US20150011928A1 - Method and apparatus for automated active sterilization of fully implanted devices - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for automated active sterilization of fully implanted devices Download PDFInfo
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- US20150011928A1 US20150011928A1 US14/492,978 US201414492978A US2015011928A1 US 20150011928 A1 US20150011928 A1 US 20150011928A1 US 201414492978 A US201414492978 A US 201414492978A US 2015011928 A1 US2015011928 A1 US 2015011928A1
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- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 230000002924 anti-infective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 210000003127 knee Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002458 infectious effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010064687 Device related infection Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010065 bacterial adhesion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003385 bacteriostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002526 effect on cardiovascular system Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002858 neurotransmitter agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000399 orthopedic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
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- A61M25/0017—Catheters; Hollow probes specially adapted for long-term hygiene care, e.g. urethral or indwelling catheters to prevent infections
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- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
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- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
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- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
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- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
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- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
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- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/82—Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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- A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
- A61M25/0043—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by structural features
- A61M2025/0056—Catheters; Hollow probes characterised by structural features provided with an antibacterial agent, e.g. by coating, residing in the polymer matrix or releasing an agent out of a reservoir
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- A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
- A61M2205/02—General characteristics of the apparatus characterised by a particular materials
- A61M2205/0205—Materials having antiseptic or antimicrobial properties, e.g. silver compounds, rubber with sterilising agent
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
- A61M2205/05—General characteristics of the apparatus combined with other kinds of therapy
- A61M2205/051—General characteristics of the apparatus combined with other kinds of therapy with radiation therapy
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
- A61M2205/05—General characteristics of the apparatus combined with other kinds of therapy
- A61M2205/054—General characteristics of the apparatus combined with other kinds of therapy with electrotherapy
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- A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
- A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
- A61M2205/05—General characteristics of the apparatus combined with other kinds of therapy
- A61M2205/058—General characteristics of the apparatus combined with other kinds of therapy with ultrasound therapy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of medical devices, in particular catheters and other implantable devices in the body that are susceptible to infection.
- Fully implantable devices for the prevention of infection have been limited to bactericidal and bacteriostatic coatings or the application of a small current/voltage to prevent bacterial adhesion.
- the use of an electronegative field to prevent bacterial adhesion has been in development for quite some time and there is still no device that has been successfully commercialized, with this feature due to the energy demands and poor cost-efficacy.
- the present innovation provides a fully implantable novel device and method capable of actively preventing and treating infection of an indwelling catheter or implant.
- the current invention provides this advance in infection control via its unique application of active sterilization to a catheter or implant. While most catheters, and many implants, are passive devices, the current invention will provide an active component as a integral part of the implanted catheter or device to continuously or intermittently sterilize the exposed surfaces/areas of the device.
- This active sterilization may be accomplished by a variety of mechanisms, including, application of heat. RF, microwave, ultrasound, ultraviolet radiation or other energy capable of sterilizing the device or dislodging any problematic biofilm that may form.
- the active sterilization may also employ the pumping of a sterilizing chemical from an attached drug reservoir, the use of electricity or freezing temperatures or any other mechanism for either inhibiting, killing or dislodging any infectious material in contact with the implant.
- One major advantage of this design is that through the use of a small, battery powered or inductively powered sterilization element, the implanted catheter or device can be effectively sterilized without requiring the standard removal surgery, waiting period, then replacement of the infected device. This is expected to translate into greatly improved outcomes (particularly for devices where infection may be catastrophic, ie a prosthetic knee or hip), greatly improved costs, and greatly improved longevity of susceptible devices tie IV ports. etc.).
- an ultrasonic energy generator (including batter, circuit board, etc.) may incorporated into the base of an intravascular injection port and the port and catheter may be intermittently subjected to a vigorous ultrasonic wave to break free any potential biofilm that may have formed in the interim.
- This wave may, preferably, be powered b an internal battery and run on a programmed schedule.
- the device may also alert the user or healthcare practitioner that the battery charge is low by simple vibration or other communication mechanisms.
- Other sources of energy may be utilized, as well, including ultraviolet radiation, temperature extremes (ie freezing/heating), EMF, RF, microwave (or other energy source) and/or actively pumped drug.
- the internally powered sterilization device may also be transcutaneously activated and/or recharged tie inductive recharging through the use of an external coil providing pulsed magnetic fields) so that it need not be removed simply due to battery depletion.
- This is a critical feature for devices with long-term implantation and not as essential for devices with short-term residence. As long-term implants are the most susceptible to infection, though, these are also the devices that will need this protection the most, so in its preferred embodiment the device will incorporate an inductive recharging element
- the device may also be capable of communicating to the user the status of the device and/or usage statistics for the device i.e. number of times the port has been accessed, pressure inside the port (an indication of clogging, etc.)
- the device of the present invention may entail one or more sterilization features.
- the device of the present invention provides for an in-line sterilization element capable of sterilizing fluid that passes through its conduits to prevent spread of infection. This may entail ultrasonic energy, mechanical energy (i.e. a rapidly spinning, wire), ultraviolet radiation, temperature extremes (ie freezing or heating by liquid nitrogen, Peltier junction, or other means), EMF, RF, microwave (or other energy source) and/or actively pumped drug.
- the outside of the conduit may also be sterilized continuously or intermittently via one or more of these mechanisms.
- the tubing of the fluid pump may be exposed to an ultraviolet LED that has low current draw but which is capable of sterilizing stagnant fluid or low volume flow. This design is optimal when used to prevent retrograde spread of infection tie when a pump is parked or is in line with a backcheck valve).
- FIG. 1 Seg. 1 —Side view of the catheter sterilizing element.
- FIG. 2 Seg. 2 —Side view of the fluid flow sterilization with pump apparatus.
- FIG. 1 Seg. 1 —Side view of the catheter sterilizing element 14 .
- a modification to a typical subcutaneous peritoneal port 10 is shown.
- the device is shown equipped with an implanted sterilization element 14 (optionally inductively rechargeable) which contains all the circuitry, etc. required to provide effective sterilization of the catheter 12 and/or port 10 .
- the sterilization element is shown as manufactured into the device.
- the sterilization element 14 may also be a device which may be coupled with the implantable device at the time of implantation.
- an lima peritoneal catheter 12 is shown connected to a subcutaneous port 10 , but may include: an IV catheter port, a CNS catheter port, a bladder catheter port, a PICC catheter, a central venous catheter, etc.
- an IV catheter port may include: an IV catheter port, a CNS catheter port, a bladder catheter port, a PICC catheter, a central venous catheter, etc.
- the devices illustrated in this Figure may all he inductively rechargeable.
- FIG. 2 Seg. 2 —Side view of the fluid flow sterilization embodiment with pump apparatus.
- the sterilization element 14 is shown inside of the pump 20 and it may transmit anti-infective to one or both catheters (e.g., ultrasound) or apply anti-infective directly to fluid in the pump 20 , e.g., UV sterilization of fluid flow or direct ultrasound to fluid flow or sterilize the surface of the device itself
- the peritoneal catheter 22 may receive active sterilization along with the bladder catheter 26 or on its own or indirectly via the pump 20 .
- the bladder catheter 26 may also receive active sterilization along with the peritoneal catheter 22 or on its own or indirectly via the pump 20 .
- the sterilization element 14 may preferably be inductively rechargeable as the implantable pump 20 , itself, will likely be rechargeable.
- the invention described here may be utilized in any implant that requires intermittent or continuous active sterilization to prevent colonization and/or spread of infection from the implant.
- Other devices for which this technology may be utilized include: pacemakers, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators, CNS shunts, bladder catheters, suprapubic catheters, cardiovascular valves, mechanical valves, stents, prosthetic joints (knee, hip, etc), plates, screw or other orthopedic devices, electrical stimulators, neuromodulators or other devices.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
Abstract
The current invention provides this advance in infection control via its unique application of active sterilization to a catheter or implant. While most catheters, and many implants, are passive devices, the current invention will provide an active component as a integral part of the implanted catheter or device to continuously or intermittently sterilize the exposed surfaces/areas of the device. This active sterilization may be accomplished by a variety of mechanisms, including, application of heat, RF, microwave, ultrasound, ultraviolet radiation or other energy capable of sterilizing the device or dislodging any problematic Biofilm that may form. The active sterilization may also employ the pumping of a sterilizing chemical from all attached drug reservoir, the use of electricity or freezing temperatures or any other mechanism for either inhibiting, killing or dislodging any infectious material in contact with the implant. One major advantage of this design is that through the use of small, battery powered or inductively powered sterilization element, the implanted catheter or device can be effectively sterilized without requiring the standard removal surgery, waiting period, then replacement of the infected device. This is expected to translate into greatly improved outcomes (particularly for devices where infection may be catastrophic, ie a prosthetic knee or hip), greatly improved costs, and greatly improved longevity of susceptible devices (ie IV ports, etc.).
Description
- This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 121702,977 filed Feb. 9, 2010, which is a continuation of International Pat. App, Ser. No. PCT/US2008/073279 filed Aug. 15, 2008 which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Prov. Pat. App. 60/964,822 filed Aug. 15, 2007, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
- The present invention relates to the field of medical devices, in particular catheters and other implantable devices in the body that are susceptible to infection.
- In the last few decades, there has been incredible progress in a variety of medical fields. At the same time, though, many fields have stymied and remained stagnant. Once such field is the treatment and prevention of catheter and implant infections. Despite many of the issues associated with indwelling catheters and implants, the primary of which is infection in many cases, there has been little effort put forth to solve these problems and the medical community at large just accepts these complications as a fact of life. What effort has been put forth to combat this problem has been directed at the sterilization of externalized catheters and devices. These devices typically are highly prone to infection, but they can be sterilized through the external application of anti-infective measures. The prior art in this field, then, mostly consists of devices and methods for sterilizing indwelling catheters and devices through the external application of bactericidal measures.
- Fully implantable devices for the prevention of infection, though, have been limited to bactericidal and bacteriostatic coatings or the application of a small current/voltage to prevent bacterial adhesion. The use of an electronegative field to prevent bacterial adhesion, though, has been in development for quite some time and there is still no device that has been successfully commercialized, with this feature due to the energy demands and poor cost-efficacy. The present innovation, then, provides a fully implantable novel device and method capable of actively preventing and treating infection of an indwelling catheter or implant.
- The current invention provides this advance in infection control via its unique application of active sterilization to a catheter or implant. While most catheters, and many implants, are passive devices, the current invention will provide an active component as a integral part of the implanted catheter or device to continuously or intermittently sterilize the exposed surfaces/areas of the device. This active sterilization may be accomplished by a variety of mechanisms, including, application of heat. RF, microwave, ultrasound, ultraviolet radiation or other energy capable of sterilizing the device or dislodging any problematic biofilm that may form. The active sterilization may also employ the pumping of a sterilizing chemical from an attached drug reservoir, the use of electricity or freezing temperatures or any other mechanism for either inhibiting, killing or dislodging any infectious material in contact with the implant. One major advantage of this design is that through the use of a small, battery powered or inductively powered sterilization element, the implanted catheter or device can be effectively sterilized without requiring the standard removal surgery, waiting period, then replacement of the infected device. This is expected to translate into greatly improved outcomes (particularly for devices where infection may be catastrophic, ie a prosthetic knee or hip), greatly improved costs, and greatly improved longevity of susceptible devices tie IV ports. etc.).
- In its preferred catheter (or any device with no moving parts) embodiment, an ultrasonic energy generator (including batter, circuit board, etc.) may incorporated into the base of an intravascular injection port and the port and catheter may be intermittently subjected to a vigorous ultrasonic wave to break free any potential biofilm that may have formed in the interim. This wave may, preferably, be powered b an internal battery and run on a programmed schedule. The device may also alert the user or healthcare practitioner that the battery charge is low by simple vibration or other communication mechanisms. Other sources of energy may be utilized, as well, including ultraviolet radiation, temperature extremes (ie freezing/heating), EMF, RF, microwave (or other energy source) and/or actively pumped drug. In its ideal and most practical embodiments, the internally powered sterilization device may also be transcutaneously activated and/or recharged tie inductive recharging through the use of an external coil providing pulsed magnetic fields) so that it need not be removed simply due to battery depletion. This is a critical feature for devices with long-term implantation and not as essential for devices with short-term residence. As long-term implants are the most susceptible to infection, though, these are also the devices that will need this protection the most, so in its preferred embodiment the device will incorporate an inductive recharging element The device may also be capable of communicating to the user the status of the device and/or usage statistics for the device i.e. number of times the port has been accessed, pressure inside the port (an indication of clogging, etc.)
- in its preferred fluid pumping embodiment, the device of the present invention may entail one or more sterilization features. In its ideal embodiment, the device of the present invention provides for an in-line sterilization element capable of sterilizing fluid that passes through its conduits to prevent spread of infection. This may entail ultrasonic energy, mechanical energy (i.e. a rapidly spinning, wire), ultraviolet radiation, temperature extremes (ie freezing or heating by liquid nitrogen, Peltier junction, or other means), EMF, RF, microwave (or other energy source) and/or actively pumped drug. The outside of the conduit may also be sterilized continuously or intermittently via one or more of these mechanisms. In its ideal embodiment, the tubing of the fluid pump may be exposed to an ultraviolet LED that has low current draw but which is capable of sterilizing stagnant fluid or low volume flow. This design is optimal when used to prevent retrograde spread of infection tie when a pump is parked or is in line with a backcheck valve).
- FIG. 1—Side view of the catheter sterilizing element.
- FIG. 2—Side view of the fluid flow sterilization with pump apparatus.
- FIG. 1—Side view of the
catheter sterilizing element 14. In this illustration, a modification to a typical subcutaneousperitoneal port 10 is shown. In this instance, though, the device is shown equipped with an implanted sterilization element 14 (optionally inductively rechargeable) which contains all the circuitry, etc. required to provide effective sterilization of thecatheter 12 and/orport 10. In this illustration the sterilization element is shown as manufactured into the device. In addition thesterilization element 14 may also be a device which may be coupled with the implantable device at the time of implantation. In this illustration, as well, an limaperitoneal catheter 12 is shown connected to asubcutaneous port 10, but may include: an IV catheter port, a CNS catheter port, a bladder catheter port, a PICC catheter, a central venous catheter, etc. There may be elements within thecatheter 12, as well, to transmit energy, etc., for example, fiberoptics to transmit sterilizing UV or wires to transmit mechanical, ultrasonic or electrical energy. The devices illustrated in this Figure may all he inductively rechargeable. - FIG. 2—Side view of the fluid flow sterilization embodiment with pump apparatus. In this illustration, the
sterilization element 14 is shown inside of the pump 20 and it may transmit anti-infective to one or both catheters (e.g., ultrasound) or apply anti-infective directly to fluid in the pump 20, e.g., UV sterilization of fluid flow or direct ultrasound to fluid flow or sterilize the surface of the device itself In this embodiment, as well, theperitoneal catheter 22 may receive active sterilization along with thebladder catheter 26 or on its own or indirectly via the pump 20. Thebladder catheter 26 may also receive active sterilization along with theperitoneal catheter 22 or on its own or indirectly via the pump 20. Any of the aforementioned sterilization methods or devices may be used to sterilize the fluid now and the surface of the device, as well. In this embodiment, thesterilization element 14 may preferably be inductively rechargeable as the implantable pump 20, itself, will likely be rechargeable. - These are but some of the potential embodiments and should not restrict the scope of the invention. The invention described here may be utilized in any implant that requires intermittent or continuous active sterilization to prevent colonization and/or spread of infection from the implant. Other devices for which this technology may be utilized include: pacemakers, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators, CNS shunts, bladder catheters, suprapubic catheters, cardiovascular valves, mechanical valves, stents, prosthetic joints (knee, hip, etc), plates, screw or other orthopedic devices, electrical stimulators, neuromodulators or other devices.
Claims (1)
1. A sterilization system for sterilizing, an implanted prosthesis, comprising a housing sized for implantation within a patient body and having an energy generator therewithin, wherein the energy generator is configured to deliver anti-infective energy or agents through one or more catheters fluidly coupled to the housing.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/492,978 US20150011928A1 (en) | 2007-08-15 | 2014-09-22 | Method and apparatus for automated active sterilization of fully implanted devices |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
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US96482207P | 2007-08-15 | 2007-08-15 | |
PCT/US2008/073279 WO2009023818A1 (en) | 2007-08-15 | 2008-08-15 | Method and apparatus for automated active sterilization of fully implanted devices |
US12/702,977 US8865063B2 (en) | 2007-08-15 | 2010-02-09 | Method and apparatus for automated active sterilization of fully implanted devices |
US14/492,978 US20150011928A1 (en) | 2007-08-15 | 2014-09-22 | Method and apparatus for automated active sterilization of fully implanted devices |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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US12/702,977 Continuation US8865063B2 (en) | 2007-08-15 | 2010-02-09 | Method and apparatus for automated active sterilization of fully implanted devices |
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US20150011928A1 true US20150011928A1 (en) | 2015-01-08 |
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US14/492,978 Abandoned US20150011928A1 (en) | 2007-08-15 | 2014-09-22 | Method and apparatus for automated active sterilization of fully implanted devices |
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US12/702,977 Expired - Fee Related US8865063B2 (en) | 2007-08-15 | 2010-02-09 | Method and apparatus for automated active sterilization of fully implanted devices |
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US (2) | US8865063B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009023818A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20100256607A1 (en) | 2010-10-07 |
WO2009023818A1 (en) | 2009-02-19 |
US8865063B2 (en) | 2014-10-21 |
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