US20210253925A1 - Hydrofluorocarbon/trifluoroiodomethane/hydrocarbons refrigerant compositions - Google Patents
Hydrofluorocarbon/trifluoroiodomethane/hydrocarbons refrigerant compositions Download PDFInfo
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- US20210253925A1 US20210253925A1 US17/130,945 US202017130945A US2021253925A1 US 20210253925 A1 US20210253925 A1 US 20210253925A1 US 202017130945 A US202017130945 A US 202017130945A US 2021253925 A1 US2021253925 A1 US 2021253925A1
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 89
- VPAYJEUHKVESSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoroiodomethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)I VPAYJEUHKVESSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 title claims description 46
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethane Chemical compound FCF RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)F GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)F UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)F NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl butane Natural products CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PFEOZHBOMNWTJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylpentane Chemical compound CCC(C)CC PFEOZHBOMNWTJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propene Chemical compound CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CRSOQBOWXPBRES-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C CRSOQBOWXPBRES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LVZWSLJZHVFIQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopropane Chemical compound C1CC1 LVZWSLJZHVFIQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MWWATHDPGQKSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyne Chemical compound CC#C MWWATHDPGQKSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- TXHIVSGZDGXOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane 1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound FC(C(F)(F)F)F.FC(C)(F)F TXHIVSGZDGXOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- ADYMJWSPQWGSOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethane;1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane Chemical compound FCF.FC(F)C(F)(F)F ADYMJWSPQWGSOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 62
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 21
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 16
- VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)Cl VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- FKCNNGCHQHSYCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethane;1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane;1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCF.FCC(F)(F)F.FC(F)C(F)(F)F FKCNNGCHQHSYCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 polyol ester Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000003381 solubilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- RFCAUADVODFSLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)Cl RFCAUADVODFSLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019406 chloropentafluoroethane Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000009420 retrofitting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 2
- PGJHURKAWUJHLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FCC(F)=C(F)F PGJHURKAWUJHLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OHMHBGPWCHTMQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(Cl)Cl OHMHBGPWCHTMQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004340 Chloropentafluoroethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001774 Perfluoroether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 101100214695 Staphylococcus aureus aacA-aphD gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- KYKAJFCTULSVSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloro(fluoro)methane Chemical compound F[C]Cl KYKAJFCTULSVSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010725 compressor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- UMNKXPULIDJLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)Cl UMNKXPULIDJLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940099364 dichlorofluoromethane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- DIDLWIPCWUSYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N microcystin-LR Natural products COC(Cc1ccccc1)C(C)C=C(/C)C=CC2NC(=O)C(NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)C(NC(=O)C(NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(=C)N(C)C(=O)CCC(NC(=O)C2C)C(=O)O)C(=O)O DIDLWIPCWUSYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010690 paraffinic oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
- C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
- C10M171/008—Lubricant compositions compatible with refrigerants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
- C09K2205/122—Halogenated hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2203/06—Well-defined aromatic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/09—Characteristics associated with water
- C10N2020/097—Refrigerants
- C10N2020/101—Containing Hydrofluorocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/09—Characteristics associated with water
- C10N2020/097—Refrigerants
- C10N2020/103—Containing Hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/30—Refrigerators lubricants or compressors lubricants
Definitions
- the invention relates generally to hydrofluorocarbon compositions. More particularly, the invention relates to blends of one or more hydrofluorocarbons, trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3 I) and hydrocarbons, as well as methods for using these compositions in applications such as the recharging of refrigeration systems. and for its use in replacing a chlorofluorocarbon or hydrochlorofluorocarbon in a refrigeration system.
- hydrofluorocarbons trifluoroiodomethane (CF 3 I) and hydrocarbons
- Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs
- hydrochlorofluorocarbons such as dichlorofluoromethane (R-12), monochlorodifluoromethane (R-22), and azeotropic mixtures of monochlorodifluoromethane and chloropentafluoroethane (R-115) (known as R-502), have conventionally been used as refrigerants in heating and cooling systems.
- chlorine-containing refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC's) and the like
- CFC's chlorofluorocarbons
- HCFC's hydrochlorofluorocarbons
- HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons
- hydrofluorocarbon blends are of particular interest as such alternatives because they have properties that are similar to chlorofluorocarbons, including similar refrigeration characteristics, i.e. a vapor pressure that is plus or minus 20 percent of the reference refrigerant at the same temperature, chemical stability, low toxicity, non-flammability, efficiency in-use and low temperature glides.
- refrigeration characteristics i.e. a vapor pressure that is plus or minus 20 percent of the reference refrigerant at the same temperature, chemical stability, low toxicity, non-flammability, efficiency in-use and low temperature glides.
- CFCs and HCFCs HFCs do not damage the ozone layer, and thus are considered environmentally friendly.
- HFCs generally possess a good efficiency in-use which is important, for example, in air conditioning and refrigeration where a loss in refrigerant thermodynamic performance or energy efficiency may have secondary environmental impacts through increased fossil fuel usage arising from an increased demand for electrical energy.
- HFCs are known to be exceptional refrigerants, including, but not limited to, difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (R-125), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143a), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), and 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a). Certain blends of two or more of these HFCs can also be used to achieve particular thermodynamic properties.
- Common HFC blends include an azeotrope-like blend of R-143a and R-125 (known as R-507A), a non-azeotropic blend of R-125, R-143a, and R-134a (known as R-404A), a non-azeotropic blend of R-32 and R-125 (known as R-410A), and a non-azeotropic blend of R-32, R-125, and R-134a (known as R-407C).
- R-507A a non-azeotropic blend of R-125, R-143a, and R-134a
- R-404A non-azeotropic blend of R-32 and R-125
- R-410A non-azeotropic blend of R-32, R-125, and R-134a
- R-407C non-azeotropic blend of R-32, R-125, and R-134a
- Each of these HFCs or HFC blends can serve as a replacement for one or more CFCs or HCFCs.
- R-134a can serve as replacement of R-12 in refrigeration and air conditioning applications such as chillers
- R-404A and R-507A can serve as replacements for R-502 in most refrigeration applications, including high, medium and low evaporation temperature systems
- R410A can serve as replacement of R-22 in new air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
- R-407C can serve as a replacement for R-22 in various air-conditioning applications, as well as in most refrigeration systems including chillers.
- chlorine-containing refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC's) and the like
- CFC's chlorofluorocarbons
- HCFC's hydrochlorofluorocarbons
- HFC's hydrofluorocarbons
- HFC refrigerants have been hindered by the lack of commercially adequate lubricants.
- Refrigeration system designers are interested in how the lubricant behaves in the system so that they can design piping and other components to best manage lubricant return to the compressor.
- the behavior of a refrigerant on a lubricant entering the system can affect film characteristics on heat transfer surfaces, and thus energy efficiency performance.
- the first property considered is miscibility of the lubricant with the liquid refrigerant.
- many non-chlorine-containing refrigeration fluids, including HFC's are relatively insoluble and/or immiscible in the types of lubricants used traditionally with CFC's and HFC's, including mineral oils.
- the mineral oil In order for a refrigeration fluid-mineral oil combination to work efficiently within a compression refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump system, the mineral oil must be sufficiently soluble in the refrigeration liquid over a wide range of operating temperatures. Such solubility lowers the viscosity of the mineral oil and allows it to flow more easily throughout the system. In the absence of such solubility, mineral oils tend to become lodged in the coils of the compression refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump system evaporator, as well as other parts of the system, and thus reduce the system efficiency. Fluorocarbon-based fluids have found widespread use in industry for refrigeration system applications, including air-conditioning systems and heat pump applications as well, all of which involve compression refrigeration.
- HFC refrigerants that are replacing HCFC refrigerants have a different influence on lubricants, which affects both compressor durability and system performance.
- mineral oil or alkyl benzenes which have been used with conventional refrigerants such as R-12, R-502 and R-22, are immiscible with HFCs and must therefore be replaced with polyol ester (POE) or other synthetic lubricants.
- POE polyol ester
- major development considerations for the synthetic lubricants remain, including miscibility, solubility, stability, electrical properties, lubricity and retrofitting requirements.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,210 teaches fluoroiodocarbon blends with an additive selected from the group consisting of: alcohols, esters, ethers, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and perfluorocarbons with boiling points between ⁇ 150° C. and +2000° C.
- U.S. Pat. No. 7,208,098 discloses a lubricating composition for compression refrigeration containing a blend of a polyol ester and an alkylbenzene, however, CF3I is not taught.
- patent application 20050233934 teaches azeotrope-like compositions comprising tetrafluoropropene and trifluoroiodomethane and uses thereof, including use in refrigerant compositions, and refrigeration systems.
- U.S. 2006/0116310A1 U.S. Pat. No. 7,083,743 and WO 94/20588 show combinations of halocarbons and fluoroiodocarbons.
- US2003/0062508A1 U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,004,006, 2,005,015 and 6,428,720 show combinations of halocarbons and hydrocarbons.
- the invention provides a composition comprising (a) from about 40 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent of at least one C1-C5 hydrofluorocarbon; (b) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of CF3I; and (c) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of at least one C1-C6 hydrocarbon.
- the invention further provides a method of recharging a refrigeration system comprising the steps of (a) providing a refrigeration system from which a chlorine-containing refrigerant has been substantially removed; and (b) introducing a composition comprising (a) from about 40 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent of at least one C1-C5 hydrofluorocarbon; (b) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of CF3I; and (c) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of at least one C1-C6 hydrocarbon into the system.
- the invention also provides a method of recharging a refrigeration system comprising the steps of (a) providing a refrigeration system having at least one chlorine-containing refrigerant and at least one lubricant; substantially removing said chlorine-containing refrigerants while substantially retaining said lubricant; and (c) introducing a composition comprising (a) from about 40 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent of at least one C1-C5 hydrofluorocarbon; (b) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of CF3I; and (c) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of at least one C1-C6 hydrocarbon into the system.
- FIG. 1 is a plot of data from Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a representation of a typical commercial refrigeration system.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an immiscible refrigerant/oil combination behavior in the liquid receiver.
- the present invention is directed to compositions comprising a hydrofluorocarbon, a hydrocarbon, and CF3I as a solubilizing agent, and the use of these compositions in applications such as the recharging of refrigeration systems.
- the compositions of the present invention may also be utilized as aerosol propellants, heat transfer media, gaseous dielectrics, fire-extinguishing agents, foam blowing agents, solvents, as well as in numerous other applications.
- the term “solubilizing agent” refers to a substance that increases the solubility of one or more hydrofluorocarbons, one or more hydrocarbons, and one or more lubricants.
- compositions that comprise at least one HFC, at least one HC and an effective amount of CF3I as a solubilizing agent.
- effective amount refers to an amount of the CF3I solubilizing agent effective to dissolve a sufficient amount of the HFC and HC in a lubricant such that the diluted lubricant can be transported through the system back to a compressor.
- the least one C1-C5 hydrofluorocarbon component comprises from about 40 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent, preferably from about 72 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent, and more preferably from about 85 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent based on the weight of the overall composition.
- the CF3I component comprises from about 0.1 weight percent to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 0.1 weight percent to about 20 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent based on the weight of the overall composition.
- the at least one C1-C6 hydrocarbon component comprises from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, preferably from about 0.1 weight percent to about 8 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent based on the weight of the overall composition.
- HFCs for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, C1-C5 hydrofluorocarbons and blends thereof. These include difluoromethane (R-32); 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125); 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143A); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134A); 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152A); and combinations thereof.
- R-32 difluoromethane
- HFC-125 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane
- R-143A 1,1,1-trifluoroethane
- R134A 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
- R-152A 1,1-difluoroethane
- R-404A which is a blend of 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152A), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134A) and 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143A);
- R-507A which is a blend of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134A) and 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125);
- R410A which is a blend of difluoromethane (R-32) and 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125);
- R-407C which is a blend of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134A), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125) and difluoromethane (R-32);
- R-407A which is a blend of difluoromethane (R-32), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)
- Useful hydrocarbons include wherein the at least one C1-C6 hydrocarbon comprises methane, ethane, propane, propene, propyne, cyclopropane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, butane, isobutane, 2-methylbutane, pentane, isopentane, 3-methylpentane, hexane, cyclohexane, isohexane, and combinations thereof.
- composition of the present invention are particularly miscible in lubricating oils such as mineral oil, hydrocarbon oil, alkyl oil, alkyl benzene oil, white or paraffinic oil, and mixtures thereof.
- Useful mineral oils include paraffins (i.e. straight-chain and branched-carbon-chain, saturated hydrocarbons), naphthenes (i.e. cyclic paraffins) and aromatics (i.e. unsaturated, cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more rings characterized by alternating double bonds).
- the mineral oils useful for the present invention include those commonly known as “synthetic oils” in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication. Synthetic oils comprise alkylaryls (i.e.
- mineral oils include Witco LP 250 from Witco, Zerol 300 from Microeve Chemical, Sunisco 3GS from Witco, and Calumet R015 from Calumet.
- BVM 100 N paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oils
- Suniso® 3GS napthenic mineral oil sold by Crompton Co.
- Sontex® 372LT napthenic mineral oil sold by Pennzoil
- Calumet® RO-30 napthenic mineral oil sold by Calument Lubricants
- Zerol® 75 and Zerol® 150 linear alkylbenzenes sold by Shrieve Chemicals
- HAB 22 branched alkylbenzene sold by Nippon Oil
- compositions comprising an HFC/CF3I/HC blend and at least one lubricant, wherein said lubricant is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 99.9 weight percent, and preferably from about 0.2 to about 90 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.
- the compositions of the present invention may further include any of a variety of optional additives including other lubricants, stabilizers, metal passivators, corrosion inhibitors, flammability suppressants, and the like.
- This example demonstrates the thermodynamic properties of a HFC/CF3I blend. Testing was performed in a refrigeration machine under typical operating conditions using a refrigerant test mixture and mineral oil (Nu-Calgon C-3 Refrigeration Oil). The test mixture composition was 89 wt. % of HFC (R404A) and 11 wt. % of CF3I. Testing was performed using a setup similar to the unit described in Report DOE/CE/23810-71 “Study of Lubricant Circulation in HVAC Systems,” March 1995-April 1996 by Frank R. Biancardi et. al. (prepared for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute Under ARTI/MCLR Project No. 665-53100), which is incorporated herein by reference. In this case, a commercial refrigeration system equipment was employed using a commercially available condensing unit and an evaporator for a walk-in freezer/cooler. The following is a detailed description of the equipment:
- the condensing unit was as manufactured by Keeprite Refrigeration, Brantford, Ontario Model K350L2 outdoor, air cooled, low temperature, R-22 condensing unit equipped with a 2DF-0300 Copeland compressor, a fin-and-tube coil, and a demand cooling system for low temperature operation. It also has a suction accumulator, an oil separator, a receiver, a two-valve head pressure control system, and other standard operating controls.
- the evaporator was as manufactured by Keeprite Refrigeration. A Model KUCB204DED electric defrost, low profile DX fed evaporator with electric defrost heaters and a Sporlan distributor and TXV. Capacity was rated as 17,340 BTUH @ ⁇ 20° F.
- the evaporator was installed in an environmentally controlled chamber that served as the walk-in freezer/cooler.
- the condenser unit was installed in another chamber to control temperature. Instrumentation was added to the system to measure refrigerant mass flow rate, refrigerant pressure and temperature before and after each component, air temperature and flow in/out of evaporator and condenser, and power to condensing unit and evaporator. Tests were run at two typical freezer temperatures (0° F.), and a range of ambient temperatures from 55° F. to 95° F. It should be noted that the refrigerant temperatures were typically 15° F. to 20° F. lower than the chamber temperatures. Table 1 shows performance results compared to R-22.
- R404A shows slightly higher capacity (Q) and lower efficiency (COP) as compared to R-22, but these values are expected due to their inherent thermodynamic properties. It is also showed a blend composed of 89% R404A and 11% of CF3I by weight. For this case, both capacity and COP do not change significantly respect of pure R404A. Therefore, addition of CF3I does not affect the system performance of an HFC-type fluid.
- Oil return was considered satisfactory when the oil level showed a recovery similar to the one recorded for R22. By recovering this amount, the compressor had enough oil to satisfy its lubrication needs and, thus, to extend compressor reliability.
- the compressor sump versus time see plots of actual data in FIG. 1 .
- the final oil level with the test mixture is almost identical to the one obtained with R22, and significantly better than the one obtained with pure R-404A.
- This example demonstrates that with the test mixture, the oil return in the system is enhanced over R-404A, the leading R-22 alternate refrigerant, without any significant effect on Capacity or COP (as showed in Table 1).
- FIG. 2 shows a typical commercial refrigeration system, which has suction accumulator and a liquid receiver after the condenser. Also shown in FIG. 3 is an immiscible refrigerant/oil combination behavior in the liquid receiver where a layer of oil would form on top of the liquid refrigerant due to its lower density.
- a test was developed to test solubilizing additives with two types of oils: mineral and alkylbenzenic.
- a liquid receiver was charged with approximately 3200 g of an HFC blend (R407C) and 39 g of oil. This blend as formulated is immiscible with oil floating on top of the liquid refrigerant as shown in FIG. 2 .
- a solubilizing additive was added until a single-phase was obtained.
- Table 2 shows the results obtained for two oils (MO and AB) and two additives (CF3I and isobutane). It is demonstrated that 48.3% of CF3I is needed to dissolve the mineral oil, and 38.3% is needed when AB oil is used
- This system comprises a high pressure oil pump, a metering valve and a mass flow meter, so we could impose a desired Oil Circulation Ratio (OCR), which is a relation by mass between oil and the total mass flow (refrigerant plus oil).
- OCR Oil Circulation Ratio
- Two sight glasses were added to the horizontal liquid receiver, so one can visually observe any oil accumulating or dissolving in the refrigerant.
- Oil circulation at the inlet of the liquid receiver was measured directly using the system and oil flow meters shown in FIG. 3 .
- the OCR at the outlet of the receiver was measured using an oil separator at the outlet of the evaporator, which sends the vapor back to the system and the oil to flow meter. Verification measurements were done by sampling before and after the liquid receiver to measure directly the amount of oil passing through.
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Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/948,530, filed Apr. 9, 2018, which application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/941,228, filed Nov. 16, 2007 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,938,442, issued Apr. 10, 2018) the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.
- The invention relates generally to hydrofluorocarbon compositions. More particularly, the invention relates to blends of one or more hydrofluorocarbons, trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) and hydrocarbons, as well as methods for using these compositions in applications such as the recharging of refrigeration systems. and for its use in replacing a chlorofluorocarbon or hydrochlorofluorocarbon in a refrigeration system.
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), such as dichlorofluoromethane (R-12), monochlorodifluoromethane (R-22), and azeotropic mixtures of monochlorodifluoromethane and chloropentafluoroethane (R-115) (known as R-502), have conventionally been used as refrigerants in heating and cooling systems. However, the use of chlorine-containing refrigerants, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC's) and the like, as refrigerants in air-conditioning and refrigeration systems has become disfavored because of the ozone-depleting properties associated with such compounds.
- New compounds have been developed as alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrofluorocarbon blends are of particular interest as such alternatives because they have properties that are similar to chlorofluorocarbons, including similar refrigeration characteristics, i.e. a vapor pressure that is plus or minus 20 percent of the reference refrigerant at the same temperature, chemical stability, low toxicity, non-flammability, efficiency in-use and low temperature glides. Unlike CFCs and HCFCs, HFCs do not damage the ozone layer, and thus are considered environmentally friendly. Moreover, HFCs generally possess a good efficiency in-use which is important, for example, in air conditioning and refrigeration where a loss in refrigerant thermodynamic performance or energy efficiency may have secondary environmental impacts through increased fossil fuel usage arising from an increased demand for electrical energy.
- Some HFCs are known to be exceptional refrigerants, including, but not limited to, difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (R-125), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143a), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), and 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a). Certain blends of two or more of these HFCs can also be used to achieve particular thermodynamic properties. Common HFC blends include an azeotrope-like blend of R-143a and R-125 (known as R-507A), a non-azeotropic blend of R-125, R-143a, and R-134a (known as R-404A), a non-azeotropic blend of R-32 and R-125 (known as R-410A), and a non-azeotropic blend of R-32, R-125, and R-134a (known as R-407C). These alternative refrigerants are available commercially from various sources including Honeywell, DuPont, Atochem and ICI.
- Each of these HFCs or HFC blends can serve as a replacement for one or more CFCs or HCFCs. For example, R-134a can serve as replacement of R-12 in refrigeration and air conditioning applications such as chillers; R-404A and R-507A can serve as replacements for R-502 in most refrigeration applications, including high, medium and low evaporation temperature systems; R410A can serve as replacement of R-22 in new air conditioning and refrigeration equipment: and R-407C can serve as a replacement for R-22 in various air-conditioning applications, as well as in most refrigeration systems including chillers. The use of chlorine-containing refrigerants, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC's) and the like, as refrigerants in air-conditioning and refrigeration systems has become disfavored because of the ozone-depleting properties associated with such compounds. As a result, it has become desirable to retrofit chlorine-containing refrigeration systems by replacing chlorine-containing refrigerants with non-chlorine-containing refrigerants that will not deplete the ozone layer, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFC's). In order for replacement materials to be useful in connection with refrigeration compositions, the materials must be compatible with a lubricant utilized in the compressor.
- However, widespread commercial use of these and other HFC refrigerants has been hindered by the lack of commercially adequate lubricants. Refrigeration system designers are interested in how the lubricant behaves in the system so that they can design piping and other components to best manage lubricant return to the compressor. The behavior of a refrigerant on a lubricant entering the system can affect film characteristics on heat transfer surfaces, and thus energy efficiency performance. Generally, the first property considered is miscibility of the lubricant with the liquid refrigerant. Unfortunately, many non-chlorine-containing refrigeration fluids, including HFC's, are relatively insoluble and/or immiscible in the types of lubricants used traditionally with CFC's and HFC's, including mineral oils. In order for a refrigeration fluid-mineral oil combination to work efficiently within a compression refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump system, the mineral oil must be sufficiently soluble in the refrigeration liquid over a wide range of operating temperatures. Such solubility lowers the viscosity of the mineral oil and allows it to flow more easily throughout the system. In the absence of such solubility, mineral oils tend to become lodged in the coils of the compression refrigeration, air-conditioning or heat pump system evaporator, as well as other parts of the system, and thus reduce the system efficiency. Fluorocarbon-based fluids have found widespread use in industry for refrigeration system applications, including air-conditioning systems and heat pump applications as well, all of which involve compression refrigeration.
- The HFC refrigerants that are replacing HCFC refrigerants have a different influence on lubricants, which affects both compressor durability and system performance. Specifically, mineral oil or alkyl benzenes, which have been used with conventional refrigerants such as R-12, R-502 and R-22, are immiscible with HFCs and must therefore be replaced with polyol ester (POE) or other synthetic lubricants. However, major development considerations for the synthetic lubricants remain, including miscibility, solubility, stability, electrical properties, lubricity and retrofitting requirements.
- Since HFC are generally immiscible in conventional lubricants, retrofitting refrigeration or air conditioning systems with HFC refrigerants typically requires the drainage of as much of the lubricant oil as possible before introducing the new refrigerants with synthetic lubricants. This process often involves removing the compressor from the system so that the lubricant can be adequately drained. For these and other reasons, it would be highly desirable to retrofit a CFC or HCFC system with HFC without having to remove the system's lubricant. By not needing to replace the existent oil, such a retrofit would become a simple “drop-in” operation. That is, the existent refrigerant would be replaced with a new refrigerant without any further change in, or disassembly of, the system hardware.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,210 teaches fluoroiodocarbon blends with an additive selected from the group consisting of: alcohols, esters, ethers, fluoroethers, hydrocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and perfluorocarbons with boiling points between −150° C. and +2000° C. U.S. Pat. No. 7,208,098 discloses a lubricating composition for compression refrigeration containing a blend of a polyol ester and an alkylbenzene, however, CF3I is not taught. U.S. patent application 20050233934 teaches azeotrope-like compositions comprising tetrafluoropropene and trifluoroiodomethane and uses thereof, including use in refrigerant compositions, and refrigeration systems. U.S. 2006/0116310A1, U.S. Pat. No. 7,083,743 and WO 94/20588 show combinations of halocarbons and fluoroiodocarbons. US2003/0062508A1, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,004,006, 2,005,015 and 6,428,720 show combinations of halocarbons and hydrocarbons.
- Accordingly, there exists a need and an opportunity to resolve this solubility problem so that the refrigeration industry may retrofit systems without costly and time-consuming flushing to entirely remove conventional lubricants. Applicants have discovered that the miscibility of HFCs in conventional lubricants can be greatly increased by blending the HFCs with CF3I (trifluoroiodomethane) and hydrocarbons (HC). It has been unexpectedly found that HFCs blended with CF3I and HCs are generally more miscible in common lubricant oils than blends of HFCs alone. By utilizing such HFC/CF3I/HC blends, CFC or HCFC systems can be retrofitted without having to drain or replace the system's lubricants. In addition, it has been found that certain blends of HFCs, CF3I and HCs generally retain the thermodynamic properties that are important for refrigerants.
- The invention provides a composition comprising (a) from about 40 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent of at least one C1-C5 hydrofluorocarbon; (b) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of CF3I; and (c) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of at least one C1-C6 hydrocarbon.
- The invention further provides a method of recharging a refrigeration system comprising the steps of (a) providing a refrigeration system from which a chlorine-containing refrigerant has been substantially removed; and (b) introducing a composition comprising (a) from about 40 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent of at least one C1-C5 hydrofluorocarbon; (b) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of CF3I; and (c) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of at least one C1-C6 hydrocarbon into the system.
- The invention also provides a method of recharging a refrigeration system comprising the steps of (a) providing a refrigeration system having at least one chlorine-containing refrigerant and at least one lubricant; substantially removing said chlorine-containing refrigerants while substantially retaining said lubricant; and (c) introducing a composition comprising (a) from about 40 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent of at least one C1-C5 hydrofluorocarbon; (b) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of CF3I; and (c) from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent of at least one C1-C6 hydrocarbon into the system.
-
FIG. 1 is a plot of data from Example 1. -
FIG. 2 is a representation of a typical commercial refrigeration system. -
FIG. 3 illustrates an immiscible refrigerant/oil combination behavior in the liquid receiver. - The present invention is directed to compositions comprising a hydrofluorocarbon, a hydrocarbon, and CF3I as a solubilizing agent, and the use of these compositions in applications such as the recharging of refrigeration systems. The compositions of the present invention may also be utilized as aerosol propellants, heat transfer media, gaseous dielectrics, fire-extinguishing agents, foam blowing agents, solvents, as well as in numerous other applications. As used herein, the term “solubilizing agent” refers to a substance that increases the solubility of one or more hydrofluorocarbons, one or more hydrocarbons, and one or more lubricants. In certain preferred embodiments of the invention, compositions are provided that comprise at least one HFC, at least one HC and an effective amount of CF3I as a solubilizing agent. As used herein, the term “effective amount” with respect to solubilizing agents refers to an amount of the CF3I solubilizing agent effective to dissolve a sufficient amount of the HFC and HC in a lubricant such that the diluted lubricant can be transported through the system back to a compressor.
- The least one C1-C5 hydrofluorocarbon component comprises from about 40 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent, preferably from about 72 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent, and more preferably from about 85 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent based on the weight of the overall composition. The CF3I component comprises from about 0.1 weight percent to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 0.1 weight percent to about 20 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent based on the weight of the overall composition. The at least one C1-C6 hydrocarbon component comprises from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, preferably from about 0.1 weight percent to about 8 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent based on the weight of the overall composition.
- Preferred HFCs for use with the present invention include, but are not limited to, C1-C5 hydrofluorocarbons and blends thereof. These include difluoromethane (R-32); 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125); 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143A); 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134A); 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152A); and combinations thereof. Useful blends are commercially available as R-404A which is a blend of 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152A), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134A) and 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-143A); R-507A which is a blend of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134A) and 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125); R410A which is a blend of difluoromethane (R-32) and 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125); R-407C which is a blend of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134A), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125) and difluoromethane (R-32); R-407A which is a blend of difluoromethane (R-32), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125) and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134A); and combinations thereof.
- Useful hydrocarbons include wherein the at least one C1-C6 hydrocarbon comprises methane, ethane, propane, propene, propyne, cyclopropane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, butane, isobutane, 2-methylbutane, pentane, isopentane, 3-methylpentane, hexane, cyclohexane, isohexane, and combinations thereof.
- The composition of the present invention are particularly miscible in lubricating oils such as mineral oil, hydrocarbon oil, alkyl oil, alkyl benzene oil, white or paraffinic oil, and mixtures thereof. Useful mineral oils include paraffins (i.e. straight-chain and branched-carbon-chain, saturated hydrocarbons), naphthenes (i.e. cyclic paraffins) and aromatics (i.e. unsaturated, cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more rings characterized by alternating double bonds). The mineral oils useful for the present invention include those commonly known as “synthetic oils” in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication. Synthetic oils comprise alkylaryls (i.e. linear and branched alkyl alkylbenzenes), synthetic paraffins and napthenes, and poly(alphaolefins). Commercially available mineral oils include Witco LP 250 from Witco, Zerol 300 from Shrieve Chemical, Sunisco 3GS from Witco, and Calumet R015 from Calumet. Other useful mineral oils are commercially available as BVM 100 N (paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oils), Suniso® 3GS (napthenic mineral oil sold by Crompton Co.), Sontex® 372LT (napthenic mineral oil sold by Pennzoil), Calumet® RO-30 (napthenic mineral oil sold by Calument Lubricants), Zerol® 75 and Zerol® 150 (linear alkylbenzenes sold by Shrieve Chemicals) and HAB 22 (branched alkylbenzene sold by Nippon Oil). The chemical compositions and uses of these oils are well known (see e.g. “Fluorocarbon Refrigerants Handbook” by Ralph C. Downing, Prentice Hall, 1998, pp. 206-270).
- For systems utilizing an HFC and a lubricant, the lubricant and/or HFC may be added to the system as a mixture, provided that the HFC and lubricant are miscible with each other. Therefore, according to certain embodiments of the present invention, compositions are provided comprising an HFC/CF3I/HC blend and at least one lubricant, wherein said lubricant is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 99.9 weight percent, and preferably from about 0.2 to about 90 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition. The compositions of the present invention may further include any of a variety of optional additives including other lubricants, stabilizers, metal passivators, corrosion inhibitors, flammability suppressants, and the like.
- The following non-limiting examples serve to illustrate the invention examples.
- This example demonstrates the thermodynamic properties of a HFC/CF3I blend. Testing was performed in a refrigeration machine under typical operating conditions using a refrigerant test mixture and mineral oil (Nu-Calgon C-3 Refrigeration Oil). The test mixture composition was 89 wt. % of HFC (R404A) and 11 wt. % of CF3I. Testing was performed using a setup similar to the unit described in Report DOE/CE/23810-71 “Study of Lubricant Circulation in HVAC Systems,” March 1995-April 1996 by Frank R. Biancardi et. al. (prepared for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute Under ARTI/MCLR Project No. 665-53100), which is incorporated herein by reference. In this case, a commercial refrigeration system equipment was employed using a commercially available condensing unit and an evaporator for a walk-in freezer/cooler. The following is a detailed description of the equipment:
- The condensing unit was as manufactured by Keeprite Refrigeration, Brantford, Ontario Model K350L2 outdoor, air cooled, low temperature, R-22 condensing unit equipped with a 2DF-0300 Copeland compressor, a fin-and-tube coil, and a demand cooling system for low temperature operation. It also has a suction accumulator, an oil separator, a receiver, a two-valve head pressure control system, and other standard operating controls. The evaporator was as manufactured by Keeprite Refrigeration. A Model KUCB204DED electric defrost, low profile DX fed evaporator with electric defrost heaters and a Sporlan distributor and TXV. Capacity was rated as 17,340 BTUH @ −20° F. SST, 10 degree TD, and 3,200 CFM air flow. The evaporator was installed in an environmentally controlled chamber that served as the walk-in freezer/cooler. The condenser unit was installed in another chamber to control temperature. Instrumentation was added to the system to measure refrigerant mass flow rate, refrigerant pressure and temperature before and after each component, air temperature and flow in/out of evaporator and condenser, and power to condensing unit and evaporator. Tests were run at two typical freezer temperatures (0° F.), and a range of ambient temperatures from 55° F. to 95° F. It should be noted that the refrigerant temperatures were typically 15° F. to 20° F. lower than the chamber temperatures. Table 1 shows performance results compared to R-22. R404A shows slightly higher capacity (Q) and lower efficiency (COP) as compared to R-22, but these values are expected due to their inherent thermodynamic properties. It is also showed a blend composed of 89% R404A and 11% of CF3I by weight. For this case, both capacity and COP do not change significantly respect of pure R404A. Therefore, addition of CF3I does not affect the system performance of an HFC-type fluid.
-
TABLE 1 Test Results (Box temperature of 0° F.) Outdoor R22 R404A R404A/CF3I Temperature Q COP Q COP Q COP (° F.) Tons — BTU/h Rel — Rel BTU/h Rel — Rel 55 1.56 1.41 19791.7 105% 1.374 97% 19747. 105% 1.40 99% 75 1.49 1.37 18767.2 105% 1.288 94% 17996. 100% 1.25 91% 95 1.37 1.18 16308 100% 1.047 89% 15619. 95% 1.02 86% - This example demonstrates that an HFC/CF3I blend has better oil return properties in a refrigeration system as compared to R-404A without CF3I. These tests utilized the same equipment as described in Example 1, with the following modifications: The oil separator located at the discharge of the compressor was by-passed, so the compressor oil level reflects actual oil movement to and from the system. The suction line was properly sized for this unit (1 ⅛″).
- An oil level was added to the compressor, so oil migration from and to the compressor could be tracked. A high-pressure piston pump was used to inject oil extracted from the compressor sump into the compressor discharge line. This gave us the ability to simulate oil pump out conditions as described in Biancardi's report. These tests consisted in injecting 375 cc of oil, previously extracted from the compressor pump, and observing the oil level. This type of test is known as a “pump-out” test and simulates oil leaving the compressor during the startup of a system, as described in Biancardi's report above. For reference, oil return tests were performed using refrigerant (R-22) and mineral oil which is a refrigerant/oil combination commonly found in the industry. Oil return was considered satisfactory when the oil level showed a recovery similar to the one recorded for R22. By recovering this amount, the compressor had enough oil to satisfy its lubrication needs and, thus, to extend compressor reliability. By observing the oil level in the compressor sump versus time (see plots of actual data in
FIG. 1 ), it was observed that the final oil level with the test mixture is almost identical to the one obtained with R22, and significantly better than the one obtained with pure R-404A. This figure shows the oil level recorded with R404A never recovers. This example demonstrates that with the test mixture, the oil return in the system is enhanced over R-404A, the leading R-22 alternate refrigerant, without any significant effect on Capacity or COP (as showed in Table 1). -
FIG. 2 shows a typical commercial refrigeration system, which has suction accumulator and a liquid receiver after the condenser. Also shown inFIG. 3 is an immiscible refrigerant/oil combination behavior in the liquid receiver where a layer of oil would form on top of the liquid refrigerant due to its lower density. A test was developed to test solubilizing additives with two types of oils: mineral and alkylbenzenic. A liquid receiver was charged with approximately 3200 g of an HFC blend (R407C) and 39 g of oil. This blend as formulated is immiscible with oil floating on top of the liquid refrigerant as shown inFIG. 2 . Next, a solubilizing additive was added until a single-phase was obtained. Table 2 shows the results obtained for two oils (MO and AB) and two additives (CF3I and isobutane). It is demonstrated that 48.3% of CF3I is needed to dissolve the mineral oil, and 38.3% is needed when AB oil is used. -
TABLE 2 Miscibility Tests with a Liquid Receiver TEST HFC CF3I OIL AMOUNT HFC/CF3I with mineral oil 51.70% 48.30% 0.63% HFC/CF3I with alkylbenzene oil 61.70% 38.30% 0.69% - This example demonstrates that an HFC/CF3I/HC blend has better oil return properties in the liquid receiver of a refrigeration system as compared to a pure HFC. The intent of this experiment is to take advantage of the good miscibility of hydrocarbons but limiting the flammability of the resulting blend by using CF3I as both flammability suppressant and solubilizing additive. These tests used the same equipment as described in Example 1, with the following modifications: Two high-efficiency coalescent oil separators were added at the discharge of the compressor, so the stream after them was oil-free (below 50 ppm). A continuous oil injection system was designed to extract oil from the compressor sump and inject it at the inlet of the condenser, after the oil separators and before the liquid receiver (
FIG. 3 ). This system comprises a high pressure oil pump, a metering valve and a mass flow meter, so we could impose a desired Oil Circulation Ratio (OCR), which is a relation by mass between oil and the total mass flow (refrigerant plus oil). Two sight glasses were added to the horizontal liquid receiver, so one can visually observe any oil accumulating or dissolving in the refrigerant. Oil circulation at the inlet of the liquid receiver was measured directly using the system and oil flow meters shown inFIG. 3 . The OCR at the outlet of the receiver was measured using an oil separator at the outlet of the evaporator, which sends the vapor back to the system and the oil to flow meter. Verification measurements were done by sampling before and after the liquid receiver to measure directly the amount of oil passing through. These tests consisted of imposing an OCR of 0.40% (oil by mass) at the inlet of the liquid receiver and measuring it after. Table 3 shows results for two blends, which contain a constant fraction of isobutane (5% by mass) and two different contents of CF3I. The first blend containing 5% of CF3I and 5% of isobutane did not dissolve enough oil in the refrigerant as showed by the lower OCR at the outlet and a visual inspection through the sight glass (oil layer on top of the refrigerant). The second blend containing 18% of CF3I and 5% of isobutane was successful in both mass balance and visual inspection (oil completely dissolved in the refrigerant). -
TABLE 3 OCR % Blends Inlet Outlet 90% HFC, 5% CF3I, 5% isobutane 0.40% 0.38% 77% HFC, 18% CF3I, 5% isobutane 0.40% 0.40% - Having thus described a few particular embodiments of the invention, various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements, as are made obvious by this disclosure, are intended to be part of this description though not expressly stated herein, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and not limiting. The invention is limited only as defined in the following claims and equivalents thereto.
Claims (21)
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US11/941,228 US9938442B2 (en) | 2007-11-16 | 2007-11-16 | Hydrofluorocarbon/trifluoroiodomethane/ hydrocarbons refrigerant compositions |
US15/948,530 US20180362820A1 (en) | 2007-11-16 | 2018-04-09 | Hydrofluorocarbon/trifluoroiodomethane/hydrocarbons refrigerant compositions |
US17/130,945 US20210253925A1 (en) | 2007-11-16 | 2020-12-22 | Hydrofluorocarbon/trifluoroiodomethane/hydrocarbons refrigerant compositions |
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US15/948,530 Abandoned US20180362820A1 (en) | 2007-11-16 | 2018-04-09 | Hydrofluorocarbon/trifluoroiodomethane/hydrocarbons refrigerant compositions |
US17/130,945 Abandoned US20210253925A1 (en) | 2007-11-16 | 2020-12-22 | Hydrofluorocarbon/trifluoroiodomethane/hydrocarbons refrigerant compositions |
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US10246621B2 (en) | 2007-11-16 | 2019-04-02 | Honeywell International Inc. | Heat transfer methods, systems and compositions |
US9546311B2 (en) | 2008-08-19 | 2017-01-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropene and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane |
CN102925109B (en) * | 2010-04-06 | 2014-09-03 | 中国科学院理化技术研究所 | Mixed refrigerant containing iodotrifluoromethane |
WO2012082110A1 (en) * | 2010-12-14 | 2012-06-21 | A.S. Trust & Holdings, Inc. | Hydrocarbon refrigerant and detergent composition |
CN104955917A (en) | 2013-01-25 | 2015-09-30 | 特灵国际有限公司 | Refrigerant additives and compositions |
US10301521B2 (en) | 2016-07-29 | 2019-05-28 | Honeywell International Inc. | Heat transfer methods, systems and compositions |
US11261360B2 (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2022-03-01 | Honeywell International Inc. | Stabilized heat transfer compositions, methods and systems |
BR112019001755A2 (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2019-05-07 | Honeywell International Inc. | heat transfer compositions, methods and systems |
US10815409B2 (en) * | 2017-10-06 | 2020-10-27 | Honeywell International Inc. | Heat transfer compositions, methods and systems |
WO2019239528A1 (en) | 2018-06-13 | 2019-12-19 | 日立ジョンソンコントロールズ空調株式会社 | Refrigerant composition and refrigeration cycle device using same |
JP6545338B1 (en) * | 2018-08-31 | 2019-07-17 | 日立ジョンソンコントロールズ空調株式会社 | Refrigeration cycle device |
JP6545337B1 (en) | 2018-08-31 | 2019-07-17 | 日立ジョンソンコントロールズ空調株式会社 | Refrigeration cycle device |
KR102171977B1 (en) * | 2018-10-01 | 2020-10-30 | 영남대학교 산학협력단 | Mixed refrigerant |
JP7337531B2 (en) * | 2019-04-17 | 2023-09-04 | 出光ファインコンポジット株式会社 | Material for three-dimensional modeling apparatus, filament material for three-dimensional modeling apparatus, and method for producing three-dimensional object |
CN110194948B (en) * | 2019-05-22 | 2021-04-23 | 山西省工业设备安装集团有限公司 | Ternary mixed working medium of heat supply heat pump in distributed energy system |
CN114290869B (en) * | 2021-12-03 | 2024-03-22 | 中联重科土方机械有限公司 | Thermal management system of vehicle and excavator |
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WO1997015637A1 (en) * | 1995-10-20 | 1997-05-01 | Tsinghua University | Refrigerant |
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US9938442B2 (en) | 2018-04-10 |
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JP2015134927A (en) | 2015-07-27 |
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