US20170104800A1 - Performance optimization for streaming video - Google Patents
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- US20170104800A1 US20170104800A1 US15/384,386 US201615384386A US2017104800A1 US 20170104800 A1 US20170104800 A1 US 20170104800A1 US 201615384386 A US201615384386 A US 201615384386A US 2017104800 A1 US2017104800 A1 US 2017104800A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/60—Network streaming of media packets
- H04L65/61—Network streaming of media packets for supporting one-way streaming services, e.g. Internet radio
- H04L65/613—Network streaming of media packets for supporting one-way streaming services, e.g. Internet radio for the control of the source by the destination
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N5/00—Details of television systems
- H04N5/76—Television signal recording
- H04N5/78—Television signal recording using magnetic recording
- H04N5/782—Television signal recording using magnetic recording on tape
- H04N5/783—Adaptations for reproducing at a rate different from the recording rate
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- H04L65/4092—
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- H04L65/602—
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/60—Network streaming of media packets
- H04L65/75—Media network packet handling
- H04L65/762—Media network packet handling at the source
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
- H04L65/80—Responding to QoS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N7/00—Television systems
- H04N7/01—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level
- H04N7/0127—Conversion of standards, e.g. involving analogue television standards or digital television standards processed at pixel level by changing the field or frame frequency of the incoming video signal, e.g. frame rate converter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
- H04N9/79—Processing of colour television signals in connection with recording
- H04N9/80—Transformation of the television signal for recording, e.g. modulation, frequency changing; Inverse transformation for playback
- H04N9/804—Transformation of the television signal for recording, e.g. modulation, frequency changing; Inverse transformation for playback involving pulse code modulation of the colour picture signal components
- H04N9/8042—Transformation of the television signal for recording, e.g. modulation, frequency changing; Inverse transformation for playback involving pulse code modulation of the colour picture signal components involving data reduction
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N5/00—Details of television systems
- H04N5/76—Television signal recording
- H04N5/84—Television signal recording using optical recording
- H04N5/85—Television signal recording using optical recording on discs or drums
Abstract
Description
- This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to, co-pending U.S. Patent Application entitled “PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION FOR STREAMING VIDEO,” filed on Jun. 8, 2012, and assigned application Ser. No. 13/491,949, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- Many devices have the capability to receive streamed video data. Problems arise when a device receives data at a rate greater than it can render the data.
- Many aspects of the present disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the disclosure. Moreover, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views.
-
FIG. 1 is a drawing of the networked environment according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating one example of functionality implemented as portions of the performance optimization for streaming video in a display device in the networked environment ofFIG. 1 according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 3 is a drawing of one way to model a performance history as implemented in the performance optimization for streaming video executed in a display device in the networked environment ofFIG. 1 according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating one example of maintaining a performance history implemented as portions of the performance optimization for streaming video executed in a display device in the networked environment ofFIG. 1 according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. -
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram that provides one example illustration of a display device employed in the networked environment ofFIG. 1 according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. - Disclosed are various embodiments of a performance optimization for streaming video to display devices. Many devices are capable of receiving and rendering streaming video data. As a non-limiting example, a cellular phone can stream video data from a video service via a cellular data network and render the streamed video data on the screen of the phone. Often times, the display device receives the streamed video data at a much faster rate than the display device can render. For example, if the display device receives a video stream at 30 frames per second and can only render at 15 frames per second, the unrendered data will begin to accumulate in a buffer. When the buffer fills, the user will experience a noticeable error in the rendering. By analyzing various attributes of the client device, it is possible to optimize the rate at which the device receives streaming video data such that errors noticeable to the user are minimized or eliminated.
- With reference to
FIG. 1 , shown is anetworked environment 100 according to various embodiments. Thenetworked environment 100 includes anetwork 103, acomputing device 106, and aclient device 109. Thenetwork 103 includes, for example, the Internet, intranets, extranets, wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wired networks, wireless networks, or other suitable networks, etc., or any combination of two or more such networks. - The
computing device 106 may comprise, for example, a server computer or any other system providing computing capability. Alternatively, a plurality ofcomputing devices 106 may be employed that are arranged, for example, in one or more server banks or computer banks or other arrangements. For example, a plurality ofcomputing devices 106 together may comprise a cloud computing resource, a grid computing resource, and/or any other distributed computing arrangement.Such computing devices 106 may be located in a single installation or may be distributed among many different geographical locations. For purposes of convenience, thecomputing device 106 is referred to herein in the singular. Even though the computing device is referred to in the singular, it is understood that a plurality ofcomputing devices 106 may be employed in the various arrangements as described above. - Various applications and/or other functionality may be executed in the
computing device 106 according to various embodiments. Also, various data is stored in adata store 112 that is accessible to thecomputing device 106. Thedata store 112 may be representative of a plurality of data stores as can be appreciated. The data stored in thedata store 112 for example, is associated with the operation of the various applications and/or functional entities described below. - The components executed on the
computing device 106, for example, include video streaming service 116, and other applications, services, processes, systems, engines, or functionality not discussed in detail herein. The video streaming service 116 is executed to facilitate the streaming ofvideo data 117 over thenetwork 103 asvideo stream data 119 to aclient device 109. - The data stored in the
data store 112 includes, for example,video data 117, and potentially other data. - The
client device 109 is representative of a plurality of display devices that may be coupled to thenetwork 103. Theclient device 109 may comprise, for example, a processor-based system such as a computer system. Such a computer system may be embodied in the form of a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant, a cellular telephone, set-top box, music players, web pads, tablet computer systems, game consoles, or other devices with like capability. - The
client device 109 may be configured to execute various applications such as astreaming video application 121 and/or other applications. Thestreaming video application 121 may be executed in aclient device 109, for example, to download and rendervideo stream data 119, or other network content served up by thecomputing device 106 and/or other servers. Theclient device 109 may be configured to execute applications beyondstreaming video application 121 such as, for example, email applications, instant message applications, and/or other applications. Theclient device 109 also includes adisplay 125 upon which renderedvideo 126 is displayed. - Next, a general description of the operation of the various components of the
networked environment 100 is provided. To begin, computingdevice 106 executes video streaming service 116, which streamsvideo data 117 asvideo stream data 119 overnetwork 103 throughnetwork interface 118 when a request to begin streaming is received from aclient device 109.Video data 117 may be retrieved from adata store 112, from a video stream, a real-time video source, or another source. -
Client device 109 executes astreaming video application 121, which requestsvideo stream data 119 be sent to theclient device 109 at a download frame rate vianetwork 103.Client device 109 downloads thevideo stream data 119 throughnetwork interface 122.Streaming video application 121 stores the downloadedvideo stream data 119 into abuffer 124. The downloadedvideo stream data 119 may require decoding before it can be rendered for viewing.Decoder 127 decodes the video stream data in thebuffer 124 at a decoding frame rate, which may be different from the download frame rate at which thenetwork interface 122 downloadsvideo stream data 119. Renderer 130 then renders the decodedvideo stream data 119 at a rendering frame rate for viewing on thedisplay 125 ofclient device 109. The rendering frame rate may be different from both the downloading frame rate and the decoding frame rate. The streaming video application also maintains aperformance history 133, storing performance statistics relative to the downloading frame rate. Theperformance history 133 is used in determining whether changing the downloading frame rate will improve or degrade performance. - When the differences between the downloading frame rate, the decoding frame rate, and the rendering frame rate exceed a tolerable threshold, the user of the
client device 109 may experience a noticeable error in rendering. The performance optimization for streaming video modifies the downloading frame rate to minimize the differences between the downloading frame rate, decoding frame rate, and rendering frame rate, and thereby minimizing rendering errors. - Referring next to
FIG. 2 , shown is a flowchart that provides one example of the operation of a portion of the performance optimization for streaming video according to various embodiments. It is understood that the flowchart ofFIG. 2 provides merely an example of the many different types of functional arrangements that may be employed to implement the operation of the portion of the performance optimization for streaming video as described herein. As an alternative, the flowchart ofFIG. 2 may be viewed as depicting an example of steps of a method implemented in the client device 109 (FIG. 1 ) according to one or more embodiments. - In some embodiments, operation depicted in
FIG. 2 is performed by theclient device 109 while streaming video from a computing device 106 (FIG. 1 ) via a network 103 (FIG. 1 ). When theclient device 109 downloads video stream data 119 (FIG. 1 ) at a rate much faster than theclient device 109 can render, visible errors can occur. The operation depicted inFIG. 2 determines when to adjust the downloading frame rate to minimize errors. If the display frame rate is near or equal to the downloading frame rate, the operation determines when to increase the downloading frame rate in order to render at the highest frame rate possible without errors. These determinations are based on the difference between the downloading and rendering frame rates, the difference between the downloading and decoding frame rates, buffer usage, performance history, and potentially other factors. - Beginning with
box 201, the difference between the downloading frame rate, i.e. the rate at whichclient device 109 downloadsvideo stream data 119 downloads data overnetwork 103, and the rendering frame rate is calculated. Inbox 204, if this frame rate difference is too great and exceeds a threshold there may be a need to modify the downloading frame rate, and the operation moves tobox 214, wherein a proposed downloading frame rate is calculated. For example, if the downloading frame rate is 30 frames per second and the rendering frame rate is 15 frames per second, the resulting frame rate difference is 15 frames per second. If the maximum frame rate difference threshold is 10, there may be a need to modify the frame rate, and the operation will proceed tobox 214. - If the frame rate difference does not exceed the threshold in
box 204, there may be a need to modify the downloading frame rate if other conditions are met, so the operation proceeds tobox 207. Inbox 207, the amount ofvideo stream data 119 stored buffer 124 (FIG. 1 ) is measured to determine if the amount of buffered data exceeds another threshold. If the amount of buffered data exceeds the threshold, there may be a need to modify the downloading frame rate, and the operation proceeds tobox 214. For example, if there are 8 milliseconds of data stored in the buffer and the maximum buffered data threshold is 5 milliseconds, the operation proceeds tobox 214 to calculate a proposed downloading frame rate. - If the amount of buffered data does not exceed the threshold, there still may be a need to modify the downloading frame rate should other conditions be met. In
box 211, the operation determines if the frame rate difference is below a minimum threshold, and if the amount of buffered data is below a minimum threshold. If both of these conditions are satisfied, then there may be a need to modify the downloading frame rate, and the operation proceeds tobox 214. For example, if the frame rate difference is 0 frames per second and there is no buffered data, the operation proceeds tobox 214 to calculate a proposed downloading frame rate. If both of these conditions are not satisfied, then the downloading frame rate will stay the same and the operation ends. - Prior to entering
box 214, it has been determined that the downloading frame rate may need to be modified. In some situations, such as when the difference between the downloading frame rate and rendering frame rate exceeds a maximum threshold as shown inbox 204, or the difference between the downloading frame rate and rendering frame rate is below a maximum threshold, but the amount of buffered data exceeds a maximum threshold as shown inbox 207, this may result in a reduced downloading frame rate. In further situations, such as when the difference between the downloading frame rate and rendering frame rate is below a minimum threshold and the amount of buffered data is below a minimum threshold as shown inbox 211, this may result in an increased frame rate. - In
box 214, a proposed downloading frame rate is calculated. In some embodiments, the proposed downloading frame rate is calculated by incrementing or decrementing the downloading frame rate by a fixed amount. For example, a proposed downloading frame rate may be 5 frames per second faster than the current downloading frame rate. In other embodiments, the proposed downloading frame rate is calculated by incrementing or decrementing the downloading frame rate by a percentage of the difference between the downloading frame rate and the rendering frame rate. For example, the proposed downloading frame rate may be the current downloading frame rate minus seventy percent of the frame rate difference. These are non-limiting examples, and other methods of calculating the proposed frame rate may be used. - In
box 217, the operation accesses the performance history 133 (FIG. 1 ) to look up statistics with respect to past performance at the proposed downloading frame rate. Moving tobox 221, the operation determines if the downloading frame rate should be set to the proposed downloading frame rate based on theperformance history 133. In some embodiments, if the proposed downloading frame rate is less than the current downloading frame rate, the downloading frame rate should be modified if theperformance history 133 suggests a performance increase. In other embodiments, if the proposed downloading frame rate is greater than the current downloading frame rate, the downloading frame rate should be modified if theperformance history 133 suggests that there will not be a performance decrease. In further embodiments, where theperformance history 133 lacks sufficient entries to indicate a performance increase or decrease at the proposed downloading frame rate, the downloading frame rate will be modified to the proposed downloading frame rate. - A performance increase may be determined as a function of the downloading frame rates, decoding frame rates, and rendering frame rates with respect to the current downloading frame rate and the proposed downloading frame rate, or other factors.
- If the determination made in
box 221 based on theperformance history 133 suggests that the downloading frame rate should not be modified, the operation ends. Otherwise, the operation proceeds tobox 224 where the downloading frame rate is set to the proposed downloading frame rate. - Turning to
FIG. 3 , shown is an example model for implementing a performance history 133 (FIG. 1 ) in the performance optimization for streaming video. Each entry in theperformance history 133 is stored relative to aframe rate bucket 301. Aframe rate bucket 301 represents a range of downloading frame rates, each bucket being of equal size. As a non-limiting example inFIG. 4 , eachframe rate bucket 301 represents three consecutive frame rates, but there is no maximum or minimum size for aframe rate bucket 301. When an entry is stored into theperformance history 133 relative to a frame rate, it is stored in the attribute entry of the correspondingframe rate bucket 301. In some embodiments, storing a value as an entry in theperformance history 133 comprises storing a weighted average of the existing entry and the value to be stored. - Moving on to the different entries of
performance history 133, entry 302 represents the difference between the downloading frame rate and the rendering frame rate at the time the entry was stored.Entry 304 represents the difference between the downloading frame rate and the decoding frame rate at the time the entry was stored.Entries 302 and 304 are stored relative to theframe rate bucket 301 corresponding to the downloading frame rate. In some embodiments,entries 302 and 304 are stored at a predefined time interval. -
Entries FIG. 2 ).Entry 307 represents the difference between the downloading frame rate and the rendering frame, relative to the prior downloading frame rate.Entry 311 represents the difference between the downloading frame rate and the decoding frame rate, relative to the prior downloading frame rate.Entry 313 represents the difference between the downloading frame rate and the rendering frame, relative to the subsequent downloading frame rate.Entry 316 represents the difference between the downloading frame rate and the decoding frame rate, relative to the subsequent downloading frame rate. - Referring next to
FIG. 4 , shown is a flowchart that provides one example of the operation of updating the performance history of the performance optimization for streaming video according to various embodiments. It is understood that the flowchart ofFIG. 4 provides merely an example of the many different types of functional arrangements that may be employed to implement the operation of updating the performance history of the performance optimization for streaming video as described herein. As an alternative, the flowchart ofFIG. 4 may be viewed as depicting an example of steps of a method implemented in the client device 109 (FIG. 1 ) according to one or more embodiments. - In some embodiments, the operation performed in
FIG. 4 is used to maintain a performance history 133 (FIG. 1 ). Data relative to the current downloading frame rate is repeatedly stored at a fixed interval. This repetitive updating continues until the operation inFIG. 2 modifies the downloading frame rate. When the modification occurs, the operation ofFIG. 4 stores data relative to the prior downloading frame rate and the subsequent downloading frame rate at the time of the modification. In some embodiments, storing a value into the performance history may be a function of an existing entry, a value to be stored, and other values. For example, in some embodiments, storing a value as an entry into theperformance history 133 comprises storing a weighted average of an existing entry and the value to be stored. In another example, storing an entry into theperformance history 133 may be replacing an existing entry with the value to be stored. - Starting with
box 401, the operation stores the difference 302 (FIG. 3 ) between the downloading frame rate and the rendering frame rate relative to the current downloading frame rate (301,FIG. 3 ). Next, inbox 404, the operation stores the difference 304 (FIG. 3 ) between the downloading frame rate and the decoding frame rate relative to the currentdownloading frame rate 301. Moving tobox 406,boxes box 224 ofFIG. 2 . - When the downloading frame rate is modified from a prior downloading frame rate to a subsequent downloading frame rate,
box 407 stores the difference 307 (FIG. 3 ) between the downloading frame rate and the rendering frame rate relative to the priordownloading frame rate 301. Next,box 411 stores the difference 311 (FIG. 3 ) between the downloading frame rate and the decoding frame rate relative to the priordownloading frame rate 301. Moving on tobox 413, the operation stores the difference 313 (FIG. 3 ) between the downloading frame rate and the rendering frame rate relative to the subsequent frame rate downloadingframe rate 301. Next,box 416 stores the difference 316 (FIG. 3 ) between the downloading frame rate and the decoding frame rate relative to the subsequentdownloading frame rate 301. Onceboxes performance history entries - With reference to
FIG. 5 , shown is a schematic block diagram of theclient device 109 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Theclient device 109 includes at least one processor circuit, for example, having anetwork interface 122, aprocessor 503, and amemory 506, all of which are coupled to alocal interface 509. To this end, theclient device 109 may comprise, for example, at least one server computer or like device. Thelocal interface 509 may comprise, for example, a data bus with an accompanying address/control bus or other bus structure as can be appreciated.Client device 109 may further comprise adisplay 125. - Stored in the
memory 506 are both data and several components that are executable by theprocessor 503. In particular, stored in thememory 506 and executable by theprocessor 503 are a streamingvideo application 121, and potentially other applications. Also stored in thememory 506 may be adata store 511 and other data. In addition, an operating system may be stored in thememory 506 and executable by theprocessor 503. - It is understood that there may be other applications that are stored in the
memory 506 and are executable by theprocessors 503 as can be appreciated. Where any component discussed herein is implemented in the form of software, any one of a number of programming languages may be employed such as, for example, C, C++, C#, Objective C, Java, Javascript, Perl, PHP, Visual Basic, Python, Ruby, Delphi, Flash, or other programming languages. - A number of software components are stored in the
memory 506 and are executable by theprocessor 503. In this respect, the term “executable” means a program file that is in a form that can ultimately be run by theprocessor 503. Examples of executable programs may be, for example, a compiled program that can be translated into machine code in a format that can be loaded into a random access portion of thememory 506 and run by theprocessor 503, source code that may be expressed in proper format such as object code that is capable of being loaded into a random access portion of thememory 506 and executed by theprocessor 503, or source code that may be interpreted by another executable program to generate instructions in a random access portion of thememory 506 to be executed by theprocessor 503, etc. An executable program may be stored in any portion or component of thememory 506 including, for example, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), hard drive, solid-state drive, USB flash drive, memory card, optical disc such as compact disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, magnetic tape, or other memory components. - The
memory 506 is defined herein as including both volatile and nonvolatile memory and data storage components. Volatile components are those that do not retain data values upon loss of power. Nonvolatile components are those that retain data upon a loss of power. Thus, thememory 506 may comprise, for example, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), hard disk drives, solid-state drives, USB flash drives, memory cards accessed via a memory card reader, floppy disks accessed via an associated floppy disk drive, optical discs accessed via an optical disc drive, magnetic tapes accessed via an appropriate tape drive, and/or other memory components, or a combination of any two or more of these memory components. In addition, the RAM may comprise, for example, static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), or magnetic random access memory (MRAM) and other such devices. The ROM may comprise, for example, a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or other like memory device. - Also, the
processor 503 may representmultiple processors 503 and thememory 506 may representmultiple memories 506 that operate in parallel processing circuits, respectively. In such a case, thelocal interface 509 may be an appropriate network 103 (FIG. 1 ) that facilitates communication between any two of themultiple processors 503, between anyprocessor 503 and any of thememories 506, or between any two of thememories 506, etc. Thelocal interface 509 may comprise additional systems designed to coordinate this communication, including, for example, performing load balancing. Theprocessor 503 may be of electrical or of some other available construction. - Although a
streaming video application 121, and other various systems described herein may be embodied in software or code executed by general purpose hardware as discussed above, as an alternative the same may also be embodied in dedicated hardware or a combination of software/general purpose hardware and dedicated hardware. If embodied in dedicated hardware, each can be implemented as a circuit or state machine that employs any one of or a combination of a number of technologies. These technologies may include, but are not limited to, discrete logic circuits having logic gates for implementing various logic functions upon an application of one or more data signals, application specific integrated circuits having appropriate logic gates, or other components, etc. Such technologies are generally well known by those skilled in the art and, consequently, are not described in detail herein. - The flowcharts of
FIGS. 2 and 4 show the functionality and operation of an implementation of portions of the performance optimization for streaming video. If embodied in software, each block may represent a module, segment, or portion of code that comprises program instructions to implement the specified logical function(s). The program instructions may be embodied in the form of source code that comprises human-readable statements written in a programming language or machine code that comprises numerical instructions recognizable by a suitable execution system such as aprocessor 503 in a computer system or other system. The machine code may be converted from the source code, etc. If embodied in hardware, each block may represent a circuit or a number of interconnected circuits to implement the specified logical function(s). - Although the flowcharts of
FIGS. 2 and 4 show a specific order of execution, it is understood that the order of execution may differ from that which is depicted. For example, the order of execution of two or more blocks may be scrambled relative to the order shown. Also, two or more blocks shown in succession inFIGS. 2 and 4 may be executed concurrently or with partial concurrence. Further, in some embodiments, one or more of the blocks shown inFIGS. 2 and 4 may be skipped or omitted. In addition, any number of counters, state variables, warning semaphores, or messages might be added to the logical flow described herein, for purposes of enhanced utility, accounting, performance measurement, or providing troubleshooting aids, etc. It is understood that all such variations are within the scope of the present disclosure. - Also, any logic or application described herein, including streaming
video application 121, that comprises software or code can be embodied in any non-transitory computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system such as, for example, aprocessor 503 in a computer system or other system. In this sense, the logic may comprise, for example, statements including instructions and declarations that can be fetched from the computer-readable medium and executed by the instruction execution system. In the context of the present disclosure, a “computer-readable medium” can be any medium that can contain, store, or maintain the logic or application described herein for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system. The computer-readable medium can comprise any one of many physical media such as, for example, magnetic, optical, or semiconductor media. More specific examples of a suitable computer-readable medium would include, but are not limited to, magnetic tapes, magnetic floppy diskettes, magnetic hard drives, memory cards, solid-state drives, USB flash drives, or optical discs. Also, the computer-readable medium may be a random access memory (RAM) including, for example, static random access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random access memory (DRAM), or magnetic random access memory (MRAM). In addition, the computer-readable medium may be a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), or other type of memory device. - It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments of the present disclosure are merely possible examples of implementations set forth for a clear understanding of the principles of the disclosure. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiment(s) without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the disclosure. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and protected by the following claims.
Claims (20)
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