US20160284033A1 - Energy resource network - Google Patents
Energy resource network Download PDFInfo
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- US20160284033A1 US20160284033A1 US15/077,763 US201615077763A US2016284033A1 US 20160284033 A1 US20160284033 A1 US 20160284033A1 US 201615077763 A US201615077763 A US 201615077763A US 2016284033 A1 US2016284033 A1 US 2016284033A1
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Definitions
- an energy resource configured to deliver quanta of energy to one or more energy-consuming-devices, the energy resource comprising:
- the energy resources 102 , 104 can also have an energy-available-value, which defines an amount of energy that is available for supply.
- an energy-available-value may define a quantity of fuel that the fuel cell stack has access to.
- the acceptance by an energy-consuming-device 106 , 108 of such an offer may be publicly recorded on the publicly-available distributed ledger so that it can be processed in order to verify any subsequent transactions involving the energy resource 102 , 104 before the subsequent transactions are recorded in the ledger.
- Examples disclosed herein can enable energy producing/consuming devices to engage in energy sharing transactions through a transparent and decentralised platform. Similar to Bitcoins transactions being logged in a block chain (which is a public ledger), all energy transactions can be recorded in an energy block chain. If an energy source is a fuel cell stack, then the amount of energy (KWhs) can be limited by a lifespan of the stack, or an amount of fuel available, or an amount of energy generating capacity available. This can be analogous to limited Bitcoins in circulation. This limited availability of resource can be used to dictate the rules of such transactions, such as pricing and amount of energy available in a set period of time. Since the energy block chain will have a record of all energy transactions and the devices involved, it can be used for driving a whole ecosystem of peer to peer energy distribution.
- a block chain which is a public ledger
Abstract
An energy resource network with plurality of energy resources) each capable of delivering a quantum of energy; and a plurality of energy-consuming-devices each capable of accepting a quantum of energy. Each energy resource is associated with an energy-resource-processor which is configured to issue one or more offer-messages in respect of a quantum of energy available for supply from the energy resource Each energy-consuming-device is associated with at least one energy-consuming-processor) that is configured to receive one or more offer-messages in respect of a transaction for receiving a quantum of energy from one of the energy resources The energy-resource-processor and/or the energy-consuming-processor being configured to issue a cryptographically-secured transaction record of the transaction for inclusion within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
Description
- This application claims priority to foreign application GB 1504946.3, filed Mar. 24, 2015, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference as fully set forth herein.
- The disclosure relates to energy resource networks and in particular energy transactions between energy resources and energy-consuming-devices.
- In existing energy distribution networks, such as electrical power distribution networks, electrical power is commonly distributed to end users or energy consumers by an energy supplier who obtains electrical power from one or more electricity generators. The system is generally centralised in that each energy consumer's usage is metered and recorded by the energy supplier, who invoices the energy consumers for the power used. The energy supplier simultaneously secures supplies of energy from the one or more electricity generators for delivery of power to the energy consumers.
- Local generation of electrical energy by energy consumers themselves, for example by domestic-scale solar panels or wind turbines etc may be transferred to the network, for example by compensating meter readings for that energy consumer which are transmitted to the energy supplier.
- A significant increase in interest in decentralised power generation and distribution, for example using many smaller scale local power generation units, may require alternative strategies for enabling more localised and distributed control, monitoring and implementing of energy exchange.
- Aspects of some exemplars include an energy resource network comprising:
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- a plurality of energy resources each capable of delivering a quantum of energy;
- a plurality of energy-consuming-devices each capable of accepting a quantum of energy;
- each energy resource being associated with an energy-resource-processor configured to issue one or more offer-messages in respect of a quantum of energy available for supply from the energy resource;
- each energy-consuming-device being associated with an energy-consuming-processor configured to receive one or more offer-messages in respect of a transaction for receiving a quantum of energy from one of the energy resources; and
- the energy-resource-processor and/or the energy-consuming-processor being configured to issue a cryptographically-secured transaction record of the transaction for inclusion within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
- The energy resource network may further comprise a plurality of third party nodes, each configured to locally store and maintain the publicly-available distributed ledger. The third party nodes may each be configured to identify, and store locally, a correct version of the publicly-available distributed ledger as the version of the publicly-available distributed ledger that is most commonly stored on the plurality of third party nodes.
- The energy resource network may further comprise a third party node configured to:
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- perform a verification routine on one or more cryptographically-secured transaction records (for example using a public key); and
- only add the one or more cryptographically-secured transaction records to the publicly-available distributed ledger if the verification routine is successful.
- The third party node may be configured to perform the verification routine by processing the publicly-available distributed ledger in order to determine whether or not an energy resource associated with the transaction has sufficient energy to perform the transaction. The third party node may be configured to perform the verification routine by processing the publicly-available distributed ledger in order to determine whether or not an energy resource associated with the transaction has sufficient energy-generating capacity (which may be referred to as power) available to perform the transaction.
- The publicly-available distributed ledger may comprise a balance of available energy-generating capacity or energy available for each energy resource. The third party node may be configured to determine whether or not an energy resource associated with the transaction has sufficient available energy-generating capacity or energy to perform the transaction by comparing at least part of the transaction record with the balance of available energy-generating capacity or energy available for the energy resource associated with the transaction.
- The publicly-available distributed ledger may comprise a plurality of blocks of data, wherein each block of data comprises information representative of:
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- one or more transaction records; and
- a cryptographic hash value of at least a part of a previous block in the ledger.
- The publicly-available distributed ledger may comprise a block chain.
- The energy resource network may further comprise a third party node configured to:
-
- process one or more cryptographically-secured transaction records; and
- determine a new block of data for the publicly-available distributed ledger by determining the cryptographic hash value by applying a hash algorithm to at least a part of a previous block in the publicly-available distributed ledger.
- The third party node may be configured to determine the cryptographic hash value by applying the hash algorithm to:
-
- at least a part of an immediately preceding block in the ledger;
- the one or more transactions; and
- a cryptographic nonce value.
- The third party node may be configured to:
-
- generate cryptographic hash values for a plurality of different cryptographic nonce values;
- identify a determined cryptographic hash value as valid if it satisfies one or more predetermined characteristics; and
- broadcast a new block of data, comprising the valid cryptographic hash value, for inclusion in the publicly-available distributed ledger.
- The part of the immediately preceding block in the ledger may be the cryptographic hash value of the immediately preceding block in the ledger.
- One or more of:
-
- the issue of offer-messages by the energy resource via the network;
- an acceptance of offer-messages by the energy consuming devices;
- an issue of acceptance-messages by the energy consuming devices in acceptance of an offer-message;
- processing of acceptance-messages by a third party for inclusion in a cryptographically-secured, publicly-available distributed ledger of acceptance-messages; and
- a physical exchange of energy between the energy resource and the energy consuming device;
- may be controlled based on a cryptographically-secured, publicly-available distributed ledger of acceptance-messages and/or a cryptographically-secured, publicly-available distributed ledger of transactions.
- The energy-resource-processors may be configured to automatically issue an offer-message if an available amount of energy (for example, energy-available-value), or an available capacity for providing energy (for example, power-rating), exceeds a high-energy-threshold level.
- The energy-consuming-processors may be configured to automatically accept or reject an offer-message by comparing one or more pieces of information of the offer-message with one or more predetermined acceptance-criteria.
- The processor of each energy-consuming-device or each energy resource may be configured to generate the cryptographically-secured transaction record using a private key.
- The transaction record may comprise information representative of an acceptance of the quantum of energy and/or a debit of an account associated with the energy-consuming-device.
- Each offer-message may comprise information representative of one or more of: a quantum of energy; a generating capacity of the energy resource; a time window; a price.
- The energy-resource-processor of each energy resource may be configured to issue a cryptographically-secured offer record for inclusion within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
- The energy resource network may further comprise a metering apparatus. The metering apparatus may be configured to generate a cryptographically-secured transaction record of metered units of energy transferred between an energy resource and an energy-consuming-device counterparties.
- There may be provided an energy-consuming-device configured to consume quanta of energy from one or more energy resources, the energy-consuming-device comprising:
-
- optionally, a load device;
- an energy-consuming-processor configured to:
- (i) receive offer-messages in respect of quanta of energy available for supply from one or more energy resources; and
- (ii) in response to accepting an offer-message in respect of a transaction for receiving a quantum of energy from one or more of the energy resources, issue a cryptographically-secured transaction record of the transaction for inclusion within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
- There may be provided an energy resource configured to deliver quanta of energy to one or more energy-consuming-devices, the energy resource comprising:
-
- an energy-resource-processor configured to:
- (i) issue offer-messages in respect of quanta of energy available for supply from the energy resource; and
- (ii) in response to having an offer-message in respect of a transaction for delivering a quantum of energy to an energy-consuming-device accepted, issue a cryptographically-secured transaction record of the transaction for inclusion within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
- an energy-resource-processor configured to:
- There may be provided a device for updating a publicly-available distributed ledger for an energy resource network, the network comprising:
-
- a plurality of energy resources each capable of delivering a quantum of energy;
- a plurality of energy-consuming-devices each capable of accepting a quantum of energy;
- each energy resource being associated with an energy-resource-processor configured to issue one or more offer-messages in respect of a quantum of energy available for supply from the energy resource; and
- each energy-consuming-device being associated with an energy-consuming-processor configured to receive one or more offer-messages in respect of a transaction for receiving a quantum of energy from one of the energy resources; wherein
- the device is configured to receive, from the energy-resource-processor and/or the energy-consuming-processor, a cryptographically-secured transaction record of the transaction and include said record within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
- There may be provided a method of operating an energy resource network, the energy resource network comprising:
-
- a plurality of energy resources; and
- a plurality of energy-consuming-devices;
- wherein the method comprises:
-
- an energy resource issuing one or more offer-messages in respect of a quantum of energy available for supply from the energy resource;
- an energy-consuming-device receiving one or more offer-messages in respect of a transaction for receiving a quantum of energy from one of the energy resources; and
- issuing a cryptographically-secured transaction record of the transaction for inclusion within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
- There may be provided a computer program, which when run on a computer, causes the computer to configure any apparatus, including an energy resource network, an energy resource, an energy-resource-processor, an energy-consuming-device, an energy-consuming-processor, a third party node, a circuit, controller, or device disclosed herein or perform any method disclosed herein. The computer program may be a software implementation, and the computer may be considered as any appropriate hardware, including a digital signal processor, a microcontroller, and an implementation in read only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) or electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), as non-limiting examples. The software may be an assembly program.
- The computer program may be provided on a computer readable medium, which may be a physical computer readable medium such as a disc or a memory device, or may be embodied as a transient signal. Such a transient signal may be a network download, including an internet download.
- Aspects of Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
-
FIG. 1 shows an energy resource network; -
FIG. 2 shows schematically an example of a publicly-available distributed ledger; and -
FIG. 3 shows another energy resource network. - The disclosure and the following further disclosure are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosure, as defined in the appended claims. Other aspects of the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the details as provided herein. In the figures, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views. All callouts and annotations are hereby incorporated by this reference as if fully set forth herein.
-
FIG. 1 shows anenergy resource network 100, which includes afirst energy resource 102, asecond energy resource 104, a first energy-consuming-device 106 and a second energy-consuming-device 108. It will be appreciated that theenergy resource network 100 can include any number of energy resources and any number of energy-consuming-devices. Theenergy resources devices - A purpose of the
energy resource network 100 is to enable an energy-consuming-device energy resource - The energy-consuming-
device energy resource data exchange network 120, such as the internet, or any other communications network including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc. - The
energy resources energy resource energy resource energy resources - The
energy resources energy resources - The energy-consuming-
devices energy resource device devices - The first and
second energy resources processors processors energy resources processors energy resource energy resource processors device - In some examples, the energy-resource-
processors device - The offer-message can be completely public, for example broadcast to an entire network, or can broadcast only to a subset of energy-consuming-
devices - The offer-message may include information representative of one or more of:
-
- an identifier of the
energy resource - an identifier of one or more energy-consuming-
devices - a quantum of energy being offered, which may be:
- an amount of energy that is being offered;
- an available generating capacity that is being offered;
- a generating capacity of the
energy resource - a start time, an end time, and/or a time window during which the offer is valid;
- a price; and
- a proposed transaction record, which is described in more detail below.
- an identifier of the
- A quantum of energy specified in an offer can represent an ability to draw on a specified maximum number of watts (an instantaneous load value) for the duration of a specified time period or could be a total amount of energy to be delivered over a specified time period, whether or not the energy transfer actually takes place either in part or in full. The specified period may or may not have a predetermined end time.
- In some examples, the offer-message can be cryptographically secured so that recipients can confirm the identity of the
energy resource processor processor energy resource - In some examples, cryptographic securing of public offers from
energy resources - The first and second energy-consuming-
devices processors processors devices processors energy resources device device processor - In some examples, the energy-consuming-
processor processors - If the offer is rejected, then the energy-consuming-
processor energy resource processor - If the offer is accepted, then the energy-consuming-
processor energy resource -
- an identifier of the energy-consuming-
device - an identifier of the
energy resource - a quantum of energy that has been accepted, which may be:
- an amount of energy; or
- a generating capacity of the
energy resource
- a start time, an end time, and/or a time window during which the offer is accepted;
- a price; and
- a proposed transaction record, which is described in more detail below.
- an identifier of the energy-consuming-
- In some examples, the offer-acceptance-message can be cryptographically secured so that recipients can confirm the identity of the energy-consuming-
device processor processor device - In some examples, the same types of information can be included in the offer-message and the offer-acceptance-message, but with different values. For example, an energy-consuming-
processor processor processor processor device - If the offer is accepted, then either or both of the energy-consuming-
processor processor device -
- an identifier of the
energy resource - an identifier of the energy-consuming-
device - a quantum of energy that is to be delivered, which may be:
- an amount of energy that is being offered;
- an amount of generating capacity of the
energy resource
- an amount of generating capacity of the
energy resource - a start time, an end time, and/or a time window during which the quantum of energy that is to be delivered; and
- a price.
- an identifier of the
- In some examples, energy may be delivered by the energy resource to the energy-consuming-device through a USB connection, optionally a bi-directional USB connection. In this example, the energy-consuming-
processor processor energy resource device - The cryptographically-secured transaction record can be broadcast to the
network 120 such that it is accessible by all nodes/devices in thenetwork 120. A singlethird party node 118 is shown inFIG. 1 , with an associated third-party-processor 122. As will be discussed below, the third-party-processor 122 can be programmed to include details of a transaction that is represented by the cryptographically-secured transaction record within a publicly-available distributed ledger. In practice, there can be a plurality, and often a great many, third party nodes that are competing to be the first node to add the transaction to the ledger. Optionally, the third-party-processor 122 can also verify the transaction, and only include details of the transaction within the publicly-available distributed ledger if the verification is successful. - The functionality of including the transaction on the ledger, and optionally verifying the transaction, may be performed in a similar way to how Bitcoin transactions are processed before being added to a block chain. Such processing can be implemented in a number of different ways, for example depending upon the type of transaction, as discussed below.
FIG. 2 shows schematically an example of information that can be included inblocks ledger 200, which can be used with at least some of the examples disclosed herein. Theledger 200 can be locally stored and maintained by a plurality of, and in some examples all, nodes in the network, which is why it is referred to as distributed. As will be discussed below, when anew block ledger 200, it is distributed to all nodes in the network for inclusion in their local copy of theledger 200. In the event that two new blocks are identified by different parties at similar times and are broadcast for inclusion in theledger 200, then the new block that is accepted into theledger 200 will be the block that has been added to the majority of the local copies of theledger 200, in particular by the majority of nodes at the time that the next block is to be added. In this way, an accepted new block is defined by a consensus/majority of the nodes in the network. As will be discussed below, an approximate time delay betweensuccessive blocks ledger 200 can be defined by setting the computational complexity of operations that must be performed before a new block can be added. -
FIG. 2 shows afirst block 202 of data and asecond block 204 of data. Each of the first and second blocks ofdata more transactions cryptographic hash value cryptographic hash value ledger 200. Use of thecryptographic hash value blocks ledger 200 can be referred to as a block chain because it includes a plurality of blocks of data, that are “linked together” to define a chain. Also, it is not possible to begin processing thesecond block 204 until thefirst block 202 has been accepted into theledger 200 because determination of thehash value 208 for thesecond block 204 requires details of at least part of thefirst block 202. - As is known in the art, a hash algorithm can be applied to an arbitrarily-large amount of data (such as the previous block) in order to provide a fixed-length hash value. The same fixed-length hash value will always result from the same arbitrarily-large amount of data. Over time, new blocks of data are added to the end of the block chain in order to publicly record new transactions. Each new block is guaranteed to come after the previous block chronologically because the new block's hash value cannot be calculated until the previous block is accepted into the
ledger 200. Also, eachblock ledger 200 because everyblock - The
cryptographic hash value 208 of thesecond block 204 can be determined by applying a hash function to: -
- at least a part of a
previous block 202 in theledger 200. Theprevious block 202 may be the immediately preceding block. The part of theprevious block 202 may be thehash value 206 of the immediately precedingblock 202; - the one or more transactions 212 (of the current block 204); and
- a cryptographic nonce value (not shown).
- at least a part of a
- A third-party-processor that receives details of the one or
more transaction records 212, and intends to add anew block 204 to theledger 200, must first determine acryptographic hash value 208 that satisfies one or more predetermined characteristics before thenew block 204 can be added to theledger 200. That is, anew block ledger 200 until a validcryptographic hash value 208 has been determined. This process can be referred to as “mining” and the third-party-processor may be referred to as a “miner”. The one or more predetermined characteristics may be a specified number of leading zero bits, as is the case with the block chain that is associated with Bitcoins. The third-party-processor can apply the hash algorithm using different cryptographic nonce values until a validcryptographic hash value 208 with the predetermined characteristics is achieved. In response to determining the validcryptographic hash value 208 with the predetermined characteristics, the third-party-processor can generate anew block 204 that includes at least thecryptographic hash value 208 and the associatedtransaction records 212, and then broadcast/distribute thenew block 204 to all nodes in the network for inclusion in their local copies of theledger 200. - It will be appreciated that different third party processors may simultaneously be trying to identify a new block based on different transaction records; that is, the transaction records identified for inclusion in the
ledger 200 by each third party processor need not necessarily be the same. As indicated above, in the event that two potential new blocks are identified by different third party processors at similar times, then the accepted new block is defined by a consensus of the nodes in the network. The computational requirements of generating thehash value 208 with the predetermined characteristics dictates that the next block cannot be added too soon after the previous block so that there is sufficient time for the previous block to be distributed throughout the network and a consensus to be determined as to which of the two blocks is to be accepted into theledger 200. - As the processing power of computers increases over time, the computational complexity of arriving at a
valid hash value 208 can be increased by changing the required predetermined characteristics. For example, the number of leading zeros required of thehash value 208 can be increased. In this way, the requirements of thecryptographic hash value 208 dictates a time delay betweensuccessive blocks ledger 200. The length of the time delay can be defined by the computational complexity required to satisfy the requirements of thecryptographic hash value 208. - In some implementations, the third party processors may be rewarded for successfully adding a
block ledger 200. Such a transaction fee may only be paid upon confirmation that the transaction record has been added to a minimum number of locally-stored copies of theledger 200. This can reduce the likelihood that a transaction fee is paid to a third party processor that generates a candidate block for adding to theledger 200, only for it to be dismissed because another block, generated at a similar time, is accepted as valid by a majority of third party processors. - The information representative of one or
more transactions FIG. 1 . - The third party processors, in determining a new block for adding to the
ledger 200, may also perform verification processing on the transactions in order to determine whether or not the transactions should be included in theledger 200. In one example, a verification routine can include comparing any seemingly unverified transactions withtransactions ledger 200. This can prevent a single transaction being recorded in theledger 200 twice because the verification routine will fail for a transaction that is not already present in theledger 200. - Another verification routine can include checking that an energy resource has sufficient available energy or capacity to satisfy a transaction, as will be discussed below.
- Use of ledger, such as the one described with reference to
FIG. 2 , can provide accurate visibility of how energy is exchanged between various devices. That is, the ledger can represent the real-world energy characteristics of devices, and accurately display how those characteristics change over time. In some examples, a distributed nature of the ledger, and a requirement for a consensus on the accuracy of the ledger, can provide the required accuracy, and integrity in the data on the ledger. Optionally, the integrity of the data on the ledger can be further improved by implementing the ledger as a plurality of blocks of data, wherein each block of data comprises a cryptographic link to a previous block in the ledger. - Another option to improve the integrity of the data on the ledger is to only accept data onto the ledger after it has successfully passed a verification routine.
- A further advantage to using a publicly-verified distributed ledger is that the information on the ledger can be considered trustworthy, for example because transactions are only recorded if the ledger is indicative of the fact that the energy resource has the requisite capacity to provide the amount of energy that has been offered, such as within a specified time widow.
- Public verifiability of the encrypted ledger can also provide a basic mechanism for an energy “market”—users of energy resources can see how much resource is available within the (global) network and set a price accordingly; users of energy-consuming-devices can also see how much resource is available within the network and the pricing, and can then decide to buy or not buy according to need.
- A publicly-verifiable, cryptographically-secured record of the transaction, or acceptance of the offer, can serve as a non-repudiatable commitment to the transaction by an energy-consuming-device. This could be a precursor to a separate payment mechanism that operates subsequently, or could include an actual payment mechanism itself, if the public ledger also serves as an “energy currency” in similar manner to Bitcoin.
- A publicly-verifiable, cryptographically-secured transaction record or the acceptance-message can in some examples be supplemented by a further cryptographically-secured record of the actual energy transfer. That is, a cryptographically-secured “meter reading”.
- This could be provided by tamper-proof metering hardware, such as a smart meter. Any such cryptographically-secured meter readings or records of actual completed energy transfers can in some examples assist in a downstream payment system.
- A publicly-verifiable, cryptographically-secured ledger can be data-mined by third parties for analysing trends in energy consumption, energy usage, potential demand, matching between energy resources and energy-consuming-devices; pricing etc.
- A publicly-verifiable, cryptographically-secured ledger can be data-mined by third parties to verify that an energy resource has capacity to provide the quantum of energy associated with an offer that it has made, based on earlier transactions that are recorded on the ledger. The transaction may only be recorded on the ledger if the verification is successful.
- In some examples, the acceptance-messages and/or the offer-messages described above can also be included within the ledger of
FIG. 2 , or another ledger. This or these ledgers can enable public visibility of “consumption” (for example booking or reservation) of available energy resource in a given time period, in some examples before the event of energy transfer or before the event of an energy-consuming-device going “on load” to an energy resource. By providing public visibility of this acceptance, a market can be able to respond to remaining available energy resource capacity in the network, for example by re-pricing the remaining available energy resource. - Inclusion of offer-messages in the ledger of
FIG. 2 , or a different ledger, can enable a market to respond to available energy offers, and it can help to prevent disruptive offers from energy resources that are not in fact capable of delivering because the ledger is publicly visible and is secure in that historical information in the ledger cannot be readily manipulated. - In some examples the acceptance-messages may be included with the ledger of
FIG. 2 , or another ledger. The acceptance-message may include a time frame for completing the energy transaction, which is also recorded in the ledger. On sending of an offer-message by anenergy resource energy resources -
- i) the issue of offer-messages by the energy resource via the network;
- ii) the acceptance of offer-messages by the energy consuming devices
- iii) the issue of acceptance-messages by the energy consuming devices; or
- iv) the processing of acceptance-messages by the third party.
- For example, if the third party refuses to process the acceptance message into the ledger because the offer of energy could not be fulfilled by the energy resource, an attempt to physically exchange energy may be prevented because a record of the acceptance-message is not present in the publically verifiable, cryptographically-secured ledger of acceptance messages.
- Further, a public, cryptographically-secured distributed ledger of energy transactions may also be used to control the issue or acceptance of offer-messages. In particular, an energy consuming device or third party or energy resource may compare a public ledger of acceptance-messages and a public record of energy transactions to determine which energy transfers have been accepted but not fulfilled to determine an outstanding transaction parameter. The sending of offer-messages or acceptance of offer messages as valid or the sending of acceptance-messages may be controlled by the outstanding transaction parameter, which may ensure that energy resources do not over commit to the supply of energy that they may not be able to fulfil.
- The use of the publicly-verifiable, cryptographically-secured ledgers (of energy transactions, offer-messages and/or acceptance-messages) to control the issue of offer-messages by the energy resources, the acceptance of offer-messages as valid by the energy consuming devices, the issue of acceptance-messages by the energy consuming devices, the recording of transaction-messages in a transaction ledger by either the energy consuming device, energy resource or third party, and/or the physical energy exchanges may provide for a more secure system, as discussed in more detail below.
- Returning to
FIG. 1 , one or more energy-resource-managing-entities (not shown) may store details of authorised energy-resources -
- an identifier of an
energy resource - a power-rating of the
energy resource - in some examples, an amount of energy that the
energy resource device
- an identifier of an
- A publicly-available distributed ledger may be automatically updated when changes are made to an energy-resource-managing-entity's database. For example, when a
new energy resource - Transacting Energy Generating Capacity (Power)
- In some examples, the
energy resource energy resource energy resource third party 118 can process the ledger to determine whether or not theenergy resource device energy resource - In some examples, the ledger (optionally each block in the ledger) comprises a balance of available energy-generating capacity (power) and/or an energy-available-value for each
energy resource third party 118 can then determine whether or not anenergy resource energy resource - In one example, Party A is an energy resource, Party B is an energy-consuming-device, and Party C is another energy-consuming-device. Party A has a 10 kW capacity (power-rating) fuel cell stack, which is recorded on the ledger. This initial adding of the power-rating of Party A to the ledger may be performed in an authorised or authenticated way. At some time in the future, Party A sells 7 kW of capacity to Party B, and a corresponding transaction record is generated. This transaction record can be publicly verified with reference to the ledger because Party A is shown as having enough capacity available. Therefore the transaction of 7 kW from Party A to Party B is recorded on the ledger. Then, at some future point in time whilst Party B has reserved 7 kW of Party A's capacity, Party A tries to sell 4 kW to Party C. When the transaction record for this transaction is made available for public verification and inclusion in the ledger, the transaction is not verified because the verification routine will recognise from the ledger history that Party A only has 3 kW capacity available. Therefore the transaction to Party C will not be recorded on the ledger because it has not successfully passed the verification routine.
- In some examples, either the
energy resource device - As discussed above, transaction records can in some examples include an end time for a transaction, after which an energy-consuming-device should relinquish its energy consumption. In which case, the public verification will also require a check of the power-rating available during specific periods of time defined by a proposed transaction, and also earlier recorded transactions.
- Transacting Available Energy
- In some examples, the
energy resource energy resource device energy resource energy resource - A post-energy-exchange-transaction record may include one or more of the following types of information, which can be included on the public ledger:
-
- an identifier of a corresponding pre-energy-exchange-transaction record, which can enable the two records to be linked together in the ledger;
- an identifier of the
energy resource - an identifier of the energy-consuming-
device - a quantum of energy that was agreed to be supplied, which may be:
- an amount of energy; or
- an amount of generating capacity of the
energy resource
- a quantum of energy that was actually supplied, which may be:
- an amount of energy that was supplied; or
- an amount of generating capacity of the
energy resource device
- a difference between the quantum of energy that was agreed to be supplied, and the quantum of energy that was actually supplied;
- a start time, an end time, and/or a time window during which the quantum of energy that is to be delivered;
- an agreed price;
- an amount of money that was actually paid;
- a difference between the agreed price and the amount of money that was actually paid;
- a score for the
energy resource device - a score for the energy-consuming-
device energy resource
- The quantum of energy that was actually supplied may be provided by a smart meter, such as
metering application software 119 associated with either or both of theenergy resource device - A public ledger that includes some or all of the above information can provide another basic mechanism for an energy “market”—users of energy-consuming-
devices specific energy resources energy resources - Examples disclosed herein can relate to a system for monitoring energy transactions and providing a transparent platform for people to engage in such energy transactions. This can improve visibility of what energy exchanges are really taking place, and can also define standard protocol for monitoring and recording transactions/energy exchanges.
-
FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of anotherenergy resource network 300, which includesDevice A 302,Device B 304,Device C 306 andDevice D 308. The devices are in data communication with each other through theinternet 320, which is an example of a data exchange network. - Consider that
Device A 302 has surplus energy, andDevice B 304 has depleting energy. Each device has an associated unique identifier through which it can transact over a secure area of the Internet (which is illustrated schematically asnetwork 320 inFIG. 3 ). Depending upon various parameters such as location, time of year, geographical demand, etc.Device A 302 can fix up a price for a unit of energy.Device B 304 can see the price set byDevice A 302 and can send a request for buying ‘n’ units of energy. If agreed, an equivalent amount of money is transferred fromDevice B 304 toDevice A 302. The transaction can be in any standard currency or cryptocurrency like Bitcoin. - This transaction can be recorded in a block that will then be added to an
energy block chain 330. The transaction details can include information such as the identity of the parties involved, amount of energy purchased, amount of energy left withDevice A 302 andDevice B 304, etc. - Now consider two other devices,
Device C 306 andDevice D 308, which are also energy deficient.Device A 302 has an option to sell energy toDevice B 304,Device C 306,Device D 308, or all. There can now be an auction to obtain the energy fromDevice A 302 where the highest bidder wins the auction. There can be a limit on maximum bid one can raise. Again such a transaction can be recorded on theenergy block chain 330. - Each
device energy wallet 332 keeping a count of energy and acurrency wallet 336 keeping a count of currency. Thesewallets Internet 320; theenergy block chain 330 and acurrency block chain 334. - A
monitoring station 338 can also be connected to theinternet 320, such that it can track the transactions on the energy andcurrency block chains monitoring station 338 can analyse the trend in energy consumption and data related to energy usage habits of the users. Such information can be used to seek potential energy providers, buyers, match right users, determine maximum pricing, etc. - Examples described herein relate to a decentralised energy exchange. A device with spare energy can directly engage in a transaction with a requesting power deficient device to provide requested units of energy. The transaction can be recorded in a public ledger. Several blocks of such transactions can form an energy block chain. That is, a block chain of energy exchange can be provided.
- Energy transactions can be recorded and managed in a new way, for example by a decentralised transaction platform with central monitoring. Various advantages include:
-
- No, or reduced, dependency on a central energy provider;
- Option of choosing a preferred energy provider anytime;
- Flexibility and transparency in payment;
- No regulation on prices;
- Transparent record of transactions;
- Only pay when using (no need to pay bills when you are not at home for long time); and
- Generation of rich user data for various purposes.
- Examples disclosed herein can enable energy producing/consuming devices to engage in energy sharing transactions through a transparent and decentralised platform. Similar to Bitcoins transactions being logged in a block chain (which is a public ledger), all energy transactions can be recorded in an energy block chain. If an energy source is a fuel cell stack, then the amount of energy (KWhs) can be limited by a lifespan of the stack, or an amount of fuel available, or an amount of energy generating capacity available. This can be analogous to limited Bitcoins in circulation. This limited availability of resource can be used to dictate the rules of such transactions, such as pricing and amount of energy available in a set period of time. Since the energy block chain will have a record of all energy transactions and the devices involved, it can be used for driving a whole ecosystem of peer to peer energy distribution.
- It will be understood that various aspects or details of the invention(s) may be changed without departing from the scope of the disclosure and invention. It is not exhaustive and does not limit the claimed inventions to the precise form disclosed. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above description or may be acquired from practicing the invention. The claims and their equivalents define the scope of the invention(s).
Claims (25)
1. An energy resource network comprising:
a plurality of energy resources each capable of delivering a quantum of energy;
a plurality of energy-consuming-devices each capable of accepting a quantum of energy;
each energy resource being associated with an energy-resource-processor configured to issue one or more offer-messages in respect of a quantum of energy available for supply from the energy resource;
each energy-consuming-device being associated with an energy-consuming-processor configured to receive one or more offer-messages in respect of a transaction for receiving a quantum of energy from one of the energy resources; and,
the energy-resource-processor and/or the energy-consuming-processor being configured to issue a cryptographically-secured transaction record of the transaction for inclusion within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
2. The energy resource network of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of third party nodes, each configured to locally store and maintain the publicly-available distributed ledger.
3. The energy resource network of claim 2 , wherein the third party nodes are each configured to identify, and store locally, a correct version of the publicly-available distributed ledger as the version of the publicly-available distributed ledger that is most commonly stored on the plurality of third party nodes.
4. The energy resource network of claim 1 , further comprising a third party node configured to:
perform a verification routine on one or more cryptographically-secured transaction records; and,
only add the one or more cryptographically-secured transaction records to the publicly-available distributed ledger if the verification routine is successful.
5. The energy resource network of claim 4 , wherein the third party node is configured to perform the verification routine by processing the publicly-available distributed ledger in order to determine whether or not an energy resource associated with the transaction has sufficient energy to perform the transaction.
6. The energy resource network of claim 4 , wherein the third party node is configured to perform the verification routine by processing the publicly-available distributed ledger in order to determine whether or not an energy resource associated with the transaction has sufficient energy-generating capacity available to perform the transaction.
7. The energy resource network of claim 6 , wherein the publicly-available distributed ledger comprises a balance of available energy-generating capacity or energy available for each energy resource, and wherein the third party node is configured to determine whether or not an energy resource associated with the transaction has sufficient available energy-generating capacity or energy to perform the transaction by comparing at least part of the transaction record with the balance of available energy-generating capacity or energy available for the energy resource associated with the transaction.
8. The energy resource network of claim 1 , wherein the publicly-available distributed ledger comprises a plurality of blocks of data, wherein each block of data comprises information representative of:
one or more transaction records; and,
a cryptographic hash value of at least a part of a previous block in the ledger.
9. The energy resource network of claim 8 , wherein the publicly-available distributed ledger comprises a block chain.
10. The energy resource network of claim 8 , further comprising a third party node configured to:
process one or more cryptographically-secured transaction records; and,
determine a new block of data for the publicly-available distributed ledger by determining the cryptographic hash value by applying a hash algorithm to at least a part of a previous block in the publicly-available distributed ledger.
11. The energy resource network of claim 7 , wherein the third party node is configured to determine the cryptographic hash value by applying the hash algorithm to:
at least a part of an immediately preceding block in the ledger;
the one or more transactions; and,
a cryptographic nonce value.
12. The energy resource network of claim 11 , wherein the third party node is configured to:
generate cryptographic hash values for a plurality of different cryptographic nonce values;
identify a determined cryptographic hash value as valid if it satisfies one or more predetermined characteristics; and,
broadcast a new block of data, comprising the valid cryptographic hash value, for inclusion in the publicly-available distributed ledger.
13. The energy resource network of claim 10 , wherein the part of the immediately preceding block in the ledger is the cryptographic hash value of the immediately preceding block in the ledger.
14. The energy resource network of claim 1 , wherein one or more of:
the issue of offer-messages by the energy resource via the network;
an acceptance of offer-messages by the energy consuming devices;
an issue of acceptance-messages by the energy consuming devices in acceptance of an offer-message;
processing of acceptance-messages by a third party for inclusion in a cryptographically-secured, publicly-available distributed ledger of acceptance-messages; and,
a physical exchange of energy between the energy resource and the energy consuming device are controlled based on a cryptographically-secured, publicly-available distributed ledger of acceptance-messages and a cryptographically-secured, publicly-available distributed ledger of transactions.
15. The energy resource network of claim 1 , wherein the energy-resource-processors are configured to automatically issue an offer-message if an available amount of energy, or an available capacity for providing energy, exceeds a high-energy-threshold level.
16. The energy resource network of claim 1 , wherein the energy-consuming-processors are configured to automatically accept or reject an offer-message by comparing one or more pieces of information of the offer-message with one or more predetermined acceptance-criteria.
17. The energy resource network of claim 1 , wherein the processor of each energy-consuming-device or each energy resource is configured to generate the cryptographically-secured transaction record using a private key.
18. The energy resource network of claim 1 , wherein the transaction record comprises information representative of an acceptance of the quantum of energy and/or a debit of an account associated with the energy-consuming-device.
19. The energy resource network of claim 1 , wherein each offer-message comprises information representative of one or more of: a quantum of energy; a generating capacity of the energy resource; a time window; a price.
20. The energy resource network of claim 1 , wherein the energy-resource-processor of each energy resource is configured to issue a cryptographically-secured offer record for inclusion within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
21. The energy resource network of claim 1 , further comprising a metering apparatus configured to generate a cryptographically-secured transaction record of metered units of energy transferred between an energy resource and an energy-consuming-device counterparties.
22. An energy-consuming-device configured to consume quanta of energy from one or more energy resources, the energy-consuming-device comprising:
an energy-consuming-processor configured to:
(i) receive offer-messages in respect of quanta of energy available for supply from one or more energy resources; and,
(ii) in response to accepting an offer-message in respect of a transaction for receiving a quantum of energy from one or more of the energy resources, issue a cryptographically-secured transaction record of the transaction for inclusion within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
23. An energy resource configured to deliver quanta of energy to one or more energy-consuming-devices, the energy resource comprising:
an energy-resource-processor configured to:
(i) issue offer-messages in respect of quanta of energy available for supply from the energy resource; and,
(ii) in response to having an offer-message in respect of a transaction for delivering a quantum of energy to an energy-consuming-device accepted, issue a cryptographically-secured transaction record of the transaction for inclusion within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
24. A device for updating a publicly-available distributed ledger for an energy resource network, the network comprising:
a plurality of energy resources each capable of delivering a quantum of energy;
a plurality of energy-consuming-devices each capable of accepting a quantum of energy;
each energy resource being associated with an energy-resource-processor configured to issue one or more offer-messages in respect of a quantum of energy available for supply from the energy resource each energy-consuming-device being associated with an energy-consuming-processor configured to receive one or more offer-messages in respect of a transaction for receiving a quantum of energy from one of the energy resources; and,
wherein the device is configured to receive, from the energy-resource-processor and/or the energy-consuming-processor, a cryptographically-secured transaction record of the transaction and include said record within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
25. A method of operating an energy resource network, the energy resource network comprising:
a plurality of energy resources;
a plurality of energy-consuming-devices;
wherein an energy resource issuing one or more offer-messages in respect of a quantum of energy available for supply from the energy resource;
wherein an energy-consuming-device receiving one or more offer-messages in respect of a transaction for receiving a quantum of energy from one of the energy resources; and,
wherein issuing a cryptographically-secured transaction record of the transaction for inclusion within a publicly-available distributed ledger.
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- 2016-03-22 EP EP16720474.2A patent/EP3274945A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-03-22 US US15/077,763 patent/US20160284033A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-03-22 WO PCT/GB2016/050798 patent/WO2016151316A1/en unknown
-
2019
- 2019-06-11 US US16/437,876 patent/US11238546B2/en active Active
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2021
- 2021-09-21 JP JP2021152895A patent/JP7413330B2/en active Active
-
2022
- 2022-01-31 US US17/589,674 patent/US11823293B2/en active Active
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2023
- 2023-11-07 US US18/387,816 patent/US20240078617A1/en active Pending
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GB2531828A (en) | 2016-05-04 |
US11238546B2 (en) | 2022-02-01 |
WO2016151316A1 (en) | 2016-09-29 |
JP2018514850A (en) | 2018-06-07 |
JP2021193612A (en) | 2021-12-23 |
CN115545685A (en) | 2022-12-30 |
US11823293B2 (en) | 2023-11-21 |
GB201504946D0 (en) | 2015-05-06 |
US20240078617A1 (en) | 2024-03-07 |
JP6948949B2 (en) | 2021-10-13 |
EP3274945A1 (en) | 2018-01-31 |
US20190295193A1 (en) | 2019-09-26 |
US20220156856A1 (en) | 2022-05-19 |
JP7413330B2 (en) | 2024-01-15 |
CN107636711A (en) | 2018-01-26 |
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