US20140220882A1

US20140220882A1 - Ventilating roof

Info

Publication number: US20140220882A1
Application number: US13/756,546
Authority: US
Inventors: Daniel Huang
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2013-02-01
Filing date: 2013-02-01
Publication date: 2014-08-07

Abstract

A ventilating roof is provided with a roof structure; a pair of spaced base members formed upwardly from top edges of the roof structure respectively, each base member including a plurality of top vent holes; and a ventilating ridge roll disposed on both the base members and the roof structure and being in a partial covering relation to the roof structure, the ventilating ridge roll including a plurality of upper and lower vent holes. The top vent holes are in air communication with both the upper and lower vent holes by natural convection.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to ventilation of roofs and more particularly to a roof having improved ventilating arrangements.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional ventilating roof is shown in FIG. 1 and comprises the following components. A pair of spaced base members 13 is formed upwardly from top edges of a roof structure 10. A ventilating ridge roll 11 having a triangular longitudinal section is spaced above the base members 13 and in covering relation thereto. A pair of side panels 12 is provided outwardly of the ventilating ridge roll 11 and spaced from the ventilating ridge roll 11, the base members 13, and the sloping portion of the roof structure 10. Thus, ventilation of a house having the roof structure 10 can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the house via a path from a gap between the ventilating ridge roll 11 and a top end of the base member 13, a space defined by the roof structure 10, the base member 13, the ventilating ridge roll 11, and the side panel 12, and a gap between a top end A1 of the side panel 12 and an outer end B1 of the ventilating ridge roll 11.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,322,088 discloses a ventilated roof structure which has the same inventor as the present invention. The U.S. Patent is characterized by that a modular roofing panel unit adapted to form part of an outermost layer of a roof which extends outwardly and downwardly to cover a space thereunder and terminates at an overhanging eave; a wall unit secured to the modular roofing panel unit distal the overhanging eave, extending downwardly to terminate at an anchored end, and disposed to partition the space under the roof into outside and inside spaces, the wall unit being configured to have a vent for communicating with the inside and outside spaces; and a modular drainage-route forming panel unit having an upper end secured to the overhanging eave with an adaptor such that a gap is formed between the drainage route forming panel unit and the overhanging eave, the modular drainage-route forming panel unit extending downwards to separate the outside space into an airflow transit chamber and an outdoor space, and terminating at an anchoring edge which is secured directly to the anchored end, the modular drainage-route forming panel unit being configured to have a drainage port which is disposed proximate to the anchored end, and which extends to communicate the airflow transit chamber with the outdoor space. A roof made based on the Patent enjoys a great success in the market. But advancement of the art is always desired.
Notwithstanding the prior art, the invention is neither taught nor rendered obvious thereby.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore one object of the invention to provide a ventilating roof comprising a roof structure; a pair of spaced base members formed upwardly from top edges of the roof structure respectively, each of the base members including a plurality of top vent holes; and a ventilating ridge roll disposed on both the base members and the roof structure and being in a partial covering relation to the roof structure, the ventilating ridge roll including a plurality of upper vent holes and a plurality of lower vent holes; wherein the top vent holes are in air communication with both the upper and lower vent holes.
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a conventional ventilating roof;

FIG. 2 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a first preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a second preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a third preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a fourth preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a fifth preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a sixth preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a seventh preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to an eighth preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a ninth preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 is a schematic plan view of the ventilating ridge roll shown in FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a tenth preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 13 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to an eleventh preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 14 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a twelfth preferred embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 15 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a thirteenth preferred embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 16 is a schematic, longitudinal sectional view of a ventilating roof according to a fourteenth preferred embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIG. 2, a ventilating roof in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the invention comprises the following components as discussed in detail below.
A roof structure 20 is provided. A pair of spaced base members 22 is formed upwardly from top edges of the roof structure 20 respectively. Each base member 22 has a plurality of first vent holes 221 on a top edge. A ventilating ridge roll 21 having a triangular longitudinal section is disposed on the base members 22 and the roof structure 20. The ventilating ridge roll 21 comprises a plurality of second vent holes 211 facing both the base member 22 and the roof structure 20, and a plurality of third vent holes 212 along a lower edge.
Ventilation of a building having the ventilating roof of the invention can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the building via an escape path from the first vent holes 221 to the second and third vent holes 211, 212. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the ventilating ridge roll 21, the base member 22, and the roof structure 20. Next, the rain water may flow downward onto the exposed portions of the roof structure 20 via the third vent holes 212 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIG. 3, a ventilating roof in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the second preferred embodiment are substantially the same as that of the first preferred embodiment except the following:
A roof structure 30 is provided. A pair of spaced base members 32 is formed upwardly from top edges of the roof structure 30 respectively. Each base member 32 has a plurality of first vent holes 321 on a top edge. A ventilating ridge roll 31 having a triangular longitudinal section is disposed on the base members 32 and above the roof structure 30. A pair of side panels 33 each is provided in a partial covering to a lower portion of either side of the ventilating ridge roll 31 and upper and intermediate portions of either side of the roof structure 30 so that a space 301 is defined by the side panel 33, the base member 32, and the roof structure 30. The side panel 33 comprises a plurality of second vent holes 331 along a lower upper edge of the, and a plurality of third vent holes 332 along an upper edge of the roof structure 20.
Ventilation of a building having the ventilating roof of the invention can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the building via an escape path from the first vent holes 321 to the second and third vent holes 331, 332. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into the space 301. Next, the rain water may flow downward onto the exposed portions of the roof structure 30 via the third vent holes 331 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIG. 4, a ventilating roof in accordance with a third preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the third preferred embodiment are substantially the same as that of the first preferred embodiment except the following:
A roof structure 40 is provided. A base member 42 is formed upwardly from a top edge of the roof structure 40. A ventilating ridge roll 41 having a triangular longitudinal section is disposed on the roof structure 40 and above the base member 42 with a gap 421 formed between ventilating ridge roll 41 and the base member 42. The ventilating ridge roll 41 has two unequal halves in which the smaller half thereof is provided with a plurality of second vent holes 411 facing both the base member 42 and the roof structure 40, and a plurality of third vent holes 412 along a lower edge of the roof structure 40.
Ventilation of a building having the ventilating roof of the invention can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the building via an escape path from the gap 421 to the second and third vent holes 411, 412. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the ventilating ridge roll 41, the base member 42, and the roof structure 40. Next, the rain water may flow downward onto the exposed portions of the roof structure 40 via the second vent holes 412 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIG. 5, a ventilating roof in accordance with a fourth preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the fourth preferred embodiment are substantially the same as that of the second preferred embodiment except the following:
A roof structure 50 is provided. A base member 52 is formed upwardly from a top edge of the roof structure 50. A ventilating ridge roll 51 having a triangular longitudinal section is provided. The ventilating ridge roll 51 has two unequal halves in which the smaller half thereof is provided with a plurality of second vent holes 501 on a lower edge disposed on the roof structure 50. A side panel 53 is provided in a partial covering to intermediate and lower portions of the smaller half of the ventilating ridge roll 51 and upper and intermediate portions of the roof structure 50. The side panel 53 comprises a plurality of second vent holes 531 along a lower edge, and a plurality of third vent holes 532 along an upper edge. A gap exists between the top edge of the base member 52 and the roof structure 50.
Ventilation of a building having the ventilating roof of the invention can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the building via an escape path from the gap 521 to the first, second and third vent holes 501, 531, 532. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the ventilating ridge roll 51, the base member 53, and the roof structure 50. Next, the rain water may flow downward onto the exposed portions of the roof structure 50 via the second vent holes 531 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIG. 6, a ventilating roof in accordance with a fifth preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the fifth preferred embodiment are detailed below.
A pair of spaced base members 143 is formed upwardly from top edges of a roof structure 140. A ventilating ridge roll 141 having a triangular longitudinal section is spaced above the base members 143 and in covering relation thereto. A pair of side panels 142 are provided outwardly of the ventilating ridge roll 141 and spaced from the ventilating ridge roll 141, the base members 143, and the sloping portion of the roof structure 140. The side panel 142 comprises a plurality of vent holes 1421 facing a space 147 defined by the ventilating ridge roll 141, the base member 143, and the roof structure 140. A gap 146 exists between the top edge of the base member 143 and the ventilating ridge roll 141. A pair of spaced shutters 144 each is disposed outwardly of the side panel 142.
Thus, ventilation of a house having the ventilating roof can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the house via a path from the gap 146, the space 147, a gap 145 between the ventilating ridge roll 141 and the side panel 142, and the vent holes 1421.
Rain water may fall on an upper portion of the roof structure 140 below the space 147 through the gap 145. Next, the rain water may flow downward onto the exposed portions of the roof structure 140 via a gap between the roof structure 140 and both the side panel 142 and the shutter 144 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building. It is noted that the provision of the shutters 144 can protect the ventilating roof from damage caused by storms.
Referring to FIG. 7, a ventilating roof in accordance with a sixth preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the sixth preferred embodiment are detailed below.
A roof structure 60 is provided and comprises a base member 62 formed upwardly from a top edge of the roof structure 60, and a ventilating ridge roll 61 formed above the base member 62 and having a portion sloping toward an intermediate portion of the roof structure 60. A gap 621 exists between the base member 62 and the curved topmost portion of the ventilating ridge roll 61. The ventilating ridge roll 61 comprises a plurality of second vent holes 612 along a lower edge, and a plurality of first vent holes 611 between the second vent holes 612 and the topmost portion.
Ventilation of a building having the ventilating roof of the invention can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the building via an escape path from the gap 621 to the first and second vent holes 611, 612. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the ventilating ridge roll 61, the base member 62, and the roof structure 60. Next, the rain water may flow downward onto the exposed portions of the roof structure 60 via the second vent holes 612 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIG. 8, a ventilating roof in accordance with a seventh preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the seventh preferred embodiment are substantially the same as that of the sixth preferred embodiment except the following:
A roof structure 70 is provided and comprises a base member 72 formed upwardly from a top edge of the roof structure 70, and a ventilating ridge roll 71 formed above the base member 72 and having a portion curving toward an intermediate portion of the roof structure 70. A gap 721 exists between the base member 72 and the curved topmost portion of the ventilating ridge roll 71. The ventilating ridge roll 71 comprises a plurality of first vent holes 701 along a lower edge. An inclined side panel 73 is provided to cover portions of the ventilating ridge roll 71 and the roof structure 70. The side panel 73 comprises a plurality of second vent holes 731 along a lower edge and a plurality of third vent holes 732 along an upper edge.
Ventilation of a building having the ventilating roof of the invention can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the building via an escape path from the gap 721 to the first, second, and third vent holes 701, 731, and 732. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the ventilating ridge roll 71, the ventilating ridge roll 71, and the roof structure 70. Next, the rain water may flow downward onto the exposed portions of the roof structure 760 via the second vent holes 731 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIG. 9, a ventilating roof in accordance with an eighth preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the eighth preferred embodiment are detailed below.
A roof structure 60 is provided and comprises a base member 62 formed upwardly from a top edge of the roof structure 60, and a ventilating ridge roll 61 formed above the base member 62 and having a portion sloping toward an intermediate portion of the roof structure 60. A gap 621 exists between the base member 62 and the curved topmost portion of the ventilating ridge roll 61. The ventilating ridge roll 61 comprises a plurality of second vent holes 612 along a lower edge, and a plurality of first vent holes 611 between the second vent holes 612 and the topmost portion. A screen panel 63 is interconnected the ventilating ridge roll 61 and the roof structure 60 as a support of the ventilating ridge roll 61. The screen panel 63 comprises a plurality of third vent holes 631 on a lower edge on the roof structure 60.
Ventilation of a building having the ventilating roof of the invention can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the building via an escape path from the gap 621 to the third, first and second vent holes 631, 611, 612. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the ventilating ridge roll 61, the screen panel 63, and the roof structure 60. Next, the rain water may flow downward onto the exposed portions of the roof structure 60 via the second vent holes 612 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11, a ventilating roof in accordance with a ninth preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the ninth preferred embodiment are detailed below.
A roof structure 80 is provided and comprises a base member 82 formed upwardly from a top edge of the roof structure 80, and a screen panel 81 formed above the base member 82 and having one end terminated on a wall 801 and the other end rested on the roof structure 80. A gap 821 exists between the base member 82 and the screen panel 81. The screen panel 81 comprises a plurality of first vent holes 812 on a lower edge, and a plurality of second vent holes 811 spaced from the first vent holes 812 and facing the roof structure 80.
Ventilation of a building having the ventilating roof of the invention can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the building via an escape path from the gap 821 to the first and second vent holes 812, 811. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the screen panel 81, the base member 82, and the roof structure 80. Next, the rain water may flow downward onto the exposed portions of the roof structure 80 via the first vent holes 812 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIG. 12, a ventilating roof in accordance with a tenth preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the tenth preferred embodiment are detailed below.
A roof structure 90 is provided and comprises a base member 92 formed upwardly from a top edge of the roof structure 90, and a first screen panel 91 formed above the base member 92 and having one end terminated on a wall 902 and the other end rested on the roof structure 90. A gap 921 exists between the base member 92 and the first screen panel 91. The first screen panel 91 comprises a plurality of first vent holes 911 on a lower edge. A second screen panel 93 comprises a plurality of second vent holes 932 along an upper edge urged against the first screen panel 91, and a plurality of third vent holes 931 along a lower edge rested on the roof structure 90.
Ventilation of a building having the ventilating roof of the invention can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the building via an escape path from the gap 921 to the first, second, and third vent holes 911, 932, 931. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the first screen panel 91, the second screen panel 93, and the roof structure 90. Next, the rain water may flow downward onto the exposed portions of the roof structure 90 via the third vent holes 931 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIG. 13, a ventilating roof in accordance with an eleventh preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the eleventh preferred embodiment are detailed below.
A chimney 100 is provided and comprises a funnel 102 on an upper portion. The funnel 102 comprises a vented projection 1021 on a top. A ventilating ridge roll 101 is supported by the vented projection 1021 and comprises a plurality of first vent holes 1011 on a lower edge of each sloping half. Two side panels 103 are provided and each side panel 103 comprises a plurality of second vent holes 1031 on a lower edge urging against the chimney 100 and an upper portion secured to the first vent holes 1011.
Ventilation of a building having the ventilating roof of the invention can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the chimney 100 of the building via an escape path from the vented projection 1021, the first and second vent holes 1011, 1031. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the ventilating ridge roll 101, the side panel 103, and the funnel 102. Next, the rain water may flow out of the space onto the outer surface of the chimney 100 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIG. 14, a ventilating roof in accordance with a twelfth preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the twelfth preferred embodiment are detailed below.
A pair of spaced base members 112 is formed upwardly from top edges of a roof structure 110. A ventilating ridge roll 11 having a convex longitudinal section is spaced above the base members 112 and in covering relation thereto. A pair of inclined side panels 113 are provided outwardly of the ventilating ridge roll 111 and spaced from the ventilating ridge roll 111, the base members 112, and the sloping portion of the roof structure 110. A gap 1131 is formed between the side panel 113 and the roof structure 110. Thus, ventilation of a house having the ventilating roof can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the house via a path from a gap 1121 between the ventilating ridge roll 111 and a top edge of the base member 112, a space defined by the roof structure 110, the base member 112, the ventilating ridge roll 111, and the side panel 113, and a gap 1111 between either side of the ventilating ridge roll 111 and the side panel 113. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the roof structure 110, the base member 112, the ventilating ridge roll 111, and the side panel 113. Next, the rain water may flow out of the space and the gap 1131 onto the outer surface of the roof structure 110 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIG. 15, a ventilating roof in accordance with a thirteenth preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the thirteenth preferred embodiment are detailed below.
An extension 121 is formed outwardly from a roof structure 120 and has a plurality of first vent holes 1211 along an open end. The roof structure 120 comprises a plurality of second vent holes 1221 on an upper portion 122. An inclined side panel 123 has a lower edge formed of a plurality of third vent holes 1231 and urged against the roof structure 120, and an upper edge secured to an open end of the extension 121. Thus, ventilation of a house having the ventilating roof can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the house via a path from the first vent holes 1221, a space defined by the upper portion 122, the extension 121, and the side panel 123, and the second and third vent holes 1221, 1231. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the upper portion 122, the extension 121, and the side panel 123. Next, the rain water may flow out of the space and the third vent holes 1231 onto the outer surface of the roof structure 120 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
Referring to FIG. 16, a ventilating roof in accordance with a fourteenth preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. The characteristics of the fourteenth preferred embodiment are detailed below.
A downward inclined extension 131 is formed outwardly from a roof structure 130 and has a plurality of first vent holes 1311 along an open end. The roof structure 130 comprises a plurality of second vent holes 1321 on an upper portion 132. An inclined side panel 133 has a lower edge formed of a plurality of third vent holes 1331 and urged against the roof structure 130, and an upper edge secured to an open end of the extension 131. Thus, ventilation of a house having the ventilating roof can be carried out by exiting hot air out of the house via a path from the first vent holes 1321, a space defined by the upper portion 132, the extension 131, and the side panel 133, and the second and third vent holes 1321, 1331. The invention can facilitate efficient ventilation of the building without consuming any power (i.e., natural convention). Further, the hotter of the weather the more efficient of the ventilation will be.
Rain water may fall into a space defined by the upper portion 132, the extension 131, and the side panel 133. Next, the rain water may flow out of the space and the third vent holes 1331 onto the outer surface of the roof structure 130 to drain. Thus, the invention is also capable of preventing rain water from entering the building.
While the invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modifications within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A ventilating roof comprising:

a roof structure;

a pair of spaced base members formed upwardly from top edges of the roof structure respectively, each of the base members including a plurality of top vent holes; and

a ventilating ridge roll disposed on both the base members and the roof structure and being in a partial covering relation to the roof structure, the ventilating ridge roll including a plurality of upper vent holes and a plurality of lower vent holes;

wherein the top vent holes are in air communication with both the upper and lower vent holes.

2. A ventilating roof comprising:

a chimney including a vented projection on a top;

a ventilating ridge roll supported by the vented projection and including a plurality of first vent holes on a lower edge of either sloping half; and

two inclined side panels each including a plurality of second vent holes on a lower edge urging against the chimney and an upper portion in close proximity to the first vent holes;

wherein the vented projection is in air communication with both the first and second vent holes.

3. A ventilating roof comprising:

a roof structure;

a pair of spaced base members formed upwardly from top edges of the roof structure;

a ventilating ridge roll disposed above the base members; and

a pair of inclined side panels disposed outwardly of the ventilating ridge roll and spaced from the base members and the roof structure;

wherein there is a first gap between the ventilating ridge roll and a top edge of each of the base members;

wherein there is a second gap between either side of the ventilating ridge roll and each of the side panels;

wherein there is a third gap between each of the side panel and the roof structure; and

wherein the first gaps are in air communication with both the second and third gaps.