+](CO)(CO)CO YIEDHPBKGZGLIK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241001148471 unidentified anaerobic bacterium Species 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B11/00—Oxides or oxyacids of halogens; Salts thereof
- C01B11/02—Oxides of chlorine
- C01B11/022—Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
- C01B11/023—Preparation from chlorites or chlorates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
- C07C7/20—Use of additives, e.g. for stabilisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/03—Specific additives for general use in well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/032—Inorganic additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/52—Compositions for preventing, limiting or eliminating depositions, e.g. for cleaning
- C09K8/524—Compositions for preventing, limiting or eliminating depositions, e.g. for cleaning organic depositions, e.g. paraffins or asphaltenes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/52—Compositions for preventing, limiting or eliminating depositions, e.g. for cleaning
- C09K8/528—Compositions for preventing, limiting or eliminating depositions, e.g. for cleaning inorganic depositions, e.g. sulfates or carbonates
- C09K8/532—Sulfur
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/605—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation containing biocides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/84—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/845—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing inorganic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/84—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
- C09K8/86—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B41/00—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00
- E21B41/02—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00 in situ inhibition of corrosion in boreholes or wells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2208/00—Aspects relating to compositions of drilling or well treatment fluids
- C09K2208/20—Hydrogen sulfide elimination
Definitions
- This invention relates to a composition for a stable, chlorine dioxide precursor and method for using the same to generate chlorine dioxide for petroleum applications, such as, but not limited to, the use of chlorine dioxide in petroleum formations and high temperature gas or liquid streams. More particularly, this invention relates to a composition comprising an oxy halide salt, (e.g., sodium chlorate) as a stable chlorine dioxide precursor for use in petroleum applications.
- an oxy halide salt e.g., sodium chlorate
- contaminates can be high-molecular weight polymers (e.g. polyacrylamides, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, CMC, HPG, and Zanthan), bacteria, sulfur, iron sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and similar compounds.
- high-molecular weight polymers e.g. polyacrylamides, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, CMC, HPG, and Zanthan
- bacteria e.g. polyacrylamides, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, CMC, HPG, and Zanthan
- sulfur iron sulfide
- hydrogen sulfide e.g., hydrogen sulfide and similar compounds.
- bacteria are commonly introduced to the formation during drilling and workover (e.g. the repair or stimulation of an existing production well) operations.
- bacteria are often introduced into the wellbore and forced deep into the formation.
- polymers such as CMC, HPG, Zanthan, and polyacrilomides are added to the fracturing fluid to maintain the proppant in suspension and to reduce the friction of the fluid. Bacteria entrained within this fluid penetrate deep into the formation, and once frac pressure is released, become embedded within the strata in the same manner as the proppant deployed. Additionally, the polymer can also be deposited within the formation, causing damage in its own right.
- conventional “breakers” are added to the fracturing fluid along with the polymer to prevent this problem, but damage to producing wells due to the incomplete destruction of the polymer remains a common occurrence.
- bacteria are facultative, that is they can exist in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions using either molecular oxygen or other oxygen sources to support their metabolic processes.
- facultative bacteria can use sulfate as an oxygen source and respire hydrogen sulfide, which is highly toxic to humans in addition to being corrosive to steel.
- MIC Microbiologically Induced Corrosion
- bacteria will attach to a substrate, such as the wall of a pipe in the wellbore, and form a “biomass” shield around them. Underneath, the bacteria metabolize the substrate (e.g.
- the present industry practice is to add conventional organic and inorganic biocides, such as quaternary ammonium compounds, chloramines, aldehydes, such as Gluteraldehyde, THPS and sodium hypochlorite, to fracturing fluids with other additives to control bacteria.
- biocides such as quaternary ammonium compounds, chloramines, aldehydes, such as Gluteraldehyde, THPS and sodium hypochlorite
- the efficacy of these conventional biocides is minimal due to the type of bacteria that typically are found in hydrocarbon-bearing formations and petroleum production environments. More particularly, only a small percentage of these bacteria, which are often found in volcanic vents, geysers, and ancient tombs, are active at any one time; the remainder of the population is present in dormant and spore states.
- the aforementioned conventional biocides have no, or limited, effect on dormant and spore forming bacteria.
- the active bacteria are killed to some extent, the inactive bacteria survive and thrive once they reach the environmental conditions found within the formation.
- these biocides become inactivated when exposed to many of the components found in petroleum production formations. And, furthermore, microorganisms build resistance to these biocides, thus limiting their utility over time.
- Chlorine dioxide can inactivate or kill active, dormant and spore forming microorganisms. Unlike conventional biocides, microorganisms do not build a resistance to chlorine dioxide, and it has a low residual toxicity and produces benign end products. Chlorine dioxide is therefore an efficacious biocide, however certain applications have not been possible prior to the invention. For example, although chlorine dioxide can be applied directly to well fluids (for example, fracturing water) for disinfection, it can only be applied at a low dosage to prevent degradation of polymer(s) or other drag reduction additives.
- well fluids for example, fracturing water
- Embodiments of this invention provide for a stable chlorine dioxide precursor additive.
- This chlorine dioxide precursor will remain stable within, for example, well fluids (e.g. a fracturing fluid) or other fluid streams or systems until it enters a zone (e.g. within a subterranean formation) that satisfies certain conditions and reaches a minimum temperature of about 100° F.-110° F.
- One or more embodiments of the invention which incorporate this chlorine dioxide precursor into a fracturing fluid, thus provide an in situ method for generating and using chlorine dioxide as a polymer oxidant and downhole biocide that does not deplete or attenuate the friction-reducing components of the fracturing fluid until the chlorine dioxide precursor is dispersed into the target zone of the subterranean, hydrocarbon-bearing formation.
- the chlorine dioxide precursor reacts with components in the subterranean formation at a certain temperature to form chlorine dioxide therein, which then acts as a polymer oxidant and downhole biocide.
- halogen dioxides such as chlorine dioxide
- other halogen dioxide precursors such as sodium chlorite.
- chlorine dioxide cannot be added to well fluids (e.g. fracturing fluid) at high concentrations prior to injection into the wellbore because the chlorine dioxide will prematurely oxidize the polymers and friction-control additives within the fracturing fluid.
- sodium chlorite sometimes referred to as “stabilized chlorine dioxide,” is limited in that it immediately begins to react with weak acids and other components of the fracturing fluids at ambient temperatures, thereby generating chlorine dioxide too soon, which in turn will prematurely oxidize the polymers and friction-control additives within the fracturing fluid.
- embodiments of the present invention remain generally stable until exposed to a minimum temperature and reducing agents (e.g., contaminants) located within a subterranean formation or otherwise provided in a target reaction zone.
- embodiments of the invention provide for, inter alia, a composition that is stable under ambient conditions within a fluid stream or system (for example, the well fluids applied during drilling, completion, workover and fracturing operations), but subsequently reacts within a target reaction zone under specified conditions to produce a halide oxide that is capable of 1) degrading polymers within the target zone (i.e. the subterranean formation); 2) reducing toxic and unwanted sulfur compounds within the target zone (i.e. the subterranean formation and hydrocarbon deposits), and 3) functioning as a biocide that kills or destroys bacteria in active, dormant and spore forms.
- a composition that is stable under ambient conditions within a fluid stream or system (for example, the well fluids applied during drilling, completion, workover and fracturing operations), but subsequently reacts within a target reaction zone under specified conditions to produce a halide oxide that is capable of 1) degrading polymers within the target zone (i.e. the subterranean formation); 2) reducing toxic and
- One aspect of the invention includes a method for introducing an oxy halide salt into a zone wherein the oxy halide salt comes into contact with a reducing agent resulting in conversion of the oxy halide salt into a halide dioxide, comprising applying or injecting an oxy halide salt into a zone with a reducing agent under conditions in which all or a part of the oxy halide salt is converted into the halide dioxide.
- Another aspect of the invention includes a method of reducing, inactivating, destroying, or eliminating one or more reduced sulfur compounds, comprising the steps of contacting the reduced sulfur compound with an oxy halide salt under conditions in which all or a part of the oxy halide salt is converted into the halide dioxide, thereby reducing, inactivating, destroying, or eliminating one or more reduced sulfur compounds.
- a method for oxidizing one or more polymers, one or more reduced sulfur compounds or one or more reduced metals comprises the steps of contacting the polymer, reduced sulfur compound or reduced metal with an oxy halide salt in a reaction zone under conditions in which all or a part of the oxy halide salt is converted into the halide dioxide, thereby oxidizing one or more polymers, one or more reduced sulfur compounds or one or more reduced metals.
- Another aspect of the invention includes a method for inactivating, destroying or killing one or more microbes, comprising contacting the microbe with an oxy halide salt under conditions in which all or a part of the oxy halide salt is converted into the halide dioxide, thereby inactivating, destroying or killing one or more microbes.
- a biocide or bactericide
- bactericide is a substance that inhibits, destroys or kills bacteria.
- free residual level or residual is the amount of oxidant in a fluid present and available for microbiological control at a given time after the oxidant has reacted with background impurities and contaminants in the fluid. Generally described in units of percentage or ppm.
- well fluid is any fluid used in any of the drilling, completion, work over, fracturing and production of subterranean oil and gas wells.
- a halide dioxide preferably chlorine dioxide
- the target reaction zone is found within a hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean formation and is the zone within the formation where the target compounds, or contaminants, are located.
- the target zone may comprise a hydrocarbon deposit, a petroleum deposit, a hydrocarbon or petroleum product formation, or a hydrocarbon or petroleum processing product or equipment.
- the target compounds, or contaminants are agents located within the subterranean formation that have the potential or propensity to cause damage to or restriction of the petroleum production process, and include high-molecular weight polymers (e.g.
- polyacrylamides carboxy-methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, CMC, HPG, and Zanthan
- microbes e.g. anaerobic and aerobic bacteria
- sulfur iron sulfide
- hydrogen sulfide and similar compounds.
- a composition comprises a stable, halogen dioxide precursor concentrate that does not react with the target compounds prior to entering the target reaction zone within the subterranean formation.
- the halogen dioxide precursor comprises an oxy halide salt, such as sodium chlorate, in solution at a concentration up to about 50% by weight, preferably about 5% to 40% by weight.
- oxy halide salt such as sodium chlorate
- the stable precursor concentrate will typically be added to a fluid stream (e.g. well fluid) at concentrations ranging from about 100 to 10,000 mg/l.
- the composition or concentrate comprising the stable chlorine dioxide precursor further comprises additives selected to benefit the type of treatment that is targeted.
- the halogen dioxide precursor further comprises and is premixed with additives, preferably chelants or weak acids, such as citric acid, or wetting agents such as ethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
- the composition comprises up to about 40% by weight sodium chlorate, up to 20% by weight of a chelating agent, and up to about 10% by weight of a surface active agent.
- the composition comprises an aqueous solution of an oxy halide salt and a weak acid, wherein the concentration of the oxy halide salt is between about 5% and 40% and the concentration of the weak acid is between about 5% and 20%.
- the target reaction zone alone supplies a sufficient amount hydrogen ions to allow for the generation of chlorine dioxide
- the stable precursor composition does not include any chelating agent.
- halogen dioxide preferably chlorine dioxide
- a free residual of said halide oxide is generated in situ and is available to oxidize other compounds, function as a biocide and control or inactivate microbes located either within or around the target zone. Therefore, in one or more embodiments of this invention, no ex situ generator or process is required to generate chlorine dioxide for injection into the subterranean formation and/or gas or liquid streams in order to destroy or reduce polymers, sulfur, reduced sulfur compounds, phenols and other compounds.
- the premixed composition, or concentrate, comprising said halogen dioxide precursor is stable and not reactive in solutions of polymer, sulfides, and/or weak acids at ambient conditions and temperatures, and more specifically is stable in solutions of polymer, sulfides, and/or weak acids at temperatures in the range of less than about 90° F. to 110° F., and more preferably does not react to form chlorine dioxide until the temperature reaches or exceeds about 110° F. to 115° F.
- the composition is stable at ambient temperatures in, for example, drilling, fracturing, completion, and operational well fluids, including but not limited to drilling muds, fracturing fluids, produced or fresh water, or blends thereof.
- the composition or concentrate also remains stable at temperatures in the range of less than about 90° F. to 110° F. when premixed with a low concentration of a strong acid, such as hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid, wherein the concentration of the strong acid can be in the range of about 0.1% to 2%, more preferably 0.2% to 0.5%.
- both the selection and concentration of a weak or strong acid is determined by the concentration at which said acid will not react to form chlorine dioxide when it is mixed directly with the oxy halide salt at temperatures in the range of less than about 90° F. to 110° F.
- the composition comprising the stable halogen dioxide precursor therefore remains stable until it reaches a target reaction zone, wherein the composition is then exposed to temperatures of at least about 90° F. to 110° F., and preferably reaches or exceeds about 110° F. to 115° F., and wherein the composition is further exposed or introduced to at least one of or a combination of one or more of the following: a hydrocarbon containing formation, reduced sulfur compounds, elemental sulfur, sulfite, polymer, biomass (i.e. microbes or bacteria), reduced metal ions, and other easily oxidized organic and inorganic compounds.
- the reduced sulfur compounds are present in a target reaction zone within a subterranean geological formation or material that contains one or more solid, liquid, or gaseous hydrocarbons, or a hydrocarbon deposit, a petroleum deposit, a hydrocarbon or petroleum product formation, or a hydrocarbon or petroleum processing product or equipment.
- microbes and reduced sulfur compounds are present in a target reaction zone within a petroleum processing piece of equipment.
- polymers and reduced sulfur compounds are present in a target reaction zone within the fractures of hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean formation.
- Embodiments of the present invention also provide that the concentrate or composition comprising said halogen dioxide precursor is either added to or premixed with a fluid stream, for example a fluid stream being injected into a subterranean wellbore, wherein said fluid stream may include other additives, such as friction reducers, wetting agents, polymers, corrosion inhibitors, sand, proppants, biocides, breakers and other chemicals and wherein the chlorine dioxide precursor is and remains stable in the presence of these additives until it reaches the target reaction zone. Once it reaches the target reaction zone, the halogen dioxide precursor is introduced to a high temperature liquid or gas stream that contains one or more of sulfides, reduced sulfur compounds, polymers, microbial matter or other target compounds.
- a fluid stream for example a fluid stream being injected into a subterranean wellbore
- the fluid stream may include other additives, such as friction reducers, wetting agents, polymers, corrosion inhibitors, sand, proppants, biocides, break
- the high temperature fluid or gas stream is at or brought up to temperatures above about 90° F. to 115° F., and preferably above about 110° F. to 115° F.
- said precursor composition will react spontaneously to form halogen dioxide (e.g., chlorine dioxide) in said zone.
- halogen dioxide e.g., chlorine dioxide
- the in situ generated halogen dioxide will then destroy polymers and other target compounds, such as reduced sulfur compounds, biomass (e.g. microbes, bacteria), sulfur, phenols, either within, around or after said zone, such that the halogen dioxide formation reaction that initiates in said zone will consume the contaminants.
- said stable composition or concentrate is premixed offsite and is then transported to the work site.
- said composition can be premixed at the work site in one of the frac tanks or in the blender.
- the premixed concentrate comprising the stable chlorine dioxide precursor and other additives is then injected into the process stream via a chemical injector system and/or other method that is known to those skilled in the art.
- the dosage rate and concentration of the composition comprising the stable precursor is calculated based on the quantity of chlorine dioxide, or other halogen oxide, that needs to be generated and/or the amount of contaminants that need to be consumed. More specifically, the dosage rate and concentration can be determined based on the nature of the treatment, the characteristics of the fluid or gas stream, the characteristics of the subterranean formation (if applicable), and the contaminants contained therein, as would be determined by those skilled in the art. For example, and in one embodiment, the application ratio to eliminate reduced sulfur compounds and oxidate reduced metal ions is approximately 2.5 to 5:1 chlorine dioxide precursor to target compound by weight.
- chlorine dioxide or other halogen dioxides When chlorine dioxide or other halogen dioxides are added directly to well fluids (i.e. fracturing fluids) or other fluid streams, they can initially react with dissolved organic and inorganic compounds in the water, thus depleting the amount of free residual available as a biocide and for other intended treatment purposes. Therefore, in one or more embodiments of the present invention, it will be necessary to add an excess of the stable precursor in order to produce a free residual of the halogen dioxide sufficient to achieve the desired bacterial control and/or oxidation of complex organics. In yet another embodiment, if instant biocidal control is desired or required, the stable precursor of the present invention may be incorporated into a water or fluid stream that has already has been dosed with a generated solution of chlorine dioxide or other biocidal agent.
- the composition comprising the stable precursor can be added to raw fracturing water that contains a sufficient residual of chlorine dioxide, for example from about 0.02 to 5 mg/l, and preferably from about 1-2 mg/l, to provide primary disinfection of the raw water without prematurely depleting or effecting the performance of the other additives.
- a sufficient residual of chlorine dioxide for example from about 0.02 to 5 mg/l, and preferably from about 1-2 mg/l, to provide primary disinfection of the raw water without prematurely depleting or effecting the performance of the other additives.
- the addition of this low-residual, generated chlorine dioxide provides primary disinfection and inhibits or prevents biofouling of the mixing and pumping equipment.
- the composition comprising the stable precursor will not provide appreciable biocidal control until activation it is introduced to the appropriate conditions within the reaction zone, including one or more reducing agents and fluid temperatures at a minimum of about 90° F. to 110° F., and preferably at or above about 110° F. to 115° F.
- a stable precursor composition or concentrate will comprise up to about 40% of a oxy halide salt, preferably sodium chlorate and may also comprise up to about 20% by weight of a chelating agent.
- the composition is then introduced via the fluid or gas stream to an environment with a minimum temperature of about 90° F.
- said fluid or gas stream further comprises contaminants such as reduced metal ions, biomass, reduced sulfur compounds, or other reduced organics such as phenols or tertiary alcohols or amines.
- the inventor has also found that, due to the oxidation of sulfides and other contaminants, the generation of chlorine dioxide within a formation in accordance with this invention will affect the affinity of hydrocarbons to non-hydrocarbons, such that the embodiments disclosed herein result in hydrocarbons being released from the subterranean formation in amounts greater than would have occurred without the generation of chlorine dioxide within the formation. More specifically, in situ generated chlorine dioxide via the stable precursor composition disclosed herein effectuates the removal of hydrocarbons from subterranean formation material, while other oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium persulfate, sodium peroxide, sodium chlorite, and sodium hypochlorite do not.
- This example illustrates a representative reaction in which chlorine dioxide is formed from a precursor.
- a chlorine dioxide precursor reacts with reduced contaminant to form chlorine dioxide by gaining an electron from the contaminant.
- Rx is the reducing agent providing an electron in the reduction of chlorate to chlorine dioxide.
- chlorine dioxide competes with the stable precursor in the oxidation of the contaminants, and as a reactive free radical oxidizes additional compounds that are non reactive with the precursor. Neither chlorine dioxide nor chlorate react via electrophilic substitution and do not thus form chlorinated organic compounds.
- One known pathway for chlorate to form chlorine is in the absence of a reducing agent under strong acid conditions, as represented by the following reaction:
- a solution was made up of 10% by weight of sodium chlorate, 10% citric acid, and 0.15% hydrochloric acid. Samples of the solution were stored at 80° F., 90° F., 100° F., 110° F., 120° F. and 150° F. and monitored for sixty days using spectrophotometric analysis for the presence of chlorine dioxide. At no time during the test period was there a physical change in the solution, evidence of off-gassing or evidence of chlorine dioxide production. At the end of the observation period the samples were analyzed for sodium chlorate. No significant change in the concentration was observed.
- Example 2 Identical examples of the solution used in Example 2 were mixed with the addition of 0.5% Iron Sulfide. Samples of the final solution were stored at 80° F., 90° F., 100° F., 110° F., 120° F. and 150° F. and monitored for sixty days using spectrophotometric analysis for the presence of chlorine dioxide. At temperatures of up to 110° F., no evidence of reaction or chlorine dioxide formation was observed and hydrogen sulfide gas was evolved into the head space of the samples. At the end of the sixty day cycle chlorate analysis indicated no significant change. The 120° F. samples showed a slow degradation of the hydrogen sulfide and yellowing of the solution over a 48 hour period.
- Example 2 Identical examples of the solution used in Example 2 were mixed with the addition of 5% by weight ground up core material. The materials were sandstone and dolomite in nature, and contained approximately 10 mg/kg of iron sulfide. Samples of the final solution were stored at 80° F., 90° F., 100° F., 110° F., 120° F. and 150° F. and monitored for sixty days using spectrophotometric analysis for the presence of chlorine dioxide. At temperatures of up to 100° F., there was no evidence of reaction or chlorine dioxide formation, and hydrogen sulfide gas was evolved into the head space of the samples. At the end of the sixty day cycle, chlorate analysis indicated no significant change in chlorate concentration. The 110° F., 120° F. and 150° F.
- a first flask contained a 0.5 percent solution of sodium sulfide.
- a second flask contained a solution of 10% sodium chlorate and 10% citric acid.
- a third flask contained a 5% solution of ferric (iron) sulfate.
- An inert gas stream purged gases from flask to flask through a gas train. Hydrochloric acid was added to the first flask to evolve hydrogen sulfide gas. The study was conducted at 100° F., 150° F., 175° F. and 200° F. At 100° F.
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Abstract
According to one aspect of the invention, a method of converting an oxy halide salt into a halide dioxide in a reaction zone under certain conditions is provided. More specifically, the method includes generating chlorine dioxide from a stable composition comprising an oxy halide salt by introducing said composition to a reducing agent and minimum temperature within the reaction zone. According to another aspect of the invention, a composition for a stable chlorine dioxide precursor comprising an oxy halide salt is provided.
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/806,242 filed Mar. 2, 2020 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/518,600 filed Jul. 22, 2019, now abandoned which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/875,301 filed Jan. 19, 2018, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/958,381 filed Dec. 3, 2015, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/196,207, filed Mar. 4, 2014, now abandoned, which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/427,544, filed Mar. 22, 2012, and issued on Apr. 22, 2014 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,703,656, which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/466,258, filed Mar. 22, 2011. The entire teachings of the above application(s) are incorporated herein by reference.
- This invention relates to a composition for a stable, chlorine dioxide precursor and method for using the same to generate chlorine dioxide for petroleum applications, such as, but not limited to, the use of chlorine dioxide in petroleum formations and high temperature gas or liquid streams. More particularly, this invention relates to a composition comprising an oxy halide salt, (e.g., sodium chlorate) as a stable chlorine dioxide precursor for use in petroleum applications.
- In the petroleum industry, numerous agents or contaminants can cause damage to or restriction of the production process. Examples of such contaminates can be high-molecular weight polymers (e.g. polyacrylamides, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, CMC, HPG, and Zanthan), bacteria, sulfur, iron sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and similar compounds.
- These contaminants can, in some cases, occur naturally in the formation or be present from prior human interactions. For example, bacteria are commonly introduced to the formation during drilling and workover (e.g. the repair or stimulation of an existing production well) operations. Similarly, during the fracturing process, bacteria are often introduced into the wellbore and forced deep into the formation. More specifically, polymers such as CMC, HPG, Zanthan, and polyacrilomides are added to the fracturing fluid to maintain the proppant in suspension and to reduce the friction of the fluid. Bacteria entrained within this fluid penetrate deep into the formation, and once frac pressure is released, become embedded within the strata in the same manner as the proppant deployed. Additionally, the polymer can also be deposited within the formation, causing damage in its own right. Typically, conventional “breakers” are added to the fracturing fluid along with the polymer to prevent this problem, but damage to producing wells due to the incomplete destruction of the polymer remains a common occurrence.
- Many bacteria are facultative, that is they can exist in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions using either molecular oxygen or other oxygen sources to support their metabolic processes. For example, under the right conditions, facultative bacteria can use sulfate as an oxygen source and respire hydrogen sulfide, which is highly toxic to humans in addition to being corrosive to steel. Additionally, in a process known in the art as Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC), bacteria will attach to a substrate, such as the wall of a pipe in the wellbore, and form a “biomass” shield around them. Underneath, the bacteria metabolize the substrate (e.g. a mixture of hydrocarbon and metallic iron) and respire hydrogen sulfide, resulting in the metal becoming severely corroded in the wellbore and, eventually, pipe failure and damage to downhole equipment. The respiration and presence of hydrogen sulfide also complicates the refining and transportation process, and attenuates the economic value of the produced hydrocarbon.
- The traditional methods used to address these problems has one or more drawbacks. For example, the present industry practice is to add conventional organic and inorganic biocides, such as quaternary ammonium compounds, chloramines, aldehydes, such as Gluteraldehyde, THPS and sodium hypochlorite, to fracturing fluids with other additives to control bacteria. The efficacy of these conventional biocides, however, is minimal due to the type of bacteria that typically are found in hydrocarbon-bearing formations and petroleum production environments. More particularly, only a small percentage of these bacteria, which are often found in volcanic vents, geysers, and ancient tombs, are active at any one time; the remainder of the population is present in dormant and spore states. The aforementioned conventional biocides have no, or limited, effect on dormant and spore forming bacteria. Thus, while the active bacteria are killed to some extent, the inactive bacteria survive and thrive once they reach the environmental conditions found within the formation. Additionally, these biocides become inactivated when exposed to many of the components found in petroleum production formations. And, furthermore, microorganisms build resistance to these biocides, thus limiting their utility over time.
- Chlorine dioxide, on the other hand, can inactivate or kill active, dormant and spore forming microorganisms. Unlike conventional biocides, microorganisms do not build a resistance to chlorine dioxide, and it has a low residual toxicity and produces benign end products. Chlorine dioxide is therefore an efficacious biocide, however certain applications have not been possible prior to the invention. For example, although chlorine dioxide can be applied directly to well fluids (for example, fracturing water) for disinfection, it can only be applied at a low dosage to prevent degradation of polymer(s) or other drag reduction additives.
- Embodiments of this invention provide for a stable chlorine dioxide precursor additive. The inventor has found that this chlorine dioxide precursor will remain stable within, for example, well fluids (e.g. a fracturing fluid) or other fluid streams or systems until it enters a zone (e.g. within a subterranean formation) that satisfies certain conditions and reaches a minimum temperature of about 100° F.-110° F. One or more embodiments of the invention, which incorporate this chlorine dioxide precursor into a fracturing fluid, thus provide an in situ method for generating and using chlorine dioxide as a polymer oxidant and downhole biocide that does not deplete or attenuate the friction-reducing components of the fracturing fluid until the chlorine dioxide precursor is dispersed into the target zone of the subterranean, hydrocarbon-bearing formation. In these embodiments, the chlorine dioxide precursor reacts with components in the subterranean formation at a certain temperature to form chlorine dioxide therein, which then acts as a polymer oxidant and downhole biocide.
- The inventor has found that the embodiments of the invention provide for results that cannot be accomplished with ex situ generated halogen dioxides, such as chlorine dioxide, or other halogen dioxide precursors, such as sodium chlorite. For example, chlorine dioxide cannot be added to well fluids (e.g. fracturing fluid) at high concentrations prior to injection into the wellbore because the chlorine dioxide will prematurely oxidize the polymers and friction-control additives within the fracturing fluid. Similarly, sodium chlorite, sometimes referred to as “stabilized chlorine dioxide,” is limited in that it immediately begins to react with weak acids and other components of the fracturing fluids at ambient temperatures, thereby generating chlorine dioxide too soon, which in turn will prematurely oxidize the polymers and friction-control additives within the fracturing fluid. By contrast, embodiments of the present invention remain generally stable until exposed to a minimum temperature and reducing agents (e.g., contaminants) located within a subterranean formation or otherwise provided in a target reaction zone.
- Thus, embodiments of the invention provide for, inter alia, a composition that is stable under ambient conditions within a fluid stream or system (for example, the well fluids applied during drilling, completion, workover and fracturing operations), but subsequently reacts within a target reaction zone under specified conditions to produce a halide oxide that is capable of 1) degrading polymers within the target zone (i.e. the subterranean formation); 2) reducing toxic and unwanted sulfur compounds within the target zone (i.e. the subterranean formation and hydrocarbon deposits), and 3) functioning as a biocide that kills or destroys bacteria in active, dormant and spore forms.
- One aspect of the invention includes a method for introducing an oxy halide salt into a zone wherein the oxy halide salt comes into contact with a reducing agent resulting in conversion of the oxy halide salt into a halide dioxide, comprising applying or injecting an oxy halide salt into a zone with a reducing agent under conditions in which all or a part of the oxy halide salt is converted into the halide dioxide.
- Another aspect of the invention includes a method of reducing, inactivating, destroying, or eliminating one or more reduced sulfur compounds, comprising the steps of contacting the reduced sulfur compound with an oxy halide salt under conditions in which all or a part of the oxy halide salt is converted into the halide dioxide, thereby reducing, inactivating, destroying, or eliminating one or more reduced sulfur compounds.
- In another aspect of the invention, a method for oxidizing one or more polymers, one or more reduced sulfur compounds or one or more reduced metals, comprises the steps of contacting the polymer, reduced sulfur compound or reduced metal with an oxy halide salt in a reaction zone under conditions in which all or a part of the oxy halide salt is converted into the halide dioxide, thereby oxidizing one or more polymers, one or more reduced sulfur compounds or one or more reduced metals.
- Another aspect of the invention includes a method for inactivating, destroying or killing one or more microbes, comprising contacting the microbe with an oxy halide salt under conditions in which all or a part of the oxy halide salt is converted into the halide dioxide, thereby inactivating, destroying or killing one or more microbes.
- The following terms as used herein have the following meanings:
- As used herein, the words “comprise,” “has,” and “include,” and all grammatical variations thereof are each intended to have an open, non-limiting meaning that does not exclude additional elements or parts.
- As used herein, a biocide, or bactericide, is a substance that inhibits, destroys or kills bacteria.
- As used herein, free residual level or residual is the amount of oxidant in a fluid present and available for microbiological control at a given time after the oxidant has reacted with background impurities and contaminants in the fluid. Generally described in units of percentage or ppm.
- As used herein, well fluid is any fluid used in any of the drilling, completion, work over, fracturing and production of subterranean oil and gas wells.
- For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to embodiments of the invention and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, and any alterations and further modifications in the described embodiments, and any further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates are contemplated an protected.
- According to one or more embodiments of the invention, a halide dioxide, preferably chlorine dioxide, is generated in situ in a target reaction zone. According to one aspect of the invention, the target reaction zone is found within a hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean formation and is the zone within the formation where the target compounds, or contaminants, are located. Furthermore, the target zone may comprise a hydrocarbon deposit, a petroleum deposit, a hydrocarbon or petroleum product formation, or a hydrocarbon or petroleum processing product or equipment. As used herein, the target compounds, or contaminants, are agents located within the subterranean formation that have the potential or propensity to cause damage to or restriction of the petroleum production process, and include high-molecular weight polymers (e.g. polyacrylamides, carboxy-methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, CMC, HPG, and Zanthan), microbes (e.g. anaerobic and aerobic bacteria), sulfur, iron sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and similar compounds.
- In one or more embodiments, a composition comprises a stable, halogen dioxide precursor concentrate that does not react with the target compounds prior to entering the target reaction zone within the subterranean formation. The halogen dioxide precursor comprises an oxy halide salt, such as sodium chlorate, in solution at a concentration up to about 50% by weight, preferably about 5% to 40% by weight. Although the embodiments and examples disclosed herein refer to sodium chlorate as the oxy halide salt, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that other oxy halide salts containing a chlorine in the plus five valence or oxidation state, such as potassium chlorate, calcium chlorate, or magnesium chlorate, would fall within the embodiments of this invention. The stable precursor concentrate will typically be added to a fluid stream (e.g. well fluid) at concentrations ranging from about 100 to 10,000 mg/l.
- Although not required, in one or more embodiments, the composition or concentrate comprising the stable chlorine dioxide precursor further comprises additives selected to benefit the type of treatment that is targeted. For example, in certain embodiments, the halogen dioxide precursor further comprises and is premixed with additives, preferably chelants or weak acids, such as citric acid, or wetting agents such as ethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
- More specifically, in one embodiment, the composition comprises up to about 40% by weight sodium chlorate, up to 20% by weight of a chelating agent, and up to about 10% by weight of a surface active agent. In other embodiments, the composition comprises an aqueous solution of an oxy halide salt and a weak acid, wherein the concentration of the oxy halide salt is between about 5% and 40% and the concentration of the weak acid is between about 5% and 20%. In still other embodiments, more specifically in embodiments wherein the target reaction zone alone supplies a sufficient amount hydrogen ions to allow for the generation of chlorine dioxide, the stable precursor composition does not include any chelating agent.
- Because the target compounds within the target zone react with the stable precursor to form a halogen dioxide, preferably chlorine dioxide, as an end-product of the reaction, a free residual of said halide oxide is generated in situ and is available to oxidize other compounds, function as a biocide and control or inactivate microbes located either within or around the target zone. Therefore, in one or more embodiments of this invention, no ex situ generator or process is required to generate chlorine dioxide for injection into the subterranean formation and/or gas or liquid streams in order to destroy or reduce polymers, sulfur, reduced sulfur compounds, phenols and other compounds.
- More specifically, in one or more embodiments of the present invention, the premixed composition, or concentrate, comprising said halogen dioxide precursor is stable and not reactive in solutions of polymer, sulfides, and/or weak acids at ambient conditions and temperatures, and more specifically is stable in solutions of polymer, sulfides, and/or weak acids at temperatures in the range of less than about 90° F. to 110° F., and more preferably does not react to form chlorine dioxide until the temperature reaches or exceeds about 110° F. to 115° F. More specifically, and in the embodiments disclosed herein, the composition is stable at ambient temperatures in, for example, drilling, fracturing, completion, and operational well fluids, including but not limited to drilling muds, fracturing fluids, produced or fresh water, or blends thereof. In still other embodiments of the invention, the composition or concentrate also remains stable at temperatures in the range of less than about 90° F. to 110° F. when premixed with a low concentration of a strong acid, such as hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid, wherein the concentration of the strong acid can be in the range of about 0.1% to 2%, more preferably 0.2% to 0.5%. In accordance with the invention, both the selection and concentration of a weak or strong acid is determined by the concentration at which said acid will not react to form chlorine dioxide when it is mixed directly with the oxy halide salt at temperatures in the range of less than about 90° F. to 110° F.
- According to the invention, the composition comprising the stable halogen dioxide precursor therefore remains stable until it reaches a target reaction zone, wherein the composition is then exposed to temperatures of at least about 90° F. to 110° F., and preferably reaches or exceeds about 110° F. to 115° F., and wherein the composition is further exposed or introduced to at least one of or a combination of one or more of the following: a hydrocarbon containing formation, reduced sulfur compounds, elemental sulfur, sulfite, polymer, biomass (i.e. microbes or bacteria), reduced metal ions, and other easily oxidized organic and inorganic compounds. For example, in one or more embodiments, the reduced sulfur compounds are present in a target reaction zone within a subterranean geological formation or material that contains one or more solid, liquid, or gaseous hydrocarbons, or a hydrocarbon deposit, a petroleum deposit, a hydrocarbon or petroleum product formation, or a hydrocarbon or petroleum processing product or equipment. In another embodiment, microbes and reduced sulfur compounds are present in a target reaction zone within a petroleum processing piece of equipment. In still another embodiment, polymers and reduced sulfur compounds are present in a target reaction zone within the fractures of hydrocarbon-bearing subterranean formation.
- Embodiments of the present invention also provide that the concentrate or composition comprising said halogen dioxide precursor is either added to or premixed with a fluid stream, for example a fluid stream being injected into a subterranean wellbore, wherein said fluid stream may include other additives, such as friction reducers, wetting agents, polymers, corrosion inhibitors, sand, proppants, biocides, breakers and other chemicals and wherein the chlorine dioxide precursor is and remains stable in the presence of these additives until it reaches the target reaction zone. Once it reaches the target reaction zone, the halogen dioxide precursor is introduced to a high temperature liquid or gas stream that contains one or more of sulfides, reduced sulfur compounds, polymers, microbial matter or other target compounds. In accordance with the invention, the high temperature fluid or gas stream is at or brought up to temperatures above about 90° F. to 115° F., and preferably above about 110° F. to 115° F. According to embodiments of this invention, when the halogen dioxide precursor solution reaches the target reaction zone within the formation that contains the conditions set forth above, said precursor composition will react spontaneously to form halogen dioxide (e.g., chlorine dioxide) in said zone. The in situ generated halogen dioxide will then destroy polymers and other target compounds, such as reduced sulfur compounds, biomass (e.g. microbes, bacteria), sulfur, phenols, either within, around or after said zone, such that the halogen dioxide formation reaction that initiates in said zone will consume the contaminants.
- In one embodiment, said stable composition or concentrate is premixed offsite and is then transported to the work site. In other embodiments, for example during a hydraulic fracturing operation, said composition can be premixed at the work site in one of the frac tanks or in the blender. The premixed concentrate comprising the stable chlorine dioxide precursor and other additives is then injected into the process stream via a chemical injector system and/or other method that is known to those skilled in the art.
- The dosage rate and concentration of the composition comprising the stable precursor is calculated based on the quantity of chlorine dioxide, or other halogen oxide, that needs to be generated and/or the amount of contaminants that need to be consumed. More specifically, the dosage rate and concentration can be determined based on the nature of the treatment, the characteristics of the fluid or gas stream, the characteristics of the subterranean formation (if applicable), and the contaminants contained therein, as would be determined by those skilled in the art. For example, and in one embodiment, the application ratio to eliminate reduced sulfur compounds and oxidate reduced metal ions is approximately 2.5 to 5:1 chlorine dioxide precursor to target compound by weight.
- When chlorine dioxide or other halogen dioxides are added directly to well fluids (i.e. fracturing fluids) or other fluid streams, they can initially react with dissolved organic and inorganic compounds in the water, thus depleting the amount of free residual available as a biocide and for other intended treatment purposes. Therefore, in one or more embodiments of the present invention, it will be necessary to add an excess of the stable precursor in order to produce a free residual of the halogen dioxide sufficient to achieve the desired bacterial control and/or oxidation of complex organics. In yet another embodiment, if instant biocidal control is desired or required, the stable precursor of the present invention may be incorporated into a water or fluid stream that has already has been dosed with a generated solution of chlorine dioxide or other biocidal agent. More specifically, and by way of example only, chlorine dioxide concentrations of 10 to 20 mg/l or less do not impact the performance of the additives, such polymer(s) or other drag reduction additives, in fracturing fluids. Therefore, in certain embodiments, the composition comprising the stable precursor can be added to raw fracturing water that contains a sufficient residual of chlorine dioxide, for example from about 0.02 to 5 mg/l, and preferably from about 1-2 mg/l, to provide primary disinfection of the raw water without prematurely depleting or effecting the performance of the other additives. The addition of this low-residual, generated chlorine dioxide provides primary disinfection and inhibits or prevents biofouling of the mixing and pumping equipment. As described herein, and in accordance with the invention, the composition comprising the stable precursor will not provide appreciable biocidal control until activation it is introduced to the appropriate conditions within the reaction zone, including one or more reducing agents and fluid temperatures at a minimum of about 90° F. to 110° F., and preferably at or above about 110° F. to 115° F.
- Although the embodiments disclosed hereinabove often refer to the target reaction zone as located within a subterranean formation, in accordance with alternate embodiments that are within the scope of the invention, the reaction zone can also equipment, a pipeline or vessel for extracting, processing, refining, transporting or storage of hydrocarbons. In order to oxidize contaminants in a fluid or gas stream in accordance with the invention in these embodiments, a stable precursor composition or concentrate will comprise up to about 40% of a oxy halide salt, preferably sodium chlorate and may also comprise up to about 20% by weight of a chelating agent. The composition is then introduced via the fluid or gas stream to an environment with a minimum temperature of about 90° F. to 100° F., ideally over about 100° F., and more preferably over about 110° F. to 115° F., wherein said fluid or gas stream further comprises contaminants such as reduced metal ions, biomass, reduced sulfur compounds, or other reduced organics such as phenols or tertiary alcohols or amines.
- The inventor has also found that, due to the oxidation of sulfides and other contaminants, the generation of chlorine dioxide within a formation in accordance with this invention will affect the affinity of hydrocarbons to non-hydrocarbons, such that the embodiments disclosed herein result in hydrocarbons being released from the subterranean formation in amounts greater than would have occurred without the generation of chlorine dioxide within the formation. More specifically, in situ generated chlorine dioxide via the stable precursor composition disclosed herein effectuates the removal of hydrocarbons from subterranean formation material, while other oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium persulfate, sodium peroxide, sodium chlorite, and sodium hypochlorite do not.
- This example illustrates a representative reaction in which chlorine dioxide is formed from a precursor. A chlorine dioxide precursor reacts with reduced contaminant to form chlorine dioxide by gaining an electron from the contaminant.
-
ClO3 −+Rx→ClO2+RxO−; - where Rx is the reducing agent providing an electron in the reduction of chlorate to chlorine dioxide.
- The formed chlorine dioxide competes with the stable precursor in the oxidation of the contaminants, and as a reactive free radical oxidizes additional compounds that are non reactive with the precursor. Neither chlorine dioxide nor chlorate react via electrophilic substitution and do not thus form chlorinated organic compounds. One known pathway for chlorate to form chlorine is in the absence of a reducing agent under strong acid conditions, as represented by the following reaction:
-
ClO3 −+2HCl→ClO2+½Cl2+H2O - No strong acids are present in the media during the application of the present invention and reducing agents are always present during the chlorine dioxide formation. Mixture of the chlorine dioxide precursor with a strong acid is generally avoided to prevent chlorination and corrosive effects from the resultant chlorine.
- A solution was made up of 10% by weight of sodium chlorate, 10% citric acid, and 0.15% hydrochloric acid. Samples of the solution were stored at 80° F., 90° F., 100° F., 110° F., 120° F. and 150° F. and monitored for sixty days using spectrophotometric analysis for the presence of chlorine dioxide. At no time during the test period was there a physical change in the solution, evidence of off-gassing or evidence of chlorine dioxide production. At the end of the observation period the samples were analyzed for sodium chlorate. No significant change in the concentration was observed. The foregoing study demonstrates that solutions of an oxy halide salt can be formulated with weak acids or low concentrations of strong acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid) without the resultant formation of chlorine dioxide that would prevent their transportation under DOT regulations, or degradation of the product within a normal shelf life period.
- Identical examples of the solution used in Example 2 were mixed with the addition of 0.5% Iron Sulfide. Samples of the final solution were stored at 80° F., 90° F., 100° F., 110° F., 120° F. and 150° F. and monitored for sixty days using spectrophotometric analysis for the presence of chlorine dioxide. At temperatures of up to 110° F., no evidence of reaction or chlorine dioxide formation was observed and hydrogen sulfide gas was evolved into the head space of the samples. At the end of the sixty day cycle chlorate analysis indicated no significant change. The 120° F. samples showed a slow degradation of the hydrogen sulfide and yellowing of the solution over a 48 hour period. After 48 hours there was no remaining sulfide within the sample and there was a slight residual of 8-10 ppm chlorine dioxide. The 150° F. sample immediately yellowed and consumed the iron sulfide without a release of hydrogen sulfide upon addition and formed a slight 10 to 15 ppm residual of chlorine dioxide. Once iron sulfide was consumed formation of chlorine dioxide ceased. Additional aliquots of iron sulfide resulted in complete destruction of the sulfide and oxidation of the iron to the ferric state. Subsequent analysis of the residual chlorate revealed that chlorate was consumed by approximately a 2.7 chlorate to sulfide weight ratio. The foregoing study demonstrates that the stable chlorine precursor will react at typical production formation conditions to form chlorine dioxide and consume the target contaminants and form sufficient residual chlorine dioxide to kill, inactivate or destroy more stable or resilient contaminants such as bacteria and polymers.
- Identical examples of the solution used in Example 2 were mixed with the addition of 5% by weight ground up core material. The materials were sandstone and dolomite in nature, and contained approximately 10 mg/kg of iron sulfide. Samples of the final solution were stored at 80° F., 90° F., 100° F., 110° F., 120° F. and 150° F. and monitored for sixty days using spectrophotometric analysis for the presence of chlorine dioxide. At temperatures of up to 100° F., there was no evidence of reaction or chlorine dioxide formation, and hydrogen sulfide gas was evolved into the head space of the samples. At the end of the sixty day cycle, chlorate analysis indicated no significant change in chlorate concentration. The 110° F., 120° F. and 150° F. samples showed a slow degradation of the hydrogen sulfide and yellowing of the solution over a 48 hour period. After 48 hours, there was no remaining sulfide within the sample and there was a slight residual of 8-10 ppm chlorine dioxide. The 150° F. sample immediately yellowed and consumed the iron sulfide without a release of hydrogen sulfide upon addition, and formed a slight 10 to 15 ppm residual of chlorine dioxide. Subsequent analysis of the residual chlorate revealed that chlorate was consumed by approximately a 3.2 chlorate to sulfide weight ratio. The foregoing study demonstrates that production zone material can provide sufficient reducing materials for the conversion of a precursor to chlorine dioxide to occur.
- In this example, a first flask contained a 0.5 percent solution of sodium sulfide. A second flask contained a solution of 10% sodium chlorate and 10% citric acid. A third flask contained a 5% solution of ferric (iron) sulfate. An inert gas stream purged gases from flask to flask through a gas train. Hydrochloric acid was added to the first flask to evolve hydrogen sulfide gas. The study was conducted at 100° F., 150° F., 175° F. and 200° F. At 100° F. and 150° F., no reaction was observed within the second flask and hydrogen sulfide reacted with the iron sulfate solution to form iron sulfide in the third flask. Some hydrogen sulfide vented from the third flask. At 175° F., iron sulfide was still formed in the third flask and some hydrogen sulfide vented, but to a much lesser extent. Flask 2 remained clear at the end of the study, but evolved some chlorine dioxide. At 200° F., no iron sulfide formed within the third flask or was vented from the gas train. The solution in flask 2 displayed evidence of chlorine dioxide formation and had a slight residual of chlorine dioxide of approximately 5 mg/l at the conclusion of the study the foregoing study demonstrates that an elevated temperature gas stream has sufficient reducing properties to trigger the conversion of precursor to chlorine dioxide, and that reducing agents within the contaminants can be used as the reductant (hydrogen sulfide) to trigger the conversion with sufficient halo dioxide to result in the elimination of the reductant.
- This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
Claims (19)
1-46. (canceled)
47. A chlorine dioxide precursor composition comprising an aqueous solution of 5% to 40% by weight of a chlorate salt and 5% to 20% by weight of a weak acid, wherein the composition is stable at a temperature below about 90° F. and wherein the composition reacts to form chlorine dioxide when exposed to a reducing agent in combination with a temperature of about 110° F. or greater.
48. The composition of claim 47 , wherein the chlorate salt comprises sodium chlorate and the weak acid comprises citric acid.
49. The composition of claim 48 , wherein the composition does not comprise a strong acid.
50. The composition of claim 48 , wherein the composition further comprises a strong acid at a concentration of about 0.1% to 2% by weight.
51. The composition of claim 50 , wherein the strong acid is hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or a mixture thereof.
52. The composition of claim 47 , wherein the reducing agent is iron sulfide.
53. A well fluid to which the precursor composition of claim 47 is added at a concentration from about 100 to 10,000 mg/l.
54. A chlorine dioxide precursor composition comprising an aqueous solution of sodium chlorate at 5% to 40% by weight and citric acid at 5% to 20% by weight, wherein the composition is stable at a temperature below about 90° F. and wherein the composition reacts to form chlorine dioxide when exposed to iron sulfide in combination with a temperature of about 115° F. or greater.
55. A well fluid to which the precursor composition of claim 54 is added at a concentration from about 100 to 10,000 mg/l.
56. A method of treating an aqueous fluid for introduction into a reaction zone having a temperature of at least about 110° F. and comprising one or more reducing agents, the method comprising adding to the aqueous fluid a chlorine dioxide precursor composition comprising an aqueous solution of a chlorate salt at a concentration of 5 to 40% by weight and an acid at a concentration of 5 to 20% by weight, wherein the composition is stable at a temperature below about 90° F. and wherein the composition reacts to form chlorine dioxide when exposed to a reducing agent in combination with a temperature of about 110° F. or greater.
57. The method of claim 56 , wherein the chlorate salt comprises sodium chlorate and the weak acid comprises citric acid.
58. The method of claim 56 , wherein the composition does not comprise a strong acid.
59. The method of claim 56 , wherein the composition further comprises a strong acid at a concentration of about 0.1% to 2% by weight.
60. The method of claim 59 , wherein the strong acid is hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or a mixture thereof
61. The method of claim 56 , wherein the chlorine dioxide precursor composition is added to the aqueous fluid at a concentration from about 100 to 10,000 mg/l.
62. The method of claim 56 , further comprising introducing the aqueous fluid into a subterranean formation such that it enters a reaction zone within the subterranean formation that has a temperature of at least about 110° F. and comprises a target reducing agent.
63. The method of claim 62 , wherein said target reducing agent comprises one or more of elemental sulfur, a reduced sulfur compound, a reduced organic compound, and a reduced metal ion.
64. The method of claim 62 , wherein the chlorine dioxide precursor composition is added to the aqueous fluid at a ratio of approximately 2.5 to 5:1 by weight of chlorine dioxide precursor composition to target reducing agent, and wherein said target reducing agent comprises one or more reduced sulfur compounds or reduced metal ions.
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WO2011005820A1 (en) | 2009-07-09 | 2011-01-13 | Titan Global Oil Services Inc. | Compositions and processes for fracturing subterranean formations |
US8211296B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2012-07-03 | Nch Ecoservices, Llc | Portable water treatment system and apparatus |
US8226832B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2012-07-24 | Nch Ecoservices, Llc | Portable water treatment method |
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2012
- 2012-03-22 EP EP12761343.8A patent/EP2688836B1/en active Active
- 2012-03-22 AU AU2012230877A patent/AU2012230877B2/en not_active Ceased
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- 2012-03-22 US US13/427,544 patent/US8703656B2/en active Active
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2013
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US20120244228A1 (en) | 2012-09-27 |
US8703656B2 (en) | 2014-04-22 |
EP2688836A4 (en) | 2015-01-21 |
WO2012129420A3 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
US8609594B2 (en) | 2013-12-17 |
AU2012230877A1 (en) | 2013-09-26 |
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